A Hubbub of Phenomenon: The Finnish and Swedish Polyphonic Translations of James Joyce’s Ulysses explores James Joyce’s Ulysses (1922) and its Finnish and Swedish translations and retranslations as polyphonic intertextual processes. I call this new, experimental view of translation – presenting translation and retranslation as a polyphonic hubbub of voices, a choir of competing and supplementary comments on a source text – the Polyphonic Translation Model (PTM). Every translation is fundamentally polyphonic, as translation can never carry the source text over to a new target audience as such but must always rather represent the original text in its place in the new lingual and cultural context. In A Hubbub of Phenomenon, however, the focus is on translations of explicit cases of literary intertextuality and intermediality. The study construes the process in which translations and retranslations form a polyglot macrotext, in which the source text is commented on, reread, and rewritten. The question is approached through Gérard Genette’s notion of palimpsest: the source text and earlier translations are present “under the surface” of a new translation. The relationships between these texts are studied from the viewpoint of intertextuality. The study focuses on James Joyce’s Ulysses, a source text in which the implicit intertextual nature of all texts is made explicit through intertextual literary techniques such as pastiche, parody, and the musicalization of fiction. In my thesis, I study the way Joyce’s influential novel exists for Finnish and Swedish readers. The material of the study is the Finnish and Swedish translations of the book, which vary widely in their translation project and the horizon of the translators: Thomas Warburton’s Odysseus (1946/1993), Pentti Saarikoski’s Odysseus (1964), Erik Andersson’s Ulysses (2012), and Leevi Lehto’s Ulysses (2012). Comparisons between these translations and retranslations make the problematic of translating intertextual literary structure become clearly visible. Furthermore, much of the cultural and literary value bestowed upon Ulysses was originally “found in translation”, as Stuart Gilbert wrote the first major study of the book on the basis of his conversations with Joyce during the process of the first French translation of the book. In A Hubbub of Phenomenon I study how different translations re-create the intertextual material of Joyce’s Ulysses in a new cultural context. Literary translation is understood as a process, a polyphonic dialogue, in which various texts – the source text, its various translations into different languages, and different translations into a single language – act as agents. The polyphonic model is based on Mikhail Bakhtin’s notion of literary polyphony as well as the productive translation criticism of Antoine Berman. Berman sees first translations and retranslations as a continuous, self-correcting process. In Berman’s method, translations are analysed on the basis of the translating position, the translation project, and the horizon of the translator. Berman calls the norms and expectations that define translation in a certain culture and a certain time, and the translator’s relationship to this discourse, the translating position. The conception of what the first translator or retranslator sets out to achieve, the composite of the translating position and the demands of the task at hand, Berman calls the translation project, an articulated purpose. The translating position and the translation project together are what Berman calls the horizon of the translator, the horizon of understanding in which the translation is received. The study of the translations of Ulysses uncovers explicitly something usually implicit in the processes of translation and retranslation, but conversely the study of these particular translations also uncovers new aspects of Ulysses, and more widely the techniques of intertextuality employed in it: parody, pastiche, and the musicalization of fiction. In light of the focus on intertextual structure in the dissertation, the episodes analysed through close reading are episode 12, ‘Cyclops’ for parody, episode 14 ‘Oxen of the Sun’ for pastiche, and chapter 11, ‘Sirens’ for intermediality, namely the musicalization of fiction. For the analysis of episode 14, ‘Oxen of the Sun’, I have created a digital companion for the study, The Oxen of the Sun hypertext (OSH). This novel and experimental device, employing the methods of the digital humanities, works as a machine-assisted tool for the reader of this dissertation. It allows a more extensive and intensive analysis on how the hypertext of the ‘Oxen of the Sun’ episode refers to its hypotexts from the history of English prose, and how these imitations are conveyed in the four Finnish and Swedish target texts.

This dissertation focuses on how Russian TV viewers make sense of the news in the context of the Russia-Ukraine conflict. It is based on focus groups with TV viewers and borrows the conceptual apparatus of political communication, psychology, and political science to analyze three separate domains of news processing under an electoral authoritarian regime: the formation of political opinions based on television news, the use of heuristics to evaluate the credibility of TV news, and the use of a range of information sources, both offline and online, in a high-choice media environment. Based on the existing literature, this study relies on the premise that citizens under authoritarian regimes lack incentives, cognitive tools, and opportunities to substantively process news and investigates how these three features are reflected in the political psychology and news processing of TV viewers. First, this study contributes to the literature on news processing under electoral authoritarian regimes. While scholars have identified numerous factors which affect how citizens (dis)trust news in authoritarian contexts, the role of political engagement in news processing is rarely taken into account in the analysis of electoral authoritarian regimes. My findings suggest that crucially affects how citizens make sense of the news. I find that a minority of focus group participants are politically engaged and rely on consistent political schemas to make sense of the news and demonstrate signs of consistency bias. Most participants are politically disengaged. They rely on the ideas which are more accessible in memory, contain both criticism and approval of state policies, and support the authoritarian equilibrium by being unable to articulate consistent opinions. Second, this study contributes to a better understanding of the functioning of low-information rationality under an electoral authoritarian regime. Scholars assume that in dealing with the news and political information, TV viewers rely on a wide variety of heuristics which are drawn from both daily life and the political environment. However, the literature on how citizens use heuristics outside democratic contexts is limited. I find that in dealing with the news, TV viewers prefer to rely on common sense and cultural stereotypes because political and media institutions under an electoral authoritarian regime are not seen as independent and authoritative. Finally, the study contributes to a better understanding of how the development of high-choice media environments affects news processing outside of democratic contexts. I find that politically engaged participants often find information which fits their pre-existing preferences demonstrating signs of selective exposure. Participants who are less politically engaged participants rely on TV news in combination with news aggregators to simplify information search. Since Russian news aggregators include information which is not different from TV news, this synchronization verifies the credibility of TV news. While the original concept of the personalized filter bubble is based on the complex interaction between individuals’ preferences and algorithms, I identify the orchestrated filter bubble effect which is based on the agenda of state-controlled television. Imposed in top-down fashion by the state, this filter bubble effect is used to reinforce the messages of the state-controlled television rather than citizens’ individual preferences under an electoral authoritarian regime.

During the Neo-Assyrian period (approximately 934-612 BCE, based in modern Iraq) the annals and royal inscriptions of several kings mention women with a curious title: ‘Queen of the Arabs’. These women have been included in previous discussions regarding Assyrian interaction with the ‘Arabs’, but a full investigation into their roles as rulers has been lacking. This is what this dissertation seeks to answer: what were the roles of the ‘Queens of the Arabs’ during the Neo-Assyrian period? The reason for no prior traditional Assyriological research into these women is due to a very small number of texts. As Assyriology has traditionally been a text-based discipline, a corpus of just twenty-eight texts has not been seen as ‘worthy’ of a full investigation. This dissertation goes beyond the traditional approach, by incorporating gender theory and comparative methodology. A key heuristic tool in this dissertation is Michael Mann’s ‘IEMP’ model of power. This has identified three key areas where we can clealy see the roles of the ‘Queens of the Arabs’: military, economic, and religious roles. The most important finding was that the process of researching about ‘Arabs’ meant contending with two layers of misinterpretation. The first of which is the misunderstandings of modern scholars allowing modern stereotypes influence how they write about ‘Arabs’. The second is that the ancient sources themselves do not seem to know who or what they refer to when they discuss the ‘Arabs’. This has resulted in a discussion based on these women as individuals, not as a group. We do not know if they all ruled the same population group, and so they may have all been rulers of different cultures. We see Samsi, Teʾelḫunu, and Adiye in positions of military leadership, and Samsi was potentially even present on the battlefield. Zabibê, Samsi, and Tabūʾa all exhibited the ability to control either resources or access to the networks that transported these resources. And finally, Teʾelḫunu likely had a religious role of some sort as part of her leadership duties, but we do not know what that was. None of these women appear in all of the chapters, and as such should be discussed as individuals.

This dissertation discusses the Finnish-American relations in Finno-Ugric linguistics and the development of the field in the United States from the Second World War into the 1960s. These academic relations are studied from the viewpoint of four Finnish linguists’ visits to the United States and the correspondence and events surrounding these visits. The study seeks to gain understanding as to why, when and how Finnish-American relations in Finno-Ugristics were formed and how they interrelated with the development of the field in the United States. To achieve this goal, the study traces the institutional history of the field in the United States from war-time language instruction to Cold War area studies and places the Finnish linguists’ visits in this larger context. In this study, the history of linguistics is approached from an externalist point of view, utilizing the broad contextualization of cultural history. The dissertation’s framework draws on histoire croisée, and by focusing on the reciprocal and asymmetrical nature of the relations, the study analyzes the various drivers and barriers that affect the formation and development of academic relations. The study is based on archival sources consisting of linguists’ private correspondence and institutional documents from American universities. The outset of Finnish-American relations in Finno-Ugristics was opposite to that of many other fields, as Finland was in the field’s international forefront while the United States was only beginning to build Finno-Ugristics as an academic field after the Second World War. The study shows how Finland subsequently provided expertise and publications to the newly established field in the United States. By examining the subject from institutional and personal perspectives, the entwined nature of these micro and macro levels is highlighted in the study. Furthermore, the study shows how profoundly factors both internal and external to science influenced the formation and development of Finno-Ugristics in the United States and the field’s Finnish-American relations.

Discussions on care of the self have intensified in Finland over the last thirty years. Self-care discourses are produced, for example, in public discussions in which individuals are motivated to become more responsible for themselves under the assumption that the weakening welfare society is no longer able to support each and every individual through difficult times. Concurrently, ideas about caring for and nurturing the self have increased in commercial value. Employers and numerous commercial actors have started to define the proper way to care for the self and to offer individuals means of self-care. For instance, the promotion of mindfulness exercises to deal with work-related stress, various diets as enhancers of physical activity, and the shaping of personal attitudes in response to increased insecurity in the labor market are ways in which individuals are being challenged to shift their gaze to their bodies and behaviors, and shape them to fit the new demands set by working life. Thus, self-care is not a single, undivided social movement, but the site of a struggle wherein disagreements are constituted between interest groups representing different conceptualizations of the proper care of the self. This dissertation focuses on how men think and talk about their practices of work-related self-care, and the norms and expectations placed on men’s work-related self-care. The first empirical dataset of my study consists of interviews with men regarding their conceptualizations, perceptions, and memories of work-related self-care. The second dataset consists of media data from texts addressing men’s work-related self-care. The context of the present study is post-industrialized working life in Finland, where men’s job opportunities lie increasingly in the knowledge-intensive sector, social services and healthcare, and service-based jobs. The changes in the labor market and the ethical deliberation on self-care in both public discussions and workplaces problematizes those masculinities that have traditionally been idealized in the Finnish socio-cultural context. Many men no longer identify with, and are not expected to identify with, the way of being a man characterized by an ethos of surviving alone, a suspiciousness towards authorities, and a reluctance to monitor one’s own health status and emotions. In line with recent theoretical discussions in critical studies on men and masculinities, my study adopts the concept of hybrid masculinity to depict men’s incorporation of performances and identity elements previously associated with various femininities. By adopting Michel Foucault’s concept of care of the self, the study addresses self-care as a practice that is enabled and constrained by institutions and norms. Theoretically and methodologically, the dissertation draws from poststructuralist theorizations. The results indicate that contemporary men identify with masculinities that include performances and behaviors previously associated with femininities. The participants in my study conceptualized their bodily and mental health as partly imperfect and malleable material, which they wanted to and were able to shape and refine. They associated their way of participating in working life with genderless worker citizenship, in which self-reflexivity, adaptability, and responsibility for the productivity of one’s work are the guiding principles in life. Concurrently, the men in the study aimed to maintain their personal health and wellbeing as well as a balance between work and non-work. As a part of their self-care, they expressed a desire to heal from traditional masculinity. This means an intention to abandon the positive male identity achieved through success at work and sacrificing oneself for work. The media addresses work-related self-care in a way that reproduces persistent discursive interrelations between men and paid work. Media texts present self-care aimed at maintaining or increasing work performance in a favorable light. Personal wellbeing is subordinated to workplace productivity in media texts. The masculinities present in the speech of the participants and the idealized masculinities produced by the media have been hybridized, albeit based on different aspirations and problematizations. The participants prioritized their personal wellbeing and the meaningfulness of their lives in ways that escaped the external pressures placed on them. In contrast, the concerns and aspirations voiced in the media highlighted the idea that men should focus purely on their abilities to work effectively, avoid illness, and aim to prolong their careers. My study reveals tensions in the contemporary developments of masculinities in relation to both men’s health behavior and their ways of participating in working life.  

Traffic crashes are one of the leading causes of children’s injury-related deaths globally. A notable proportion of children’s traffic-related deaths occur while travelling in a vehicle as a passenger. Fatal crashes involving child passengers generally seem to be different from typical fatal crashes, because they often occur for female drivers, under normal driving circumstances in the daylight and without obvious risk-taking behavior. The aim of this thesis was to examine why fatal crashes involving child passengers occur. The crash characteristics and risks of drivers with child passengers were studied using fatal crash data from Finland and the U.S. Previous research indicates that a child passenger in the vehicle may distract the driver and thus impair driving performance. In addition, it has been noted that parents of small children may suffer from sleep deficit which further elevates the risk of crashing. On the other hand, research also suggests that generally parents are responsible drivers who avoid taking risks in traffic. However, the fatal crash risk and characteristics of drivers with child passengers have not previously been thoroughly examined using crash statistics. Study I investigated how the presence of different aged child passengers affects the prevalence of drivers’ risk-taking behavior and crash risk. Study I used a database of fatal crashes that occurred in Finland during 1988–2012. The aim of Study II was to replicate the results of Study I and to examine crash-related characteristics and risks in more detail. Study II used data on fatal crashes from a more extensive database from the U.S. between 1996 and 2015. Study III examined how an infant passenger under the age of one can influence crash characteristics and risks using data of fatal crashes that occurred in the U.S. during the period 1994–2013. In line with the previous research, Studies I, II and III showed that drivers with child passengers were less often intoxicated or speeding when the crash occurred compared to drivers without child passengers. On the other hand, Study II and III showed that in the databases, drivers with only child passengers were more often reported by accident investigators as being inattentive or distracted compared to drivers with no child passengers. Study III showed that young drivers have an elevated risk of crashing when driving with an infant passenger aged under one compared to young drivers without passengers – probably at least partly due to undeveloped schemas of the traffic situations and the ability to share attention between the driving task and an infant. In addition, all studies showed that drivers with child passengers had a lower risk of crashing when there was also an adult passenger in the vehicle - possibly because the other adult could help in child-related tasks, enabling the driver to focus on driving. Results also show that it was more typical for female drivers to be involved in a fatal crash with a child passenger only (i.e. without an accompanying adult) than for male drivers. This thesis suggest that drivers with child passengers are mostly cautious drivers who rarely cause a fatal crash because of risk-taking behavior, but the child in the vehicle may be a source of distraction which may be mitigated by the presence of another adult in the vehicle. The presence of a small child passenger seems to elevate the risk of a fatal crash, especially if drivers are travelling alone with a small child passenger and are inexperienced drivers.

This study is about ‘literary translation’, and the nature of its being. The notion of literary translation is here understood as a translation of a literary work of art. The doctoral thesis focuses on the relationship between a work of literature as an original and its translation. The research aims to answer the question of whether a literary translation is the same work as the original literary work. This question of identity is an ontological issue. The research question can also be expressed as a question about the ‘translatability’ of a literary work of art. Accordingly, if a work is translatable, it can survive translation and remain the same. What kind of an entity is a literary translation? We know that a literary translation is a new cultural entity that has never existed before, and yet some literary practices, especially the culture of reviewing, seem to approach translations of literature as identical with their originals. The relationship between original and identity appears unclear. Obviously, there are several ways to understand the key notions of translation, original, and identity. This doctoral thesis focuses on exploring the notional complexity of the issue of translatability, and further, on answering the question of ‘being the same’. The research method for investigating the identity issue is qualitative analysis, more exactly, a conceptual analysis. The key notions are examined in two theoretical frameworks, Translation Studies and the Philosophy of Art. To be analysed, there are different scholarly approaches from both academic fields. The doctoral dissertation consists of five sub-studies and a summary. It includes four published original articles. In this study, the ontological peculiarity of a literary translation is clarified. I argue that a literary translation is not the same as the original; it is a work that should be considered as a version. I propose that a literary translation as an ontological derivative is a presented work of art. As a presentation, it can be regarded as a performed work of art. Key notions: literary work of art, translation, original, identity, translatability, ontology, presentation

Prototype effect on subject change in translation A study in a French⇄Finnish bidirectional literary corpus This doctoral dissertation investigates the link between translation and prototype effect through the study of syntactic subject change in a French-Finnish literary bidirectional parallel corpus built specifically for the study. It examines the controversial topic of so-called translation universals and more widely the cognitive approach in the explanation of translation tendencies. More specifically, the study investigates the subject changes found in the corpus through six explanatory hypotheses proposed in translation studies to explain typical features of translations (translation universals, translational laws, translation figures, the gravitational pull hypothesis, orthonymy/prototipicality and anthropocentrism). The subject change is a particularly good candidate to test the explanatory power of the proposed hypotheses because the grammars of both Finnish and French describe the prototypical subject as being animate and cognitively more salient than an inanimate subject. The study found 320 relevant subject changes in the Finnish-->French and 408 in the French-->Finnish parallel corpora. These are categorized into four different types: 1. animation, 2. inanimation, 3. neutral animated change and 4. neutral inanimated change. The most frequent ones corresponded to animations of the subject, i.e. in most cases there occurred a humanisation of the subject in translation (60% in the French-->Finnish corpus and 49,5% in the Finnish-->French corpus). A thorough analysis of the relevant changes brought up five contextual factors that seemed to promote subject change in the corpus. Three factors are semantic (action, experience and possession) and two are pragmatic (particularization and homogenisation). The main contributions of the study are a methodology developed to analyse subject change between two languages from different language families, making use of the notion of shadow translation and a theoretical framework in the form of hypotheses built upon the five factors found. The hypotheses proposed make predictions about subject change that can be easily tested and further developed in other studies. Finally, the analysis shows that prototypicality is the most powerful explanation for the subject changes found in the corpus. This suggests that the most common way to say something and the anthropocentric conception of the world has an influence on the reading of the source text and thus also on the translation of the syntactic subject. Keywords: syntactic subject, French, Finnish, animacy, shadow translation, orthonymy, anthropocentrism, translation universals, translation laws, prototype.

The present doctoral dissertation addresses the overarching research question of what motivates majority language users to learn and use minority languages. The individual papers focused on the following aspects: What factors support majority language-speaking high school students’ willingness to communicate (WTC, MacIntyre et al., 1998) in the minority language? How does minority language speakers’ feedback influence majority language speakers’ L2 use? How does the difference in the availability of the minority language in a monolingual vs. bilingual municipality influence majority language speakers’ motivation in learning the minority language? Are there contextual limitations to the utility of central concepts from competing L2 motivation theories? How does L2 motivation unfold among hearing L2 learners who learn and use a sign language? How do L2 attitudes and L2 use influence each other among majority language-speaking learners when learning a minority language? The research was conducted in four substantially different bilingual contexts: among Slovene speakers from the Dolinsko/Lendvavidék region in Slovenia who learn Hungarian as an L2 (Article 1), Finnish speakers who learn Swedish as an L2 (Articles 2 and 3), hearing Finnish speakers who learn Finnish Sign Language (FSL) as an L2 (Article 4), and Italian speakers from the South Tyrol region in Italy who learn German as an L2 (Article 5). All the articles utilised path analysis. Article 1 found, among Slovene-speaking learners of L2 Hungarian (N = 119), that WTC was supported by more positive perceptions regarding the ethnolinguistic vitality (ELV) of the L2 group, and that the effect of ELV on WTC was transmitted through a chain of L2 motivational variables. Article 2 found, among Finnish-speaking learners of L2 Swedish (N = 254), that more frequent and more positive contact with Swedish speakers predicted higher L2 confidence (Clément, 1980) in Swedish, which in turn significantly predicted L2 use. However, the effect of L2 confidence on L2 use was moderated by the quality of the feedback that L2 learners received from Swedish speakers. Article 3 found, among Finnish-speaking learners of L2 Swedish, that in the monolingual setting, the role of practical benefits attached to good L2 skills was salient, whereas in the Finnish-Swedish bilingual setting, SLA was supported by integrativeness. The results indicate that ideal L2 self (Dörnyei, 2005) is a key concept in SLA in both contexts, whereas instrumental and integrative orientation (Gardner, 1985) are more context-dependent concepts. Article 4 found, among hearing learners of FSL (N = 173), that L2 experiences, integrativeness, and instrumental orientation significantly predicted ideal L2 self, and that L2 competence mediated the effect of ideal L2 self on L2 use. In addition, integrativeness significantly moderated the effect of L2 competence on L2 use. Article 5 found, among Italian-speaking leaners of L2 German (N = 315), that L2 attitudes and L2 use mutually influence each other. In addition, L2 related peer norms significantly moderated the effect of L2 attitudes on L2 motivation. Overall, this dissertation confirms the assumption that there are two broad avenues to SLA (MacIntyre, 2010), the integrative/affective and the instrumental/cognitive.The results also indicate that the use of minority languages can also be enhanced at the interactional level.

This study examines cameral bookkeeping in Sweden in the mid-sixteenth century. At the time, the Swedish state was moving away from the medieval Union period towards a centrally led nation state. At the core of this process was the control of resources through improved bookkeeping practices. This study shows that the Swedish cameral administration adopted a version of bookkeeping known as charge and discharge, commonly used in certain contexts in medieval and early modern Europe. The system emphasized the accountability of bailiffs to the Crown and enabled the Crown to effectively gather information and extract resources from local communities. The study analyzes in detail the records produced by this system as well as the processes behind them. Additionally, the structure and content of the surviving archival collections is also examined. The cameral records produced by the Swedish sixteenth-century tax administration are known as the bailiffs’ records (Fin. voudintilit, Swe. fogderäkenskaper), and they comprise the largest surviving literary material of their time. These sources have been widely employed by historians in a plethora of studies starting from the nineteenth century. However, the records themselves have been studied in only a limited capacity, leaving many open questions. The present study addresses the current status of research from two viewpoints. First, emphasis is placed on understanding the provenance of the existing records, that is, their origin and the process of composing them. The lack of knowledge concerning this issue has at times been raised in previous studies, with calls for more scholarly engagement. Second, this study views Swedish cameral bookkeeping in the wider context of European bookkeeping traditions, an approach in stark contrast with previous studies, which typically discuss the bailiffs’ records in isolation from the general history of bookkeeping. Empirically, this study focuses on the duchy situated in south-western Finland in 1556−1563 and ruled by Gustav Vasa’s second son Johan (as King Johan III, 1569−1592). The duchy consisted of the provinces of Egentliga Finland, Satakunda, Åland, and Raseborg, providing this study with a clearly defined administrative context and source material. The cameral records of the duchy consist of more than a thousand bookkeeping records, adding up to approximately 27 000 folios. This material is first engaged by methods associated with manuscript studies, analyzing scribal hands, watermarks, and other codicological features of select sets of records to identify patterns and clues explaining the process of bookkeeping. All of the material is then analyzed quantitatively, to better understand how the bookkeeping records were produced as well as the structure of the current archival collections. Structurally, the study consists of seven chapters. Following the introduction, chapter two discusses the history of the archival collections containing the bailiffs’ records. Chapter three provides the codicological analysis and focuses on the question of the origin of the records. In chapter four, the characteristics of the bookkeeping system are analyzed, and the system is placed within the context of broader European bookkeeping traditions. Finally, chapters five and six describe the variety of surviving bookkeeping records. A catalogue of the records deriving from the duchy of Johan, used as a basis for the quantitative approach, is presented at the end of the study.