Greed, Teija
(Helsingin yliopisto, 2019)
This doctoral thesis consists of four language-specific articles and an introductory article. In it I investigate evidentiality and related functional categories in four non-Slavonic languages spoken in the Russian Federation: Nakh-Daghestanian Lezgi, two Turkic languages Bashkir and Tatar, and Tungusic Even. Evidentiality pertains to the expression of source of information. This study focuses on the grammatical expression of information source.
To gather the data I worked with mother-tongue language consultants, studied language descriptions, utilised digital language corpora and analysed texts. My research concentrated on finding out how evidential meanings are expressed through grammatical means in these four languages, and how evidentiality interacts with other related categories. I discovered that the key categories interacting with evidentiality are tense/aspect, mirativity, person, subjectivity, discourse, and (epistemic) modality.
In a number of languages of the world the verb forms expressing tense and aspect have been documented as central for the expression of evidentiality. This is also true of the languages in this study. In all four languages the verb form expressing the resultative or perfect meaning has extended to convey the evidential meaning of inference, or non-witnessed. In three of these languages these meanings have crossed over from evidentiality to the domain of discourse, as the verb form conveying the non-witnessed meaning has acquired the function of a specific narrative genre.
Mirativity manifests itself in these languages mainly in the context of evidential inference, with grammatical person also being involved. In three of these languages inference in first-person contexts receives a mirative interpretation, that is, the speaker expresses that the event she experienced was not in her control or in her consciousness. With regard to mirativity, the key discovery of the study is that in Even inference in second-person contexts also conveys a mirative meaning.
In my research it became clear that subjectivity, that is, how the speaker or experiencer expresses her own involvement in the processing of the information she is conveying, functions together with evidentiality. In Bashkir and Tatar the evidential quotative, that is, a marker coding a citation, can connect with verbs of perception, cognition and feeling, in addition to regular speech verbs, and together with them express subjective meanings at differing levels. Through the use of the quotative marker in Bashkir subjectivity expands further in conjunction with the verb “know” into multisubjectivity, in which the perspective of the original communicator is conveyed in addition to the viewpoint of the person currently “knowing” the conveyed message.
In the languages studied the expression of evidentiality does not in general contain meanings of epistemic modality which would show the speaker’s attitude or evaluation of the message conveyed. Evidential meanings can, however, receive a contextual epistemic interpretation.
The key results of the thesis are presented in a figure which depicts both the way the studied semantic categories fit in semantic space and also their interaction. The figure also displays the meanings conveyed by the grammatical markers discovered in the four languages. In semantic space these meanings settle in places where the categories partially overlap, which underlines the foundational idea and contribution of my thesis: the complexity of the interaction of different semantic categories in human communication.