Browsing by Subject "multilateralismi"

Sort by: Order: Results:

Now showing items 1-6 of 6
  • Saul, Alana (Helsingin yliopisto, 2022)
    Far and wide, multilateral cooperation is championed as a principal response to a volatile global landscape characterized by transnational challenges, complexity, and turbulent great power relations. At the same time, many lament multilateralism to be amidst a paramount crisis of identity. New actors and powers are keen and increasingly capable of challenging the norms underpinning the traditionally Western-led, liberal international order and multilateralism adhering to it. Some argue that an era of unipolarity, and thus U.S. hegemony, is drawing to a close. China has come to depict itself as a fundamentally multilateral actor and is actively envisioning the design of multilateralism from its own normative stances. Rising powers, such as India, are increasingly eager to convey their views on how cooperation ought to be compiled and whom it should benefit. This thesis analyses the strategic narratives on multilateralism and the international order as put forth by China’s and India’s foreign policy statements. Three research questions were posed to direct and frame the analysis: How are the concepts of international order and multilateral cooperation described in foreign policy statements delivered by China and India? What kind of values or norms emerge as salient for China’s and India’s strategic narratives on multilateralism and the international order? How are these values and norms connected to China’s and India’s historical narratives of themselves on the international arena? Strategic narratives (Miskimmon et. al, 2013) provide a lens through which to examine how political actors construct shared meanings of the past, present, and future of international politics, in order to sculpt the behaviour of domestic and international actors. Examining the research questions via the lens of strategic narratives enables scrutiny into the themes of intentionality, communication as persuasive power, and the role strategically reconstructed concepts can exert on reality. In the case of China, three strategic narratives were identified: 1) a narrative of China’s origin story, depicted as a basis for both its future glory and its benevolence as a partner 2) a vision of “true” multilateralism, compiled of the three pillars of the existence of distinct civilizations, hegemony as antithetical to multilateralism, and sovereignty as a key value in multilateralism 3) a narrative of China being “ahead of times” and “on the right side of history”. In the case of India, three strategic narratives were identified, as well: 1) the narrative of insiders and outsiders, entailing an interplay of domestic and foreign policy 2) a vision of “temporal balance”, depicted as unique and inherent to the Indian civilization 3) a vision of the desirability of the diffusion of power, viewed to lead to justice and greater democracy in international relations. While the analysis primarily illuminates upon the strategic narratives on multilateralism and the international order as posed by China’s and India’s foreign policy, the results of this thesis also expand into future research themes such as emerging conceptualizations of democracy on the level of international relations, the persuasive power of fuzzy concepts, as well as the manner in which concepts may travel and assume novel, localized versions.
  • Rautiainen, Oona (Helsingfors universitet, 2013)
    This piece of research scrutinizes the relationship between the Grand Renaissance Dam project and the struggling Nile cooperation. It incorporates the themes of transboundary river disputes and power asymmetries within regional cooperation into a qualitative case study in order to achieve a better understanding of the hydro-political situation at the Nile Basin. It approaches the issue through qualitative content analysis of 35 interviews and uses the framework of hydro-hegemony as a theoretical explanatory tool to help in the analysis of its findings. The study analyses the different issues, processes and dynamics related to the Dam project through the different factors of presented in the framework of hydro-hegemony and counter hegemonic act presented by Mark Zeitoun and Ana Cascao. The framework states that the balance of power is the factor that ultimately determines how the riparian states interact over shared resource. The framework assumes that the overall goal of each riparian is to maximize their objectives with the certain resource through control. The control can be achieved through different and strategies. The study confirms the current view rising from the recent research literature that the Nile river basin offers an example of hydro-hegemonic power structures in a transboundary river context. There is a clear asymmetry in power relations between the riparian states which can be seen in power dynamics and in all the aspects of cooperation. The outcome of hydro-hegemony at the Nile basin can be seen in the tension between the riparian states and unequal water distribution. The most downstream riparian state Egypt has been able to establish a consolidated control over the waters of the Nile for decades but through the political changes in the region the control has been contested. One of the main results of this study is to give confirmation to the view that the hydropolitical relations at the basin are in constant transformation mostly due to the increased the bargaining power of the upstream riparian states. At the moment three main challenges are characterizing the Nile cooperation. Firstly the question of CFA was seen by most of the informants as one of the main challenges in the Nile cooperation. Secondly the issue of water allocations was brought up as the most difficult matter to solve before reaching an agreement. Thirdly the environment of mistrust and misknowledge is seen as seriously hindering the cooperation. In addition to the factors which are challenging and hindering the Nile cooperation, the study presented other types of developments which describe the current state of the Nile cooperation. Those observations can be summarized to five factors which are: change in regional power dynamics, the rise of emerging new actors, the frustration of the traditional international donors, clear upstream vs. downstream dualism and the rise of unilateral action. This study states that the main challenges of the Nile cooperation are the main points of contradiction also in the case of the Grand Renaissance Dam project. It concludes that before reaching a permanent legal and institutional framework to the region the issue of water security and water allocations must be redefined and the lack of trust between the countries must be alleviated.
  • Isojärvi, Sven (2003)
    Tämä tutkimus tarkastelee OECD:n valmistelemaa monenkeskistä investointisopimusta, joka tunnetaan MAI-sopimuksena (Multilateral Agreement on Investment). Sopimuksen valmistelu aloitettiin teollisuusmaiden talousjärjestön puitteissa vuonna 1995 ja neuvotteluprosessi oli tarkoitus saattaa päätökseen keväällä 1998. Neuvotteluprosessiin liittyneiden konfliktien ja sopimusta kohtaan esitetyn voimakkaan kritiikin johdosta neuvottelut keskeytettiin ennalta määräämättömäksi ajaksi, kun Ranska ilmoitti vetäytyvänsä neuvotteluista syksyllä 1998. Tutkimuksen ensijaisena tavoitteena on selvittää investointisopimuksen normatiivisen sisällön ideologinen luonne, jonka pohjalta neuvotteluprosessin eri vaiheet tulevat ymmärrettäviksi. MAI-sopimusta koskevan analyysin avulla tutkimus pyrkii luomaan näkökulman kansallisvaltion roolista kansainvälisen järjestelmän muutoksessa. Tässä ongelmanasettelussa tutkimus pureutuu kansainvälisen poliittisen taloustieteen parissa kehittyneen uusgramscilaisen poikkikansallisen historiallisen materialismin valtion kansainvälistymistä koskevaan ajatteluun. Tutkielmani tutkimuksellinen näkökulma on kvalitatiivinen tapaustutkimus, jossa analysoin tutkimusaineistoa aikaisemman kansainvälisten suhteiden tutkimuskirjallisuuden pohjalta. Tutkielman teoreettisena viitekehyksenä sovellan uusgramscilaista poikkikansallista historiallista materialismia, jonka metodi yhdistää marxilaiseen dialektiseen materialismiin tarkoituksia ja merkityksiä tarkastelevan hermeneuttisen metodin aineksia. Viitekehyksessä hyödynnän Antonio Gramscin ajattelun pohjalta syntyneitä käsitteitä, joista keskeisimpiä ovat uuskonstitutionalismi, hegemonia, poikkikansallinen historiallinen blokki ja maailmanjärjestys. Tutkimuksessa käytetty aineisto koostuu erilaisista teoksista, tieteellisistä sarjajulkaisuista ja sanoma- sekä aikakausilehdistä. Primaariaineisto mudostuu pääosin MAI-sopimuksen viimeisimmästä tekstiluonnoksesta ja OECD:n julkaisemista neuvotteluprosessia koskevista raporteista. Monenkeskisen investointisopimuksen tekstiluonnoksen analyysin pohjalta esitän, että sellaisenaan sopimuksen sisältö heijastaa monikansallisten yritysten ja merkittävimpien markkinatalouksien omaksumaa juridista ja poliittista strategiaa, joka pyrkii vapauttamaan pääoman poliittisen vastuunalaisuuden asettamista rajoitteista, joita kansallisella tasolla voidaan pääoman toiminnalle asettaa. MAI-sopimuksen voimaansaattamiseen tähdännyt prosessi oli näin ollen osa yleisempää päämäärää institutionalisoida uusliberalismi. MAI-sopimusta koskevassa tapaustukimuksessa osoitan, että poikkikansallisen pääoman intressien mukaisesti käynnistetty monenkeskisen investointisopimuksen valmistelu kariutui historiallisen blokin sisäisten ja historiallisen blokin ja alisteisten sosiaalisten voimien välisiin ristiriitoihin. Kolmen konfliktin ryhmä – OECD:n jäsenten välillä, OECD:n ja alisteisten sosiaalisten voimien välillä sekä viimekädessä OECD:n ja tärkeiden monikansallisten investointien elementtien välillä – paljastaa poikkikansallisen hegemonisen blokin ristiriitaisen luonteen, joka sijoittuu poikkikansallisen historiallisen materialismin kansainvälistymistä koskevan analyysin keskiöön. Epäonnistuminen MAI-sopimusta koskevissa neuvotteluissa viittaa siihen, ettei valtion kansainvälistyminen ole järkkymätön ja monoliitiinen kehityskulku, vaan dynaaminen ja ristiriitojen värittämä prosessi, jota muovaa pääoman, valtion ja alisteisten sosiaalisten voimien välinen konflikti.
  • Harvala, Anna (2006)
    The UN sanctions against Al-Qaida and Taliban represent one among the many globally ongoing efforts of countering international terrorism. They were put in place to undermine the ability of Al-Qaida and Taliban to raise and transfer money, to cross borders and to purchase arms. While the ultimate responsibility for implementing UN Security Council resolutions rests with states, they need to be provided with relevant information to enable them to carry out the task. Effective counterterrorism action seems to demand strong multilateral cooperation and information-sharing in many critical areas. However, counterterrorism is also highly sensitive to states as it is linked to their security concerns and thereby to their very raison d'être. Therefore attaining states' cooperation and compliance at the UN level to support the sanctions effort may also face several problems. The focus of the thesis is on the cooperation of UN member states' with the Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee. It studies in what manner states indicate their support to the sanctions case by cooperating and sharing information, and how they comply in regard to two procedures of the sanctions case: the UN list of the sanctions targets as well as the states' reporting tasks. In order for sanctions to be targeted accurately, the list relies on the submission of names and on getting additional information to facilitate the identification of the targets. Reporting is one of the procedures set up by the sanctions resolutions and represents a crucial means for the Committee to receive information on the status of implementation on the ground, and thus is also crucial to monitoring the sanctions. The study looks at how states' threat assessments affect in the case. The cooperation of states is here understood in a rather broad way, meaning information-sharing, compliance and engagement of states. The view is on the different supportive and impeding elements of cooperation that are present and have impact in the procedures of the sanctions case in the context of international counterterrorism action. It links to the question of the possibilities and limits of the UN in managing sanctions against international terrorism. The data of the study consisted primarily of UN documents, those being the reports of two successive independent UN group of experts set to monitor, report and give recommendations to the Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee. The reports gave an overview on implementation, introduced relevant themes and summed up information on different aspects of the sanctions case. The analysis confirmed the essential role of information-sharing to the sanctions effort. There are different factors present that affect states' cooperation and compliance in the case. These mostly link to the characteristics of counterterrorism as well as the procedures in place.
  • Alestalo, Outi (2003)
    Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan Euroopan unionin joukkotuhoasepolitiikkaa yhteisen ulko- ja turvallisuuspolitiikan osa-alueena. Lähtökohtana on tarkastella EU:n politiikkaa ja toimintaa siviilivallan käsitteen näkökulmasta ja selvittää, missä määrin EU:n harjoittama joukkotuhoasepolitiikka on siviilivallan politiikkaa. Siviilivallan toimintakeinot perustuvat poliittiseen ja taloudelliseen vaikuttamiseen, pyrkien näin rajoittamaan sotilaallisen voiman käyttöä keinona ratkaista konflikteja. EU:n voidaan katsoa toteuttavan siviilivallan ideaa multilateraalin toimintastrategian kautta. Strategia perustuu integraatiopolitiikkaan, unionin harjoittamaan sopimusdiplomatiaan, vuoropuheluun kolmansien maiden kanssa sekä alueellisen vakauden turvaaviin yhteistyöjärjestelyihin. Tavoitteena on myös identifioida siviilivallan ja monenvälisen yhteistyön vahvuuksia ja heikkouksia toimintastrategiana sekä näiden pohjalta hahmotella EU:lle kansainvälisen toimijan mallia turvallisuuden tuottajana. Unionin toimintaa ja politiikkaa on tässä työssä tarkasteltu erityisesti biologisten aseiden kieltosopimuksen vahvistamiseksi käytyjen neuvottelujen esimerkin avulla. Käytetty lähdeaineisto koostuu pääasiallisesti EU:n neuvoston yhteisistä kannoista ja toiminnoista sekä EU:n kansainvälisissä kokouksissa antamista julkilausumista. Joukkotuhoaseiden leviämisen aiheuttamista ongelmista johtuen EU tarvitsee selkeän, yhtenäisen ja johdonmukaisen strategian politiikkansa harjoittamiseksi. Tällä hetkellä suurimpia ongelmia tehokkaan ja tuloksellisen toiminnan tiellä ovat yhtenäisen näkemyksen puuttuminen EU:n roolista ja niistä keinoista, joilla EU:n tulisi politiikkaansa harjoittaa. Diplomatian tai poliittisen vuoropuhelun keinot ovat voimattomia sellaisen toimijan edessä, joka ei piittaa kansainvälisten normien velvoitteista. Konsensuspolitiikasta huolimatta kansallisilla intresseillä on viime kädessä suuri merkitys, varsinkin mitä poliittisesti herkemmästä aiheesta on kyse. EU:n mahdollisuuksia on toimia tällä multilateraalilla kentällä, yhteistyötä helpottaen ja sen mekanismeja vahvistaen. Vaatimuksia ovat pitkäjänteisemmän politiikan harjoittaminen, jäsenvaltioiden vahvempi sitoutuminen yhteisiin tavoitteisiin sekä yhtenäisen strategian luominen unionin joukkotuhoasepolitiikan tehokkuuden ja uskottavuuden pohjaksi. Turvallisuuden tuottajan toimintamalli perustuu siviilivallan keskeisille periaatteille, kuitenkaan sotilaallisen voiman käytön mahdollisuutta torjumatta. Normatiivisten järjestelyjen heikkous ei-valtiollisten turvallisuusuhkien edessä vaatii monipuolista toimintavalikoimaa, joka kattaa niin diplomatian, ennalta ehkäisevän toiminnan, multilateraalien järjestelyjen vahvistamisen sekä sotilaallisen voiman käytön pelotteena ja politiikan uskottavuuden takaajana. Malli ei kyseenalaista arvojen, normien tai poliittisten toimintamuotojen ensisijaisuutta vaan tunnustaa, että toisinaan kansainvälinen yhteisö joutuu sellaisten tilanteiden eteen, joissa sotilaallisen voiman käyttöä ei voi täysin välttää.
  • Bieber, Tiina (2006)
    The topic of this Master's thesis is 'Unilateralism and Multilateralism in U.S. Foreign Policy with Regard to NATO Between 1993 and 2004'. The purpose of the study is to find out how and why has U.S. foreign policy oscillated between unilateralism and multilateralism with regard to NATO. The theoretical framework of the thesis is built around neorealism and neoliberal institutionalism. These two theories, however, are not used to explain U.S. foreign policy. Instead they are used as world-views according to which the Clinton and Bush administrations practice foreign policy with regard to NATO. In practice these two world-views result in unilateral and multilateral strategies. Unilateralism is coupled with neorealism and multilateralism with neoliberal institutionalism to form two models. The realist-unilateral model is centered on military power and capabilities. States behave rationally according to their national interests and seek relative gains. Thus, cooperation is not a viable course of action. The liberal-multilateral model, on the other hand, uses Robert Keohane's concept of 'complex interdependence' to explain relations among states. The core elements of this notion are: 1. multiple channels connect societies, 2. absence of hierarchy among issues (thus the boundary between domestic and foreign becomes blurred) and 3. military power is not used against other governments to resolve issues. Moreover, this model is organized around international organizations that are used to further foreign policy objectives. According to both models, the U.S is perceived as a leader or a hegemony in the world. The hypothesis presented at the beginning of the thesis is that Clinton is more multilateral than Bush in his foreign policy with regard to NATO. The unilateral and multilateral strategies of Presidents Clinton and Bush are tested through three indicators: U.S. foreign affairs (Function 150) and military budgets, Clinton and Bush's national security strategies and finally military operations. The hypothesis is verified, for Clinton practices a more multilateral foreign policy than Bush. However, the differences between Clinton and Bush tend to be overemphasized. Both presidents have used unilateral and multilateral strategies to different degrees. The departure from either the neoliberal-multilateral or neorealist-unilateral model can partly be explained in terms of domestic power politics and the strategic situation of the U.S. Therefore, a worldview alone does not suffice to explain multilateral or unilateral strategies. It has to be coupled with other explanations. The primary sources of the study are Clinton and Bush's national security strategy document and budget data between 1993 and 2004. Congressional web pages, presidents' speeches and NATO's documents have also served as important sources for the study. The theoretical framework builds on Kenneth Waltz's, Robert Keohane's and G. John Ikenberry's research.