Browsing by Subject "fenologia"

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  • Luomajoki, Alpo (The Society of Forestry in Finland - The Finnish Forest Research Institute, 1993)
    Timing of anthesis in 21 Scots pine stands from 14 localities in Finland was studied at the canopy level from 1963 to 1974. Distributions of pollen catches were compared to the normal Gaussian distribution. The basis for the timing studies was the 50 per cent point of the anthesis-fitted normal distribution. Development up to this point was characterized in calendar days, in degree days (>5 °C) and in period units. The count of each unit began on March 19 (included). The period unit was found to be the most accurate delineator of development both in a single year and also in the majority of cases as stand averages over several years. Locally, calendar days were a more accurate parameter for stand average. Anthesis in northern Finland occurred at a later date than in the south as was expected, but at a lower heat sum. The variation in the timing of anthesis and the variation of pollen catches increased northwards. The geographical correlations calculated against distances measured along simulated post-glacial migration routes were stronger than purely latitudinal correlations. Effects of the reinvasion of Scots pine into Finland are thus still visible in pine populations. The proportion of the average annual heat sum needed for anthesis grew rapidly above a latitude of 63° even though the heat sum needed for anthesis decreased towards the timberline. In light of flowering phenology it seems probable that the northern populations of Scots pine in Finland have still not completely adapted to the prevailing cold climate at these latitudes. A moderate warming of the climate would therefore be beneficial for Scots pine.
  • Luomajoki, Alpo (The Society of Forestry in Finland - The Finnish Forest Research Institute, 1999)
    Male flowering was studied at the canopy level in 10 silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) stands from 8 localities and in 14 downy birch (B. pubescens Ehrh.) stands from 10 localities in Finland from 1963 to 1973. Distributions of cumulative pollen catches were compared to the normal Gaussian distribution. The basis for the timing of flowering was the 50 per cent point of the anthesis-fitted normal distribution. To eliminate effects of background pollen, only the central, normally distributed part of the cumulative distribution was used. Development up to the median point of the distribution was measured and tested in calendar days, in degree days (> 5 °C) and in period units. The count of each parameter began on and included March 19. Male flowering in silver birch occurred from late April to late June depending on latitude, and flowering in downy birch took place from early May to early July. The heat sums needed for male flowering varied in downy birch stands latitudinally but there was practically no latitudinal variation in heat sums needed for silver birch flowering. The amount of male flowering in stands of both birch species were found to have a large annual variation but without any clear periodicity. The between years pollen catch variation in stands of either birch species did not show any significant latitudinal correlation in contrast to Norway spruce stands. The period unit heat sum gave the most accurate forecast of the timing of flowering for 60 per cent of the silver birch stands and for 78.6 per cent of the for downy birch stands. Calendar days, however, gave the best forecast for silver birch in 25 per cent of the cases, while degree days gave the best forecast for downy birch in 21.4 per cent of the cases. Silver birch seems to have a local inclination for a more fixed flowering date compared to downy birch, which could mean a considerable photoperiodic influence on flowering time of silver birch. Silver birch and downy birch had different geographical correlations. Frequent hybridization of birch species occurs more often in northern Finland in than in more southern latitudes. The different timing in flowering caused increasing scatter in flowering times in the north, especially in the case of downy birch. The chance of simultaneous flowering of silver birch and downy birch so increased northwards due to a more variable climate and also higher altitudinal variations. Compared with conifers, the reproduction cycles of both birch species were found to be well protected from damage by frost.
  • Rankinen, Katri; Holmberg, Maria; Peltoniemi, Mikko; Akujärvi, Anu; Anttila, Kati; Manninen, Terhikki; Markkanen, Tiina (Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI), 2021)
    Water 13 (2021), 472
    Climate change may alter the services ecosystems provide by changing ecosystem functioning. As ecosystems can also resist environmental perturbations, it is crucial to consider the different processes that influence resilience. Our case study considered increased NO3− concentration in drinking water due to the climate change. We analyzed changes in ecosystem services connected to water purification at a catchment scale in southern Finland. We combined climate change scenarios with process-based forest growth (PREBAS) and eco-hydrological (PERSiST and INCA) models. We improved traditional model calibration by timing of forest phenology and snow-covered period from network of cameras and satellite data. We upscaled the combined modelling results with scenarios of population growth to form vulnerability maps. The boreal ecosystems seemed to be strongly buffered against NO3- leaching by increase in evapotranspiration and vegetation NO3- uptake. Societal vulnerability varied greatly between scenarios and municipalities. The most vulnerable were agricultural areas on permeable soil types.
  • Seppälä, Markus (Helsingin yliopisto, 2020)
    Haitalliset vieraslajit ovat merkittävin uhka luonnon monimuotoisuudelle elinympäristöjen vähenemisen ja pirstoutumisen ohella. Vain pieni osa ihmisen alkuperäiseltä esiintymisalueeltaan uudelle alueelle tarkoituksella tai vahingossa siirtämistä vieraslajeista osoittautuu haitalliseksi, mutta ne saavat aikaan valtavaa vahinkoa alueen alkuperäisille lajeille ja luontotyypeille sekä ihmisille merkittävää taloudellista tai terveydellistä haittaa. Euroopan eliölajeista noin 5 % luokitellaan vieraslajeiksi, joista edelleen 10–15 prosenttia haitallisiksi vieraslajeiksi. Suomessa haitallisia vieraslajeja on luokiteltu noin 0,6 % eliölajeista. Uuden vieraslajin vakiintumiseen ja täyden levinneisyyden saavuttamiseen uudella alueella kestää keskimäärin 150 vuotta lajin saapumisesta. Leviämisvauhtia voi nopeuttaa vieraslajin sopeutuminen uuteen alueeseen, sopivien elinympäristöjen lisääntyminen sekä ilmaston lämpeneminen. Ilmaston lämpeneminen tulee myös helpottamaan uusien haitallisten vieraslajien saapumista Suomeen ja lisäämään niiden todennäköisyyttä selvitä hengissä ja levitä täällä. Jättipalsami (Impatiens glandulifera) on yksivuotinen, vain siemenistään leviävä kookas ruohovartinen kasvilaji, joka on Suomessa haitallinen vieraslaji. Kookas- ja nopeakasvuinen jättipalsami valloittaa tehokkaasti erityisesti kosteampia ja puolivarjoisia elinympäristöjä, ja leviää tehokkaasti virtaavan veden kuljettaessa siemeniä vesistössä eteenpäin. Jättipalsami voi syrjäyttää samalta kasvupaikalta valo- ja häirintäkilpailun avulla matalakasvuisempia ruohovartisia lajeja sekä houkutella sokeripitoisella medellä pölyttäjähyönteisiä muiden lajien luota. Jättipalsamikasvusto voi myös vähentää maanpäällisten ja maanalaisten selkärangattomien hyönteislajien ja -ryhmien monimuotoisuutta, sekä kasvien siemenpankin monimuotoisuutta. Tutkin pro gradu -työssäni kymmentä jättipalsamikasvustoa Itä- ja Pohjois-Helsingin alueella poikkeuksellisen kuumalla ja kuivalla kasvukaudella 2010. Seurasin kasvustoissa jättipalsamiyksilöiden kasvun fenologiaan eli ilmiasuun liittyviä muuttujia: korkeus, varren paksuus, lehtien lukumäärä, kukkien lukumäärä ja siemenkotien lukumäärä. Seurasin myös jättipalsamin ja muiden kasvustojen valtalajien peittävyyden kehitystä. Seurantajakson (18.5. –17.8.) jälkeen otin kasvustoilta näytteet maaperäanalyysiä varten ja keräsin kasvustoilta siemenkodat. Laskin siemenkotien sisältävien siementen määrät ja määritin kasvuston keskimääräisen siementuotantokapasiteetin 1 m2 alueella. Jättipalsamin fenotyyppinen plastisuus on korkea, eli se voi sopeutua hyvin elinympäristön muutoksiin, kuten valon saatavuuteen varjoisemmilla kasvupaikoilla. Varjossa kasvavat jättipalsamit tehostavat kasvuaan ja yhteyttävät tehokkaammin. Fenologiaseurannasta keräämäni mittausdatan alustavien tarkastelujen mukaan päätin tarkastella tilastollisesti kasvupaikan valoisuuden (kolme valoisuusluokkaa) vaikutusta jättipalsamin korkeuteen, mutta en löytänyt valoisuusluokkien välillä merkittävää eroa. Valoisammilla kasvupaikoilla kasvavat jättipalsamit kasvoivat keskimäärin paksummiksi, tuottivat enemmän lehtiä, kukkia ja siemenkotia sekä siemeniä. Kasvukauden 2010 olosuhteet vaikuttivat kasvustojen mittaustuloksiin ja siemenmääriin. Siementen määriin kasvustoissa vaikutti myös 8.8.2010 poikkeuksellisen rajun Sylvi-myrskyn rankkasadekuurot ja voimakkaat tuulenpuuskat.
  • Luhtaniemi, Tiina (Helsingfors universitet, 2017)
    Fenologia tutkii eliöiden vuotuisen kehityksen suhdetta ilmastotekijöihin. Puilla vuosittaista kehitystä säätelevät voimakkaimmin ilman lämpötila ja päivänpituus. Myös muilla kasvutekijöillä voi olla vaikutusta puiden fenologiaan. Fenologiavaste ympäristötekijöihin on geneettinen. Bore-aalisella kasvillisuusvyöhykkeellä puiden menestymistä rajoittavat talven minimilämpötilat sekä kasvukauden pituuden ja tehoisan lämpösumman kertymän riittävyys. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli havainnoida Vartioharjuntien katupuuarboretumissa kasva-vien koepuiden fenologiaa sekä arvioida niiden menestymismahdollisuuksia Etelä-Suomen olois-sa. Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin myös fenologiatarkkailua menestymismahdollisuuksien arvi-ointimenetelmänä. Katupuuarboretumin puut edustivat kaikkiaan 11 eri taksonia ja ne oli istutettu vuonna 2012 Vartioharjuntielle Itä-Helsinkiin (60° N, 24° E). Verrokkina tutkimuksessa tarkkailtiin noin 1,5 kilo-metrin päässä Vanhanlinnantiellä kasvavia puistolehmuksia (Tilia x vulgaris). Katupuiden fenologi-aa tarkkailtiin kaksi kertaa viikossa, kun kehitys oli nopeaa, esimerkiksi silmujen puhkeamisen aikaan, ja kerran viikossa hitaamman kehityksen vaiheessa. Fenologiaa tarkkailtiin BBCH-asteikon avulla, joka mahdollistaa vertailukelpoisen tiedon taksonien välillä. Kaksiportainen asteikko kuvaa kasvin eri pääkehitysvaiheita ja sen eri asteita. Fenologiaseurannan lisäksi mitattiin puiden pituus- ja paksuus kasvua sekä tehtiin havaintoja mahdollisista bioottisista tai abioottisista stressioireista. Koepuutaksonien fenologiassa havaittiin joitakin eroja suhteessa verrokkipuiden fenologiaan. Kasvukauden pituus ja tehoisan lämpösumman kertymä näyttäisi riittävän eteläisessä Suomessa puuvartisten kasvien menestymisvyöhykkeellä Ia-Ib. Mahdollisia uusia katupuutaksoneja voisi tämän fenologiatutkimuksen perusteella olla Carpinus betulus ’Fastigiata’, Corylus colurna, Cra-teagus monogyna ’Stricta’, Malus baccata ’Street Parade’, Quercus palustris ja Sorbus aucuparia ’Erecta’. Aikaisempien tutkimusten mukaan näiden taksonien kylmänkestävyys olisi riittävä. Koe-puiden toipuminen vuoden takaisesta siirtoistutuksesta oli todennäköisesti vielä kesken ainakin osalla taksoneista, joten seurantaa olisi syytä jatkaa tarkempien johtopäätösten tekemiseksi. Li-säksi seurantaa olisi hyvä tehdä vähintään kahden kasvukauden ajan, jotta ilman lämpötilan vuo-sittaisen vaihtelun merkitystä voitaisiin tutkia. Tutkimuksen perusteella fenologiaseurantaa voisi käyttää kaupunkipuiden soveltuvuuden arvioinnissa täydentävänä tutkimusmenetelmänä.
  • Jokipii, Raija (University of Helsinki, 1949)
  • Kuussaari, Mikko (University of Helsinki, 1993)
  • Sormunen, Janne (Helsingin yliopisto, 2014)
    Boreal peatlands are diverse ecosystems and globally significant carbon sinks. Changes in environmental conditions might alter their vegetation and the amount of carbon fixation. The amount and composition of peatland vegetation is determined by air and peat temperature and hydrology. The air temperature is expected to rise on average by 1,2 – 4,8 °C, increasing the amount of droughts and lowering the water table level of fens by 8 – 14 cm. Fens may be especially vulnerable to changes in environmental conditions because they receive most of their nutrient input through groundwater flow and run-off. The aim of the research was to study the effect of warming and drying on the leaf area, phenology, leaf biomass production and composition of the plant community. The study site was an oligo-mesotrophic fen situated in central Finland. Vegetation was monitored throughout the growing season. The site was divided into a ditched area where the water table was lowered on average by 8 cm and to a pristine area where the water table remained at its natural state. Vegetation monitoring plots were warmed with plastic open top chambers. The walls were tilted inward in order to trap solar radiation inside the chamber, warming the air temperature on average by 2,3 °C. The results indicated that climate warming will affect the vegetation mostly through water level drawdown. Water table drawdown had no effect on the leaf biomass production of the whole plant community but it changed its composition. The amount of sedges remained unchanged and they continued to be the dominant plant group. Lowering of the water table increased the amount of evergeen shrubs and promoted the emergence of decidious shrubs. The amount of herbs dropped significantly because they require a more moist environment. Warming had no effect on leaf biomass production or species composition but it increased the development rate of leaf area until peak leaf area was reached. Water level drawdown on the other hand slowed down the development rate of leaf area. Together warming and water table drawdown increased the length of the growing season of sedges and the whole community. The ecosystem seems to adapt to changing environmental conditions through changes in the plant community composition, leaving the amount of leaf biomass production and carbon fixation unchanged despite the changes. The decrease of the more nutrient dependent species and the increase of species accustomed to more nutrient poor habitats might imply the beginning of gradual ombrotrophication of fens as the climate changes.
  • Huhta, Veikko (University of Helsinki, 1965)
  • Hänninen, Heikki (Suomen metsätieteellinen seura, 1986)
  • Schiestl-Aalto, Piia Pauliina (Finnish Society of Forest Science, 2017)
    Dissertationes Forestales
    Environmental factors have a dual effect on growth as they affect both the momentary growth rate (direct effect) and the rate of ontogenetic development (indirect effect). Photosynthesis on the other hand is the source of carbon that is needed for growth, respiration and other purposes. There are two opposite theories about the factor determining growth rate: 1) the availability of carbon for growth (source limitation) and 2) limitation that environmental factors cause on tissue ability to grow (sink limitation). Understanding the responses of the growth of tree organs (wood, needles, roots) to environmental and other factors is important to be able to understand the changes in tree growth and carbon balance in changing climatic conditions. The purpose of this study was to define the effects of temperature on Scots pine growth at different temporal scales and to estimate the relative importances of the source and sink effects on growth. For that, a dynamic growth model CASSIA (Carbon Allocation Sink Source InterAction) was constructed. CASSIA was able to predict daily primary and secondary wood and needle growth rate variation with indirect and direct effects of temperature. In addition, the temperature of warm previous late summer was observed to lead to enhanced length of the growth period (in temperature accumulation units) of shoots in the following year. Growth onset during spring was observed to be a continuous process determined by temperature accumulation, instead of momentary temperatures. Short-term growth variations in normal conditions were concluded to be sink limited because CASSIA was able to predict the within year growth with temperature and without direct effect of photosynthesis or stored carbon. On the other hand carbon source effect (gross primary production) was needed to produce the between year variation in growth. According to the results of this study, growth is limited by a complex combination of sink and source effects. Furthermore, environmental factors affect growth at different time scales varying from instantaneous effects to delayed effects from previous year(s). More research is needed to identify the factors determining the carbon flows to different processes.
  • Hänninen, Heikki; Leinonen, Ilkka; Repo, Tapani; Kellomäki, Seppo (The Finnish Society of Forest Science and The Finnish Forest Research Institute, 1996)
    The productivity of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) under changing climatic conditions in the southern part of Finland was studied by scenario analysis with a gap-type forest ecosystem model. Standard simulations with the model predicted an increased rate of growth and hence increased productivity as a result of climatic warming. The gap-type model was refined by introducing an overwintering submodel describing the annual growth cycle, frost hardiness, and frost damage of the trees. Simulations with the refined gap-type model produced results conflicting with those of the standard simulations, i.e., drastically decreased productivity caused by mortality and growth-reducing damage due to premature dehardening in the changing climate. The overwintering submodel was tested with frost hardiness data from Scots pine saplings growing at their natural site 1) under natural conditions and 2) under elevated temperature conditions, both in open-top chambers. The model predicted the frost hardiness dynamics quite accurately for the natural conditions while underestimating the frost hardiness of the saplings for the elevated temperature conditions. These findings show that 1) the overwintering submodel requires further development, and 2) the possible reduction of productivity caused by frost damage in a changing climate is less drastic than predicted in the scenario analysis. The results as a whole demonstrated the need to consider the overwintering of trees in scenario analysis carried out with ecosystem models for boreal conditions. More generally, the results revealed a problem that exists in scenario analysis with ecological models: the accuracy of a model in predicting the ecosystem functioning under present climatic conditions does not guarantee the realism of the model, nor for this reason the accuracy for predicting the ecosystem functioning under changing climatic conditions. This finding calls for the continuous rigorous experimental testing of ecological models used for assessing the ecological implications of climatic change.