Browsing by Subject "TCDD"

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  • Villaseñor-Altamirano, Ana B.; Watson, John D.; Prokopec, Stephenie D.; Yao, Cindy Q.; Boutros, Paul C.; Pohjanvirta, Raimo; Valdés-Flores, Jesús; Elizondo, Guillermo (2019)
    Alternative splicing is a co-transcriptional mechanism that generates protein diversity by including or excluding exons in different combinations, thereby expanding the diversity of protein isoforms of a single gene. Abnormalities in this process can result in deleterious effects to human health, and several xenobiotics are known to interfere with splicing regulation through multiple mechanisms. These changes could lead to human diseases such as cancer, neurological disorders, autoimmune diseases, and developmental disorders. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is an environmental contaminant generated as a byproduct of various industrial activities. Exposure to this dioxin has been linked to a wide range of pathologies through the alteration of multiple cellular processes. However, the effects of TCDD exposure on alternative splicing have not yet been studied. Here, we investigated whether a single po. dose of 5 μg/kg or 500 μg/kg TCDD influence hepatic alternative splicing in adult male C57BL/6Kou mouse. We identified several genes whose alternative splicing of precursor messenger RNAs was modified following TCDD exposure. In particular, we demonstrated that alternative splicing of Cyp1a1, Ahrr, and Actn1 was significantly altered after TCDD treatment. These findings show that the exposure to TCDD has an impact on alternative-splicing, and suggest a new avenue for understanding TCDD-mediated toxicity and pathogenesis.
  • Prokopec, Stephenie D.; Lu, Aileen; Lee, Sandy Che-Eun S.; Yao, Cindy Q.; Sun, Ren X.; Watson, John D.; Soliymani, Rabah; de Borja, Richard; Wong, Ada; Sam, Michelle; Zuzarte, Philip; McPherson, John D.; Okey, Allan B.; Pohjanvirta, Raimo; Boutros, Paul C. (2019)
    The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) mediates many toxic effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). However, the AHR alone does not explain the widely different outcomes among organisms. To identify the other factors involved, we evaluated three transgenic mouse lines, each expressing a different rat AHR isoform (rWT, DEL, and INS) providing widely different resistance to TCDD toxicity, as well as C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice which exhibit a similar to tenfold divergence in TCDD sensitivity (exposures of 5-1000 mu g/kg TCDD). We supplement these with whole-genome sequencing, together with transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of the corresponding rat models, Long-Evans (L-E) and Han/Wistar (H/W) rats (having a similar to 1000-fold difference in their TCDD sensitivities; 100 mu g/kg TCDD), to identify genes associated with TCDD-response phenotypes. Overall, we identified up to 50% of genes with altered mRNA abundance following TCDD exposure are associated with a single AHR isoform (33.8%, 11.7%, 5.2% and 0.3% of 3076 genes altered unique to rWT, DEL, C57BL/6 and INS respectively following 1000 mu g/kg TCDD). Hepatic Pxdc1 was significantly repressed in all three TCDD-sensitive animal models (C57BL/6 and rWT mice, and L-E rat) after TCDD exposure. Three genes, including Cxxc5, Sugp1 and Hgfac, demonstrated different AHRE-1 (full) motif occurrences within their promoter regions between rat strains, as well as different patterns of mRNA abundance. Several hepatic proteins showed parallel up- or downward alterations with their RNAs, with three genes (SNRK, IGTP and IMPA2) showing consistent, strain-dependent changes. These data show the value of integrating genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic evidence across multi-species models in toxicologic studies.
  • Mahiout, Selma; Tagliabue, Sara Giani; Nasri, Atefeh; Omoruyi, Iyekhoetin Matthew; Pettersson, Lars; Bonati, Laura; Pohjanvirta, Raimo (2018)
    The mediator of dioxin toxicity, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), has also important physiological functions. Selective AHR modulators (SAHRMs) share some effects of dioxins, except for their marked toxicity. We recently characterised toxicologically two novel SAHRMs, prodrugs IMA-08401 and IMA-07101 in rats, demonstrating that they are far less deleterious than the most toxic AHR-agonist, TCDD. Here, we analysed the in vitro toxicity and in silico AHR binding of the respective active, deacetylated metabolites, IMA-06201 (N-ethyl-N-phenyl-5-chloro-1,2-dihydro-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxamide) and IMA-06504 (N-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1,2-dihydro-4-hydroxy-5-methoxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxamide). In H4IIE rat hepatoma cells, IMA-06201 and IMA-06504 induced CYP1A1 with comparable potencies and efficacies to those of TCDD. They had little effect on cell viability as assessed by LDH leakage and MTT reduction assays, and were not mutagenic in the Ames test, but IMA-06504 elicited a maximally 2.7-fold increase in micronuclei. Molecular docking simulations showed that similar to TCDD, they occupy the central region of AHR ligand binding cavity. Hence, while showing low to negligible in vitro toxicity, these novel SAHRMs bind to the AHR qualitatively in a similar fashion to TCDD, and appear comparably powerful AHR agonists. Combined with our earlier results demonstrating that they seem considerably less toxic in vivo than TCDD, these compounds are thus highly interesting new SAHRMs.
  • Lee, Jamie; Prokopec, Stephenie D.; Watson, John D.; Sun, Ren X.; Pohjanvirta, Raimo; Boutros, Paul C. (2015)
    Background: 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dixion (TCDD) is the most potent of the dioxin congeners, capable of causing a wide range of toxic effects across numerous animal models. Previous studies have demonstrated that males and females of the same species can display divergent sensitivity phenotypes to TCDD toxicities. Although it is now clear that most TCDD-induced toxic outcomes are mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), the mechanism of differential responses to TCDD exposure between sexes remains largely unknown. To investigate the differential sensitivities in male and female mice, we profiled the hepatic transcriptomic responses 4 days following exposure to various amounts of TCDD (125, 250, 500 or 1000 mu g/kg) in adult male and female C57BL/6Kuo mice. Results: Several key findings were revealed by our study. 1) Hepatic transcriptomes varied significantly between the sexes at all doses examined. 2) The liver transcriptome of males was more dysregulated by TCDD than that of females. 3) The alteration of " AHR-core" genes was consistent in magnitude, regardless of sex. 4) A subset of genes demonstrated sex-dependent TCDD-induced transcriptional changes, including Fmo3 and Nr1i3, which were significantly induced in livers of male mice only. In addition, a meta-analysis was performed to contrast transcriptomic profiles of various organisms and tissues following exposure to equitoxic doses of TCDD. Minimal overlap was observed in the differences between TCDD-sensitive or TCDD-resistant models. Conclusions: Sex-dependent sensitivities to TCDD exposure are associated with a set of sex-specific TCDD-responsive genes. In addition, complex interactions between the aryl hydrocarbon and sex hormone receptors may affect the observable differences in sensitivity phenotypes between the sexes. Further work is necessary to better understand the roles of those genes altered by TCDD in a sex-dependent manner, and their association with changes to sex hormones and receptors.
  • Boutros, Paul C; Moffat, Ivy D; Okey, Allan B; Pohjanvirta, Raimo (2011)
  • Pohjanvirta, Raimo; Viluksela, Matti (2020)
    Dioxins and related compounds are common environmental contaminants. Although their levels have gone down, they are still of concern, in particular regarding developmental toxicity. The adverse effects of these compounds are mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), whose canonical signaling pathway has been unveiled in fair detail. The alternative (non-genomic) pathways are much more obscure. AHR has also proven to be a master regulator of numerous physiological phenomena, which has led to the search of selective AHR modulators with low toxicity. Papers of this Special Issue address the developmental toxicity of dioxins and related compounds as well as selective modulators of AHR and both its canonical and alternative signaling pathways. In addition, new optical and stereoscopic methods for the detection of dioxins are presented. As a whole, this Special Issue provides an up-to-date view on a wide variety of aspects related to dioxin toxicity mechanisms from both original research articles and reviews.
  • Leppävuori, Salla (Helsingfors universitet, 2002)
    TCDD on voimakkain dioksiiniryhmän kemikaaleista. Dioksiinit ovat kaikkialla maapallolla esiintyviä ympäristösaasteita, jotka jo pieninäkin annoksina aiheuttavat monia biokemiallisia ja myrkyllisiä vaikutuksia selkärankaisissa. Dioksiinit ovat hyvin rasvaliukoisia, pysyviä ja elimistössä hitaasti hajoavia, minkä vuoksi ne kulkeutuvat elimistössä rasvakudokseen ja kertyvät ravintoketjussa. 1960-1970-luvuilla käytetyissä klooratuissa kemikaaleissa dioksiineja oli paljon epäpuhtauksina. Nykyään tärkeimmät dioksiinilähteet ovat jätteenpoltto ja muut polttoprosessit, metalliteollisuus ja aiemmin dioksiineilla saastuneet alueet. Suomessa dioksiinilla saastuneita alueita ovat erityisesti vanhojen sahanpohjien maaperä sekä Kymijoen pohjasedimentit. Tärkein altistuslähde ihmisellä on ruoka, Suomessa erityisesti Itämeren kala ja maitotuotteet. Koe-eläimillä TCDD on karsinogeeninen, teratogeeninen sekä immunotoksinen ja aiheuttaa akuutisti näivetyssyndrooman, maksavaurioita sekä entsyymi-induktion. Vuosikymmenien tutkimuksista huolimatta TCDD:n varsinainen vaikutusmekanismi on selvittämättä. Useimpien vaikutusten katsotaan välittyvän solulimassa olevan AH-reseptorin kautta. Se säätelee geenien ilmentymistä. Useimpien myrkyllisten vaikutusten mekanismeja ei kuitenkaan juuri tunneta. PPA-reseptorit säätelevät elimistön lipidi- ja glukoosimetaboliaa sekä solujen erilaistumista. Näiden reseptorien ligandeja ovat lukuisat rasvahapot sekä niiden johdannaiset, kuten monet eikosanoidit ja prostaglandiinit. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää TCDD:n vaikutusta annoksella 50 μg/kg maksassa ekspressoituvien PPARα- ja PPARδ-reseptorien ekspressioon kahdessa dioksiiniherkkyydeltään erilaisessa rottakannassa in vivo. Samalla tarkasteltiin TCDD:llä voimakkaasti indusoituvan CYP1A1-entsyymin ekspressiota maksassa. Rottakannat valittiin siten, että niiden välillä oli hyvin suuri ero dioksiiniherkkyydessä. Käytetty TCDD-annos 50 μg/kg oli toiselle rottakannoista letaali ja toiselle subletaali annos. Dioksiinille herkässä rottakannassa vaikutuksia tarkasteltiin lisäksi subletaalilla TCDD-annoksella 5 μg/kg. Tutkittavista maksanäytteistä eristettiin RNA, joka muutettiin käänteiskopioijaentsyymin avulla komplementaariseksi cDNA:ksi käyttäen oligo dT -aluketta. Tämän jälkeen näytteiden sisältämä PPARα-, PPARδ- ja CYP1A1-reseptorien mRNA:n määrä tutkittiin valmistetusta cDNA:sta kvantitatiivisella PCR-menetelmällä käyttäen spesifisiä alukkeita. Mitattu mRNA:n määrä suhteutettiin β-aktiini-proteiinin mRNA:n määrään, jotta RNA:n määrän mittaamisessa ja näytteiden pipetoinnissa syntyneet erot eivät olisi vaikuttaneet saatuihin tuloksiin. TCDD:n havaittiin lisäävän huomattavasti CYP1A1-entsyymin ekspressiota maksassa sekä dioksiinia sietävän kannan että dioksiiniherkän kannan rotilla. Tämä annos on huomattavasti alhaisempi kuin dioksiinia sietävien rottien TCDD:n LD50, mutta selvästi korkeampi kuin dioksiiniherkkien rottien LD50. Tässä tutkimuksessa ei havaittu eroa tutkittavien rottakantojen välillä CYP1A1-entsyymin mRNA:n määrän lisääntymisessä. Dioksiineja sietäviltä rotilta löydetty AH-reseptorin muuttunut alleeli suojaa rottia hyvin kuolleisuudelta. Toisaalta eräissä TCDD:n vaikutuksissa, kuten CYP1A1-entsyymin aktiivisuuden lisääntymisessä ja kateenkorvan surkastumisessa, ei havaita eroa dioksiiniherkkyydeltään erilaisten rottakantojen välillä. Tässä tutkimuksessa kontrollirottien ja TCDD-altistettujen rottien välinen ero CYP1A1-entsyymin mRNA-määrien välillä maksassa oli yli 200 kertainen. CYP1A1-proteiinia koodaavan Cyp1a1-geenin toiminta on AH-reseptorin säätelemää. TCDD on AH-reseptoriin voimakkaimmin sitoutuva tunnettu yhdiste. TCDD-annosten 5 ja 50 μg/kg välillä ei havaittu vaikutusta CYP1A1-entsyymin ekspressiossa dioksiiniherkän-kannan rotilla, mikä on sopusoinnussa aiempien tulosten kanssa, jotka ovat osoittaneet jo annoksen 5 μg/kg aiheuttavan maksimaalisen entsyymi-induktion. Tässä tutkimuksessa PPARα- ja PPARδ-reseptorin ekspressio maksassa ei muuttunut TCDD-altistuksen jälkeen kummallakaan tutkittavista rottakannoista. Aikaisemmissa tutkimuksissa ei ole tarkasteltu TCDD:n vaikutusta PPA-reseptorien ekspressioon in vivo kuten tässä työssä tehtiin. Aikaisemmissa tutkimuksissa saatujen havaintojen perusteella olisi mielenkiintoista tutkia PPA-reseptorien ekspressiota in vivo rasvakudoksessa vastaavalla tavalla kuin tässä tutkimuksessa tutkittiin ekspressiota maksassa. Lisätutkimukset todennäköisesti osoittavatkin, onko TCDD:llä vaikutusta PPA-reseptorien ekspressioon rasvakudoksessa.
  • Esteban, Javier; Sánchez-Pérez, Ismael; Hamscher, Gerd; Miettinen, Hanna M.; Korkalainen, Merja; Viluksela, Matti; Pohjanvirta, Raimo; Håkansson, Helen (2021)
    Young adult wild-type and aryl hydrocarbon receptor knockout (AHRKO) mice of both sexes and the C57BL/6J background were exposed to 10 weekly oral doses of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD; total dose of 200 ?g/kg bw) to further characterize the observed impacts of AHR as well as TCDD on the retinoid system. Unexposed AHRKO mice harboured heavier kidneys, lighter livers and lower serum all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and retinol (REOH) concentrations than wild-type mice. Results from the present study also point to a role for the murine AHR in the control of circulating REOH and ATRA concentrations. In wild-type mice, TCDD elevated liver weight and reduced thymus weight, and drastically reduced the hepatic concentrations of 9-cis-4-oxo-13,14dihydro-retinoic acid (CORA) and retinyl palmitate (REPA). In female wild-type mice, TCDD increased the hepatic concentration of ATRA as well as the renal and circulating REOH concentrations. Renal CORA concentrations were substantially diminished in wild-type male mice exclusively following TCDD-exposure, with a similar tendency in serum. In contrast, TCDD did not affect any of these toxicity or retinoid system parameters in AHRKO mice. Finally, a distinct sex difference occurred in kidney concentrations of all the analysed retinoid forms. Together, these results strengthen the evidence of a mandatory role of AHR in TCDD-induced retinoid disruption, and suggest that the previously reported accumulation of several retinoid forms in the liver of AHRKO mice is a line-specific phenomenon. Our data further support participation of AHR in the control of liver and kidney development in mice.
  • Prokopec, Stephenie D.; Watson, John D.; Lee, Jamie; Pohjanvirta, Raimo; Boutros, Paul C. (2015)
    2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is an environmental contaminant that produces myriad toxicities in most mammals. In rodents alone, there is a huge divergence in the toxicological response across species, as well as among different strains within a species. But there are also significant differences between males and females animals of a single strain. These differences are inconsistent across model systems: the severity of toxicity is greater in female rats than males, while male mice and guinea pigs are more sensitive than females. Because the specific events that underlie this difference remain unclear, we characterized the hepatic transcriptional response of adult male and female C57BL/6 mice to 500 mu g/kg TCDD at multiple time-points. The transcriptional profile diverged significantly between the sexes. Female mice demonstrated a large number of altered transcripts as early as 6 h following treatment, suggesting a large primary response. Conversely, male animals showed the greatest TCDD-mediated response 144 h following exposure, potentially implicating significant secondary responses. Nr1i3 was statistically significantly induced at all time-points in the sensitive male animals. This mRNA encodes the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), a transcription factor involved in the regulation of xenobiotic metabolism, lipid metabolism, cell cycle and apoptosis. Surprisingly though, changes at the protein level (aside from the positive control, CYP1A1) were modest, with only FMO3 showing clear induction, and no genes with sex-differences. Thus, while male and female mice show transcriptional differences in their response to TCDD, their association with TCDD-induced toxicities remains unclear. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.
  • Wjuga, Anna (Helsingfors universitet, 2009)
    2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibentso-p-dioksin (TCDD) is the most potent congener of the group of dioxins. It forms as a byproduct or impurity in many chemical processes. TCDD is enriched in the food chain and people are exposed to it in small portions chronically mainly by nutrition. TCDD has many toxic impacts on humans and animals which are mediated by the cellular aryl hydrocarbon -receptor. In spite of decades of research the toxic mechanisms of TCDD are poorly known. By investigating the toxicity of TCDD with large doses in experimental animals we will gain more insight into its toxic mechanisms and into its risks to humans. An important form of acute toxicity of TCDD is the wasting syndrome in which rats eat less, lose weight and finally die or after a sublethal dose stay thinner than littermates. The mechanism by which TCDD causes the wasting syndrome is unclear. Two central enzymes that take part in the regulation of the body's energy balance are the adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) and stearoyl-CoA-desaturase 1 (Scd1). Changes in the expression or the regulation of their action could well be related to the wasting syndrome. The goal of this experiment was to compare in liver the mRNA expression of AMPK, Scd1 and control genes which are widely used in quantitative PCR in dioxin-sensitive Long-Evans (L-E) and resistant Han/Wistar (H/W) rat strains after a large (lethal to the sensitive strain) TCDD dose at early phases of intoxication (days 1, 4 and 10). There was also a L-E rat group whose feed was restricted to mimic the wasting caused by TCDD. The goal of the feed restriction was to separate the possible primary effect of TCDD from a secondary effect, depletion of energy. RNA was isolated from liver samples and the cDNA was made from isolated RNA with M-MLV-derived reverse transcriptase enzyme using oligo dT and random hexamer primers. The mRNAs of Scd1-enzyme and the control genes in the liver samples were measured using real-time quantitative PCR and specific primers. At 10 days feed restriction lowered significantly the expression of AMPK mRNA in L-E-rats. At 4 and 10 days feed restriction lowered significantly also the expression of Scd1 mRNA; on day 10 the mRNA level of control rats was about 10,000-fold higher. At day 1 TCDD elevated the expression of Scd1-enzyme. TCDD did not cause a significant decrease in the expression of Scd1-enzyme on day 4 and on day 10 the decrease was significantly less, about 1/10 of the level in control rats. These findings suggest that either TCDD inhibits the strong decrease of AMPK and Scd1 caused by energy deficiency or it causes an induction of AMPK and Scd1 which in turn is countered by the weight loss caused by the wasting syndrome. Overall it seems that rats exposed to TCDD do not recognize the energy depletion and their hepatocytes do not turn on the energy sparing mode of metabolism. Feed restriction and TCDD affected clearly also the expression of the control genes GAPDH, Pgk1 and Bact which were believed to be stable. The use of control genes which are linked to the regulation of cellular energy balance is risky in long-term feed restriction experiments.
  • Niemi, Riitta (Helsingfors universitet, 2002)
    TCDD on voimakkain dioksiiniryhmän kemikaaleista. Dioksiinit ovat kaikkialla maapallolla esiintyviä ympäristösaasteita, jotka jo pieninäkin annoksina aiheuttavat monia biokemiallisia ja myrkyllisiä vaikutuksia selkärankaisissa. Dioksiinit ovat hyvin rasvaliukoisia, pysyviä ja elimistössä hitaasti hajoavia, minkä vuoksi ne kulkeutuvat elimistössä rasvakudokseen ja kertyvät ravintoketjussa. 1960-1970-luvuilla käytetyissä klooratuissa kemikaaleissa dioksiineja oli paljon epäpuhtauksina. Nykyään tärkeimmät dioksiinilähteet ovat jätteenpoltto ja muut polttoprosessit, metalliteollisuus ja aiemmin dioksiineilla saastuneet alueet. Suomessa dioksiinilla saastuneita alueita ovat erityisesti vanhojen sahanpohjien maaperä sekä Kymijoen pohjasedimentit. Tärkein altistuslähde ihmisellä on ruoka, Suomessa erityisesti Itämeren kala ja maitotuotteet. Koe-eläimillä TCDD on karsinogeeninen, teratogeeninen sekä immunotoksinen ja aiheuttaa akuutisti näivetyssyndrooman, maksavaurioita sekä entsyymi-induktion. Vuosikymmenien tutkimuksista huolimatta TCDD:n varsinainen vaikutusmekanismi on selvittämättä. Useimpien vaikutusten katsotaan välittyvän solulimassa olevan AH-reseptorin kautta. Se säätelee geenien ilmentymistä. Useimpien myrkyllisten vaikutusten mekanismeja ei kuitenkaan juuri tunneta. PPA-reseptorit säätelevät elimistön lipidi- ja glukoosimetaboliaa sekä solujen erilaistumista. Näiden reseptorien ligandeja ovat lukuisat rasvahapot sekä niiden johdannaiset, kuten monet eikosanoidit ja prostaglandiinit. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää TCDD:n vaikutusta annoksella 50 μg/kg maksassa ekspressoituvien PPARα- ja PPARδ-reseptorien ekspressioon kahdessa dioksiiniherkkyydeltään erilaisessa rottakannassa in vivo. Samalla tarkasteltiin TCDD:llä voimakkaasti indusoituvan CYP1A1-entsyymin ekspressiota maksassa. Rottakannat valittiin siten, että niiden välillä oli hyvin suuri ero dioksiiniherkkyydessä. Käytetty TCDD-annos 50 μg/kg oli toiselle rottakannoista letaali ja toiselle subletaali annos. Dioksiinille herkässä rottakannassa vaikutuksia tarkasteltiin lisäksi subletaalilla TCDD-annoksella 5 μg/kg. Tutkittavista maksanäytteistä eristettiin RNA, joka muutettiin käänteiskopioijaentsyymin avulla komplementaariseksi cDNA:ksi käyttäen oligo dT -aluketta. Tämän jälkeen näytteiden sisältämä PPARα-, PPARδ- ja CYP1A1-reseptorien mRNA:n määrä tutkittiin valmistetusta cDNA:sta kvantitatiivisella PCR-menetelmällä käyttäen spesifisiä alukkeita. Mitattu mRNA:n määrä suhteutettiin β-aktiini-proteiinin mRNA:n määrään, jotta RNA:n määrän mittaamisessa ja näytteiden pipetoinnissa syntyneet erot eivät olisi vaikuttaneet saatuihin tuloksiin. TCDD:n havaittiin lisäävän huomattavasti CYP1A1-entsyymin ekspressiota maksassa sekä dioksiinia sietävän kannan että dioksiiniherkän kannan rotilla. Tämä annos on huomattavasti alhaisempi kuin dioksiinia sietävien rottien TCDD:n LD50, mutta selvästi korkeampi kuin dioksiiniherkkien rottien LD50. Tässä tutkimuksessa ei havaittu eroa tutkittavien rottakantojen välillä CYP1A1-entsyymin mRNA:n määrän lisääntymisessä. Dioksiineja sietäviltä rotilta löydetty AH-reseptorin muuttunut alleeli suojaa rottia hyvin kuolleisuudelta. Toisaalta eräissä TCDD:n vaikutuksissa, kuten CYP1A1-entsyymin aktiivisuuden lisääntymisessä ja kateenkorvan surkastumisessa, ei havaita eroa dioksiiniherkkyydeltään erilaisten rottakantojen välillä. Tässä tutkimuksessa kontrollirottien ja TCDD-altistettujen rottien välinen ero CYP1A1-entsyymin mRNA-määrien välillä maksassa oli yli 200 kertainen. CYP1A1-proteiinia koodaavan Cyp1a1-geenin toiminta on AH-reseptorin säätelemää. TCDD on AH-reseptoriin voimakkaimmin sitoutuva tunnettu yhdiste. TCDD-annosten 5 ja 50 μg/kg välillä ei havaittu vaikutusta CYP1A1-entsyymin ekspressiossa dioksiiniherkän-kannan rotilla, mikä on sopusoinnussa aiempien tulosten kanssa, jotka ovat osoittaneet jo annoksen 5 μg/kg aiheuttavan maksimaalisen entsyymi-induktion. Tässä tutkimuksessa PPARα- ja PPARδ-reseptorin ekspressio maksassa ei muuttunut TCDD-altistuksen jälkeen kummallakaan tutkittavista rottakannoista. Aikaisemmissa tutkimuksissa ei ole tarkasteltu TCDD:n vaikutusta PPA-reseptorien ekspressioon in vivo kuten tässä työssä tehtiin. Aikaisemmissa tutkimuksissa saatujen havaintojen perusteella olisi mielenkiintoista tutkia PPA-reseptorien ekspressiota in vivo rasvakudoksessa vastaavalla tavalla kuin tässä tutkimuksessa tutkittiin ekspressiota maksassa. Lisätutkimukset todennäköisesti osoittavatkin, onko TCDD:llä vaikutusta PPA-reseptorien ekspressioon rasvakudoksessa.
  • Mahiout, Selma; Linden, Jere; Esteban, Javier; Sanchez-Perez, Ismael; Sankari, Satu; Pettersson, Lars; Håkansson, Helen; Pohjanvirta, Raimo (2017)
    The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) mediates the toxicity of dioxins, but also plays important physiological roles. Selective AHR modulators, which elicit some effects imparted by this receptor without causing the marked toxicity of dioxins, are presently under intense scrutiny. Two novel such compounds are IMA-08401 (N-acetyl-N-phenyl-4-acetoxy-5-chloro-1,2-dihydro-1-methyl-2-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxamide) and IMA-07101 (N-acetyl-N-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-4-acetoxy-1,2-dihydro-5-methoxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxamide). They represent, as diacetyl prodrugs, AHR-active metabolites of the drug compounds laquinimod and tasquinimod, respectively, which are intended for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and cancer. Here, we toxicologically assessed the novel compounds in Sprague-Dawley rats, after a single dose (8.75-92.5 mg/kg) and 5-day repeated dosing at the highest doses achievable (IMA-08401: 100 mg/kg/day; and IMA-07101: 75 mg/kg/day). There were no overt clinical signs of toxicity, but body weight gain was marginally retarded, and the treatments induced minimal hepatic extramedullary haematopoiesis. Further, both the absolute and relative weights of the thymus were significantly decreased. Cyp1a1 gene expression was substantially increased in all tissues examined. The hepatic induction profile of other AHR battery genes was distinct from that caused by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The only marked alterations in serum clinical chemistry variables were a reduction in triglycerides and an increase in 3-hydroxybutyrate. Liver and kidney retinol and retinyl palmitate concentrations were affected largely in the same manner as reported for TCDD. In vitro, the novel compounds activated CYP1A1 effectively in H4IIE cells. Altogether, these novel compounds appear to act as potent activators of the AHR, but lack some major characteristic toxicities of dioxins. They therefore represent promising new selective AHR modulators. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
  • Houlahan, Kathleen E.; Prokopec, Stephenie D.; Moffat, Ivy D.; Lindén, Jere; Lensu, Sanna; Okey, Allan B.; Pohjanvirta, Raimo; Boutros, Paul C. (2015)
    In some mammals, halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon (HAH) exposure causes wasting syndrome, defined as significant weight loss associated with lethal outcomes. The most potent HAH in causing wasting is 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-rho-dioxin (TCDD), which exerts its toxic effects through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Since TCDD toxicity is thought to predominantly arise from dysregulation of AHR-transcribed genes, it was hypothesized that wasting syndrome is a result of to TCDD-induced dysregulation of genes involved in regulation of food-intake. As the hypothalamus is the central nervous systems' regulatory center for food-intake and energy balance. Therefore, mRNA abundances in hypothalamic tissue from two rat strains with widely differing sensitivities to TCDD-induced wasting syndrome: TCDD-sensitive Long-Evans rats and TCDD-resistant Han/Wistar rats, 23 h after exposure to TCDD (100 mu g/kg) or corn oil vehicle. TCDD exposure caused minimal transcriptional dysregulation in the hypothalamus, with only 6 genes significantly altered in Long-Evans rats and 15 genes in Han/Wistar rats. Two of the most dysregulated genes were Cyp1a1 and Nqo1, which are induced by TCDD across a wide range of tissues and are considered sensitive markers of TCDD exposure. The minimal response of the hypothalamic transcriptome to a lethal dose of TCDD at an early time-point suggests that the hypothalamus is not the predominant site of initial events leading to hypophagia and associated wasting. TCDD may affect feeding behaviour via events upstream or downstream of the hypothalamus, and further work is required to evaluate this at the level of individual hypothalamic nuclei and subregions. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
  • Houlahan, Kathleen E.; Prokopec, Stephenie D.; Sun, Ren X.; Moffat, Ivy D.; Lindén, Jere; Lensu, Sanna; Okey, Allan B.; Pohjanvirta, Raimo; Boutros, Paul C. (2015)
    Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins are environmental contaminants commonly produced as a by-product of industrial processes. The most potent of these, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-rho-dioxin (TCDD), is highly lipophilic, leading to bioaccumulation. White adipose tissue (WAT) is a major site for energy storage, and is one of the organs in which TCDD accumulates. In laboratory animals, exposure to TCDD causes numerous metabolic abnormalities, including a wasting syndrome. We therefore investigated the molecular effects of TCDD exposure on WAT by profiling the transcriptomic response of WAT to 100 mu g/kg of TCDD at 1 or 4 days in TCDD-sensitive Long-Evans (Turku/AB; L-E) rats. A comparative analysis was conducted simultaneously in identically treated TCDD-resistant Han/Wistar (Kuopio; H/W) rats one day after exposure to the same dose. We sought to identify transcriptomic changes coinciding with the onset of toxicity, while gaining additional insight into later responses. More transcriptional responses to TCDD were observed at 4 days than at I day post-exposure, suggesting WAT shows mostly secondary responses. Two classic AHR-regulated genes, Cyp1a1 and Nqo1, were significantly induced by TCDD in both strains, while several genes involved in the immune response, including Ms4a7 and Fl1a1 were altered in L-E rats alone. We compared genes affected by TCDD in rat WAT and human adipose cells, and observed little overlap. Interestingly, very few genes involved in lipid metabolism exhibited altered expression levels despite the pronounced lipid mobilization from peripheral fat pads by TCDD in L-E rats. Of these genes, the lipolysis-associated Lpin1 was induced slightly over 2-fold in L-E rat WAT on day 4. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license.
  • Prokopec, Stephenie D.; Pohjanvirta, Raimo; Mahiout, Selma; Pettersson, Lars; Boutros, Paul C. (2019)
    IMA-08401 (C2) is a novel aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist and selective AHR modulator (SAHRM) that is structurally similar to laquinimod (LAQ). Both compounds are converted to the AHR-active metabolite DELAQ (IMA-06201) in vivo. SAHRMs have been proposed as therapeutic options for various autoimmune disorders. Clinical trials on LAQ have not reported any significant toxic outcomes and C2 has shown low toxicity in rats; however, their functional resemblance to the highly toxic AHR agonist 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) raises questions. Here, we characterize the hepatic transcriptomic changes induced by acute (single-dose) and subacute exposure (repeated dosing for 5 days followed by a 5-day recovery period) to C2 in Sprague-Dawley rats. Exposure to C2 leads to activation of the AHR, as shown by altered transcription of Cyp1a1. We identify a heightened response early after exposure that drops off by day 10. Acute exposure to C2 leads to changes to transcription of genes involved in antiviral and antibacterial responses, which highlights the immunomodulator effects of this AHR agonist. Subacute exposure causes an oxidative stress response in the liver, the consequences of which require further study on target tissues such as the CNS and immune system, both of which may be compromised in this patient population.
  • Prokopec, Stephenie D.; Viluksela, Matti; Miettinen, Hanna M.; Boutros, Paul C.; Pohjanvirta, Raimo (2020)
    In rats, direct exposure to TCDD causes myriad toxicities. Exposed rats experience hepatotoxicity, wasting syndrome and immune suppression, amongst others. "Inherited exposure", as occurs in the F3 generation of directly exposed F0 animals, has also been shown to cause toxicity: both male and female F3 rats demonstrate an increased incidence of adult onset disease, females also display reproductive abnormalities and increased incidence of ovarian diseases while males show increased incidence of kidney disease and an altered sperm epigenome. Here, we explore the hepatic transcriptomic profile of male and female F3 Sprague-Dawley rats bred through the paternal germ line from F0 dams exposed to a single dose of TCDD (0, 30, 100, 300 or 1000 ng/kg body weight) by oral gavage. We hypothesize that RNA transcripts with altered abundance in livers of unexposed F3 progeny of treated F0 Sprague-Dawley rats may result from epigenetic modifications to the genome. We further survey patterns of differential methylation within male F3 rat testis. Female F3 rats demonstrated more TCDD-mediated hepatic transcriptomic changes than males, with differences primarily in the lowest dose group. In testis from male F3 rats, multiple olfactory receptors displayed patterns of differential methylation. Hypermethylation of Egfr and Mc5r among testes from TCDD lineage rats was observed, but without corresponding changes in hepatic mRNA abundance. Further studies examining these differences in other tissue types are warranted.