Depression is frequently associated with sleep problems, and clinical improvement often coincides with the normalization of sleep architecture and realignment of circadian rhythm. The effectiveness of treatments targeting sleep in depressed patients, such as sleep deprivation, further demonstrates the confluence of sleep and mood. Moreover, recent studies showing that the rapid-acting antidepressant ketamine influences processes related to sleep-wake neurobiology have led to novel hypotheses explaining rapid and sustained antidepressant effects. Despite the available evidence, studies addressing ketamine's antidepressant effects have focused on pharmacology and often overlooked the role of physiology. To explore this discrepancy in research on rapid acting antidepressants, we examined articles published between 2009-2019. A keyword search algorithm indicated that vast majority of the articles completely ignored sleep. Out of the 100 most frequently cited pre clinical and clinical research papers, 89 % and 71 %, respectively, did not mention sleep at all. Furthermore, only a handful of these articles disclosed key experimental variables, such as the times of treatment administration or behavioral testing, let alone considered the potential association between these variables and experimental observations. Notably, in preclinical studies, treatments were preferentially administered during the inactive period, which is the polar opposite of clinical practice and research. We discuss the potential impact of this practice on the results in the field. Our hope is that this perspective will serve as a wake-up call to (re)-examine rapid-acting antidepressant effects with more appreciation for the role of sleep and chronobiology.

The subject of the thesis is the way of thought, writing, talk and action constructed in time and place in Finnish academic sociology. The institutional, textual and political problems of outlining and defining sociology run through the whole thesis. A more exact outline comes from the actual subject of research, Professor Erik Allardt's ongoing life work. Allardt's work has had a broader impact than just on Finnish academic sociology and through this both the university institution and research politics enter into my research. Many of the theoretical concepts of the thesis are based on the works of Pierre Bourdieu, Steven Shapin, and Helga Nowotny. The research material is first and foremost texts that have produced and interpreted Finnish sociology, secondly archive material, the most important of these are the protocols of the Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Helsinki, but also expert statements found in the archives of other universities and the protocols of the Central Board of Research Councils from 1986-1990, third oral and written reminiscences. The method of research is linking the central fragments of texts through concepts with the already ample history writing of Finnish sociology. This method is more a method of presenting than of explaining things. The titles of the three main parts of the thesis are 'Habitus and Capital'. 'Fields' and 'Practices'. In chapter two of part one Allardt's background and resources, on which his career was built, are presented. In chapter three of part two a general picture of post-war Finnish sociology is presented. In chapter four Allardt's activity as an academic actor is analyzed according to different forms of university capital. In chapter 5 the non-academic aspects of Allardt's political activity and his links to fields of economy are analyzed. Chapter 6 of part three presents Allardt's work through various archive materials and reminiscences. Chapter 7 deals with the heart of academic matter, writing. In chapter 8 the historical self-understanding of Finnish sociology is analyzed. In Erik Allardt's career there is an unusual and balanced program-view of the function of sociology in society and an attempt to realize this view on all levels, both in research and in participation in society. It is a question of acting in an area, where research produces information, that is experienced as convincing and needed, that creates and forms a view of society, that 'needs' more of that information and that supports the production of such information. Allardt's lifework is part of a time, where in this area at least from time to time a certain 'balance' was achieved. He has had a central part in at least the following developments in Finnish society. The professionalization of science has brought scientists closer to other highly educated professional groups. Mass university education has produced scientifically trained professionals in many fields. This might have led to the questioning of the former special position of authority of science. The same phenomenon has also created a 'mass audience' for science, that is capable of following scientific reasoning and discussions.

Psykedeelit eli serotonergiset hallusinogeenit ovat herättäneet uutta mielenkiintoa neurotieteissä ja psykiatriassa viime vuosina. Psykedeelejä tutkitaan nykyään pääsiassa psykedeeliavusteisen terapian muodossa. Tähänastiset tutkimukset antavat viitteitä mahdollisista hoidollisista ominaisuuksista muun muassa masennuksen, ahdistuksen, riippuvuuksien sekä kivun hoidossa. Nykyisten tutkimustulosten mukaan hoidolliset vaikutukset saattavat osalla potilaista jatkua pitkään hoitojakson jälkeen. Psykedeelit sitoutuvat keskushermostossa useisiin välittäjäainereseptoreihin, mutta niiden pääasiallinen molekulaarinen vaikutusmekanismi on serotonergisen 5-HT2A-reseptorin aktivaatio. Subjektiivisesti koetut vaikutukset välittyvät useita eri välittäjäaineita käyttävien hermoratojen toiminnallisten muutosten kautta, toistaiseksi melko huonosti tunnetuilla molekulaarisilla mekanismeilla. Aivotasolla psykedeelien on havaittu vähentävän tärkeiden yhteyskeskusten aktiivisuutta, lisäävän toiminnallisia yhteyksiä korkean tason aistikeskusten välillä sekä lisäävän hermosolujen muovautuvuutta. Psykedeelien voimakkaita psykologisia vaikutuksia ovat muutokset omassa kehonkuvassa ja ympäröivän maailman havainnoinnissa. Lisääntynyt hyvänolontunne, joka kuitenkin voi hetkessä muuttua voimakkaaksi ahdistukseksi on tyypillistä. Psykedeelien aikaansaama kokemus riippuu vahvasti käyttäjän omasta mielentilasta ja käytönaikaisesta ympäristöstä. Yliannostustilanteessa yleisiä haittoja ovat oksentelu, kuume, veren hyytymisen häiriöt, sympaattinen yliaktiivisuus ja lyhyet koomajaksot. Psykedeelejä pidetään fysiologisesti turvallisina aineina, mutta valvomattomissa olosuhteissa psykedeelien käyttäjä voi ajautua voimakkaiden psyykkisten vaikutusten alaisena vaarallisiin tilanteisiin ja onnettomuuksiin. Toleranssi psykedeeleihin kehittyy jo muutaman keskisuuren päivittäisen annoksen jälkeen. Lääketieteellinen psykedeelitutkimus on hyvin alkuvaiheessa. Tutkimukset ovat toistaiseksi olleet otannoiltaan pieniä ja asetelmiltaan usein avoimia ja kontrolloimattomia, minkä vuoksi ne ovat toistaiseksi riittämättömiä kuvastamaaan psykedeelien todellista vaikuttavuutta ja turvallisuutta.

Psychoanalytic interpretation is normally understood as a sequence of two utterances: the analyst gives an interpretation and the patient responds to it. This paper suggests that, in the interpretative sequence, there is also a third utterance where psychoanalytic work takes place. This third interpretative turn involves the analyst’s action after the patient’s response to the interpretation. Using conversation analysis as method in the examination of audio-recorded psychoanalytic sessions, the paper will explicate the psychoanalytic work that gets done in third interpretative turns. Through it, the analyst takes a stance towards the patient’s understandings of the interpretation, which are shown in the patient’s response to the interpretation. The third interpretative turns on one hand ratify and accept the patient’s understandings, but, in addition to that, they also introduce a shift of perspective relative to them. In most cases, the shift of perspective is implicit but sometimes it is made explicit. The shifts of perspective bring to the foreground aspects or implications of the interpretation that were not incorporated in the patient’s response. They recast the description of the patient’s experience by showing new layers or more emotional intensity in it. The results are discussed in the light of Faimberg’s concept of listening to listening and Schlesinger’s concept of follow-up interpretation.