Browsing by Subject "Pancreas"

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  • Balboa, Diego; Prasad, Rashmi B.; Groop, Leif; Otonkoski, Timo (2019)
    Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind beta cell dysfunction is essential for the development of effective and specific approaches for diabetes care and prevention. Physiological human beta cell models are needed for this work. We review the possibilities and limitations of currently available human beta cell models and how they can be dramatically enhanced using genome-editing technologies. In addition to the gold standard, primary isolated islets, other models now include immortalised human beta cell lines and pluripotent stem cell-derived islet-like cells. The scarcity of human primary islet samples limits their use, but valuable gene expression and functional data from large collections of human islets have been made available to the scientific community. The possibilities for studying beta cell physiology using immortalised human beta cell lines and stem cell-derived islets are rapidly evolving. However, the functional immaturity of these cells is still a significant limitation. CRISPR-Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9) has enabled precise engineering of specific genetic variants, targeted transcriptional modulation and genome-wide genetic screening. These approaches can now be exploited to gain understanding of the mechanisms behind coding and non-coding diabetes-associated genetic variants, allowing more precise evaluation of their contribution to diabetes pathogenesis. Despite all the progress, genome editing in primary pancreatic islets remains difficult to achieve, an important limitation requiring further technological development.
  • Koistinen, Heikki (2018)
  • Ojala, Johanna; Bäcklund, Tom; Matikainen, Niina (2018)
  • Mikkola, Kirsi; Yim, Cheng-Bin; Lehtiniemi, Paula; Kauhanen, Saila; Tarkia, Miikka; Tolvanen, Tuula; Nuutila, Pirjo; Solin, Olof (2016)
    Background: Several radiometal-labeled, exendin-based tracers that target glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors (GLP-1R) have been intensively explored for beta cell imaging. The main obstacle has been the high uptake of tracer in the kidneys. This study aimed to develop a novel GLP1-R-specific tracer, with fluorine-18 attached to exendin-4, to label beta cells for clinical imaging with PET (positron emission tomography). We hypothesized that this tracer would undergo reduced kidney uptake. F-18-labeled [Nle(14), Lys(40)] exendin-4 analog ([F-18] exendin-4) was produced via Cu-catalyzed click chemistry. The biodistribution of [F-18] exendin-4 was assessed with ex vivo organ.-counting and in vivo PET imaging. We also tested the in vivo stability of the radiotracer. The localization of F-18 radioactivity in rat and human pancreatic tissue sections was investigated with autoradiography. Receptor specificity was assessed with unlabeled exendin-3. Islet labeling was confirmed with immunohistochemistry. The doses of radiation in humans were estimated based on biodistribution results in rats. Results: [F-18] exendin-4 was synthesized with high yield and high specific activity. Results showed specific, sustained [F-18] exendin-4 uptake in pancreatic islets. In contrast to previous studies that tested radiometal-labeled exendin-based tracers, we observed rapid renal clearance of [F-18] exendin-4. Conclusions: [F-18] exendin-4 showed promise as a tracer for clinical imaging of pancreatic beta cells, due to its high specific uptake in native beta cells and its concomitant low kidney radioactivity uptake.
  • Syväranta, Suvi; Vuorinen, Aino-Maija; Tokola, Anna (2021)
    Kuvantamistutkimusten tarkoituksenmukainen käyttö edellyttää kliinikolta oman alansa kuvantamistutkimusten perustuntemusta ja perehtymistä paikallisiin kuvantamiskäytäntöihin. Lähete radiologiseen kuvantamistutkimukseen toimii konsultaatiopyyntönä, ja lähetetiedot vaikuttavat tutkimuksen ajankohtaan, suunnitteluun, suorittamiseen sekä tulkintaan. Natiivikuvaus ja kaikukuvaus ovat usein hyviä ensivaiheen tutkimuksia, jotka voivat ohjata jatkotutkimuksia ja hoitoa oikeaan suuntaan, vaikkei niiden avulla aina päästäisikään diagnoosiin. Läpivalaisu-, tietokonetomografia (TT)- ja magneettikuvaukset kuuluvat pääosin erikoissairaanhoitoon, ja niistä saa toisiaan täydentävää lisätietoa. Toimenpiteisiin lähetettäessä on tärkeää kertoa potilaalle toimenpiteen kulusta ja huomioida myös veren hyytymiseen vaikuttava lääkitys. Epäselvissä tapauksissa radiologille kannattaa soittaa. Parhaimmillaan kliinikon ja radiologin välinen hyvä yhteistyö parantaa potilaan hoitoketjua ja kohtuullistaa kuvantamisen alati suurenevia kokonaiskustannuksia.
  • Siiki, Antti; Kylänpää, Leena (2020)
    • Sappi- ja haimasairauksissa vaativiakin hoitotoimenpiteitä pystytään nykyisin tekemään ¬hyvin siedetysti ja turvallisesti tähystyksessä. • Endoskooppinen retrogradinen kolangiopankreatografia (ERCP) on ensisijainen menetelmä sappitietukoksen ja tiehytkivien hoidossa. • Lähettävän yksikön kirjaamat lähetetiedot ovat olennaisen tärkeitä. • ERCP:hen liittyvät komplikaatiot jäävät useimmiten lieväasteisiksi. Niiden riski noin 5 %. • Toimenpiteen jälkeinen vatsakipu tai verenvuoto vaatii erikoissairaanhoidon arvion.
  • de Back, Walter; Zimm, Roland; Brusch, Lutz (2013)
    Background: Replacement of dysfunctional beta-cells in the islets of Langerhans by transdifferentiation of pancreatic acinar cells has been proposed as a regenerative therapy for diabetes. Adult acinar cells spontaneously revert to a multipotent state upon tissue dissociation in vitro and can be stimulated to redifferentiate into beta-cells. Despite accumulating evidence that contact-mediated signals are involved, the mechanisms regulating acinar-to-islet cell transdifferentiation remain poorly understood. Results: In this study, we propose that the crosstalk between two contact-mediated signaling mechanisms, lateral inhibition and lateral stabilization, controls cell fate stability and transdifferentiation of pancreatic cells. Analysis of a mathematical model combining gene regulation with contact-mediated signaling reveals the multistability of acinar and islet cell fates. Inhibition of one or both modes of signaling results in transdifferentiation from the acinar to the islet cell fate, either by dedifferentiation to a multipotent state or by direct lineage switching. Conclusions: This study provides a theoretical framework to understand the role of contact-mediated signaling in pancreatic cell fate control that may help to improve acinar-to-islet cell transdifferentiation strategies for beta-cell neogenesis.