I present a case study demonstrating how an integrative approach can be applied in systematics to describe a new lepidopteran species and genus. I apply several imaging techniques to provide unambiguous illustrations of diagnostic morphological characters with an emphasis in experimenting non-destructive imaging methods, especially the Micro CT scanning. We establish the taxonomic position and molecular phylogeny of the study species using a multigenetic dataset comprising the study species and 272 other terminal taxa from the superfamily Geometroidea. My study taxon is a largish and conspicuous geometrid moth from South Africa, which we classify to the looper moth family Geometridae, the subfamily Larentiinae of the tribe Xanthorhoini sensu lato. Based on the inspection of the study specimens and all other available information, we conclude that the study specimens belong to a yet undescribed genus and species. During the study, we found out that the species has been present in collections for at least 128 years but has not been formally described. Micro CT scanning was found to be a useful imaging method, particularly when the target structure is flat such as arthropod wing venation, and I recommend it to be applied when dealing with rare specimens. We provide images and description of the known distribution, habitat, host plant, adult and immature stages, and parasitoids of a new species, Chloecolora vergetaria sp. n. Englund & Staude. We intend to publish the formal description of the new genus and species in a separate forthcoming article. Tutkielmassani selitän tieteelle uuden perhossuvun ja -lajin soveltaen useita kuvantamis- ja muita menetelmiä, joiden avulla esitän uudelle lajille tunnusomaiset ulkoiset tuntomerkit. Erityisesti tutkin Micro CT skannauksen ja muiden näytteitä rikkomattomien kuvantamismenetelmien soveltamista integratiivisessa taksonomisessa tutkimuksessa. Selvitämme uuden lajin sukulaisuussuhteet ja taksonomisen paikan käyttäen uuden lajin ja 272 muun mittarimaisten perhosten (Geometroidea) yläheimoon kuuluvan lajin useista geenisekvensseistä koostettua tietokantaa. Tutkimuslajini on suurehko Etelä-Afrikkalainen yöperhonen, jonka luokittelemme kuuluvaksi heimoon mittarit (Geometridae), alaheimoon Larentiinae ja sukukuntaan Xanthorhoini sensu lato. Näyteyksilöiden tutkimuksiin ja kaikkeen muuhun käytössämme olleeseen aineistoon perustuen päättelemme, että näyteyksilöt kuuluvat aiemmin kuvaamattomaan sukuun ja lajiin. Tutkimuksen aikana selvisi, että lajin yksilöitä on ollut tieteellisissä kokoelmissa jo ainakin 128 vuoden ajan, mutta laji on jäänyt vaille muodollista kuvausta. Micro CT skannaus osoittautui käyttökelpoiseksi kuvantamismenetelmäksi erityisesti, kun kuvattava kohde on tasomainen, kuten esimerkiksi niveljalkaisen siipisuonitus - suosittelen sen käyttöä, kun kuvauksen kohteena on harvinainen näyteyksilö. Esitämme uuden lajin, Chloecolora vergetaria sp. n. Englund & Staude, aikuisten sekä sen tunnetun levinneisyyden, elinympäristön, ravintokasvin, kehitysasteiden sekä tunnettujen loisten kuvaukset. Aiomme julkaista uuden suvun ja lajin muodolliset kuvaukset erillisessä artikkelissa.

Populations of forest grouse – capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus), black grouse (Lyurus tetrix) and hazel grouse (Tetrastes bonasia) - have been declining through all of Europe. Habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation are recognized to be the most important ultimate causes behind this trend. In Fennoscandia, there is a general consensus that forestry practices have a primary role, even though the mechanisms are still not fully understood. Nest predation is generally thought to be an important proximate cause of the declines, but how nest predation relates to habitat changes remains poorly understood. I combined long-term data provided by the Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE) from inventory studies, both for grouses and predators, with an artificial nest experiment. I investigated a) how predation rate varies with forest age and landscape structure; b) what is the possible role of non-native mesopredator species as predators; c) how nest predation rate relates to larger scale reproductive success. In spring 2021, I placed 141 nests with two hen eggs each, in the regions of Kainuu and North Karelia for 14 days with camera traps. The nests were equally divided between mature forests (>80 years), young forests (<40 years) and edges of mature forests (in a mature forest 5m from a clearcut or a field). I found that the overall predation rate was low (~13 %) and similar in the three sites, but predation time was faster in mature forests, suggesting that when these are scarce, they can act as an ecological trap by increasing nest detectability. However, nest predation decreased with the increasing of mature forests in the landscape around the nest, supporting the hypothesis that on a larger scale forestry may increase generalist predator densities. Areas with higher predator densities suffered higher nest losses. The main predators were pine martens, badgers and magpies, followed by bears and ravens. No nests were predated by raccoon dogs or American minks. There was no correlation between areas with higher nest predation and areas where grouse had lower reproductive success which may result from other factors, e.g., chick predation. My results add to the diverse outcomes of several studies of grouse nest predation in Europe, which together indicate large variation in nest predation, no consistency in predatory species, and weak effects of landscape composition on nest predation.

Animal personality is described as consistent behavioural variation between individuals over long periods of time. Behaviours often connected to animal personality are such as boldness, aggressiveness, and anxiety. In this thesis, the focus was on the behaviours along the shy-bold axis, containing various degrees of boldness expressing behaviour. The study was conducted by using long-term data from the past 30 years on the banded mongoose (Mungos mungo) population in the Mweya Peninsula in the Queen Elizabeth National Park in Uganda. In particular, I used the data on regular weighing events done within the population. As the weighing is not forced on these individuals, the participation percentage on these events can be used to describe an individual’s boldness. I used the participation percentage as a boldness index (values between 0 and 1) for each individual to describe their position on the shy-bold axis. This index was then used to analyse the differences between sexes, and the fitness effects boldness had on the individuals of this population by using proxies of survival, weight at sexual maturity and lifetime reproductive success (LRS). To determine long-term consistency between individuals, I analysed the repeatability of the boldness index. The repeatability of these values showed we can consider this behaviour as an animal personality. From the fitness analyses, it was concluded that boldness had significant positive effects on the fitness proxies used, proposing that bold individuals have higher fitness in this population. While sex did not affect an individual’s boldness, it had significant interactions with boldness, affecting the strength of fitness effects on individuals in weight at sexual maturity and LRS.

Breeding-dispersal and philopatry are important life-history traits when it comes to the ecology of animals. A number of factors such as sex, age, habitat stability, population density, predation and various environmental factors influence the movement patterns of species. Philopatry, in general, can be used by organisms as a predator avoidance strategy and to improve feeding efficiency. Dispersal on the other hand has been shown to help avoid inbreeding and competition within groups or between kin. Among the different types of dispersal and philopatry, breeding dispersal and site fidelity to breeding sites have been studied in many vertebrates. Many birds and some ungulate species have been the focus of these studies and have shown that breeding success influences site fidelity. Among ungulates, the reindeer genus (Rangifer tarandus spp.) however, has received little attention for this topic. A species of special conservational value is the wild forest reindeer (Rangifer tarandus fennicus), which is a rare, and near-threatened subspecies of reindeer living in Finland. Knowledge of factors influencing the dispersal and site fidelity for this species is lacking but has important implications for the conservation and management of this and other vulnerable species. In my thesis I investigated the philopatry of wild forest reindeer females from eastern Finland and tested if the calving site fidelity was influenced by breeding success, predator pressure and the female’s age. Given the high densities of predators in the study area (Kainuu) and thus high predator pressure on reindeer, I expected (i) the philopatry of the wild forest reindeer female’s to be stronger in areas with higher predator pressure but (ii) higher dispersal movement when wild forest reindeer females had no breeding success the previous year. Additionally, I expected (iii) the dispersal distances of wild forest reindeer females to be negatively correlated with their age. For this study I used long-term GPS monitoring data of 53 collared wild forest reindeer females, which were followed for varying periods (2-6 years) between 2010-2021 from Eastern Finland. I found that the inter-year distances between calving sites per female had a median distance of 2.84 km, confirming that female wild forest reindeer show philopatry to calving sites, as do other reindeer subspecies. Even though the movement ranged from 4.8 m to 36.99 km, showing substantially longer dispersal for some individuals. The model outcomes indicate some association between predation pressure and site fidelity, and reduced philopatry following calf mortality, although none of these associations were significant. The age of the mother did also not show any significant influence on a female’s site fidelity. Nonetheless, these results would suggest that a mother's choice to leave or return to the same calving site might be influenced by the previous year's calf mortality but more complex variables like anthropogenic disturbances, environmental factors, as well as intrinsic factors and the physical condition of the mother most likely also play a role in this.

Pro gradu tutkielmani aiheena oli tutkia koirien (Canis familiaris) saalistushalukkuutta ja persoonallisuutta sekä näiden mahdollista yhteyttä dopamiinireseptori D4 –geeniin (myöh. DRD4-geeni). DRD4-geeni ilmenee lähinnä hermosoluissa ja se vaikuttaa erityisesti aivojen limbisen järjestelmän toimintaan. Limbinen järjestelmä säätelee tunnetiloja ja tunteisiin liittyviä autonomisia toimintoja sekä motivaatiota eli samoja asioita, joihin dopamiinin tiedetään vaikuttavan. Dopamiini vaikuttaa elimistöön sitoutumalla esimerkiksi aivojen limbisen alueen dopamiinireseptoreihin. Dopamiinin on havaittu liittyvän assosiatiiviseen oppimiseen ja DRD4-geenin puolestaan mm. aktiivisuuteen ja impulsiivisuuteen sekä uteliaisuuteen mistä syystä se valittiinkin kandidaattigeeniksemme tutkimukseen. Koira puolestaan sopii erityisen hyvin mallilajiksi kandidaattigeenitutkimukseen, koska koirarodut ovat geneettisiä isolaatteja ja eroavat toisistaan niin rakenteensa kuin käyttäytymisensäkin puolesta. Kytkentäepätasapaino eli alleeliassosiaatio on koirissa huomattavasti voimakkaampaa kuin ihmisissä ja siten koiralta on merkittävästi helpompaa löytää mm. tautigeenejä. Koirilla kytkentäepätasapaino yltää noin 2 Mb laajuudelle, kun vastaava luku ihmisellä on vain noin 0,28 Mb. Tutkimuksen 405 suursnautserin ja saksanpaimenkoiran saalistushalukkuus testattiin koiran luonteenkuvauksesta eli MH-testistä tutulla viehetestillä. Viehetestissä koiran edestä yllättäen "pakenee" saalista muistuttava mutkittelevasti kulkeva kankainen viehe. Koirien suoritukset viehetestissä videoitiin ja suoritukset luokiteltiin neljään luokkaan äärimmäisen saalistushalukkaasta saalistushaluttomaan. Muita persoonallisuuspiirteitä tutkittiin koirien omistajien täyttämien luonnelomakkeiden avulla. Kaikista viehetestillä testatuista koirista otettiin verinäytteet, joista eristettiin DNA. Saalistustestissä äärimmäisen saalistushalukkaat ja täysin saalistushaluttomat saksanpaimenkoirat (N=44) valittiin DRD4-geenin alleeliassosiaatiotutkimukseen. Tutkittavaa geenialuetta monistettiin käyttämällä alleelispesifejä alukkeita PCR-reaktiossa. Tutkimuksen koirista löydettiin DRD4-geenin alleeleja 2 ja 3a. Luonnelomakeaineiston taustalta paljastui faktorianalyysin avulla neljä faktoria: sosiaalisuus ihmisiä kohtaan, leikkisyys ja aktiivisuus, aggressiivisuus koiria kohtaan sekä rohkeus. Näistä ensimmäinen assosioitui merkittävästi alleelin 3a kanssa. Koirat jotka kantoivat tätä alleelia olivat vähemmän aggressiivisia ihmisiä kohtaan kuin koirat, joilla 3a-alleelia ei ollut. Saalistushalukkuuteen kumpikaan alleeleista eikä mikään genotyypeistä assosioitunut. Saalistushalukkuutta kokonaisaineistossa selitti parhaiten leikkisyys ja aktiivisuus. Rodut erosivat toisistaan ihmisiin ja koiriin suuntautuvalta aggressiivisuudeltaan siten, että saksanpaimenkoirat olivat suursnautsereita aggressiivisempia.

Genetic variation is vital for both contemporary and long-term wellbeing of populations. Whereas heterozygosity (Ho) and allelic richness (A) are commonly used to measure the level of genetic diversity in a population, effective population size (Ne) describes the speed of loss of genetic variation. Various effective population sizes are proposed as standards for safe retention of genetic variation in a Minimum Viable Population (MVP). Since the 1940s, several types of effective population size estimators have been developed. Earlier estimators relied on demographic parameters, whereas genetic estimators are based on the analysis of either one or two genetic samples from a population. All Ne estimators have their unique sensitivities and limiting assumptions, which complicate the choice of estimator, comparison of results of different studies and the assessment of the reliability of the results. Ne estimators have recently been used e.g. in the monitoring of many aquatic populations, but their reliability and comparability has not often been tested with extensive ecological and genetic data, and it is not well established how much added value they bring to the conservation of easily observable species. I tested this with an extensive dataset on the Siberian jays (Perisoreus infaustus) living in Suupohja, Finland (62°22'N, 21°30'E). The Suupohja Siberian jays form one of the few isolates of Siberian jays in Southern Finland. I utilised three demographic and three genetic Ne estimators to estimate the Ne and the Ne/N ratio in the Suupohja Siberian jays, and compared the findings to the Ho and A estimates calculated with the same data, and to various suggested MVP standards. The results showed that the ratio of effective and census population sizes (Ne/N) is close to 0.6 in the Suupohja Siberian jays. Uneven survival of offspring and population size fluctuations are the main factors in the formation of this ratio. The average genetic Ne estimate would, then, suggest a census population size of 44 % higher than the average N in the Suupohja study area. This result is probably connected to the high proportion of breeding immigrants in the data, which would cause the Ne estimates to reflect a larger genetic neighbourhood than the study area. The genetic Ne estimates also suggest that the Suupohja Siberian jays might not be able to maintain their genetic diversity in the long term if gene flow would cease due to further isolation, especially if isolation would also cause a faster demographic decline. Conservation attempts should aim at ensuring gene flow to the remaining Siberian jay isolates in Southern Finland, in order to protect them from increasing genetic uniformity and inbreeding. It is possible that while the average dispersal distances in the Siberian jay are short, occasional long-distance dispersal events have an important role in the pretention of genetic structuring in a Siberian jay population. Ne estimation based on demographic data was laborious in the case of the Suupohja Siberian jays, whereas the genetic Ne estimates showed large variation depending on year and estimation method used. Reliable estimation of Ne with genetic methods would have required information on the large-scale genetic structure of the population. In any case, Ne estimates gave a clearer picture on the genetic viability of the Suupohja Siberian jays than the Ho and A estimates, which did not indicate any decrease of genetic diversity during the study period.

Many pathogens are able to survive and reproduce in the environment outside of host for instance by saprotrophic lifestyle. These kinds of pathogens are called opportunistic as compared to obligatory pathogens that cannot interact or reproduce in the environment outside of host. Opportunistic pathogens are subject to strong selection forces in the environment outside of host for instance while they compete for resources they share with other microbes. Ecological interactions in the environment outside of host can therefore influence on the disease dynamics and evolution of virulence of an opportunistic pathogen. No proper theoretical model that would acknowledge opportunistic reproduction and ecological interactions in the environment out side of host has been developed before. Yet it is essential to develop this kind of theoretical model so that the development and dynamics of opportunistic diseases could be predicted and prevented. In this work, an opportunistic disease model was developed that considers both the opportunistic reproduction and the influence of a superior competitor as compared to pathogenic strain on pathogen growth in the environment outside of host. Differential equations in the model represent the density changes in time in the populations of susceptible and infected host, pathogen and rival strain outside host that is not pathogenic. Evolution of virulence of the new opportunistic pathogen meaning the ability to grow from low density in presence of superior competing strain was modeled in differing circumstances. Opportunistic disease dynamics was modeled in differing circumstances, when non-pathogenic competing strain was either present or absent. Equilibrium equations were solvable to a system, where non-pathogenic competing strain was absent, but to a system where non-pathogenic competing strain was present. Analyses of the model were performed with Math Works MATLAB – program. Reproducing inside host gives an opportunity for new opportunistic pathogen to increase in density under circumstances where competition is moderate enough so that the reproduction in the environment outside host may compensate opportunistic pathogen's weaker ability to compete. Reproduction and competition in the environment outside host produce disease dynamics that differ from more traditional SI-models. Density dependence of the reproduction in the environment outside host stabilizes host-parasite system in the absence of competition in the environment outside host. Instead, in the presence of competition the competitive advantage of the non-pathogen strain destabilizes disease dynamics and prevents extinction of the susceptible host. Reproduction in the environment outside host also enables opportunistic pathogen to remain in the environment in the absence of susceptible hosts and functions thus as a potential mechanism for disease out breaks when circumstances change. However, increasing competition in the environment outside host at the expense of opportunistic pathogen may potentially prevent epidemics. Among other things, the model could be applied to biological control with the intension of removing an opportunistic pathogen naturally by weakening its survival in the environment out side of host in a competiotion situation. This kind of biological control could for example be possible in the case of saprotrophic Flavobacterium columnare –fish pathogen that is found in fish farms.

The Seychelles magpie robin Copsychus sechellarum is among the most threatened of the twelve avian species endemic to Seychelles. Originally relatively abundant and widespread in Seychelles, its population has severely diminished, mainly on account of introduced predators and habitat destruction. The lowest count was recorded in 1965, when the number of birds was between eight and fifteen, all confined to just one island. In 1990 a successful recovery program was implemented, and the population has now recovered to approximately 150 birds on four islands. Translocations to new islands are a major part of the recovery program. So far Seychelles magpie robins have been translocated to three islands, and three more target islands still need to be chosen if the long-term goals of the project are to be reached. Determining habitat suitability at the translocation target area is essential before attempting a translocation. Cockroaches are a major part of the bird's diet. Cockroach abundance has been shown to be a good indicator of magpie robin habitat quality, but it is very laborious and time consuming to measure. The objective of this study is to build a model that can be used to predict cockroach abundance, and thereby Seychelles magpie robin habitat quality, with relatively simple and inexpensive measurements. The data for this project was collected on Cousin, Cousine and Aride islands in Seychelles during October and November 2004. Several potential predictors of cockroach abundance were measured using simple and low-cost methods. The measured variables were Seychelles skink Mabuya sechellensis abundance, altitude from sea level, slope gradient, rock type, canopy cover, shrub cover, litter depth, soil depth, the relative canopy cover of different tree species, and percentage of ground covered by litter, rock, grass, woody vegetation and bare ground. These variables were measured in several 25 × 25 m plots on each island. Cockroach abundance had been measured in the same plots previously. Several multiple linear regression models were built using these variables, with cockroach abundance as the dependent variable. The Akaike Information Criterion was used to rank the models and to find the most important explanatory variables. Stepwise regression was used as a secondary method in order to see if two different methods point to the same result. Both methods indicated that slope gradient and granitic rock type are the two most important predictors of those tested. These are features that are invariably associated with granitic terrain, and both are positively correlated with cockroach abundance. A simple comparison of average cockroach abundance between granitic and coralline rock types also showed a significant difference, with granitic terrain providing higher cockroach abundance. The islands in Seychelles can be divided into two main categories: granitic and coralline islands. Steep slopes and granitic rock are both features associated with granitic terrain and granitic islands only. Therefore, based on the results of this study, granitic islands are likely to provide higher cockroach abundance and thus better Seychelles magpie robin habitat quality. Hence it is recommended that Seychelles magpie robin translocation efforts are focused preferentially on granitic islands.

Lifespan is a key fitness trait, together with fecundity, dispersal, and growth. In addition to environmental factors shaping variation in lifespan, it is also influenced by genetic components. Based on theory, genetic variation in lifespan is expected to be reduced due to its high relevance to fitness. However, due to trade-offs between different life-history traits and the variable or unstable environmental conditions organisms face in nature, life-history traits are also expected to sustain higher genetic variation. From studies in model organisms, such as the fruit fly and the roundworm, researchers have uncovered key insights into the genetic basis of lifespan. Some genes have been shown to contribute more to lifespan than others and different species seem to share homologous genes influencing lifespan that have been conserved. Many of these genes relate to the insulin receptors and insulin signaling processes. The allelic variation and over- or under-expression of these genes have been shown to be associated with changes in lifespan. However, regardless of our accumulating knowledge of these genes in impacting lifespan under laboratory conditions, we have little understanding of the role of these genes impacting variation in lifespan under more natural conditions. In general, assessment of genes affecting variation in lifespan in natural populations is rare, even under circumstances where we know that the lifespan has a heritable component. The Glanville fritillary (Melitaea cinxia) is a butterfly that inhabits most of Europe. It is used as a model species in ecology and evolution in relation to metapopulation dynamics and spatially structured habitats. It has been studied extensively both under experimental conditions and via observational studies in the field. The Glanville fritillary butterfly works as a good model organism for assessments of genetic components of life-history variation, as vast amounts of genomic and ecological data are already available. In this thesis, I aim to shed light on the genetic background of lifespan by using the Glanville fritillary as a model organism. More specifically, I will test the association of some well-known lifespan-related candidate genes with a phenotypic variation on the butterfly’s adult lifespan based on previously obtained experimental data on individuals collected from the natural metapopulation during the larval stage.

Kosteikot ovat biodiversiteetiltään yksi maailman rikkaimmista habitaateista. Kosteikkojen ja niillä elävien vesilintujen tuottamien ekosysteemipalvelujen laajuuteen ja tärkeyteen on havahduttu vasta viime aikoina. Kosteikkoja ja niiden linnustoa uhkaavat maailman laajuisesti maankäyttö sekä makeiden vesistöjen pilaantuminen. Viimeisen vuosisadan aikana maailman kosteikkojen määrä on vähentynyt puoleen ja niiden tila on heikentynyt. Kosteikkolinnuston elinolot ovat heikentyneet ja linnusto on taantunut. Kosteikkoja rakentamalla ja kunnostamalla on voitu parantaa linnuston elinolosuhteita. Etenkin keinotekoisten kosteikkojen merkitys on ollut suuri luontaisten kosteikkojen tilan heikkenemisen myötä. Vain vähän tiedetään miten luonnollisten kosteikkojen hoitotoimet vaikuttavat linnustoon paikallisella tasolla. Niukasti tietoa on myös saatavilla päättäjille hoitotoimien kustannustehokkuudesta. Tässä työssä tutkittiin Etelä-Suomen kosteikkojen hoitotoimien vaikutuksia levähtävään ja pesivään linnustoon. Työn tarkoituksena oli selvittää eri hoitotoimien vaikutuksia ravinnonhankinnaltaan erilaisiin lintukiltoihin ja -ryhmiin. Yhtenä tutkimuksen päätavoitteena oli luoda käsitys hoitotoimien kustannustehokkuudesta sekä mihin resurssit kannattaa käyttää. Tutkimusalue käsitti 21 Etelä-Suomen linnustollisesti arvokasta kosteikkoa. Kosteikkoja kunnostettiin vuosina 2004–2012 kahdessa hoitojaksossa. Hoitojaksoja ennen ja niiden jälkeen kosteikkojen pesivä ja levähtävä linnusto selvitettiin. Suomen ympäristökeskus vastasi hoitotoimista ja linnustolaskennoista Uudenmaan ja Kymenlaakson ELY-keskusten kanssa. Kosteikkoja kunnostettiin pääasiassa avoimuutta lisäämällä laidunnuksen, puustonraivauksen, niiton ja äestyksen sekä ruoppauksen avulla. Muutolla levähtävä linnusto selvitettiin läpi muuttokauden noin viiden päivän välein suoritettujen laskentojen avulla ja pesivä linnusto selvitettiin viiden käyntikerran kartoitusmenetelmällä. Kohteiden linnut eriteltiin hoidettuihin osa-alueisiin sekä niiden ulkopuolelle jääviin hoitamattomiin osa-alueisiin. Kontrollialueina toimivat hoitamattomat kohteet ja osa-alueet. Lasketut linnut yhdistettiin ravinnonhankintansa perusteella kymmeneen kiltaan, jotka olivat puolisukeltajasorsat, sukeltajasorsat, kalansyöjävesilinnut, joutsenet, hanhet, kahlaajat, naurulokki, rantakanat ja kaulushaikara, avomaavarpuslinnut sekä pensaston ja ruovikon varpuslinnut. Kolmea viimeksi mainittua kiltaa tarkasteltiin vain pesimäaikana. Erikseen tarkasteltiin kansallisesti uhanalaisia sekä lintudirektiivin liitteen I lajeja. Hoitotoimien sekä niihin käytettyjen kokonaiskustannusten vaikutuksia kiltakohtaisiin lintumääriin tarkasteltiin lineaarisilla sekamalleilla. Syysmuuttoaineistossa kaikkien lintukiltojen määrät kasvoivat niitto- ja äestysalan myötä; laidunnuspinta-ala lisäsi hanhien ja kahlaajien lukumääriä. Kaikkien kiltojen lukumääriä lisäsi laidunala keväällä, lisäksi niitto- ja äestys - sekä ruoppausala lisäsivät kahlaajien lukumääriä. Kalansyöjien lukumäärät vähenivät ruoppausalan kasvun myötä, mutta yhteys oli tilastollisesti vain suuntaa antava. Pesimäaineistossa ruoppausala x kilta-interaktio osoittautui tilastollisesti merkitseväksi, mutta kiltakohtaisesti tarkasteltuna vaikutukset olivat suuntaa antavia; rantakanat ja kaulushaikara runsastuivat ja kalansyöjävesilinnut vähenivät. Sekä uhanalaisten että lintudirektiivin liitteen I lajien lukumääriä kasvatti laidunnus keväällä ja syksyllä. Hoitotoimiin käytettyjen kokonaiskustannusten suhteen runsastuivat syksyllä puolisukeltajasorsat, hanhet ja kahlaajat. Keväällä kokonaiskustannuksilla oli positiivinen yhteys puolisukeltajasorsien, kahlaajien ja naurulokin lukumääriin. Pesimäaineistossa kokonaiskustannukset kasvattivat naurulokin lukumääriä. Suuntaa-antavasti kokonaiskustannukset lisäsivät rantakanojen ja kaulushaikaran määriä sekä vähensivät kalansyöjävesilintujen määriä. Erityisesti huomioitavaa on, että hoitotoimilla havaittiin vain positiivisia merkitseviä tuloksia lintukiltoihin. Laidunnus oli tärkein yksittäinen hoitotoimi, mikä liittynee sen ympäristöä monipuolistavaan vaikutukseen. Hoitotoimista eniten hyötynyt kilta oli kahlaajat, mutta kaikki killat hyötyivät jostain hoitotoimesta. Hoitotoimien positiiviset vaikutukset liittynevät avoimuuden lisääntymiseen sekä karjan läsnäoloon, jotka voivat parantaa lintujen ruokailuolosuhteita sekä lisätä turvallisuutta. Kokonaiskustannukset paljastivat että naurulokki ja puolisukeltajasorsat hyötyivät hoitotoimista kokonaisuutena, sillä ne eivät poikenneet muista killoista yksittäisiä hoitotoimia tarkasteltaessa. Vähiten hyötyivät sukeltajasorsat sekä kalansyöjävesilinnut. Tutkimus osoittaa, että hoitotoimilla voidaan parantaa taantuneiden kosteikkolintujen elinolosuhteita. Koska hoitokohteet ovat Etelä-Suomen parhaimpia lintuvesiä, on hoitotoimien biologinen merkitys suuri. Vaikutukset eivät ole pelkästään kansalliset, vaan kunnostuksesta hyötyvät Suomenlahden muuttoreittiä pitkin pohjoiseen muuttavat kosteikkolinnut –aina Siperiaan asti. Yksi tärkeimmistä huomioista on, että hoidon loputtua kosteikkojen tila heikkenee. Hoitoa tulisi jatkaa, jottei saatuja hyötyjä menetettäisi. Tulevaisuudessa olisi tärkeää suunnitella mittavat hoitotoimet myös tutkimuksen kannalta, jolloin hoitotoimien vaikutuksia voitaisiin tutkia tarkemmin. Tärkeää olisi löytää keinot sukeltajasorsien ja kalansyöjien elinolojen parantamiseksi.