Browsing by Subject "Borrelia burgdorferi"

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  • Pietikäinen, Annukka; Glader, Otto; Kortela, Elisa; Kanerva, Mari; Oksi, Jarmo; Hytönen, Jukka (2022)
    We used definite Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) adult patient acute and convalescent phase serum (n = 63 and 61, respectively) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF; acute n = 63, 3 weeks timepoint n = 41) samples to characterize Borrelia burgdorferi specific antibody responses in patient subgroups categorized by demographics, infection manifestation and phase, infecting B. burgdorferi genospecies, received antibiotic treatments, and treatment outcome. B. burgdorferi antibodies were analyzed using 4 different assays incorporating a large array of antigens. We observed that B. burgdorferi specific serum antibodies show a universal, antigen independent declining trend after antibiotic treatment of LNB at 1 year. Antibodies declined similarly among women and men over time, and the decline was independent of patient age. The antibody responses were independent of the predominant LNB manifestation, treatment received by the patient, infecting B. burgdorferi genospecies, or the subjective improvement experienced by the patients. Finally, the antibody specificities in CSF reflected the specificities observed in serum samples.
  • Joenperä, Jasmin (Helsingfors universitet, 2015)
    Borrelia burgdorferi ja Anaplasma phagocytophilum ovat puutiaisvälitteisiä bakteereja. B. burgdorferi aiheuttaa ihmisille borrelioosia, mutta sen merkitystä hevosten taudinaiheuttajana ei täysin tunneta. A. phagocytophilum puolestaan aiheuttaa granulosyyttistä anaplasmoosia ihmisillä, koiralla ja hevosella sekä laidunkuumetta märehtijöillä. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli tutkia Borrelia- ja Anaplasma-vasta-aineiden yleisyyttä suomalaisilla hevosilla. Eri Euroopan maissa tehdyissä tutkimuksissa on todettu Borrelia-vasta-aineita noin 3-29 %:lla ja Anaplasma-vasta-aineita noin 9-73 %:lla hevosista. Suomessa aihetta ei ole aiemmin tutkittu tässä mittakaavassa. Hypoteesina oli, että hevosista löydetään vasta-aineita molempia taudinaiheuttajia vastaan erityisesti etelässä ja rannikkoalueilla sekä iäkkäillä ja Suomeen tuoduilla hevosilla. Tutkimuksessa kerättiin 281 varsojen ja 319 aikuisten hevosten verinäytettä Manner-Suomesta ja Ahvenanmaalta. Hevosenomistajilta pyydettiin lisäksi tietoja hevosesta kysymyslomakkeella. Näytteet tutkittiin koirien vektorivälitteisten tartuntojen diagnostiikkaan kehitettyä SNAP 4DX Plus –pikatestiä. Tulosten tilastollinen analyysi suoritettiin SPSS-ohjelmalla käyttäen yhden muuttujan logistista regressioanalyysiä ja ristiintaulukointia. Borrelia-vasta-aineita todettiin 60/319 (18,8 %) aikuisella ja 11/281 (3,9 %) varsalla ja Anaplasma-vasta-aineita 20/319 (6,3 %) aikuisella ja 4/281 varsalla (1,4 %). Seroprevalenssit olivat korkeimmat Ahvenanmaalla (aikuisilla Borrelia 89,5 % ja Anaplasma 47,4 %), Etelä-Suomessa (25,5 % ja 4.9 %) sekä Itä-Suomessa (17,0 % ja 4,9 %). Borrelia-seropositiivisuuden kannalta tilastollisesti merkitseviä tekijöitä olivat hevosessa havaitut puutiaiset, alue, hevosen alkuperämaa, ikä, käyttötarkoitus, roturyhmä sekä Anaplasma-seropositiivisuus yhden muuttujan mallissa. Anaplasma-seropositiivisuuden kannalta mahdollisesti merkitseviä tekijöitä olivat puutiaiset, alue, hevosen alkuperämaa, ikä sekä Borrelia-seropositiivisuus. Tulosten perusteella Borrelia burgdorferi- ja Anaplasma phagocytophilum -tartuntoja esiintyy yleisesti suomalaisilla hevosilla. Tartuntapaine oli korkein Ahvenanmaalla sekä Etelä- ja Itä-Suomessa. Käytännössä bakteeria kantavan puutiaisen purema on ainoa syy tartuntaan, mutta taustatekijät kuten asuminen puutiaisen levinneisyysalueella tai ulkoileminen maastossa tai laitumella ja voivat altistaa hevosen puutiaisille ja siten Borrelia- tai Anaplasma-tartunnalle. Riskitekijöiden selvittäminen vaatii laajempaa tilastollista analyysiä ja esimerkiksi Borrelia-tartunnan mahdollista yhteyttä kliinisiin oireisiin pitäisi selvittää lisätutkimuksin.
  • Hienonen, Elina (University of Helsinki, 2000)
  • Kontiainen, Mikkko (Helsingin yliopisto, 2022)
    Borrelioosi on Borrelia Burgdorferi -ryhmän spirokeettabakteerien aiheuttama eläimistä ihmiseen tarttuva tauti. Taudin oireet vaihtelevat lievästä ihottumasta henkeä uhkaavaan keskushermostotulehdukseen. Borrelioosia levittävät Suomessa puutiainen ja siperianpuutiainen. Punkin veriaterian aikana borreliaspirokeetat siirtyvät punkin suolesta veriuhrieläimen ruokailuhaavaan. Punkin syljessä on immuunipuolustusta, veren hyytymistä ja paranemista hillitseviä molekyylejä, joita borrelia pystyy hyödyntämään. Borrelialla on lisäksi myös omia rakenteita immuunipuolustuksen väistämiseen, ihossa lisääntymiseen ja leviämiseen elimistössä. Borreliatartunta ylläpitää taudin säilymöä maassa ruokailevissa rastaissa, metsämyyrissä, päästäissä, siileissä sekä kauriissa ja peuroissa. Punkin tarttuessa ihmiseen, kyseessä on väärä veriuhrieläin. Borrelia pystyy silti lisääntymään ihmisen iholla ja pystyy osittain väistämään alkuvaiheen immuunipuolustusta ja leviämään ihmisen elimistöön. Tämä perustuu ihmisen ja punkin luontaisten veriuhrieläinten varhaisen vaiheen immuunipuolustuksen rakenteiden samankaltaisuuteen. Komplementtijärjestelmä on hyvin arkaainen varhaisen vaiheen immuunipuolustusjärjestelmä, johon borrelialla on ollut evoluutiossa riittävä aika sopeutua. Muita keskeisiä ja evoluutiossa hyvin säilyneitä rakenteita ovat esimerkiksi kollageeni, fibrinogeeni, proteaasit, plasmiini. Komplementin tekijöistä keskeisin on tekijä C3, joka ohjaa komplementtivälitteistä immuunipuolustuksen aktivoitumista. Tässä työssä olen tutkinut borrelian synnynnäisen immuniteetin väistöominaisuutta komplementin osalta ja erityisesti pintaproteiinin BBK32 kykyä sitoa komplementin keskeistä tekijää C3b ja siten estää komplementin aktivoitumista.
  • Rouhiainen, Meri; Pietikäinen, Annukka; Kortela, Elisa; Kanerva, Mari J.; Oksi, Jarmo; Hytönen, Jukka (2021)
    The cut-off values used in C6 peptide-based enzyme immunoassay (EIA), a widely used test in Lyme borreliosis (LB) serology, have not been thoroughly analysed. The objective of the study was to examine the performance of the C6 EIA, and to determine optimal cut-off values for the test. The analysed data contained results of 1368 serum samples. C6 EIA index values were compared statistically with the immunoblot (IB) test results. The identified cut-off values were further tested in a well-defined LB patient cohort. Cut-off value 1.6 appeared to be optimal when C6 EIA was used as a stand-alone test. When using C6 EIA as the first-tier test, the optimal cut-off values were 0.9 and 2.4 for negative and positive results. When C6 EIA was used as a second-tier test, samples yielding C6 index values >= 3.0 could be considered positive. The identified cut-off values had also a high sensitivity to identify seropositivity among definite LB patients. The identified cut-off values refine the role of C6 EIA in LB serology. Importantly, the use of C6 EIA leads to a reduction in the number of samples that need to be analysed using an IB, thus also reducing the costs. Two alternative workflows for LB serology including the C6 EIA are suggested.
  • Laaksonen, Maija; Sajanti, Eeva; Sormunen, Jani J.; Penttinen, Ritva; Hanninen, Jari; Ruohomaki, Kai; Saaksjarvi, Ilari; Vesterinen, Eero J.; Vuorinen, Ilppo; Hytonen, Jukka; Klemola, Tero (2017)
    A national crowdsourcing-based tick collection campaign was organized in 2015 with the objective of producing novel data on tick distribution and tick-borne pathogens in Finland. Nearly 20 000 Ixodes ticks were collected. The collected material revealed the nationwide distribution of I. persulcatus for the first time and a shift northwards in the distribution of I. ricinus in Finland. A subset of 2038 tick samples containing both species was screened for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (the prevalence was 14.2% for I. ricinus and 19.8% for I. persulcatus), B. miyamotoi (0.2% and 0.4%, respectively) and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV; 0.2% and 3.0%, respectively). We also report new risk areas for TBEV in Finland and, for the first time, the presence of B. miyamotoi in ticks from mainland Finland. Most importantly, our study demonstrates the overwhelming power of citizen science in accomplishing a collection effort that would have been impossible with the scientific community alone.
  • Tolkki, Lauri; Hokynar, Kati; Meri, Seppo; Panelius, Jaana; Puolakkainen, Mirja; Ranki, Annamari (2018)
    A retrospective study of 109 skin biopsies with granuloma annulare (GA) or morphea histology from patients with suspected tick bite was performed. Biopsies were tested for cutaneous Borrelia burgdorferi DNA using PCR. The same biopsies were analysed for tick-borne novel agents, Chlamydia-related bacteria (members of the Chlamydiales order), using a PCR-based method. Borrelia DNA was detected in 7/73 (9.6%) biopsies with GA and in 1/36 (2.8 %) biopsies with morphea, while Chlamydiales DNA was found in 53/73 (72.6%) biopsies with GA and 25/34 (73.4%) biopsies with morphea. All Borrelia DNA-positive GA samples were also positive for Chlamydiales DNA. The Chlamydiales sequences detected in GA were heterogeneous and contained Waddliaceae and Rhabdochlamydiaceae bacteria, which are also present in Ixodes ricinus ticks, while the Chlamydiales sequences detected in morphea closely resembled those found in healthy skin. In conclusion, tick-mediated infections can trigger GA in some cases, while correlation of either Borrelia or Chlamydiales with morphea is unlikely.
  • Kortela, Elisa; Kanerva, Mari; Kurkela, Satu; Oksi, Jarmo; Järvinen, Asko (2021)
    Objective: To evaluate the conditions behind the symptoms in patients with suspected Lyme borreliosis (LB) who were referred to an infectious diseases clinic. Methods: In this retrospective, population-based study, we collected data from the medical records of all patients referred for infectious disease consultations in 2013 due to presumed LB from a population of 1.58 million. The patients were classified according to the certainty of LB on the basis of their symptoms, signs and laboratory results. Data on the outcomes and subsequent alternative diagnoses during the 4-year follow-up period were reviewed from all of the available patient records from public, private and occupational healthcare providers. Results: A total of 256 patients (16/100 000) were referred as a result of suspicion of LB; 30 (12%) of 256 were classified with definite, 36 (14%) with probable and 65 (25%) with possible LB. LB was unlikely in 121 (47%) patients. A novel diagnosis was discovered in the background symptoms in 73 (29%) of pa-tients. Previously diagnosed comorbidities caused at least some of the symptoms in 48 (19%) patients. Other explanations for symptoms were found in 81 (67%) of 121 of unlikely and 22 (34%) of 65 of possible LB patients. The spectrum of conditions behind the symptoms was quite broad and most often were musculoskeletal, neurological, psychological or functional disorders. Conclusions: LB was unlikely in half of the patients with presumed LB. In most cases the patients had other conditions that explained their symptoms. Elisa Kortela, Clin Microbiol Infect 2021;27:1022 (c) 2020 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
  • Eriksson, Pernilla; Schroder, Marika T.; Niiranen, Kirsi; Nevanlinna, Antti; Panelius, Jaana; Ranki, Annamari (2013)
  • Sormunen, Jani J.; Penttinen, Ritva; Klemola, Tero; Hänninen, Jari; Vuorinen, Ilppo; Laaksonen, Maija; Sääksjärvi, Ilari E.; Ruohomäki, Kai; Vesterinen, Eero J. (2016)
    Background: Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus are the main vectors of Lyme borreliosis spirochetes and several other zoonotic bacteria in northern Europe and Russia. However, few studies screening bacterial pathogens in Finnish ticks have been conducted. Therefore, reports on the occurrence and prevalence of several bacterial pathogens detected from ticks elsewhere in Europe and Russia are altogether missing from Finland. The main aim of the current study was to produce novel data on the occurrence and prevalence of several tick-borne bacterial pathogens in ticks collected from southwestern Finland. Methods: Ticks were collected in 2013-2014 by blanket dragging from 25 localities around southwestern Finland, and additionally from a dog in Lempaala. Collected ticks were molecularly identified and screened for Borrelia burgdorferi s.l., Borrelia miyamotoi, Rickettsia, Bartonella and Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis using quantitative PCR. Furthermore, detected Rickettsia spp. were sequenced using conventional PCR to determine species. Results: A total of 3169 ticks in 1174 DNA samples were screened for the listed pathogens. The most common bacteria detected was B. burgdorferi (s.l.) (18.5 % nymphal and 23.5 % adult ticks), followed by Rickettsia spp. (1.1 %; 5.1 %) and B. miyamotoi (0.51 %; 1.02 %). B. miyamotoi and Rickettsia spp. were also detected in larval samples (minimum infection rates 0.31 % and 0.21 %, respectively). Detected Rickettsia spp. were identified by sequencing as R. helvetica and R. monacensis. All screened samples were negative for Bartonella spp. and Ca. N. mikurensis. Conclusions: In the current study we report for the first time the presence of Rickettsia in Finnish ticks. Furthermore, Rickettsia spp. and B. miyamotoi were found from larval tick samples, emphasizing the importance they may have as vectors of these pathogens. Comparisons of tick density estimates and B. burgdorferi (s.l.) prevalence made between the current study and a previous study conducted in 2000 in ten out of the 25 study localities suggest that an increase in tick abundance and B. burgdorferi (s.l.) prevalence has occurred in at least some of the study localities.
  • Laaksonen, Maija; Klemola, Tero; Feuth, Eeva; Sormunen, Jani J.; Puisto, Anna; Mäkelä, Satu; Penttinen, Ritva; Ruohomäki, Kai; Hänninen, Jari; Sääksjärvi, Ilari E.; Vuorinen, Ilppo; Sprong, Hein; Hytönen, Jukka; Vesterinen, Eero J. (2018)
    BackgroundAlmost 3500 tick samples, originally collected via a nationwide citizen science campaign in 2015, were screened to reveal the prevalence and distribution of a wide spectrum of established and putative tick-borne pathogens vectored by Ixodes ricinus and I. persulcatus in Finland. The unique geographical distribution of these two tick species in Finland allowed us to compare pathogen occurrence between an I. ricinus-dominated area (southern Finland), an I. persulcatus-dominated area (northern Finland), and a sympatric area (central Finland).ResultsOf the analysed ticks, almost 30% carried at least one pathogen and 2% carried more than one pathogen. A higher overall prevalence of tick-borne pathogens was observed in I. ricinus than in I. persulcatus: 30.0% (604/2014) versus 24.0% (348/1451), respectively. In addition, I. ricinus were more frequently co-infected than I. persulcatus: 2.4% (49/2014) versus 0.8% (12/1451), respectively. Causative agents of Lyme borreliosis, i.e. bacterial genospecies in Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato) group, were the most prevalent pathogens (overall 17%). Candidatus Rickettsia tarasevichiae was found for the first time in I. ricinus ticks and in Finnish ticks in general. Moreover, Babesia divergens, B. venatorum and Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis were reported for the first time from the Finnish mainland.ConclusionsThe present study provides valuable information on the prevalence and geographical distribution of various tick-borne pathogens in I. ricinus and I. persulcatus ticks in Finland. Moreover, this comprehensive subset of ticks revealed the presence of rare and potentially dangerous pathogens. The highest prevalence of infected ticks was in the I. ricinus-dominated area in southern Finland, while the prevalence was essentially equal in sympatric and I. persulcatus-dominated areas. However, the highest infection rates for both species were in areas of their dominance, either in south or north Finland.
  • Laaksonen, Maija; Klemola, Tero; Feuth, Eeva; Sormunen, Jani J.; Puisto, Anna; Mäkelä, Satu; Penttinen, Ritva; Ruohomäki, Kai; Hänninen, Jari; Sääksjärvi, Ilari E; Vuorinen, Ilppo; Sprong, Hein; Hytönen, Jukka; Vesterinen, Eero J. (BioMed Central, 2018)
    Abstract Background Almost 3500 tick samples, originally collected via a nationwide citizen science campaign in 2015, were screened to reveal the prevalence and distribution of a wide spectrum of established and putative tick-borne pathogens vectored by Ixodes ricinus and I. persulcatus in Finland. The unique geographical distribution of these two tick species in Finland allowed us to compare pathogen occurrence between an I. ricinus-dominated area (southern Finland), an I. persulcatus-dominated area (northern Finland), and a sympatric area (central Finland). Results Of the analysed ticks, almost 30% carried at least one pathogen and 2% carried more than one pathogen. A higher overall prevalence of tick-borne pathogens was observed in I. ricinus than in I. persulcatus: 30.0% (604/2014) versus 24.0% (348/1451), respectively. In addition, I. ricinus were more frequently co-infected than I. persulcatus: 2.4% (49/2014) versus 0.8% (12/1451), respectively. Causative agents of Lyme borreliosis, i.e. bacterial genospecies in Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato) group, were the most prevalent pathogens (overall 17%). “Candidatus Rickettsia tarasevichiae” was found for the first time in I. ricinus ticks and in Finnish ticks in general. Moreover, Babesia divergens, B. venatorum and “Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis” were reported for the first time from the Finnish mainland. Conclusions The present study provides valuable information on the prevalence and geographical distribution of various tick-borne pathogens in I. ricinus and I. persulcatus ticks in Finland. Moreover, this comprehensive subset of ticks revealed the presence of rare and potentially dangerous pathogens. The highest prevalence of infected ticks was in the I. ricinus-dominated area in southern Finland, while the prevalence was essentially equal in sympatric and I. persulcatus-dominated areas. However, the highest infection rates for both species were in areas of their dominance, either in south or north Finland.
  • Himanen, Riia-Liisa (University of Helsinki, 2000)