Browsing by Subject "vesien tila"

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  • Kotamäki, Niina; Järvinen, Marko; Kauppila, Pirkko; Korpinen, Samuli; Lensu, Anssi; Malve, Olli; Mitikka, Sari; Silander, Jari; Kettunen, Juhani (Springer, 2019)
    Environmental Monitoring Assessment 191, 318 (2019)
    The representativeness of aquatic ecosystem monitoring and the precision of the assessment results are of high importance when implementing the EU’s Water Framework Directive that aims to secure a good status of waterbodies in Europe. However, adapting monitoring designs to answer the objectives and allocating the sampling resources effectively are seldom practiced. Here, we present a practical solution how the sampling effort could be re-allocated without decreasing the precision and confidence of status class assignment. For demonstrating this, we used a large data set of 272 intensively monitored Finnish lake, coastal, and river waterbodies utilizing an existing framework for quantifying the uncertainties in the status class estimation. We estimated the temporal and spatial variance components, as well as the effect of sampling allocation to the precision and confidence of chlorophyll-a and total phosphorus. Our results suggest that almost 70% of the lake and coastal waterbodies, and 27% of the river waterbodies, were classified without sufficient confidence in these variables. On the other hand, many of the waterbodies produced unnecessary precise metric means. Thus, reallocation of sampling effort is needed. Our results show that, even though the studied variables are among the most monitored status metrics, the unexplained variation is still high. Combining multiple data sets and using fixed covariates would improve the modeling performance. Our study highlights that ongoing monitoring programs should be evaluated more systematically, and the information from the statistical uncertainty analysis should be brought concretely to the decision-making process.
  • Taka, Maija; Sillanpää, Nora; Niemi, Tero; Warsta, Lassi; Kokkonen, Teemu; Setälä, Heikki (Elsevier, 2022)
    Science of the total environment
    Urban hydrology is characterized by increased runoff and various pollutant sources. We studied the spatio-temporal patterns of stormwater metal (Al, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Pb) concentrations and loads in five urbanized and one rural catchment in Southern Finland. The two-year continuous monitoring revealed a non-linear seasonal relationship between catchment urban intensity and metal export. For runoff, seasonal variation decreased with increasing imperviousness. The most urbanized catchments experienced greatest temporal variation in metal concentrations: the annual Cu and Zn loads in most of the studied urbanized catchments were up to 86 times higher compared to the rural site, whereas Fe loads in the urbanized catchments were only circa 29% of the rural load. Total metal levels were highest in the winter, whereas the winter peak of dissolved metal concentrations was less pronounced. The collection of catchment characteristics explained well the total metal concentrations, whereas for the dissolved concentrations the explanatory power was weaker. Our catchment-scale analysis revealed a mosaic of mainly diffuse pollutant sources and calls for catchment-scale management designs. As urban metal export occurred across seasons, solutions that operate also in cold conditions are needed. Highlights • Impact of urban land use on metal export was studied by monitoring six catchments. • Continuous monitoring, automatic sampling and statistical modelling were performed. • Urban intensity increased seasonality in concentrations, especially for Zn and Cu. • Highest total metal load occurred in winter; seasonality in dissolved metals was modest.
  • Undeman, Emma; Rasmusson, Kristina; Kokorite, Ilga; Leppänen, Matti T.; Larsen, Martin M.; Pazdro, Ksenia; Siedlewicz, Grzegorz (Elsevier BV, 2022)
    Marine Pollution Bulletin
    Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) transmit many chemical contaminants to aquatic environments. Quantitative data on micropollutant emissions via WWTPs are needed for environmental risk assessments and evaluation of mitigation measures. This study compiled published data on substances analysed in effluents from WWTPs in the Baltic Sea region, assessed country related differences in the data sets and estimated micropollutant inputs to the Baltic Sea catchment. Concentration data were found for 1090 substances analysed at 650 WWTPs. Heterogeneity and low number of data points for most substances hindered adequate comparisons of country specific concentrations. Emission estimates were made for the 280 substances analysed in at least five WWTPs in years 2010 to 2019. For selected substances, mass loads were compared to previously published estimations. The study provides data useful for national and Baltic Sea-scale pressure analysis and risk assessments. However, it also highlights the need for broad scope monitoring of micropollutants in wastewater.
  • Aroviita, Jukka; Ilmonen, Jari; Rajakallio, Maria; Sutela, Tapio; Mykrä, Heikki; Martinmäki-Aulaskari, Kati; Karttunen, Krister; Kuoppala, Minna; Leinonen, Antti; Jyväsjärvi, Jussi; Ulvi, Teemu; Vehanen, Teppo; Virtanen, Risto (Suomen ympäristökeskus, 2021)
    Suomen ympäristökeskuksen raportteja 25/2021
    Pienet virtavedet (purot ja pienet joet) ovat tärkeä osa luonnon vesitaloutta ja monimuotoisuutta. Suomessa on kuitenkin jäljellä vain vähän luonnontilaisia pieniä virtavesiä. Niiden tilaa ovat heikentäneet laaja-alainen maa- ja metsätalouden maankuivatus, uomien perkaukset, näistä toimista aiheutuva kiintoaine- ja ravinnekuormitus sekä erilaiset vesirakenteet ja metsien hakkuut. Jäljellä olevien luonnontilaisten pienten virtavesien turvaamiseen ja heikentyneiden vesien tilan parantamiseen tarvitaan systemaattisia lähestymistapoja ja tilan arvioinnin menetelmiä. Vesienhoidon tehostamiseksi latvavesistöjen tila-arviot tulisi kytkeä kiinteämmin vesistöjen tilaluokitteluun sekä kunnostusten suunnitteluun ja niiden alueelliseen priorisointiin. Tässä työssä kehitettiin valtakunnallisesti yhdenmukaisia menetelmiä pienten virtavesien elinympäristöjen laadun ja ekologisen tilan heikkenemisen arviointiin. Työtä varten koottiin yli 1600 kohteen maastotutkimusten aineistot koko Suomen alueelta. Aineistot koostuivat Iijoen alueen purohabitaattien luonnontilan muuttuneisuuden inventoinneista ja valtakunnallisista pohjaeläinaineistoista, sammalkartoituksista ja sähkökoekalastuksista. Tilastomenetelmien ja paikkatiedon avulla kehitettiin empiirisiä malleja pienten virtavesien tilan arviointia ja mallintamista varten. Arviointimenetelmien kehitystyö oli lupaavaa. Pohjaeläinten lajistolle kehitetty vertailuolojen mallinnus toimi hyvin ja sen avulla voitiin arvioida näytepaikkojen lajiston muuttuneisuutta luonnontilasta. Purojen sammalilla ei löytynyt vahvasti lajistoa ennustavia tekijöitä, mutta niiden lajimäärä oli alhaisempi puroissa, joiden valuma-alueella oli paljon maankäyttöä. Kaloja esiintyi pienimmissä puroissa hyvin vähän, mutta suuremmissa puroissa vesienhoidossa käytetyn indeksin sovellus vaikutti toimivalta. Iijoen alueen puroinventointien aineistojen avulla jatkokehitettiin PienvesiGIS-tilastomallia, jolla voidaan paikkatiedon avulla tuottaa ennusteita purohabitaatin luonnontilan muuttuneisuudesta. Keskeisimmäksi pienten virtavesien sekä habitaattien, että lajiston tilaa heikentäväksi tekijäksi nousi metsäojitus. Inventoidun purohabitaatin muuttuneisuutta selittävänä tekijänä ojitettujen turvemaiden osuus puron valuma-alueen turvemaista oli tärkein. Vastaavasti pohjaeläinlajisto oli usein kärsinyt erityisesti ojitettujen metsätalousalueiden pienissä virtavesissä, missä kiintoainekuormitukselle herkät lajit olivat taantuneet. Myös taimenella oli merkkejä taantumisesta ojitusalueiden puroissa. Ojituksista aiheutuva ravinne- että kiintoainekuormitus ja uomien pohjarakenteen yksipuolistuminen lienee pääsyy pienten virtavesien luonnontilaisen eliöstön taantumiselle ja paikalliselle häviämiselle. Työ on osa Euroopan unionin rahoittamaa Freshabit LIFE IP-hanketta. Pidemmän aikavälin tavoitteena on kehittää valtakunnallisesti sovellettavissa oleva arviointijärjestelmä, jonka avulla voidaan tuottaa tietoa pienten virtavesien elinympäristöjen ja eliöstön muuttuneisuudesta. Kehitystyö jatkuu parhaillaan ympäristöministeriön Helmi-elinympäristöohjelman rahoittamassa PUROHELMI-hankkeessa.
  • Setälä, Outi; Tirroniemi, Jyri; Lehtiniemi, Maiju (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2022)
    Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
    The use of citizen science in the collection of surface water marine microplastics (MP) samples with manta trawl was tested in the Baltic Sea, where the collection of surface water samples is often hampered by environmental conditions. Sampling was carried out at 7 locations around the Baltic Sea with a custom-made manta trawl which was operated onboard a sailing boat. The total concentrations of ≥ 0.3 mm MP in the samples ranged from 0.45 to 1.98 MP m−3. Based on the results and experiences from this study, citizen science could be introduced into the toolbox of monitoring large MP. When the common basic constraints of surface water sampling within a regional sea are defined and agreed upon, citizen science could be used for strengthening the power of assessments on the state of the marine environment by increasing the spatial coverage of the monitored area.
  • Koski, Vilja; Kotamäki, Niina; Hämäläinen, Heikki; Meissner, Kristian; Karvanen, Juha; Kärkkäinen, Salme (Elsevier, 2020)
    Science of the Total Environment 726 (2020), 138396
    Uncertainty in the information obtained through monitoring complicates decision making about aquatic ecosystems management actions. We suggest the value of information (VOI) to assess the profitability of paying for additional monitoring information, when taking into account the costs and benefits of monitoring and management actions, as well as associated uncertainty. Estimating the monetary value of the ecosystem needed for deriving VOI is challenging. Therefore, instead of considering a single value, we evaluate the sensitivity of VOI to varying monetary value. We also extend the VOI analysis to the more realistic context where additional information does not result in perfect, but rather in imperfect information on the true state of the environment. Therefore, we analytically derive the value of perfect information in the case of two alternative decisions and two states of uncertainty. Second, we describe a Monte Carlo type of approach to evaluate the value of imperfect information about a continuous classification variable. Third, we determine confidence intervals for the VOI with a percentile bootstrap method. Results for our case study on 144 Finnish lakes suggest that generally, the value of monitoring exceeds the cost. It is particularly profitable to monitor lakes that meet the quality standards a priori, to ascertain that expensive and unnecessary management can be avoided. The VOI analysis provides a novel tool for lake and other environmental managers to estimate the value of additional monitoring data for a particular, single case, e.g. a lake, when an additional benefit is attainable through remedial management actions.