Seleman Simon Sewangi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
COMPUTER-ASSISTED EXTRACTION 
OF 
TERMS IN SPECIFIC DOMAINS: 
 
THE CASE OF SWAHILI 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ACADEMIC DISSERTATION 
 
To be presented, with the permission of the Faculty of Arts  
of the University of Helsinki, for public criticism in auditorium XIII,  
Fabianinkatu 33, on the 15
th
 of December, 2001, at 10 o’clock. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Institute for Asian and African Studies 
Publications, 1 
University of Helsinki 
2001 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ISBN 952-10-0253-0 (printed) 
ISBN 952-10-0254-9 (pdf) 
 
ISSN 1458-5359 
 
Helsinki University Printing House,  
Helsinki 2001 
 
 
 
2
 
 
ABSTRACT 
 
 
 
This dissertation proposes the method of computer-assisted extraction of terms in domain-
specific corpora. The method is developed based on constraints of structures of Swahili terms, 
primarily with the focus on the extraction of Swahili terms. The title of the dissertation reflects 
the dual nature of the tasks involved in the implementation of the method: both machine and 
manual tasks are employed in the implementation. The method incorporates techniques for the 
formulation of term patterns appropriate for the extraction of terms in their domains. The 
techniques concern the unique analysis of terms in a domain-specific corpus and formulation of 
term-patterns on the term structural constraints discovered, based on the terms analysed in the 
corpus. For the unique analysis of terms, the techniques introduce the term-domain feature, 
among others, for analysing words in a domain-specific corpus. Tags for the domain-feature are 
introduced into a lexicon of the morphological analyser or into the rule file for the BETA system, 
where they are used for marking term base-forms according to their domains. The morphological 
analyser or the BETA system applies the tags in the lexicon or in the rule file to analyse terms 
uniquely in the corpus by their domains. The formulation of term-patterns involves manual 
identification of compound terms in the analysed corpus, where words analysed as terms are used 
as searching words. Then the identified terms are specified as sequences of tags selected from the 
annotation. Thereafter, the tags and their relationships in the sequences are employed to derive 
the possible term formation constraints on which the patterns are formulated for the extraction of 
terms. The effectiveness of the proposed method in the extraction of terms is evaluated with 
respect to the extraction of Swahili terms in the domains of health care and literature, and the 
results obtained are encouraging. The terms compiled from the evaluation are indexed at the end 
of the dissertation. 
 
 
3
 
!&()*+,-./-0-)$#'
 
 
I #$ $ost gr#teful to $y supervisors* Professor /rvi Hursk#inen #nd Professor 0i$$o 
0oskennie$i for initi#ting $e in t"e field of %o$put#tion#l linguisti%s #nd for t"eir untiring 
en%our#ge$ent #nd guid#n%e )"i%" $#de t"is rese#r%" # su%%ess' 
 
1y sin%ere gr#titude is due to t"e Nor)egi#n 2oun%il of Universities3 2o$$ittee for 
4evelop$ent 5ese#r%" #nd .du%#tion (NU-U) for #)#rding $e # s%"ol#rs"ip* #nd t"e 
le#ders"ip of t"e University of 4#r es S#l##$ for gr#nting $e study le#ve' 
 
I %ordi#lly t"#nk Professor Se#n 63-#"ey of t"e University of Bergen for t"e f#t"erly support 
#nd #dvi%e t"#t "e "#s #l)#ys given $e* #nd 1r 6ve Sto%knes of t"e University of Bergen for 
friendly %ooper#tion t"roug"out $y period of study' 
 
Spe%i#l t"#nks go to $y )ife -elister for "er en%our#ge$ent #nd support* )"i%" "#ve (een 
t"e sour%e of strengt" for t"e %o$pletion of t"is )ork' 
 
1y person#l de(t is very gre#t to friends )"o "#ve %ontri(uted in one )#y or #not"er to t"e 
su%%ess of t"is study' I deeply #%kno)ledge t"e %ontri(ution of 7ussi Piitul#inen )"o )rote 
t"e p#ttern-$#t%"ing progr#$ for t"is )ork' I sin%erely #ppre%i#te t"e $#teri#l #nd $or#l 
support I "#ve re%eived fro$+ H#rry H#l8n* 7uri /"lfors* !r#ute Stude* 1r' 9 1rs' !#pio 
Pitk:nen* Sinikk# !uovinen* Helen# Pyk:l:$:ki* 1r' 9 1rs' ;eif P#%k#l8n* .ev# Uusit#lo* 
1r' 9 1rs' .l<#s Suikk#nen* 5iikk# H#l$e* ;ott# H#r<ul#* !o$$i 5:i":* 1#r<ukk# P#<unen* 
0#rin ;und* 1r' 9 1rs' /rnold 2"i)#l#l#* I(r#"i$ Ngere=# #nd >#n<iku Ng3#ng3#' 1y 
.nglis" "#s (een %orre%ted (y 1r' 1i%"#el 2o&' 
 
1y t"#nks do not %ount for $u%" if I f#il to $ention $y $ot"er* 1)#g"# )# 1g"#ng#* )"o 
)#s $y first instru%tor' 
 
 
 
I dedi%#te t"is )ork to t"e loving $e$ory of $y f#t"er* 1re$# 0i#ngi' 
 
 
Helsinki* 2001    S'S'S' 
 
 
 
4
 
&*)$-)$#'
 
/(str#%t '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 2 
/%kno)ledge$ents'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 3 
2H/P!.5 1''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ? 
Introdu%tion'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ? 
1'1 4efinition of key ter$s '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ? 
1'2 0ey issues in t"e study''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' @ 
1'3 2o$put#tion#l ter$inogr#p"y'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 9 
1'4 2o$put#tion#l $et"ods for ter$ %o$pil#tion ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 9 
1'4'1 !er$ %o$pil#tion (y t"e %o$p#r#tive st#tisti%#l $et"od''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 10 
1'4'2 !er$ %o$pil#tion (y t"e infor$#tion e&tr#%tion $et"od ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 12 
1'4'3 !er$ %o$pil#tion (y %o$(in#tion of st#tisti%s #nd t"e infor$#tion e&tr#%tion 
$et"od'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 13 
1'5 St#te$ent of t"e pro(le$''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 14 
1'A Presuppositions '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 15 
1'A'1 Identifi%#tion #nd uni,ue t#gging of ter$-)ords'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 15 
1'A'2 4is%overy of $ulti-)ord ter$ stru%tures'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 1A 
1'A'3' 1#pping ter$s to t#g se,uen%es #nd dis%overing ter$ for$#tion %onstr#ints '''' 1? 
1'? 4#t# Sour%e '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 1@ 
1'?'1 /nnot#tion syste$ for t"e d#t#'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 1@ 
2H/P!.5 2''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 20 
2orpus /n#lysis /nd Infor$#tion .&tr#%tion'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 20 
2'1 Infor$#tion''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 20 
2'2 2orpus #n#lysis '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 20 
2'2'1 B#si% %on%epts in %orpus #n#lysis ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 21 
2'2'2 -#%tors underlying %orpus #n#lysis''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 22 
2'2'3 4es%ription of )ords (y different fe#tures'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 23 
2'2'4 4es%ription of ter$-)ords in # %orpus'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 24 
2'2'4'1 Identifi%#tion of ter$-)ords''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 24 
2'2'4'2 Uni,ue des%ription of ter$-)ords'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 2A 
2'2'4'3 5el#tions"ip (et)een )ords in $ulti-)ord ter$s ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 2A 
2'3 .&tr#%tion of infor$#tion fro$ #n #n#lysed %orpus''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 2? 
2'3'1 -or$ul#tion of # ,uery l#ngu#ge '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 2@ 
2'3'2 / progr#$ for e&tr#%ting infor$#tion''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 2@ 
2'4 /i$ #nd s%ope'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 2@ 
2'5 1et"odology '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 30 
2H/P!.5 3''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 33 
!ools -or /n#lysing !er$s In 2orpus''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 33 
3'1 !"e need for %o$pre"ensive $orp"ologi%#l #nnot#tion for ter$ des%ription''''''''''''' 33 
3'2 !"e $odel for # $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 34 
3'2'1 !"e %ore of t"e t)o-level $odel ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 34 
3'2'2 1orp"e$i% stru%tures #nd definitions in t"e t)o-level le&i%on'''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 35 
3'2'3 Perfor$ing $orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 3A 
3'2'4 1orp"ologi%#l "euristi%s''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 3? 
3'3 !"e $odel for dis#$(igu#ting $orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 3@ 
3'3'1 1orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis #s # %ore for t"e 2BP'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 3@ 
3'3'2' 5ule for$#lis$ for $orp"ologi%#l dis#$(igu#tion ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 3@ 
3'3'2'1 !"e stru%ture of # rule file'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 39 
 
 
5
 
3'3'2'2 !"e stru%ture of rules ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 39 
3'3'2'3 !"e #rr#nge$ent of rules'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 40 
3'3'3 Heuristi% dis#$(igu#tion %onstr#ints'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 41 
3'4' !ools for #n#lysing t"e S)#"ili %orpus''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 41 
3'4'1 B#%kground to t"e tools '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 41 
3'4'2 !"e S>/!>6; $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 41 
3'4'2'1 S>/!>6; #nnot#tion s%"e$e''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 41 
3'4'2'2 !"e S>/!>6; le&i%on'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 4? 
3'4'3' S>/!>6; rules''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 51 
3'4'4 S>/!>6; $orp"ologi%#l "euristi%s'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 52 
3'5' /n#lysing # S)#"ili %orpus (y $e#ns of t"e S)#t)ol ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 52 
3'A 4is#$(igu#ting S)#t)ol #n#lysis ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 54 
3'? !#gging ter$-)ords in t"e $orp"ologi%#lly #n#lysed %orpus''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 5A 
2H/P!.5 4''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 5@ 
2orpus-B#sed 4evelop$ent 6f !er$ -or$#tion P#tterns '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 5@ 
4'1 Stru%tur#l %onventions for S)#"ili %o$pounding #nd deriv#tion'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 5@ 
4'2 In%orpor#ting # "e#lt"-%#re do$#in-t#g into t"e $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser ''''''''''''''''''' A2 
4'2'1 Identifying "e#lt" %#re ter$-)ords in t"e %orpus ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' A2 
4'2'1'1 .&tr#%tion of nouns #nd ver(#l nouns in t"e %orpus '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' A2 
4'2'1'2 Sorting out ter$-)ords fro$ t"e e&tr#%ted nouns #nd ver(#l nouns ''''''''''''' A4 
4'2'2 1#rking ter$-)ords in t"e le&i%on )it" # "e#lt" %#re do$#in-t#g '''''''''''''''''''''' AA 
4'3 Uni,ue t#gging of "e#lt" %#re ter$-)ord in t"e #n#lysed %orpus'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' A? 
4'4 4is%overying $ulti-)ord ter$s in t"e #n#lysed %orpus''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' A9 
4'5 4es%ri(ing )ords in ter$ %ollo%#tions''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?0 
4'A 5epresenting ter$ %ollo%#tions (y ;inguisti% spe%ifi%#tions''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?2 
4'A'1 !#gs for representing %#tegories of )ords in ter$ %ollo%#tions ''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?2 
4'? -or$ul#ting ;inguisti% spe%ifi%#tions for ter$ %ollo%#tions ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?3 
4'@ 2onstr#ints of stru%tures of S)#"ili ter$s ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?? 
2H/P!.5 5''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?9 
.v#lu#tion /nd -indings'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?9 
5'1 !"e progr#$ for e&tr#%ting ter$s''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?9 
5'2 !#gging ter$-)ords in t"e e&tr#%tion %orpus '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' @0 
5'2'1 Upd#ting t"e le&i%on or t"e rule file ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' @0 
5'3 !er$ e&tr#%tion'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' @0 
5'3'1 2le#ring out t"e e&tr#%tion %orpus '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' @1 
5'3'2 .&tr#%tion'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' @3 
5'4 /ssessing t"e effe%tiveness of t"e e&tr#%tion $et"od'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' @4 
5'4'1 5e%#ll #ssess$ent'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' @4 
5'4'2 Pre%ision #ssess$ent''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' @5 
5'4'2'1 !"e non-ter$ ite$s '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' @@ 
5'4'2'2 !"e ter$ v#ri#nts'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 91 
5'5 >eig"ing t"e ter$s (y t"eir st#tisti%#l #nd %on%eptu#l (e"#viour''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 93 
5'5'1 St#tisti%#l (e"#viour of t"e ter$s'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 93 
5'5'2 2on%eptu#l %"#r#%teristi%s of t"e ter$s''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 94 
2H/P!.5 A''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 9? 
2on%lusion'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 9? 
A'1 Brief su$$#ry of t"e study'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 9? 
A'2 Su$$#ry of previous $et"ods for ter$ %o$pil#tion''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 9? 
A'3 Su$$#ry of t"e proposed $et"od for ter$ e&tr#%tion' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 9@ 
A'4 Su$$#ry of t"e ev#lu#tion '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 9@ 
 
 
A
 
A'5 5e%o$$end#tions'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 99 
A'5'1 5e%o$$end#tions for t"e #nnot#tion of ter$s in # do$#in spe%ifi% %orpus '''''''' 99 
A'5'2 5e%o$$end#tions for t"e for$ul#tion of ter$ p#tterns ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 99 
A'5'3 5e%o$$end#tions for t"e e&tr#%tion of ter$s '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 100 
A'5'4 5e%o$$end#tions for t"e prospe%ts of ter$ %o$pil#tion (y t"e $et"od of 
infor$#tion e&tr#%tion'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 100 
A'A I$pli%#tions for future rese#r%"''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 101 
A'A'1 2re#tion of le&i%ons or B.!/ rule files for spe%i#lised do$#ins''''''''''''''''''''''' 101 
A'A'2 2re#tion of t"e syste$ for #uto$#ti% identifi%#tion of ter$-)ords'''''''''''''''''''' 101 
Bi(liogr#p"y''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 102 
/ppendi& I'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 109 
/ppendi& 2''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 113 
/ppendi& 3''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 11A 
/ppendi& 4''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 14@ 
 
 
?
 
&1!2$-%'3'
 
4)$%*.5&$4*)'
 
 
 
!"is study is %on%erned )it" $et"ods of %o$puter-#ssisted %o$pil#tion of ter$s sele%ted fro$ # 
do$#in-spe%ifi% %orpus* i'e' te&ts on spe%ifi% su(<e%t do$#ins stored in # %o$puter-re#d#(le for$' 
!"e study fo%uses on ter$ %o$pil#tion (y using t"e $et"od of infor$#tion e&tr#%tion' !"e 
$et"od involves+ (#) t"e identifi%#tion #nd #n#lysis of ter$s #s uni,ue entities in # spe%i#lised 
%orpus* (() for$ul#tion of ter$ p#tterns or te$pl#tes (#sed on t"e %onstr#ints derived fro$ ter$ 
stru%tures #n#lysed in t"e %orpus* (%) e&tr#%tion of ter$ %#ndid#tes #s #n#lysed in # spe%i#lised 
%orpus* (y ter$ p#tterns #nd # te$pl#te $#t%"ing progr#$' !"is study proposes t"e fe#ture 3ter$-
do$#in3 #$ong fe#tures for #n#lysing # spe%i#lised %orpus for ter$ e&tr#%tion' !"e fe#ture 
f#%ilit#tes t"e uni,ue t#gging of ter$-)ords in t"e %orpus* )"i%" is dee$ed ne%ess#ry for t"e 
e&tr#%tion of ter$s in do$#ins'  
 
 
1'1 4.-INI!I6N 6- 0.C !.51S 
 
!"is study is entitled &6789:;<=>??@?:;A';B:<>C:@6D'6E':;<7?'@D'A67>@D?F'$G;'C>?;'6E'#H>G@I@J 
Belo) #re definitions of so$e key ter$s+ 
 
!"/'A67>@D denotes # p#rti%ul#r field of kno)ledge* su%" #s "e#lt" %#re or (iology' 
!"/ :;<7 is'# )ord-for$ used in # %o$$uni%#tive setting to represent # %on%ept in # 
do$#in' / ter$ %onsists of one or $ore )ords (%o$pound ter$s or ter$ %ollo%#tions)' / 
ter$ $#y represent different %on%epts in different do$#ins )"ere(y it %#n (e %#lled # 
$ulti-dis%iplin#ry ter$* (ut # ter$ $#y not represent t)o different %on%epts in # do$#in' 
!"/ K>?;=:;<7'H6<A is t"e (#se ele$ent in # string stru%ture* )"i%" %onstitutes # ter$' / 
(#se-ter$ )ord $#y (e # ter$ in itself (single-)ord ter$) or it $#y (e # %onstituent p#rt 
of # $ulti-)ord ter$' 
!"/'C6<89? is # %o$puter-re#d#(le %olle%tion of te&ts t"#t #re sele%ted to represent # 
p#rti%ul#r l#ngu#ge for spe%ifi% go#ls in'linguisti% rese#r%"' 
!"/ A67>@D=?8;C@E@C'C6<89?'is # (ody of te&ts on # p#rti%ul#r do$#in stored in # %o$puter-
re#d#(le for$ to (e pro%essed #nd used for t"e intended linguisti% investig#tion''
!"-B:<>C:@6D'6E':;<7? is t"e t#sk of re%overing possi(le ter$ %#ndid#tes in # do$#in-
spe%ifi% te&t' !"e t#sk $#y (e %#rried out $#nu#lly* #uto$#ti%#lly or (ot" $#nu#lly #nd 
#uto$#ti%#lly' !"e #uto$#ti%#lly i$ple$ented t#sk #pplies # %o$puter syste$ developed 
for e&tr#%ting ter$s (y $#t%"ing ter$ p#tterns )it" t"e #%tu#l ter$ %#ndid#tes in t"e te&t 
%orpus' 
!"&6789:;<=>??@?:;A';B:<>C:@6D'6E':;<7? is t"e t#sk of re%overing ter$ %#ndid#tes 
fro$ # te&t %orpus (y (ot" $#%"ine #nd $#nu#l t#sks' 
!".;?C<@8:@6D'6E'A67>@D=?8;C@E@C':;<7? $e#ns #n#lysing ter$-)ords in # do$#in-spe%ifi% 
%orpus (y t#gs )"i%" des%ri(e t"e ter$s #s entities of # p#rti%ul#r do$#in' In%orpor#ting 
t"e fe#ture Dter$-do$#inE #$ong fe#tures of $orp"ologi%#l #nnot#tion f#%ilit#tes t"e 
des%ription' !"e fe#ture %#n (e represented in #ppropri#te pl#%es in t"e le&i%on of # 
$orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser or it %#n (e inserted into t"e #n#lysed te&t (y # re)riting progr#$* 
su%" #s t"e B.!/ syste$ ' 
!"$;<7'E6<7>:@6D'8>::;<D? #re se,uen%es of t#gs on t"e (#sis of )"i%" ter$ %#ndid#tes 
 
 
@
 
#re e&tr#%ted fro$ t"e %orpus' In ter$ for$#tion p#tterns t#gs represent rel#tions (et)een 
%#tegories of "e#d)ords #nd t"eir $odifiers' !er$ for$#tion p#tterns #re used #s 
te$pl#tes for t"e e&tr#%tion of ter$s fro$ t"e %orpus (y # te$pl#te-$#t%"ing progr#$' 
!"is study fo%uses on t"e $et"od for for$ul#ting ter$ for$#tion p#tterns t"#t #re 
#ppropri#te for t"e e&tr#%tion of ter$s* p#rti%ul#rly S)#"ili ter$s* in t"eir do$#ins' 
 
 
1'2 0.C ISSU.S IN !H. S!U4C 
 
!"e fund#$ent#l ,uestions of t"is study #re (#) "o) s"ould ter$s in # do$#in-spe%ifi% %orpus (e 
identified #nd #n#lysed uni,uely* (() "o) s"ould %onstr#ints of ter$ stru%tures for for$ul#ting 
ter$ p#tterns (e dis%overed (#sed on ter$s #n#lysed in t"e %orpus* (%) "o) s"ould t"e e&tr#%tion 
of ter$s in # spe%i#lised %orpus (y t"e ter$ p#tterns #nd t"e te$pl#te-$#t%"ing progr#$ (e 
%#rried out #nd ev#lu#ted' /ns)ering t"ese ,uestions involves t"e follo)ing+  
 
>J'4A;D:@E@C>:@6D'>DA'A;?C<@8:@6D'6E':;<7?'@D'>'A67>@D=?8;C@E@C'C6<89?' 
!r#dition#lly* ter$s #re identified (y t"e st#nd#rdi=#tion prin%iple* )"i%" ,u#lifies # )ord 
#s # ter$ only if it is offi%i#lly st#nd#rdi=ed' In #ddition* t"e st#nd#rdi=ed ter$ is 
supposed to represent only one %on%ept in # do$#in' ;ike)ise* # %on%ept in # do$#in is 
supposed to (e represented (y only one ter$' In t"is study* identifi%#tion of ter$s in # 
do$#in-spe%ifi% %orpus relies on t"e $e#ning of # )ord in t"e spe%i#lised te&t %orpus* i'e'* 
if # )ord represents # %on%ept in # do$#in of t"e %orpus t"en it ,u#lifies #s # ter$' 
1oreover* t"e identifi%#tion presupposes t"#t one %on%ept %#n "#ve #s $#ny ter$s #s %#n 
(e identified in t"e %orpus' !"e #ppro#%"es for identifying ter$s in # do$#in-spe%ifi% 
%orpus #re presented in 2"#pter 2'  
 
KJ'5D@L9;'A;?C<@8:@6D'6E':;<7?'@D':G;'C6<89?' 
So f#r* t"e use of p#rt-of-spee%" or gr#$$#ti%#l t#gs* t#gs t"#t %#nnot uni,uely 
des%ri(e ter$s in #ny )#y* "#s typi%#lly provided t"e des%ription of ter$s for ter$ 
e&tr#%tion' !"is study introdu%es t"e use of t"e fe#ture 3ter$-do$#in3 for t#gging ter$-
)ords in # do$#in-spe%ifi% %orpus to f#%ilit#te t"e uni,ue des%ription of ter$-)ords in 
t"e $orp"ologi%#lly #n#lysed %orpus' !ools for $orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis* in%luding 
ter$ t#gging* #re introdu%ed in 2"#pter 3' 
 
CJ' .@?C6M;<N' 6E' :;<7' E6<7>:@6D' C6D?:<>@D:?' E<67' :;<7?' >D>IN?;A' @D' :G;'
76<8G6I6O@C>IIN'>DD6:>:;A'C6<89? 
!"e dis%overy of %onstr#ints of ter$ stru%tures involves t"e identifi%#tion of t"e stru%tures 
of $ulti-)ord ter$s #s #nnot#ted in t"e %orpus' !"is is %#rried out on t"e (#sis of ter$-
)ord %#ndid#tes t#gged in t"e %orpus' 5epresented #s se,uen%es of t#gs (linguisti% 
spe%ifi%#tions) t"e stru%tures identified %onstitute # (#sis for t"e dis%overy of %onstr#ints 
of ter$ stru%tures for t"e for$ul#tion of ter$ for$#tion p#tterns' !"e te%"ni,ues for 
%#rrying out t"is t#sk #re illustr#ted in 2"#pter 4'  
 
AJ'-B:<>C:@DO':;<7?'@D'A67>@D?'KN':;<7'E6<7>:@6D'8>::;<D?'>DA'>':;78I>:;=7>:CG@DO'
8<6O<>7 
!"e effe%tiveness of t"e $et"od developed for e&tr#%tion of ter$s in do$#ins is ev#lu#ted 
in 2"#pter 5' 
 
 
9
 
1'3 261PU!/!I6N/; !.51IN6B5/PHC  
' 
!"#$%&$'()$*+,-./01023$40,5$67,./8.91+:$;/<$=+>?0<: (199?+ 5) defines ter$inogr#p"y #s Ft"e 
#%tivity %on%erned )it" t"e re%ording #nd present#tion of ter$inologi%#l d#t#* prin%ip#lly in print 
#nd ele%troni% $edi#G' !er$inogr#p"y #nd le&i%ogr#p"y* i'e' t"e pro%ess of %o$piling le&i%#l d#t# 
for gener#l-l#ngu#ge di%tion#ries* differ in # nu$(er of )#ys' !#(le 1'1 (elo) su$$#rises so$e 
of t"e differen%es+ 
 
$>KI;'3J3 So$e differen%es (et)een ter$inogr#p"y #nd le&i%ogr#p"y' 
 
4:;7'6E'@DM;?:@O>:@6D' ,;B@C6O<>8GN' $;<7@D6O<>8GN 
;#ngu#ge gener#l l#ngu#ge spe%i#l l#ngu#ge 
.ntities single-)ords #nd  
fro=en %ollo%#tions 
single-)ord #nd 
 $ulti-)ord ter$s 
1e#ning ($ostly) gener#l $e#ning do$#in-spe%ifi% $e#ning' 
1et"od -)ord-(#sed 
-des%riptive 
 
-%on%ept-(#sed 
-(l#rgely) pres%riptive 
Present#tion -#lp"#(eti%#l 
-polyse$esH"o$ony$s 
presented toget"er 
-synony$s presented 
sep#r#tely 
-%on%eptu#l 
-polyse$esH"o$ony$s 
presented sep#r#tely 
-synony$s in t"e s#$e 
do$#in presented toget"er 
 
-or # long period of ti$e %o$put#tion#l ter$inogr#p"y "#s (een %onfined to t"e stor#ge of ter$s 
in ter$ (#nks (1eyer 1992)' !"e re%ent develop$ent in %o$puter te%"nology* p#rti%ul#rly in t"e 
stor#ge %#p#%ity #nd speed of %o$puters* "#s $otiv#ted e&p#nsion of %o$put#tion#l 
ter$inogr#p"y to ot"er #re#s of #ppli%#tion' 6ne su%" #re# is t"e syste$#tis#tion of ter$s in 
rel#tion to %on%epts' 2o$put#tion#l ter$inologists "#ve fo%used on t"is #re# in %oll#(or#tion )it" 
%o$puter s%ientists in t"e field of #rtifi%i#l intelligen%e (/I) in kno)ledge engineering' 264. 
(2on%eptu#lly 6riented 4esign .nviron$ent) is # %o$put#tion#l tool* )"i%" is (eing developed 
for t"is #ppli%#tion (y t"e /rtifi%i#l Intelligen%e ;#(or#tory #t t"e University of 6tt#)# (1eyer 
1992+ 193-204)'  
 
/not"er ne) #re# of t"e #ppli%#tion is t"e %o$pil#tion of ter$s fro$ %orpor#' !"e #ppli%#tion 
t#rgets ter$s t"#t "#ve (een spont#neously developed #nd used (y field spe%i#lists in t"eir 
respe%tive #re#s of spe%i#li=#tion' Su%" ter$s #re nor$#lly not #v#il#(le in t"e %olle%tions of 
offi%i#lly developed ter$s (ut in te&ts su%" #s (ooks* <ourn#ls #nd #rti%les )ritten (y t"e field 
spe%i#lists' !"e purpose of t"is #ppli%#tion is to %o$pile t"e ter$s #nd in%lude t"e$ in ter$ (#nks 
of individu#l l#ngu#ges or to use t"e$ for )riting te%"ni%#l di%tion#ries for # p#rti%ul#r l#ngu#ge' 
1#nu#l %o$pil#tion of t"e ter$s )ould re,uire # long period of ti$e in order to pi%k up t"e ter$s 
fro$ te&ts #nd possi(ly* t"e %o$pil#tion )ould not (e e&"#ustive' !"us* %o$put#tion#l 
%o$pil#tion is developed #s # vi#(le #ltern#tive' 
 
'
1'4 261PU!/!I6N/; 1.!H64S -65 !.51 261PI;/!I6N 
 
5ese#r%" on t"e #ppli%#tion of %o$puters for ter$ %o$pil#tion "#s (een %#rried out in # nu$(er 
of institutions* su%" #s t"e University of Surrey )"ere* t"e #ppli%#tion is %#rried out #s p#rt of t"e 
 
 
10
 
!r#nsl#torEs >ork(en%" pro<e%ts (/"#$ed +>$;1@$1994)* #nd #t t"e University of Bir$ing"#$ 
(C#ng 19@A)' Individu#l rese#r%"ers "#ve #lso (een eng#ged in studies of #uto$#ti% %o$pil#tion 
of ter$s' /%%ording to Pe#rson (199@+ 122)* Be#tri%e 4#ille "#s done rese#r%" on t"e e&tr#%tion 
of ter$s fro$ tele%o$$uni%#tions te&ts for "er P"4 t"esis* 7#%,ue$in #nd 5oy#ute )orked )it" 
t"e 1.4I2S! %orpus* #nd Bon=#le=-1ullier #nd Bros developed # tool for ter$inology 
e&tr#%tion* t"e ;.I!.5' Pe#rson* too* investig#ted t"e #uto$#ti% e&tr#%tion of ter$s (Pe#rson 
199@+ 121-134)' 
 
!"e #ppli%#tion of %o$puters for t"e %o$pil#tion of ter$s relies on t"ree $et"ods+ t"e 
%o$p#r#tive st#tisti% $et"od (C#ng 19@AJ /"$#d +>$;1@ 1994)* t"e infor$#tion e&tr#%tion $et"od 
(Pe#rson 199@)* #nd # %o$(in#tion of st#tisti%#l #nd linguisti% or infor$#tion e&tr#%tion $et"ods 
(4#ille 1994) !"e t"ree $et"ods e$ploy different te%"ni,ues #nd tools for t"e %o$pil#tion' But 
(ot" $et"ods #re %on%erned )it" ter$s #s used in te&ts )ritten (y field spe%i#lists #nd not )it" 
ter$s #s developed #nd st#nd#rdi=ed (y l#ngu#ge offi%i#ls'  
'
1'4'1 !er$ %o$pil#tion (y t"e %o$p#r#tive st#tisti%#l $et"od'  
 
!"e %o$p#r#tive st#tisti%#l #ppro#%" for ter$ %o$pil#tion relies on t"e st#tisti%#l (e"#viour of 
)ords #nd %ollo%#tions in # do$#in-spe%ifi% te&t' !"e #ppro#%" uses fre,uen%ies of o%%urren%e of 
# )ord or # %ollo%#tion in # do$#in-spe%ifi% %orpus #s # %riterion for <udging t"e )ord or t"e 
%ollo%#tion #s # ter$' 2ounting of t"e fre,uen%ies is nor$#lly done on %o$p#r#tive p#r#$eters* 
su%" #s fre,uen%y r#nk order (/"$#d +>$;1@$1994)* #nd fre,uen%ies of o%%urren%e #nd distri(ution 
(C#ng 19@A)' !"is $et"od is (#sed on t"e #ssertion t"#t t"e rel#tive fre,uen%ies of )ord %l#sses 
differ (et)een te&t types' 6n t"#t (#sis* /"$#d +>$;1@$e&pound t"e p"ilosop"y )"i%" underlies t"e 
%o$p#r#tive st#tisti%#l $et"od #s follo)s+ 
 
!"e possi(ility t"#t t"ere #re differen%es in t"e rel#tive fre,uen%ies of )ord %l#sses (et)een te&t 
types gives us # first indi%#tion t"#t signifi%#nt differen%es #re likely to e$erge (et)een t"e 
distri(ution of )ord %l#sses #nd of tokens of le&i%#l types in gener#l purpose #nd spe%i#l-purpose 
te&ts' Sin%e spe%i#l l#ngu#ge is s#id to (e "ig"ly no$in#lised (S#ger +>$;1@$19@0+ 234)* it see$ed 
re#son#(le to #ssu$e t"#t # %orpus of do$#in-spe%ifi% te&ts )ould %ont#in not only # "ig"er 
proportion of nouns t"#n # gener#l-purpose %orpus (ut t"#t %ert#in nouns $ig"t (e very fre,uent 
indeed in rel#tion to )ords fro$ ot"er %l#sses' Hen%e t"e te%"ni,ue''' is %o$p#r#tive 
(1994+ 2?0-2?1)' 
 
!"e s#$e "ypot"esis is "eld (y C#ng (19@A)* )"o )rites+ 
 
''' sin%e s%ientifi%Hte%"ni%#l ter$s #re sensitive to su(<e%t $#tter* t"ey s"ould "#ve f#irly "ig" 
fre,uen%ies of o%%urren%e in te&ts )"ere t"ey o%%ur* (ut v#ry dr#$#ti%#lly fro$ one su(<e%t $#tter 
#re# to #not"er' It is t"erefore possi(le to identify s%ientifi%Hte%"ni%#l ter$s solely on t"e (#sis of 
t"eir st#tisti%#l (e"#viour (19@A+ 94-9?)'  
 
!"e te%"ni,ues for t"e %o$p#r#tive st#tisti%#l $et"od tre#t single-)ord ter$s #nd $ulti-)ord 
ter$s sep#r#tely' Nor$#lly* single-)ord ter$s #re %o$piled first #nd used #s t"e (#sis for t"e 
%o$pil#tion of $ulti-)ord ter$s' /"$#d +>$;1@$A1994B$#pplied t"is #ppro#%"* )"i%" t"ey e&pl#in 
#s follo)s+ 
 
So f#r* our #ttention "#s (een %onfined to t"e identifi%#tion of potenti#l ter$s #%%ording to t"e 
#ssu$ption t"#t #ll ter$s #re %o$posed of # single )ord' >e %#n no) t#ke t"e output of our 
%o$put#tions (#sed on t"is #ssu$ption # step furt"er in order to investig#te )"et"er t"e potenti#l 
ter$s identified (y $e#ns of t"e rel#tive fre,uen%y r#tio %#l%ul#tion o%%ur #s # p#rt of $ulti-)ord 
 
 
11
 
ter$s or #s # %o$$on %ollo%#tion (1994+ 2?3)' 
 
!"e pro%ess of %o$piling single-)ord ter$s st#rts (y produ%ing fre,uen%y lists
1 
of t"e %orpor# 
)"i%" s"ould in%lude* #t le#st* # gener#l referen%e %orpus for purposes of %o$p#rison' !"ere#fter* 
t"e %o$p#r#tive p#r#$eters #re #pplied to deter$ine t"e (e"#viour of )ords in t"e fre,uen%y lists 
)"ere )ords t"#t #re $#rked (y very lo) distri(ution #nd (y very "ig" pe#k r#tio #nd r#nge r#tio
2
 
#re <udged #s potenti#l single-)ord ter$ %#ndid#tes' 6n t"e ot"er "#nd* t"e %o$pil#tion of $ulti-
)ord ter$s (egins )it" t"e identifi%#tion of %ollo%#tions in t"e %orpus )"i%" %ont#in t"e 
identified single-)ord ter$s' -un%tion )ords #re e&%luded in t"e identifi%#tion (e%#use t"ey 
r#rely o%%ur in %o$pound ter$s' !"e %ollo%#tions #re repe#tedly identified* st#rting )it" t)o-
)ord %ollo%#tions* t"en t"ree-)ord %ollo%#tions until t"e %ollo%#tions in # %orpus #re e&"#usted' 
!"en t"e %riterion of fre,uen%ies of o%%urren%e is #pplied to deter$ine t"e %ollo%#tions )"i%" 
,u#lify #s $ulti-)ord ter$s'  
 
C#ng (19@A) identifies ter$ %ollo%#tions not (y t"e use of t"e identified single-)ord ter$s (ut (y 
%ounting t"e fre,uen%ies of o%%urren%e of t"e %ollo%#tions in t"e do$#in-spe%ifi% %orpus' C#ng 
#pplies t"e follo)ing presuppositions to li$it t"e %ollo%#tions t"#t s"ould (e )eig"ed to identify 
possi(le $ulti-)ord ter$s' 
 
>J 1ulti-)ord ter$s #re $#inly no$in#lsJ 
KJ 1ulti-)ord ter$s %#nnot go #%ross pun%tu#tion $#rksJ 
CJ Ker(s $#y (e ter$s (y t"e$selves (ut not p#rt of # $ulti-)ord ter$ (e%#use $ulti-)ord ter$s 
s"ould (e no$in#lsJ 
AJ -un%tion )ords s"ould (e e&%luded )it" t"e e&%eption of prepositions* (e%#use prepositions 
$#y (e p#rt of $ulti-)ord ter$sJ 
;J /dver(s $#y (e p#rt of # $ulti-)ord ter$ ''' (ut #dver(s for te&t %o"esion s"ould (e e&%ludedJ 
EJ No $ulti-)ord ter$ %#n end )it" #n #d<e%tive or #dver(' 
OJ !"e S-ending s"ould (e re$oved for t"e purpose of fre,uen%y %ounting' 
(C#ng 19@A+ 100)' 
 
B#sed on t"e #(ove #ssu$ptions* t"e %o$pil#tion of ter$ %ollo%#tion is %#rried out #fter t"e 
re$ov#l of )ord %#tegories t"#t %#nnot (e p#rt of $ulti-)ord ter$s* i'e' ver(s #nd fun%tion 
)ords* e&%ept prepositions* #nd of %ollo%#tions t"#t end )it" #d<e%tives or #dver(s' !"eir re$ov#l 
is i$ple$ented (y gr#$$#ti%#l t#gging of t"e )ords t"#t #re to (e re$oved #nd syste$s of rule 
for t"e re$ov#l of %ollo%#tions )"i%" end )it" #d<e%tives or #dver(s' /fter t"e re$ov#l of t"e 
un)#nted )ords #nd %ollo%#tions* ter$ %ollo%#tions #re identified Din #n iter#tive )#y+ first* t)o 
)ord %o$(in#tions* t"en* 3-)ord %o$(in#tions until t"e $#&i$u$ possi(le $ulti-)ord 
%o$(in#tions (C#ng 19@A+ 101)' !"en t"e %ollo%#tions #re )eig"ed (y t"e %riterion of 
fre,uen%ies of o%%urren%e to distinguis" ter$ %ollo%#tions fro$ non-ter$ %ollo%#tions'  
 
2o$pil#tion of ter$s (y t"e %o$p#r#tive st#tisti% $et"od relies on %o$put#tion#l tools t"#t #re 
#sso%i#ted )it" t)o t#sks+ produ%tion of fre,uen%y lists of %orpor# #nd identifi%#tion of possi(le 
ter$ %ollo%#tions in %orpor#' !"e first t#sk is i$ple$ented (y # fre,uen%y list (B#rn(rook 199A+ 
43-A4J Sin%l#ir 1991+ 30-31)' !"e fre,uen%y list identifies )ord for$s #nd produ%es t"eir 
fre,uen%ies of o%%urren%e in t"e %orpus' !"is )ork underlies t"e fre,uen%y #nd distri(ution 
%ounting' !"e identifi%#tion of %ollo%#tions in %orpor# is done (y %on%ord#n%e progr#$s 
                                                 
1
 B#rn(rook (199A+ 43) defines # fre,uen%y list #s # list t"#t s"o)s t"e )ords* )"i%" $#ke up 
t"e te&ts in t"e %orpus* toget"er )it" t"eir fre,uen%ies of o%%urren%e' 
2
 Pe#k r#tio is t"e $#&i$u$ fre,uen%y of o%%urren%es divided (y t"e #ver#ge fre,uen%y* 
)"ile r#nge r#tio is t"e $#&i$u$ fre,uen%y divided (y t"e $ini$u$ fre,uen%y (C#ng 19@A+ 9@)' 
 
 
12
 
(B#rn(rook 199A+ A5-@5J Sin%l#ir 1991+ 42-51)' !"e identifi%#tion relies on ter$s t"#t #re 
identified (y fre,uen%y %ounting #s se#r%" )ords' 
 
Using t"e fre,uen%y %riterion #s t"e (#sis for ter$ %o$pil#tion l#%ks ter$inologi%#l $otiv#tion 
(e%#use t"e %riterion overlooks t"e f#%t t"#t )ords #%,uire ter$inologi%#l st#tus only (y (eing 
#sso%i#ted )it" %on%epts in # p#rti%ul#r do$#in' /ddition#lly* #s Pe#rson points out+  
 
>"en t"e fre,uen%y %riterion is used* t"is $e#ns t"#t # ter$ %#ndid#te $ust o%%ur # %ert#in 
nu$(er of ti$es in # %orpus (efore it is %onsidered' !"e pro(le$ )it" t"is #ppro#%" is t"#t it 
ignores t"e f#%t t"#t it is %o$$on for ter$s to o%%ur infre,uently' !"is $#y (e (e%#use t"e %orpus 
(eing used for t"e se#r%" is not suffi%iently l#rge or (e%#use t"e ter$ in ,uestion is $ore usu#lly 
referred to on # v#ri#nt or #((revi#ted for$' >e )ould #rgue t"#t lo) fre,uen%y s"ould not 
pre%lude # ter$ %#ndid#te fro$ (eing %onsidered (199@+ 123)' 
'
1'4'2 !er$ %o$pil#tion (y t"e infor$#tion e&tr#%tion $et"od 
 
2o$pil#tion of ter$s (y t"e infor$#tion e&tr#%tion $et"od relies on t"e prin%iples of %orpus 
#n#lysis #nd infor$#tion e&tr#%tion (%f' 2"#pter 2)' !"e %o$pil#tion pro%ess involves des%ription 
of ter$s in # %orpus in su%" # )#y t"#t t"e ter$s %#n uni,uely (e represented in ter$ for$#tion 
p#tterns #nd retrieved (y # te$pl#te-$#t%"ing progr#$' !"e $et"od is (#sed on t"e #ssu$ption 
t"#t ter$s in # l#ngu#ge #re %"#r#%terised (y uni,ue for$#tion %onstr#ints )"i%" %#n (e 
for$#lised in ter$ for$#tion p#tterns #nd used for t"e e&tr#%tion of t"e ter$s fro$ t"e %orpus' 
!"e e&tr#%tion is done (y $#t%"ing t"e ter$ for$#tion p#tterns )it" ter$ des%riptions in t"e 
%orpus )"ere )ords #nd %ollo%#tions )"ose des%riptions e&#%tly $#t%" t"e p#tterns #re e&tr#%ted 
#s ter$s' Proper des%ription of ter$s in # %orpus is fund#$ent#l to t"e %o$pil#tion of ter$s (y 
t"e infor$#tion ;B:<>C:@6D $et"od (e%#use t"e des%riptions underlie t"e for$ul#tion of ter$ 
for$#tion p#tterns #nd t"e ;B:<>C:@6D of t"e ter$s' !"e des%riptions s"ould en#(le t"e 
for$ul#tion of ter$ for$#tion p#tterns t"#t #re uni,ue to ter$s only* or else t"e p#tterns $#t%" 
)ords #nd %ollo%#tions in t"e %orpus t"#t #re not ne%ess#rily ter$s* i'e'* t"e p#tterns over-retrieve' 
!"is is possi(le only if ter$s in t"e %orpus %#n (e des%ri(ed #s uni,ue entities' Ho) ter$s in # 
do$#in-spe%ifi% %orpus %#n (e uni,uely des%ri(ed is # fund#$ent#l ,uestion in t"is study' 
 
So f#r* %o$pil#tion of ter$s (y t"e infor$#tion ;B:<>C:@6D $et"od relies on p#rt-of-spee%" t#gs 
for t"e des%ription of ter$s* )"ere t"e s#$e t#gs #re used for t"e for$ul#tion of ter$ for$#tion 
p#tterns for t"e ;B:<>C:@6D of ter$s' 2onse,uently* t"e e&tr#%tion of ter$s (y t"e te$pl#te-
$#t%"ing progr#$ "#s (een %"#r#%terised (y over-e&tr#%ting' !"is pro(le$ is pointed out (y 
Pe#rson (199@)* )"o )rites+ 
 
>"ile t"e #ppro#%" Le&tr#%tion of ter$s (y ter$ for$#tion p#tternsM provides # useful st#rting 
point* it #lso #llo)s for t"e in%lusion of )ords or p"r#ses )"i%" #re not #%tu#lly ter$s' -or 
e&#$ple* if t"e p#ttern ;<C$D$/0E/ "#s (een spe%ified #s # ter$ p#ttern* #ll o%%urren%es of 
$odified nouns* reg#rdless of t"eir st#tus* )ill (e in%luded* resulting in t"e e&tr#%tion of # f#r 
gre#ter set t"#n is desir#(le' Pe#rson (199@+ 123)' 
 
Pe#rson suggests t"#t t"e pro(le$ of over-e&tr#%ting s"ould (e de#lt )it" (y filtering t"e f#lsely 
retrieved ite$s fro$ t"e output (y using linguisti% %lues or sign#ls' /%%ording to Pe#rson* t"e 
linguisti% sign#ls s"ould (e used in #%%ord#n%e )it" t"e generi% referen%e %riterion )"i%" 
#sso%i#tes ter$ stru%tures )it" generi% %on%epts' Pe#rson #rgues t"#t t"e %riterion rules out t"e 
possi(ility of ter$ stru%tures (eing pre%eded (y # definite deter$iner' !"erefore* t"e %riterion 
filters out t"e retrieved ite$s t"#t #re proved (y # %on%ord#n%e to (e pre%eded (y # definite 
 
 
13
 
deter$iner #nd le#ves only t"e ite$s )it" eit"er #n indefinite or =ero #rti%le #s ter$s' Ho)ever* 
t"e %riterion s"ould not #pply to %#ses of ter$ stru%ture t"#t #re pre%eded (y definite deter$iners 
due to #n#p"ori% referen%e (e%#use t"e generi% for$s of t"e ter$s #re #lre#dy #ttended to (y t"e 
indefinite %riterion' Pe#rson (elieves t"#t t"e generi% referen%e %riterion is # po)erful filter* (ut 
#lso #d$its t"#t t"is %riterion #lone %#nnot solve t"e pro(le$' S"e )rites+ 
 
 ''' even )"en t"e generi% referen%e %riterion "#s (een #pplied* t"e re$#ining set of ter$ 
%#ndid#tes )ill still %ont#in $#ny non ter$s* de$onstr#ting t"#t t"e %riterion is not suffi%ient on 
its o)n (Pe#rson 199@+ 130)' 
  
In order to supple$ent t"e generi% referen%e %riterion* Pe#rson suggests # nu$(er of linguisti% 
sign#ls to (e used on %ondition t"#t F#ll ter$ stru%tures $ust s#tisfy t"e generi% referen%e 
%riterion #nd $ust %o-o%%ur #t le#st on%e )it" #t le#st one of t"e spe%ified linguisti% sign#lsG
3
' 
 
.ven if t"e %riterion proposed (y Pe#rson )ere fir$ enoug" to solve t"e pro(le$* t"e use of 
linguisti% sign#ls is %onfined only to l#ngu#ges )"i%" use t"e sign#ls for $#rking generi% 
referen%e* su%" #s .nglis"' !"us* t"e use of linguisti% sign#ls %#nnot (e #ssu$ed #s providing # 
suit#(le solution to t"e pro(le$* )"i%" is %#used (y i$proper des%ription of ter$s in t"e %orpus' 
'
1'4'3 !er$ %o$pil#tion (y %o$(in#tion of st#tisti%s #nd t"e infor$#tion 
e&tr#%tion $et"od 
 
2o$(ining st#tisti%#l #nd linguisti% $et"ods is #not"er $et"od t"#t "#s (een developed for t"e 
%o$pil#tion of ter$s fro$ # %orpus (4#ille 1994+ 7usteson$+>$;1' 1995)' !"e $et"od is )ell 
su$$#rised (y 4#ille* in "er p#per NStudy #nd I$ple$ent#tion of 2o$(ined !e%"ni,ues for 
/uto$#ti% .&tr#%tion of !er$inologyN' /%%ording to t"e p#per* t"e linguisti% $et"od re%overs 
t"e possi(le linguisti% %o-o%%urren%es in t"e e&tr#%tion %orpus #nd t"e st#tisti% $et"od filters out 
non-ter$ %o-o%%urren%es #$ong t"e %o-o%%urren%es re%overed' In ot"er )ords* t"e st#tisti% 
$et"od is utilised to solve t"e pro(le$ of over-e&tr#%ting in t"e linguisti% $et"od' 4#ille 
su$$#rises t"e go#l of t"e %o$(ined te%"ni,ues #s follo)s+ 
 
6ur go#l is to use st#tisti%#l s%ores for e&tr#%ting do$#in-spe%ifi% %ollo%#tion only #nd to forget 
#(out t"e ot"er types of %ollo%#tions' >e pro%eed in t)o steps+ first* (y #pplying # linguisti% filter 
)"i%" sele%ts %#ndid#tes fro$ t"e %orpusJ t"en (y #pplying st#tisti%#l s%ores r#nking t"ese 
%#ndid#tes #nd sele%ting t"e s%ores t"#t fit our purpose (est* in ot"er )ords* s%ores t"#t 
%on%entr#te t"eir "ig" v#lues to ter$s #nd t"eir lo) v#lues to %o-o%%urren%es t"#t #re not ter$s 
(0l#v#ns +>$;1@ 1995+ 50)' 
 
!"is study proposes #n #ltern#tive solution to t"e pro(le$' It is o(vious t"#t p#rt-of-spee%" t#gs 
#re not uni,ue to ter$s (ut to gr#$$#ti%#l %#tegories of )ords in%luding ter$-)ords' !"us t"e 
linguisti% spe%ifi%#tions for$ul#ted (y only p#rt-of-spee%" t#gs* su%" #s t"ose used (y Pe#rson 
(199@+ 222-225) for .nglis" ter$s* e'g'* 4! 77 NN (deter$iner O #d<e%tive O noun) #nd 4! NN 
NN (deter$iner O noun O noun)* #re not uni,ue to ter$ stru%tures' 5#t"er* t"e p#tterns represent 
stru%tures of different types of .nglis" no$in#l p"r#ses' !"us* t"e pro(le$ lies in "o) ter$s #re 
des%ri(ed #nd represented #s linguisti% spe%ifi%#tions for t"e e&tr#%tion of t"e ter$s' !"e solution 
proposed (y t"is study is (#sed on t"e %ontention t"#t (#se-ter$ )ords s"ould (e des%ri(ed 
uni,uely in # %orpus so t"#t t"e uni,ue des%riptions %#n (e $#pped to indi%#te ter$ for$#tion 
                                                 
 
3
 .&#$ples of sign#ls t"#t #re given in%lude+ i'e'* e'g'* %#lled* kno)n #s* #nd t"e ter$ (Pe#rson 
199@+ 131-132)' 
 
 
14
 
p#tterns t"#t #re uni,ue to ter$s only' /ddition#lly* sin%e ter$s #re spe%ifi% to do$#ins* t"e 
p#tterns s"ould (e #d#pt#(le to ter$s in different do$#ins' 
 
 
1'5 S!/!.1.N! 6- !H. P56B;.1 
'
4ifferent $et"ods for %o$puter-#ided e&tr#%tion of ter$s fro$ # spe%i#lised %orpus "#ve (een 
developed #nd tested' I$ple$ent#tion te%"ni,ues for $ost of t"e $et"ods #pply 
ter$inologi%#l %onstr#ints t"#t "#ve (een (#sed on t"e stru%tures of .nglis" ter$s' -or 
e&#$ple* t"e use of t"e indefinite #rti%le #s # %ue for t"e identifi%#tion of ter$s in # 
spe%i#lised te&t (Pe#rson 199@)* #nd t"e o$ission of prepositions #nd possessives fro$ 
possi(le %#tegories of ter$ stru%tures (7usteson +>$;1@ 1995)' Unfortun#tely* %onstr#ints like 
t"ese #re not #ppli%#(le for stru%tures of S)#"ili ter$s (e%#use S)#"ili does not use #rti%les 
#nd* %ontr#ry to .nglis"* S)#"ili relies "e#vily on # %#tegory of genitive %onne%tors* )"i%" 
f#ll under t"e %#tegories of t"e .nglis" preposition #nd possessive* for t"e for$#tion of $ulti-
)ord ter$s' 1oreover* t"e te%"ni,ues rely solely on t#gs o(t#ined fro$ t"e s"#llo) 
$orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis i'e' on p#rt-of-spee%" t#gs only' /s "#s #lre#dy (een dis%ussed* t"e 
e&tr#%tions (#sed on su%" t#gs f#ll s"ort of (eing %#p#(le of identifying ter$s #s uni,ue 
entities in # spe%i#lised %orpus' !"is study #ddresses t"e pro(le$ of "o) to develop #nd test # 
do$#in-independent $et"od for %o$puter-#ssisted e&tr#%tion of ter$s in do$#ins' It proposes 
te%"ni,ues for t"e i$ple$ent#tion' !"e te%"ni,ues #re proposed (#sed on %onstr#ints of 
stru%tures of S)#"ili ter$s #nd on t#gs o(t#ined fro$ t"e %o$pre"ensive $orp"ologi%#l 
#n#lysis* in%luding ter$inologi%#l t#gging' !"e te%"ni,ues #re developed t"roug" t"e 
follo)ing pro%edures+ 
 
>J'4D@:@>I'?;><CG@DO'6E':;<7'C>DA@A>:;? 
 
In t"e develop$ent p"#se of t"e syste$* )ords likely to (e ter$s in # do$#in-spe%ifi% %orpus #re 
identified' !"e identifi%#tion involves #uto$#ti% e&tr#%tion of nouns #nd ver(#l nouns in # 
spe%i#lised %orpus #nd $#nu#l se#r%"ing for t"e ter$s #$ong t"e nouns #nd ver(#l nouns' Su%" 
)ords $#y (e single-)ord ter$s in t"e$selves or t"ey $#y (e "e#d)ords in $ulti-)ord 
%onstru%tions' 
 
KJ'$>OO@DO'6E':;<7=H6<A?'@D':G;'76<8G6I6O@C>IIN'>D>IN?;A'C6<89? 
 
Infor$#tion on sele%ted ter$ %#ndid#tes is tr#nsferred to t"e le&i%on of t"e $orp"ologi%#l 
#n#lyser or to t"e B.!/ rule file in su%" # )#y t"#t t"e #n#lyser or t"e B.!/ syste$ $#rks ter$ 
%#ndid#tes )it" do$#in-t#gs' 
 
CJ'P6<79I>:@6D'6E':;<7'E6<7>:@6D'8>::;<D? 
 
Sin%e t"e e&tr#%tion of ter$s in t"e %orpus relies on ter$ p#tterns for$ul#ted on t#gs* r#t"er t"#n 
on %on%rete )ord-for$s* in t"e $orp"ologi%#lly #n#lysed %orpus* gener#lised sets of t#g 
%o$(in#tions #re %o$piled (#sed on different ter$ lengt"s' !"e %o$(in#tions #re t"e (#sis of t"e 
se#r%" for #%tu#l ter$s in t"e te&t %orpus' .#%" %o$(in#tion %onsists of #t le#st one do$#in-t#g 
#nd one or $ore p#rt-of-spee%" t#gs' 
 
!"e te%"ni,ues #nd pro%edures #re introdu%ed #nd illustr#ted (y (1) dis%overy #nd uni,ue 
t#gging of "e#lt" %#re ter$-)ords in t"e S)#"ili te&t %orpus* #nd (2) for$ul#tion of ter$ 
 
 
15
 
for$#tion p#tterns )"i%" #re %o$p#ti(le )it" t"e %onstr#ints of S)#"ili ter$s #nd* #t t"e 
s#$e ti$e* uni,ue to S)#"ili "e#lt" %#re ter$s' !"e effe%tiveness of t"e te%"ni,ues #nd 
pro%edures is ev#lu#ted (y e&tr#%ting S)#"ili "e#lt" %#re #nd liter#ture ter$s' !"oug" 
developed #nd ev#lu#ted on S)#"ili ter$s* t"e te%"ni,ues #nd pro%edures proposed in t"is 
study s"ould (e #ppli%#(le to t"e e&tr#%tion of ter$s in l#ngu#ges for )"i%" # %o$pre"ensive 
$orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser #nd dis#$(igu#tor #re #v#il#(le' 
'
'
1'A P5.SUPP6SI!I6NS 
 
!"e te%"ni,ues developed in t"is study #re %on%erned )it" pro%edures for dis%overing #nd 
#n#lysing ter$s in # do$#in-spe%ifi% %orpus #nd for $#pping ter$ des%riptions to dis%over ter$ 
for$#tion %onstr#ints for t"e for$ul#tion of ter$ for$#tion p#tterns t"#t #re #ppropri#te for 
e&tr#%ting ter$s in do$#ins' !"e pro%edures involve # nu$(er of t#sks* su%" #s t"e follo)ing+  
 
>J Identifi%#tion #nd #n#lysis of ter$-)ords in # $orp"ologi%#lly #n#lysed do$#in-
spe%ifi% %orpus  
K' 4is%overy of $ulti-)ord ter$ stru%tures #s #n#lysed in t"e %orpus'  
CJ 1#pping of t"e #n#lysed ter$ stru%tures to se,uen%es of t#gs sele%ted for different 
%#tegories of )ords in t"e stru%tures* #nd dis%overing ter$ stru%tur#l %onstr#ints on t"e 
(#sis of t"e se,uen%es of t#gs for t"e for$ul#tion of ter$ p#tterns' 
 
.#%" of t"e #(ove t#sks #nd its underlying #ssu$ptions #re des%ri(ed (elo)' 
'
1'A'1 Identifi%#tion #nd uni,ue t#gging of ter$-)ords  
 
In t"is study* identifi%#tion of ter$s in # do$#in-spe%ifi% %orpus is (#sed on t"e #ssu$ption t"#t 
ter$s in # do$#in* (ot" single-)ord #nd $ulti-)ord ter$s* #re derived fro$ # finite set of 
do$#in-spe%ifi% ter$ (#se for$s (y t"e pro%esses of deriv#tion #nd %o$pounding' !"us* 
identifi%#tion of do$#in-spe%ifi% ter$ (#se for$s underlies ter$ identifi%#tion in t"e %orpus' But 
sin%e ter$ (#se for$s #re #v#il#(le in single-)ord ter$s in t"e %orpus* t"eir identifi%#tion is 
pre%eded (y t"e identifi%#tion of single-)ord ter$s' Ho)ever* t"e identifi%#tion of single-)ord 
ter$s is pro(le$#ti% (e%#use t"ere is no %onvention#l %riterion for differenti#ting ter$-)ords 
fro$ non-ter$-)ords in # te&t' !"is study e$ploys t"e prin%iple of %on%ept n#$ing for t"e 
identifi%#tion of ter$s in t"e %orpus' !"e prin%iple ,u#lifies # )ord or # %ollo%#tion #s # ter$ only 
if it denotes # %on%ept in t"e do$#in (S#ger 1990+ 19)' B#sed on t"is prin%iple* t"e identifi%#tion 
of ter$-)ords is restri%ted to t"e %#tegory of )ords t"#t %#n (e n#$es of %on%epts* i'e'* nouns* 
in%luding ver(#l nouns' !"is restri%tion is supported (y S#ger (1990+ 5@)* )"o #rgues t"#t 
%on%epts #re predo$in#ntly e&pressed (y t"e linguisti% for$ of nouns* #nd so$e t"eoreti%i#ns 
deny t"e e&isten%e of #d<e%tive #nd ver( %on%epts' !"e identifi%#tion of single-)ord ter$s in t"is 
study involves t)o t#sks+ 
 
>J'4A;D:@E@C>:@6D'6E'D69D?Q'@DCI9A@DO'M;<K>I'D69D?Q'@D'>':;B:'C6<89? 
Identifi%#tion of nouns #nd ver(#l nouns in t"e %orpus underlies t"e identifi%#tion of ter$-
)ords in t"is study (e%#use t"e study restri%ts ter$s to )ords of t"e t)o %#tegories' !"e 
nouns #re identified in t"e $orp"ologi%#lly #n#lysed te&t %orpus' In t"e %orpus* t"e 3N3 t#g 
#nd t"e 3IN-3 t#g uni,uely t#g nouns #nd ver(#l nouns respe%tively' !"e t)o t#gs #re used 
for t"e e&tr#%tion of t"e nouns fro$ t"e %orpus'(y # te$pl#te-$#t%"ing progr#$'  
 
 
 
1A
 
KJ'#6<:@DO'69:':;<7=H6<A?'>76DO':G;';B:<>C:;A'D69D? 
!er$-)ords #re $#nu#lly sorted out #$ong t"e nouns e&tr#%ted fro$ t"e %orpus' !"e 
nouns t"#t #re #sso%i#ted )it" %on%epts in t"e do$#in #re pi%ked #s ter$s' !"is t#sk is 
supposed to (e done (y l#ngu#ge e&perts in %o-oper#tion )it" do$#in spe%i#lists 
e&perien%ed in t"e use of # l#ngu#ge in t"e do$#in'  
 
CJ'5D@L9;':>OO@DO'6E':;<7=H6<A?'
Sin%e %on%ept represent#tion in # do$#in is )"#t ,u#lifies )ords #s ter$s in t"e %orpus* 
ter$s s"ould (e uni,uely t#gged #%%ording to t"e do$#ins of t"eir %on%epts' !"e t#gging 
is f#%ilit#ted (y t"e use of # do$#in-t#g' !"e ter$-)ords identified #re $#rked #s ter$* or 
r#t"er #s ter$ %#ndid#tes* of # p#rti%ul#r do$#in* (y t"e do$#in-t#g in t"e le&i%on of t"e 
$orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser or in t"e B.!/ rule file' !"e $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser* t"roug" t"e 
le&i%on* or t"e B.!/ syste$* t"roug" t"e rule file* insert t"e do$#in t#g into t"e #n#lysis 
of #ll )ords in t"e %orpus t"#t #re derived fro$ t"e (#se-for$s t#gged (y t"e do$#in t#g'  
'
1'A'2 4is%overy of $ulti-)ord ter$ stru%tures 
 
!"e $ulti-)ord stru%tures in t"e #n#lysed %orpus #re dis%overed on t"e (#sis of t"e #ssu$ption 
t"#t stru%tures of $ulti-)ord ter$s %ont#in (#se ter$-)ords #s "e#d)ords or #s %o$ponents of 
t"e $odifying ele$ents' !"e $odifying ele$ents $#y %onsist of single )ords or # nu$(er of 
)ords %"#ined toget"er (y %onne%tors' !"us* t"e (#se-ter$s* )"i%" #re uni,uely t#gged in t"e 
%orpus* s"ould (e used #s se#r%"ing )ords for t"e $ulti-)ord ter$s' !"e se#r%"ing s"ould (e 
%#rried out $#nu#lly (y tr#%ing )ord %lusters )"ere (#se-ter$ )ords #re in%luded' !"e pro%ess is 
illustr#ted (y t"e follo)ing e&#$ple of identifying ter$ stru%tures in t"e #nnot#ted S)#"ili 
%orpus* )"ere ter$ )ords #re des%ri(ed (y t"e do$#in t#g H2-N ("e#lt" %#re noun ter$) or H2-
K ("e#lt" %#re ver(#l ter$)'  
 
Before #nnot#tion t"e te&t #ppe#red #s follo)s+ 
 
-;20/C4;$3;$-./300$5;-;$F.1+$:;GE,;H$5.8?08?0H$>+2EH$-./300$;:5;,.H$E20/C4;$4;$;-+I;$/;$
5;<?;1.5;@$>or$ dise#ses su%" #s "ook)or$* (il"#r=i#* t#pe)or$* #s%#ris* #$oe(# dise#se* #nd 
ot"ers' 
 
/fter #nnot#tion t"e te&t is in t"e follo)ing for$+ 
 
NP$#gon<)#QN 
Nugon<)#N 11HA-P; N H2-N  
NPy#QN 
Ny#N 5HA-P; B.N-26N 
NP$inyooQN 
N$nyooN 3H4-P; N H2-N  
NPk#$#RvileQN 
Nk#$#RvileN /4K 26;;62 S/4K; 
NPs#fur#QN 
Ns#fur#N 9H10-0-SB N /5 H2-N  
NP*QN 
NPki%"o%"oQN 
 Nki%"o%"oN 9H10-0-SB N H2-N  
NP*QN 
NPteguQN 
NteguN 9H10-0-SB N H2-N  
 
 
1?
 
NP*QN 
NP$inyooQN 
N$nyooN 3H4-P; N H2-N  
NP#sk#riQN 
N#sk#riN 5#HA-SB N /5 /N H2-N  
NP*QN 
NPugon<)#QN 
Nugon<)#N 11HA-SB N H2-N  
NP)#QN 
N)#N 11-SB B.N-26N 
NP#$e(#QN 
N#$e(#N 9H10-0-SB N H2-N  
NPn#Rk#d"#lik#QN 
Nn#Rk#d"#lik#N /4K 26;;62 S/4K; 
NP'TQN 
 
!"e identifi%#tion of ter$ stru%tures in t"e for$ #nnot#ted #(ove )ould involve $#nu#l tr#%ing of 
%o$positions of )ords )"ere t"e t#g H2-N or H2-K is found' Su%" )ords #re+ 
 
$#go<)#  Fdise#sesG 
$inyoo  F)or$sG 
s#fur#  F"ook)or$G 
ki%"o%"o  F(il"#r=i#sisG$ 
tegu  Ft#pe)or$G 
#sk#ri  F#s%#risG 
#$e(#  F#$oe(#G 
 
!"e tr#%ing )ould reve#l t"#t so$e ter$s fun%tion #s single-)ord ter$s )"ere#s ot"ers #re 
$odified to for$ $ulti-)ord ter$s or ter$ %ollo%#tions' Su%" %ollo%#tions )ould (e+ 
  
$#gon<)# y# 7@DN66'R)or$ dise#sesG$
(dise#ses of )or$s) 
$inyoo >?S><@'R'#s%#ris lu$(rio%oidesG 
()or$s #s%#ris) 
ugon<)# )# >7;K>'R#$oe(# dise#seG'
(dise#se of #$oe(#)  
 
1'A'3' 1#pping ter$s to t#g se,uen%es #nd dis%overing ter$ for$#tion 
%onstr#ints  
'
-or$ul#tion of ter$ for$#tion p#tterns in t"is study is (#sed on t"e #ssu$ption t"#t %re#tion of 
ter$s in # l#ngu#ge is guided (y %onstr#ints t"#t #re spe%ifi% to stru%tures of ter$s in t"e 
l#ngu#ge' 4is%overing su%" %onstr#ints underlies t"e for$ul#tion of p#tterns for t"e e&tr#%tion of 
ter$s in t"e l#ngu#ge' !"is t#sk (egins )it" $#pping of %#tegories #nd su(%#tegories of )ords in 
t"e #n#lysed ter$ stru%tures to t"e t#gs sele%ted for su%" %#tegories' !"e sele%ted t#gs s"ould (e 
t"e s#$e #s t"ose used to $#rk t"e %#tegories in t"e $orp"ologi%#lly #n#lysed %orpus' / 
rel#tions"ip of t#gs in # se,uen%e represents # %onstr#int t"#t is uni,ue to # stru%ture of p#rti%ul#r 
ter$s in # given l#ngu#ge' !"us* different se,uen%es of t#gs represent different %onstr#ints of 
ter$ stru%tures in t"e l#ngu#ge' Su%" %onstr#ints* )"en dis%overed* s"ould (e t"e (#sis for 
deriving gener#l %onstr#ints of stru%tures of ter$s on )"i%" t"e ter$ p#tterns #re for$ul#ted' In 
 
 
1@
 
t"is study* t"e %onstr#ints of stru%tures of S)#"ili ter$s #re dis%overed #nd used for t"e 
for$ul#tion of ter$ p#tterns for t"e e&tr#%tion of S)#"ili ter$s' !"e dis%overy is (#sed on 
S)#"ili ter$ stru%tures #s o(t#ined in t"e $orp"ologi%#lly #n#lysed "e#lt" %#re te&t %orpus' !"e 
H2-N t#g or H2-K t#g is used to $#rk t"e %#tegory of "e#lt" %#re ter$-)ords in t"e %orpus'  
'
'
1'? 4/!/ S6U52. 
 
!"e for$ul#tion of ter$ p#tterns for S)#"ili ter$s #nd t"e e&tr#%tion of S)#"ili ter$s in t"e 
do$#ins of "e#lt" %#re #nd liter#ture el#(or#te t"e te%"ni,ues #nd pro%edures developed in t"is 
study' !"e p#tterns "#ve (een for$ul#ted (#sed on stru%tur#l %onstr#ints of S)#"ili ter$s #s 
dis%overed fro$ ter$ stru%tures in t"e $orp"ologi%#lly #n#lysed S)#"ili "e#lt" %#re %orpus' 
Sin%e t"e %orpus used in t"is study )#s not #v#il#(le in # %o$puter-re#d#(le for$* it "#d to (e 
%o$piled first in t"e for$ of (ooks #nd <ourn#ls' !"e "e#lt" %#re (ooks #nd <ourn#ls for t"e 
%orpus )ere )ritten (y $edi%#l do%tors for pu(li% edu%#tion* #nd t"ose on liter#ture )ere )ritten 
(y e&perts in t"e do$#in for institutions for "ig"er edu%#tion' !"e (ooks #nd <ourn#ls )ere 
%onverted into %o$puter-re#d#(le for$s (y t"e s%#nning #nd editing $et"od' !"e "e#lt" %#re 
%orpus %onsists of te&ts on t"e su(-do$#ins of $ot"er-%"ild "e#lt"* pu(li% "e#lt"* #nd dise#ses' 
!"e si=e of t"e %orpus is 1?3*AAA )ords %o$piled fro$ t"e follo)ing (ooks #nd <ourn#ls+ S)#"ili 
tr#nsl#tion of /rkutu (U) JG3;$3;$4;/;4;5+ N>o$en3s "e#lt"NJ /fri%#n 1edi%#l #nd 5ese#r%" 
-ound#tion /15.- (19@9) K.>;IE$8?;$-;20/C4;$3;$L./;; N/ (ook on se&u#lly tr#ns$itted 
dise#sesNJ /15.- (U) M1.-E$3;$JG3; NHe#lt" edu%#tionNJ 0#isi (19?A) Ukung#$/;$E>E/L;C.$4;$
4;>0>0$F.C.C./. N1id)ifery #nd (#(y %#re in vill#gesNJ 1)it# (1992) 1#gon<)#$3;$5E;-IE5.L; 
N2ont#gious dise#sesN #nd NJ=$(volu$es 1992-1995) O;,.<;$1;$NE<E-;$3;$JG3;$3;$=:./2. N 
7ourn#l of Pri$#ry He#lt" 2#reN' !"e liter#ture %orpus %onsists of 1A1* A@9 )ords %o$piled fro$ 
t"e follo)ing (ooks+ Institute of 0is)#"ili 5ese#r%" (19@1) =;5;1;$L;$"+-./;P$Q;:.?.' NSe$in#r 
p#pers+ ;iter#tureN #nd 0i$#ni Ngogu #nd 5o%"# 2"i$er#" (1999) RGE/<.:?;C.$4;$Q;:.?.P$
S;<?;,.;$/;$=I./E N;iter#ture te#%"ing+ !"eory #nd !e%"ni,uesN' !"e %orpus of e#%" do$#in 
)#s divided into t)o portions+ t"e tr#ining #nd t"e e&tr#%tion %orpus for t"e "e#lt" %#re %orpus* 
#nd t"e $onitoring #nd t"e e&tr#%tion %orpus for t"e liter#ture %orpus' !"e tr#ining %orpus 
%onsists of 5?*@5A )ords #nd )#s kept for t"e dis%overy of stru%tur#l %onstr#ints of S)#"ili ter$s 
for t"e for$ul#tion of t"e p#tterns for e&tr#%ting S)#"ili ter$s' !"e $onitoring %orpus %onsists of 
5A*A@1 )ords #nd )#s res#ved for %"e%king for t"e possi(le liter#ture-spe%ifi% ter$ p#ttern t"#t 
%ould "#ve not (een represented in t"e p#tterns developed (#sed on t"e "e#lt" %#re tr#ining 
%orpus' !"e $onitoring is to (e %#rried out (efore t"e p#tterns #re used for t"e e&tr#%tion of 
liter#ture ter$s' !"e "e#lt" %#re #nd t"e liter#ture e&tr#%tion %orpus %onsist of 1?3*AAA )ords #nd 
1A1*A@9 )ords respe%tively* #nd t"ey )ere set #side for ev#lu#tion e&tr#%tion' !"e %orpus files 
)ere #n#lysed (y t"e S)#"ili $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser (S>/!>6;) #nd dis#$(igu#ted (y t"e 
S)#"ili %onstr#int gr#$$#r dis#$(igu#tor (S>/2B)' 
 
1'?'1 /nnot#tion syste$ for t"e d#t# 
 
/%%ording to ;ee%" (199?(+ 20)* #n #nnot#tion syste$ is t"e spe%ifi%#tion of pro%edures for 
#n#lysing # te&t %orpus on t"e (#sis of t"e follo)ing ,uestions+ 
 
Ho) to divide t"e te&t into individu#l )ord tokens (or )ords)U 
 
Ho) to %"oose # t#g set (or # set of )ord L#nd infle%tion#lM %#tegories to (e #pplied to t"e )ord 
L#nd $orp"ologi%#lM tokensU 
 
 
 
19
 
Ho) to %"oose )"i%" t#g is to (e #pplied to )"i%" )ord Lor $orp"ologi%#lM tokenU 
 
/ddition#lly* t"e spe%ifi%#tion s"ould reve#l t"e te%"ni,ues #nd soft)#re e$ployed for t"e 
#n#lysis' 
 
!"e #n#lysis of t"e d#t# in t"is study involved t"ree t#sks+ pre-pro%essing of t"e te&ts* 
$orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis #nd $orp"ologi%#l dis#$(igu#tion' !"e pre-pro%essing )#s %#rried out 
(y t"e progr#$ kno)n #s P5.P562+S>/* )ritten in B.!/ (y Hursk#inen (1992+ 109-110)' 
!"is progr#$ is %#p#(le of perfor$ing # nu$(er of t#sks* su%" #s %"#nging of upper-%#se letters 
to se,uen%es %onsisting of DVE %"#r#%ter #nd t"e %orresponding lo)er-%#se letter* e'g' "+,+/2+>. to 
T:+,+/2+>.* disso%i#tion of pun%tu#tion $#rks fro$ strings of )ords )it"out #ffe%ting t"e $#rks 
)"i%" #re p#rt of t"e )ord strings su%" #s %o$pressions* #nd $#rking of senten%e (ound#ries' 
/ddition#lly* t"e progr#$ $erges $ulti-)ord %ollo%#tions into single ort"ogr#p"i% )ord tokens 
(y unders%oring DRE' -or e&#$ple* t"e progr#$ glues toget"er insep#r#(le #dver(i#l p"r#ses su%" 
#s -;,;$54;$-;,;H$;/<$-0C;$54;$-0C;$;: -;,;U54;U-;,;$#nd -0C;U54;U-0C;'  
 
 
20
 
'
'
&1!2$-%'T'
 
&*%25#'!)!,U#4#'!).'4)P*%0!$4*)'-V$%!&$4*)'
 
 
 
!e%"ni,ues for e&tr#%ting ter$s fro$ # %orpus #re (#sed on prin%iples for %orpus #n#lysis #nd 
e&tr#%tion of infor$#tion #s #n#lysed in t"e %orpus' !"is %"#pter introdu%es prin%iples of 
#n#lysing #nd e&tr#%ting infor$#tion fro$ # %orpus' !"e %"#pter st#rts (y defining ./G0,-;>.0/ 
)it"in t"e %onte&t of %orpus #n#lysis' / (rief definition of %orpus #nd %orpus #n#lysis is given 
t"ere#fter' !"e (#si% %on%epts in %orpus #n#lysis #nd t"e f#%tors underlying t"e #n#lysis #re t"en 
introdu%ed' Ne&t* t"e possi(ility of #n#lysing )ords in # %orpus using different fe#tures is 
dis%ussed* #nd # dis%ussion of t"e des%ription of ter$-)ords in # %orpus follo)s' !"e e&tr#%tion 
of infor$#tion fro$ t"e %orpus is t"en dis%ussed in rel#tion to t"e ,uery l#ngu#ge #nd 
infor$#tion-e&tr#%ting progr#$' -in#lly* t"e #i$* s%ope* #nd $et"odology of t"e study #re 
spe%ified' 
 
 
2'1 IN-651/!I6N 
 
!"e definition of infor$#tion is %o$pli%#ted (y t"e pro(le$ of distinguis"ing (et)een $e#ning 
#nd t"e represent#tion of $e#ning' 4epending on t"e %o$$uni%#tive %onte&t* infor$#tion %ould 
(e defined eit"er #s t"e $e#ning t"#t is %onveyed or #s t"e sy$(ols t"#t represent t"e $e#ning' 
Soergel (19@5+ 1?) points out t"#t infor$#tion %ould (e defined in # %ontent-oriented sense or in # 
for$-oriented sense' In t"e %ontent-oriented sense* different sy$(ols )it" t"e s#$e $e#ning #re 
reg#rded #s t"e s#$e infor$#tion )"ere#s* in t"e for$-oriented sense* different sy$(ols )it" t"e 
s#$e $e#ning #re tre#ted #s different infor$#tion' In t"e %onte&t of %orpus #n#lysis* infor$#tion 
is$#sso%i#ted )it" represent#tion of linguisti% fe#tures in # %orpus* (y t"e sele%ted sy$(ols to 
define )ord for$s in t"e %orpus #s different %#tegories of t"e fe#ture' In t"is %onte&t t"e $e#ning 
of # sy$(ol is t"e %#tegory of t"e fe#ture it represents' !"us* t"e %ontent-oriented interpret#tion 
of infor$#tion is #ppli%#(le )"en different linguists use different sy$(ols to des%ri(e # %#tegory 
of t"e s#$e fe#ture' In su%" environ$ent t"e sy$(ols* t"oug" different* represent t"e s#$e 
infor$#tion i'e'* t"e s#$e %#tegory of t"e fe#ture' Infor$#tion e&tr#%tion involves l#(els t"#t #re 
used to des%ri(e t"e linguisti% fe#tures #nd %#tegory of )ords t"#t t"ey des%ri(e in # %orpus* su%" 
#s /0E/:* F+,I:* #nd ;<C+8>.F+:@  
 
 
2'2 265PUS /N/;CSIS 
 
Pe#rson (199@+ 43) defines # %orpus #s F# %olle%tion of tr#ns%ri(ed spoken or )ritten pie%es of 
l#ngu#ge )"i%" is sele%ted #%%ording to e&pli%it %riteri# #nd stored in ele%troni% for$G' / %orpus 
represents # given l#ngu#ge in its #%tu#l for$ t"#t is to (e used #s # sour%e of infor$#tion on t"e 
l#ngu#ge' !"e represent#tive #ttri(ute s"ould underlie t"e sele%tion of # %orpus (e%#use it #llo)s 
%on%lusions to (e dr#)n %on%erning t"e l#rge (ody* )"i%" it represents r#t"er t"#n t"e %orpus 
itself (B#rn(rook 199A+ 24)' !"e represent#tive #ttri(ute "#s (een used to %#tegorise %orpor# into 
gener#l %orpor#* i'e'* %orpor# sele%ted to represent t"e gener#l %"#r#%teristi%s of # l#ngu#ge* #nd 
spe%i#l %orpor# * i'e'* %orpor# sele%ted to represent t"e l#ngu#ge of # spe%i#lised %o$$uni%#tion 
 
 
21
 
(Sin%l#ir 1995)' /lt"oug" t"e purpose of # %orpus is to provide e$piri%#l infor$#tion in l#ngu#ge 
studies* $ost su%" infor$#tion is nor$#lly not e&pli%it in t"e %orpus' !"us* t"e infor$#tion "#s to 
(e #dded to t"e %orpus (efore it %#n (e o(t#ined'  
 
2orpus #n#lysis is t"e pro%ess of des%ri(ing )ords in # %orpus (y $e#ns of sy$(ols of one or 
$ore sele%ted linguisti% fe#tures' !"e pro%ess is #lso kno)n #s D%orpus enri%"$entE or D%orpus 
#nnot#tionE (;ee%" 199?#J 199?()' !"e #n#lysis is nor$#lly done #uto$#ti%#lly (y syste$s 
developed for su%" # purpose' !"e syste$s (#n#lysing or #nnot#tion syste$s)* #re developed in 
line )it" t"e types of linguisti% fe#tures )"i%" t"ey #re intended to #dd to # %orpus' B#sed on t"e 
linguisti% fe#tures t"#t #re des%ri(ed in # %orpus* %orpus #n#lysis "#s (een divided into %#tegories 
su%" #s t"ose ones in t"e follo)ing t#(le+ 
 
$>KI;'TJ3 So$e %#tegories of %orpus #n#lysis 
2#tegory of #n#lysis Infor$#tion #n#lysed /n#lysing syste$ 
P#rt-of-spee%" or 
 gr#$$#ti%#l t#gging 
!#gs for gr#$$#ti%#l %l#sses
 or p#rt-of-spee%" %#tegories 
Br#$$#ti%#l or  
P#rt-of-spee%" t#gger 
(i'e' t#gger) 
2o$pre"ensive 
$orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis 
!#gs for %#tegories of 
infle%tion* deriv#tion*  
p#rt-of-spee%"* )ord-(#sed 
synt#%ti% fe#tures* su%" #s 
infinitive #nd finite ver(#l 
fe#tures* ot"er )ord-(#sed  
fe#tures* su%" #s ety$ologi%#l 
#nd ter$inologi%#l fe#tures 
1orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser #nd  
dis#$(igu#tor 
Synt#%ti% #n#lysis (p#rsing) !#gs for %#tegories of  
synt#%ti%-fun%tions su%" #s 
su(<e%t #nd o(<e%t ' 
Synt#%ti% p#rser (i'e' P#rser) 
 
 
2'2'1 B#si% %on%epts in %orpus #n#lysis 
 
!"ree %on%epts underlie t"e pro%esses of %orpus #n#lysis+ +/>.>.+:* ;>>,.IE>+: #nd ;>>,.IE>+$F;1E+: 
.ntities #re t"e ele$ents t"#t #re des%ri(ed in # %orpus* su%" #s )ord for$s #nd senten%es' 
/ttri(utes #re fe#tures (y )"i%" t"e entities #re des%ri(ed* su%" #s gr#$$#ti%#l fe#tures* 
$orp"ologi%#l fe#tures* #nd synt#%ti% fe#tures' /ttri(ute v#lues #re sy$(ols* su%" #s p#rt-of-
spee%" t#gs #nd infle%tion#l t#gs* for representing #ttri(utes in # %orpus' !"e follo)ing t#(le 
provides e&#$ples of entities* #ttri(utes #nd #ttri(ute v#lues #%%ording to different syste$s+ 
 
 
22
 
'
$>KI;'TJT'2#ses of entities* #ttri(utes #nd #ttri(ute v#lues (y #n#lysing syste$s 
/n#lysing syste$ .ntities of #n#lysis /n#lysing #ttri(ute 
or fe#ture 
K#lues or t#gs for 
t"e #ttri(ute 
!#gger >ord for$s P#rt-of-spee%" 
%#tegory 
P#rt-of-spee%" t#gs 
su%" #s 3N3 (noun 
%#tegory) #nd 3K3 
(ver( %#tegory 
2o$pre"ensive 
$orp"ologi%#l 
#n#lyser 
>ord for$s 2#tegories of+  
infle%tionJ 
deriv#tionJ p#rt-of- 
spee%"J )ord-
ety$ologyJ #nd 
ter$-do$#in 
Infle%tion#l t#gsJ 
deriv#tion#l t#gsJ 
p#rt-of-spee%" t#gsJ 
ety$ologi%#l t#gsJ 
ter$-do$#in t#gs 
P#rser >ords #s synt#%ti% 
entities 
Synt#%ti% %#tegories Synt#%ti% t#gs su%" 
#s 3SB73 (su(<e%t) 
#nd 6B7 (o(<e%t) 
 
2'2'2 -#%tors underlying %orpus #n#lysis 
 
4ifferent %#tegories of %orpus #n#lysis #re deter$ined (y+ first* t"e linguisti% #ttri(utes t"#t #re 
#n#lys#(le (y t"e #n#lysing syste$* t"e underlying go#l of t"e #n#lysis #nd t"e #ttri(ute v#lues 
for representing t"e fe#tures in # %orpus' Nor$#lly* fe#tures t"#t #re des%ri(ed (y t"e #n#lysing 
syste$s #re l#ngu#ge-gener#lJ for e&#$ple t"e gr#$$#ti%#l fe#ture' /n#lysing # p#rti%ul#r 
fe#ture in # %orpus is possi(le if t"e #n#lysing syste$ is %#p#(le of "#ndling t"e sy$(ols of t"e 
fe#ture' !"e go#l of t"e #n#lysis deter$ines t"e #n#lys#(le fe#tures in # %orpus' !"e #n#lysis %#n 
%over #ll or so$e of t"e #n#lys#(le fe#tures in t"e syste$' K#lues for representing t"e sele%ted 
fe#tures in t"e #n#lysis of # %orpus #re %orpus-spe%ifi% #nd t"ey #re developed #nd el#(or#ted (y 
linguists #s #n#lysing s%"e$es
4
 for t"eir %orpus' !"e #n#lysing s%"e$e for # %orpus refle%ts "o) 
t"e developer of t"e s%"e$e underst#nds entities t"#t #re des%ri(ed (y t"e s%"e$e' F!"ere is no 
purely o(<e%tive* $e%"#nisti% )#y of de%iding )"#t l#(el or l#(els s"ould (e #pplied to # given 
linguisti% p"eno$enonG (;ee%" 199?#+ 2)' Ho)ever* t"e usefulness of t"e #n#lysis depends 
%onsider#(ly on t"e infor$#tion provided (y t"e #n#lysing s%"e$e' ;ee%" (199?) proposes si& 
prin%iples #s st#nd#rd guides for t"e developers of t"e #n#lysing s%"e$es' !"e prin%iples $#y (e 
p#r#p"r#sed #s follo)s+ 
 
1' It s"ould (e possi(le to re$ove t"e #nnot#tions fro$ t"e #nnot#ted %orpus* #nd to revert to t"e 
r#) %orpus' !"e r#) %orpus s"ould (e re%over#(le' 
2' It s"ould (e possi(le to e&tr#%t t"e #nnot#tions sep#r#tely fro$ t"e te&t* to (e stored 
independently if t"ere is need'  
3' !"e #nnot#tion s%"e$es s"ould "#ve #%%o$p#nying guidelines for t"eir users' !"e guidelines 
s"ould %over infor$#tion on t"e developer of t"e s%"e$e* t"e %orpus on )"i%" t"e s%"e$e "#s 
(een developed* pro%edures for #pplying t"e s%"e$e* entities des%ri(ed in t"e s%"e$e #nd t"e 
sy$(ols used to represent t"e$* #nd t"e perfor$#n%e of t"e s%"e$e in t"e #n#lysing syste$'  
4' Users of t"e #nnot#tion s%"e$e s"ould not reg#rd t"e s%"e$e #s representing FBodEs trut"G' 
5#t"er* t"ey s"ould see t"e s%"e$e #s # potenti#lly useful tool offered on t"e #ssu$ption t"#t 
                                                 
4
 !"e #n#lysing s%"e$e ( #lso kno)n #s # p#rsing s%"e$e or #nnot#tion s%"e$e) %o$prises (i) # list of 
#nnot#tion sy$(ols used (ii) t"eir definitions #nd (iii) t"e guidelines for using t"e$ (S#$pson 1995)' 
 
 
23
 
$#ny users $#y find it v#lu#(le* r#t"er t"#n to "#ve to develop t"eir o)n s%"e$es fro$ s%r#t%" (# 
t#sk )"i%" %ould t#ke ye#rs to #%%o$plis")' 
5' /nnot#tion s%"e$es s"ould (e (#sed #s f#r #s possi(le on )idely #greed #nd t"eory-neutr#l 
#n#lysis of d#t#' 4evelopers of t"e s%"e$e s"ould sele%t sy$(ols t"#t #re #s )idely #%%epted #nd 
understood #s is fe#si(le' 
A' No single #nnot#tion s%"e$e s"ould %l#i$ #ut"ority #s #n #(solute st#nd#rd' 5#t"er* t"e 
usefulness of t"e #nnot#tion s%"e$e s"ould (e <udged on t"e (#sis of t"e go#ls of t"e #nnot#tion 
(e%#use t"e purpose for )"i%" t"e #nnot#tions #re pri$#rily intended $#y give priority to %ert#in 
kinds of infor$#tion' 
'
2'2'3 4es%ription of )ords (y different fe#tures 
 
/ des%ription of # )ord in # %orpus is (#sed on t"e sele%ted fe#ture or fe#tures' !"e go#l of t"e 
des%ription #nd t"e %#p#(ility of t"e des%ri(ing syste$ underlie t"e sele%tion of t"e fe#tures for 
t"e des%ription' 4ifferent v#lues or sy$(ols for # des%ription fe#ture su(divide* uni,uely* )ord 
for$s into su(-%#tegories of t"e sele%ted fe#ture' -or inst#n%e* v#lues for t"e fe#ture 
B5/11/!I2/; 2/!.B65C su(%#tegorise )ord for$s into uni,ue su(%#tegories of t"e 
B5/11/!I2/; 2/!.B65C (y #sso%i#ting )ords of e#%" su(%#tegory )it" # uni,ue sy$(ol* su%" 
#s+ N (noun) K (ver() /d<' ( /d<e%tive) /dv' (#dver() B.N-26N (genitive %onne%tor) #nd P5.P 
(preposition)' >ord for$s t"#t #re des%ri(ed (y # p#rti%ul#r sy$(ol of t"e des%ri(ing fe#ture #re 
n#$ed #fter t"e sy$(ol* e'g' )ords t"#t #re des%ri(ed (y t"e N (noun) sy$(ol #nd (y t"e K (ver() 
sy$(ol #re respe%tively kno)n #s /0E/: #nd F+,I:' Sep#r#te fe#tures %#n furt"er des%ri(e )ords 
of # su(%#tegory of t"e des%ription fe#ture' -or e&#$ple* /0E/: %#n (e des%ri(ed furt"er (y t"e 
fe#ture N6UN-2;/SS* #nd uni,uely su(divided into su(%#tegories of N6UN 2;/SS (y noun %l#ss 
t#gs' -ollo)ing t"is p#tterns* )ords in # %orpus %#n (e des%ri(ed (y # gener#l fe#ture* i'e'* t"e 
fe#ture t"#t %overs #ll )ords in # %orpus or (y # spe%ifi% fe#ture* i'e'* t"e fe#ture t"#t %overs only 
%ert#in type of )ords in # %orpus' -or e&#$ple* t"e fe#ture B5/11/!I2/; 2/!.B65C is # 
gener#l fe#ture* )"ere#s t"e future N6UN-2;/SS is # spe%ifi% fe#ture' 4es%ription of )ords (y 
gener#l #nd spe%ifi% fe#tures %re#tes # "ier#r%"i%#l rel#tion (et)een t"e )ords des%ri(ed* )"ere 
t"ose des%ri(ed (y t"e spe%ifi% fe#ture #re # su(set of t"e ones des%ri(ed (y t"e gener#l fe#ture' 
 
!"e fund#$ent#l re,uire$ent in t"e des%ription of )ords (y # given fe#ture or fe#tures is to $#ke 
# de%ision #s to )"i%" su(%#tegories s"ould (e #sso%i#ted )it" t"e fe#ture* #nd )"i%" )ords 
s"ould (e identified )it" e#%" %#tegory' -e#tures* #nd t"eir sy$(ols t"#t #re used to des%ri(e 
)ords in # %orpus for$ # rel#tion#l $odel* )"i%" "#s (een defined (y S#lton +>$;1@ (19@3+ 3AA) 
#s+ 
W # t#(le representing t"e re%ords in # given file in su%" # )#y t"#t e#%" re%ord #lso kno)n #s # 
>E91+ is identified (y #n ordered set of #ttri(ute v#lues' In ot"er )ords* e#%" re%ord %orresponds to 
# p#rti%ul#r ro) of t"e t#(le #nd #ll ro)s #re #ssu$ed to (e distin%t #nd of t"e s#$e lengt"' !"e 
order in )"i%" t"e ro)s #ppe#r in t"e t#(le is i$$#teri#l #nd so is t"e order of t"e %olu$ns' .#%" 
%olu$n %orresponds to # p#rti%ul#r #ttri(ute %"#r#%terising t"e re%ords* t"e %olu$n entries (eing 
t"e v#lues of t"#t #ttri(ute for t"e v#rious re%ords' 
 
-ollo)ing is #n e&#$ple of # rel#tion $odel for t"e fe#tures B/S. -651* IN-;.2!I6N/; 
2/!.B65C* B5/11/!I2/; 2/!.B65C #nd SCN!/2!I2 2/!.B65C' K#lues of t"e fe#tures #re 
not given (ut $erely st#ted (e%#use different l#ngu#ges #re des%ri(ed (y different sy$(ols for t"e 
s#$e v#lues' 
'
 
 
24
 
$>KI;'TJW'2#se of # rel#tion#l $odel '
'
.;?C<@8:@6D'E;>:9<;?F'
">?;'E6<7 4DEI;C:@6D>I'C>:;O6<N  /<>77>:@C>I'C>:;O6<N'' #ND:>C:@C'C>:;O6<N 
 
B#se for$s !#gs for no$in#l   !#g for noun    !#gs for su(<e%t 
for nouns infle%tions   %#tegory   #nd o(<e%t nouns 
    
B#se for$s  !#gs for ver(#l    !#g for ver(   !#gs for finite #nd  
for ver(s infle%tions   %#tegory   infinitive ver(s 
 
B#se for$s  !#gs for #d<e%tiv#l  !#g for #d<e%tive  !#g for #d<e%tives  
for #d<e%tives  infle%tions    %#tegory    #s no$in#l  
          $odifiers 
 
B#se for$s !#gs for #dver(i#l  !#g for #dver(   !#gs for #dver(s #s 
for #dver(s infle%tions   %#tegory   ver(#l spe%ifiers 
 
.#%" ro) in t"e #(ove s#$ple represents # re%ord* #nd e#%" %olu$n %orresponds to # p#rti%ul#r 
#ttri(ute or fe#ture %"#r#%terising t"e re%ord' .le$ents of # re%ord #re v#lues or sy$(ols for 
spe%ifi% fe#tures used in t"e des%ription' /n ele$ent of # re%ord is kno)n #s # DfieldE' !"e n#$es 
for fe#tures spe%ified in # rel#tion#l $odel #re kno)n #s # Drel#tion s%"e$eE' -or e&#$ple* t"e 
rel#tion s%"e$e for t"e #(ove s#$ple %o$prises B/S. -651* IN-;.2!I6N/; 2/!.B65C* 
B5/11/!I2/; 2/!.B65C* #nd SCN!/2!I2 2/!.B65C' 5el#tion s%"e$es #re spe%ified in %orpus 
#nnot#tion s%"e$es' 5e%ord fields of # rel#tion#l s%"e$e underlie t"e pro%ess of e&tr#%ting 
infor$#tion fro$ t"e %orpus #n#lysed' 
'
2'2'4 4es%ription of ter$-)ords in # %orpus  
'
!"ree #ssu$ptions underlie t"e ,uestion #s to "o) )ords in # spe%i#lised %orpus s"ould (e 
des%ri(ed #s ter$s' -irst* #ll ter$s #re )ords (ut not #ll )ords #re ter$s' 6n t"is #ssu$ption* t"e 
pro%ess of des%ri(ing ter$s in # %orpus s"ould first involve t"e identifi%#tion of t"e ter$s to (e 
des%ri(ed' Se%ond* t"oug" ter$s #re gener#lly #ssu$ed to (e nouns* i'e'* n#$es of %on%epts* not 
#ll nouns ,u#lify #s ter$s' !"is #ssu$ption i$plies t"#t nouns #nd ter$s s"ould (e des%ri(ed 
differently* i'e'* (y different fe#tures' !"ird* ter$s #re $ore t"#n single )ord for$s* i'e' ter$s #re 
in (ot" single-)ord #nd $ulti)ord for$s' !"erefore t"e des%ription of ter$s s"ould involve 
est#(lis"ing rel#tions"ips (et)een )ords in # %orpus' 
'
TJTJXJ3'4A;D:@E@C>:@6D'6E':;<7=H6<A?'
 
/fter %o$pleting # %o$pre"ensive investig#tion of t"e possi(le %riteri# for distinguis"ing ter$-
)ords fro$ non-ter$-)ords* Pe#rson (199@) $#de t"e follo)ing o(serv#tion+ 
 
''' in spite of e&tensive rese#r%" in t"e field of ter$inology #nd in t"e field of su(-l#ngu#ges* t"ere 
is no us#(le definition of ter$ #nd no #de,u#te %o$$uni%#tion $odel* )"i%" #llo)s us to identify 
)"en )ords #re (eing used #s ter$s'  
(Pe#rson 199@+ @) 
 
In #ddition to t"e #(sen%e of stru%tur#l fe#tures for t"e distin%tion of ter$-)ords fro$ non ter$-
)ords* t"e (e"#viour of )ord for$s in different %o$$uni%#tive settings is #not"er sour%e of t"e 
pro(le$' /p#rt fro$ rel#tively fe) te%"ni%#l vo%#(ul#ries* $ost ter$-)ords #re polyse$ous in 
 
 
25
 
t"e sense t"#t t"ey "#ve different referen%es in different %o$$uni%#tive situ#tions' -or e&#$ple* 
t"e S)#"ili )ord 5E50C0;H$)"i%" in gener#l use $e#ns Durin#tingE"$e#ns De<#%ul#tingE in t"e 
do$#in of "u$#n reprodu%tion' 
 
/$ong t"e $et"ods t"#t "#ve (een proposed for t"e identifi%#tion of ter$-)ords in # do$#in-
spe%ifi% %orpus is t"e in%lusive #ppro#%"* Pe#rson (199@+ @)* (y )"i%" #ll )ords in t"e do$#in-
spe%ifi% %orpus #re reg#rded #s potenti#l ter$s unless ot"er)ise de$onstr#ted' Ho)ever* t"e 
i$$edi#te pro(le$ )it" t"is #ppro#%" is t"#t it overlooks t"e f#%t t"#t # do$#in-spe%ifi% %orpus 
%ont#ins fun%tion )ords* )"i%" %#nnot (e ter$s (y #ny %riterion' 1oreover* #p#rt fro$ linguisti% 
sign#ls )"i%" #re $ore or less l#ngu#ge spe%ifi%* Pe#rson does not offer #ny l#ngu#ge 
independent %riterion for de$onstr#ting t"#t # given )ord in # do$#in-spe%ifi% %orpus is not # 
ter$' 
 
/not"er #ppro#%" t"#t "#s (een )idely #pplied for t"e identifi%#tion of ter$-)ords in # te&t 
%orpus is fre,uen%y %ounting #nd distri(ution' By t"is %riterion* # )ord is <udged #s # ter$ on t"e 
(#sis of its fre,uen%y of o%%urren%e in # do$#in-spe%ifi% %orpus (%f' 2"#pter 1)' But* #s "#s (een 
pointed out* fre,uen%y %ounting is # $isle#ding %riterion (e%#use it dis%ri$in#tes #g#inst genuine 
ter$s t"#t o%%ur r#rely in t"e te&t' 
 
St#nd#rdis#tion "#s (een t"e tr#dition#l %riterion for distinguis"ing ter$s fro$ non-ter$ )ords 
)"ere only )ords t"#t #re offi%i#lly #pproved #s # ter$ #nd pu(lis"ed in lists of st#nd#rds* #re 
re%ognised #s leg#l ter$s' Cet t"is %riterion is # $#<or dr#)(#%k in t"e %orpus-(#sed #ppro#%" for 
ter$ %o$pil#tion (e%#use t"e %riterion disreg#rds ter$s t"#t #re used (y do$#in spe%i#lists #nd 
pr#%titioners (ut #re not found in t"e st#nd#rd lists' !"ere #re # nu$(er of re#sons for t"e use of 
non-st#nd#rdised ter$s (y spe%i#lists* in%luding t"e follo)ing ones given (y Pe#rson (199@+ 24)+  
 
1) t"ere #re $#ny ter$s in use )"i%" do not #ppe#r in t"e st#nd#rds (e%#use t"ey "#ve eit"er not 
yet (een %onsidered (y t"e st#nd#rdising (odies or "#ve (een %onsidered #nd re<e%ted (y t"e 
(odies* (ut %ontinue to (e used in su(<e%t fields' 
 
2) $#ny su(<e%t spe%i#lists "#ve no #%%ess to t"e st#nd#rdised ter$s* #s so$e #re not even #)#re 
of t"e e&isten%e of su%" ter$s for t"eir do$#in )"ile ot"ers #re not fin#n%i#lly %#p#(le of 
pur%"#sing t"e nor$#lly e&pensive st#nd#rds' !"ese su(<e%t spe%i#lists %ontinue to use ter$s* 
)"i%" #re #v#il#(le to t"e$ reg#rdless of t"eir st#tus' 
 
3) it is $ost likely t"#t su(<e%t spe%i#lists )ould prefer to use t"e type of l#ngu#ge )"i%" t"eir 
%o$$unity #%%epts r#t"er t"#n t"e one di%t#ted to t"e$ (y t"e st#nd#rdis#tion (odies' Spe%i#lists 
$#y t"erefore deli(er#tely %"oose to use depre%#ted ter$s inste#d of st#nd#rdised ones #s long #s 
t"eir %o$$unity #%%epts su%" ter$s' 
 
!"us* t"e st#nd#rdis#tion %riterion %#nnot %over #ll ter$s t"#t #re #v#il#(le in t"e do$#in-spe%ifi% 
%orpus' 
 
/%%ording to Pe#rson (199@+ 19)* !ri$(le #nd !ri$(le* on t"e (#sis of te#%"ing spe%i#l l#ngu#ge 
to foreign students* suggest t"e f#$ili#rity %riterion (y )"i%"* )ords in # do$#in-spe%ifi% te&t 
t"#t #re unf#$ili#r to t"e students #re <udged #s su(<e%t-spe%ifi% ter$s #nd t"ose )"i%" #re 
f#$ili#r to t"e$ #re <udged #s )ords of gener#l vo%#(ul#ry' Ho)ever* t"is %riterion overlooks t"e 
f#%t t"#t t"ere is t"e possi(ility t"#t )ords of gener#l vo%#(ul#ry fun%tion #s ter$s in # do$#in-
spe%ifi% environ$ent' !"is "#ppens )"en # )ord for$ of gener#l vo%#(ul#ry is used in # 
p#rti%ul#r do$#in to represent # %on%ept in t"e do$#in' 1oreover* #%%ording to Pe#rson t"is 
%riterion is un)ork#(le (e%#use it is not possi(le to $e#sure f#$ili#rity in #ny o(<e%tive )#y' 
 
 
2A
 
  
S#ger (1990+ A1) suggests # su(<e%t kno)ledge %riterion for t"e distin%tion of ter$-)ords fro$ 
non-ter$-)ords in # do$#in-spe%ifi% %orpus' !"e %riterion is (#sed on t"e underst#nding of "o) 
%on%epts in %on%ept fields of # p#rti%ul#r do$#in* #re represented (y )ords in t"e %orpus' Su%" 
kno)ledge underlies t"e re%ognition of )ords in t"e %orpus t"#t #re #sso%i#ted )it" p#rti%ul#r 
%on%epts in t"e do$#in' !"e su(<e%t kno)ledge %riterion relies on t"e %ontention t"#t )ords 
#%,uire t"eir ter$ st#tus )"en t"ey #re used to represent %on%epts in # p#rti%ul#r %o$$uni%#tive 
setting' 
'
TJTJXJT'5D@L9;'A;?C<@8:@6D'6E':;<7=H6<A?'
 
It is gener#lly #%%epted t"#t ter$-)ords in # %orpus (elong to # su(%l#ss of nouns' !"is i$plies 
t"#t ter$-)ords s"ould (e des%ri(ed uni,uely #s # su(%l#ss of nouns' Unfortun#tely* t"is is not 
t"e %#se so f#r (e%#use ter$s #re des%ri(ed #s gener#l nouns* i'e'* (y t"e sy$(ol DNE t"#t (elongs 
to t"e gr#$$#ti%#l fe#ture r#t"er t"#n to t"e ter$inologi%#l fe#ture' / uni,ue des%ription of ter$s 
in # %orpus re,uires # des%riptive fe#ture t"#t is uni,ue to ter$s' !"is fe#ture s"ould (e 
in%orpor#ted in t"e %orpus des%ription to f#%ilit#te t"e des%ription of ter$s (y ter$inologi%#l* 
r#t"er t"#n gr#$$#ti%#l fe#tures' Sin%e ter$s (elong to different do$#ins* t"is fe#ture s"ould (e 
%#p#(le of su(dividing ter$s #%%ording to t"eir do$#ins* possi(ly (y $e#ns of do$#in spe%ifi% 
t#gs'  
 
!"e in%orpor#tion of # ter$inologi%#l fe#ture in # %orpus #nnot#tion s%"e$e is only possi(le if 
t"e #nnot#tion syste$ %#n #%%o$$od#te t"e fe#ture #nd its v#lues' It is o(vious t"#t # syste$ 
)"ose perfor$#n%e is li$ited to p#rt-of-spee%" t#gging %#n not (e used for su%" # purpose* 
)"ere#s # syste$ %#p#(le of perfor$ing %o$pre"ensive $orp"ologi%#l #nnot#tion* su%" #s t"e 
t)o-level (#sed $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser* %#n #%%o$$od#te t"e fe#ture' /n#lysing ter$s (y t"e 
do$#in fe#ture )ill divide t"e$ into su(%#tegories of ter$ do$#ins )"ere ter$s of # do$#in )ill 
(e n#$ed #fter t"eir respe%tive do$#in sy$(ol' -or e&#$ple* if t"e H2 sy$(ol "#s (een sele%ted 
for des%ri(ing ter$s in # do$#in of "e#lt" %#re* su%" ter$s )ill (e n#$ed #s H2 ter$s ("e#lt" 
%#re ter$s)' >ords in # %orpus des%ri(ed )it" $ore t"#n one ter$ do$#in sy$(ol s"ould (e 
reg#rded #s $ultidis%iplin#ry ter$s* i'e'* )ords t"#t fun%tion #s ter$s in $ore t"#n one do$#in' 
'
TJTJXJW'%;I>:@6D?G@8'K;:H;;D'H6<A?'@D'79I:@=H6<A':;<7?'
 
1ulti-)ord ter$ stru%tures represent regul#r rel#tions"ips (%onstr#ints) (et)een )ords t"#t (uild 
t"e stru%tures' !"e rel#tions"ips #re l#ngu#ge spe%ifi% #nd involve "e#d)ords #nd $odifiers' !"e 
pro%ess of identifying t"ese rel#tions"ips re,uires t"e identifi%#tion of %#tegories of )ords in # 
l#ngu#ge t"#t #re possi(le "e#d)ords #nd $odifiers in t"e stru%tures' !r#dition#lly* t"e dis%overy 
relies on t"e intuition of ter$inologists )"o* first* spe%ify t"e %#tegories #nd t"en present # 
nu$(er of ter$s to (#%k t"e spe%ifi%#tions' !e$u (19@4+ 113-11A) #pplied t"is $et"od to 
des%ri(e linguisti% spe%ifi%#tions for S)#"ili %o$pound ter$s' His des%ription reve#led t"#t t"ere 
#re si& ter$ for$#tion p#tterns for S)#"ili %o$pound ter$s' In ot"er )ords* "e#d-$odifier 
rel#tions"ips (et)een )ords in S)#"ili %o$pound ter$s %#n (e spe%ified in si& different )#ys' 
 
2ontr#ry to t"e tr#dition#l $et"od of dis%overy* is t"e %orpus $et"od* )"i%" relies on eviden%es 
fro$ %orpor#' !"e $et"od involves* first* identifi%#tion of #%tu#l ter$s #nd t"en represent#tion of 
)ords t"#t for$ t"e ter$s (y sy$(ols of t"eir respe%tive %#tegories' 6"ly (19@2) #pplied t"is 
#ppro#%" to des%ri(e ter$ for$#tion p#tterns for S)#"ili te&tile ter$s' He first %olle%ted t"e 
ter$s fro$ t"e te&tile industry #nd t"en used p#rt-of- spee%" t#gs to des%ri(e t"e ter$ for$#tion 
p#tterns'  
 
 
2?
 
 
!"e des%ription reve#led t"e follo)ing si& p#tterns+ 
I VS$S (no$in#lised ver( p"r#se* e'g' 5E5;L;$EL. Fstret%"ing t"re#dUG) 
II$ &V$S (dever(#tive "e#d )it" # noun %o$ple$ent* e'g' 5.4+5;$/2;1;4; FUG) 
III S$S (%onstru%tion of t)o nouns in <u&t#position* e'g' ?;.<,02+/.$9+,05:;.<.$  
N"ydrogen pero&ideG) 
IK$ S$J<C (%o$(in#tion of noun #nd #d<e%tive e'g'$50:>.5.$:0<;$W%#usti% sod#G)  
K S$6;$S (%onstru%tion )it" # %onne%ter 6; (e'g'$,;/2.$L;$-0>0 FUG) 
KI S$6;$VS (%onstru%tion )it" %onne%ter 6;$follo)ed (y # ver( noun ,u#lifier (e'g'*$
:./<;/0$3;$5E>E/2.;$W(oring needleUG)$
 (6"ly 19@2+ ?A-??)' 
 
/lt"oug" 6"ly used #%tu#l ter$s in "is study* "is linguisti% spe%ifi%#tions #re not distin%tive to 
ter$s* p#rti%ul#rly to te&tile ter$s' 5#t"er* t"e spe%ifi%#tions represent stru%tures of t"e S)#"ili 
noun p"r#se' Su(se,uently* su%" spe%ifi%#tions f#il to distinguis" (et)een for$#tion %onstr#ints 
for %o$pound ter$s #nd for gener#l noun p"r#ses' 4#ille (199A) #rgues t"#t $ulti-)ord ter$s 
s"ould (e %onsidered # su(%l#ss of no$in#l %o$pounds' Ho)ever* "er linguisti% spe%ifi%#tions of 
-ren%" %o$pound ter$s #re not distin%tive to ter$s #s # uni,ue su(%l#ss of no$in#l %o$pounds' 
5#t"er t"e spe%ifi%#tions represent gener#l stru%tures of -ren%" noun p"r#ses* su%" #s N /47* N1 de 
N2 )"ere t"e N #nd N1 $odify N2' In ot"er )ords* spe%ifi%#tion of rel#tions"ips (et)een )ords in 
%o$pound ter$s (y p#rt-of-spee%" t#gs only f#ils to %#pture t"e rel#tions"ips t"#t #re uni,ue to 
%o$pound ter$s' 
 
!"e spe%ifi%#tion of )ord rel#tions in %o$pound ter$s s"ould involve (ot" $#<or %#tegories #nd 
su(%#tegories of )ords #s eviden%ed in #%tu#l ter$ stru%tures' >ords t"#t fun%tion #s $e$(ers of 
# su(%#tegory of t"e $#<or %#tegory* su%" #s /0E/$>+,-$#s # /0E/$su(%#tegory* #nd F+,I;1$/0E/ 
#s # F+,I su(%#tegory* s"ould (e spe%ified uni,uely in t"e rel#tions"ips' By t"is style* # $#<or 
%#tegory #nd # su(%#tegory %#n (e spe%ified #s different "e#d-$odifier rel#tions"ips' -or 
e&#$ple* # $#<or %#tegory /0E/* #nd # su(%#tegory /0E/$>+,- %#n (e spe%ified #s t)o "e#d-
$odifier rel#tions"ips+ (1) # "e#d /0E/ )it" # /0E/$>+,- $odifier #nd (2) # "e#d /0E/$>+,- )it" 
# /0E/ $odifier' 1oreover* t"e presen%e of su(%#tegories in t"e rel#tions"ip filters out $e$(ers 
of t"e $#<or %#tegories t"#t #re not re,uired in t"e rel#tions"ips' -or e&#$ple* in t"e rel#tions"ip 
D# v+,I$/0E/ )it" # /0E/$>+,- $odifierE * t"e su(%#tegories F+,I$/0E/$#nd /0E/$>+,- e&%lude 
fro$ t"e rel#tions"ip #ll ver(s t"#t #re not ver( nouns #nd #ll nouns t"#t #re not noun ter$s 
respe%tively' In t"is )#y* t"e spe%ifi%#tion of )ord rel#tions"ips (%onstr#ints) for t"e for$#tion of 
$ulti-)ord ter$s in # l#ngu#ge s"ould involve t"e dis%overy of t"e possi(le %#tegories #nd 
su(%#tegories of )ords t"#t for$ t"e ter$s* #nd t"e possi(le rel#tions"ips t"#t %"#r#%terise t"e 
%#tegories' !"is dis%overy of possi(le )ord %#tegories #nd su(%#tegories for $ulti-)ord ter$s is 
possi(le only if t"e %orpus #nnot#tion syste$ is %#p#(le of #n#lysing )ords in t"e %orpus (y (ot" 
t"eir %#tegories #nd su(%#tegories' /s "#s #lre#dy (een pointed out* t"e t)o-level (#sed 
$orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser is %#p#(le of perfor$ing su%" # t#sk' 
 
 
2'3 .I!5/2!I6N 6- IN-651/!I6N -561 /N /N/;CS.4 265PUS 
 
!"e t#sk of e&tr#%ting infor$#tion fro$ #n #n#lysed %orpus depends on t)o t"ings+ (1) # ,uery 
l#ngu#ge to represent fe#ture v#lues of t"e infor$#tion re,uested #nd (2) # progr#$ to e&tr#%t t"e 
re,uested infor$#tion (y $#t%"ing t"e fe#ture v#lues #s represented in t"e ,uery l#ngu#ge )it" 
t"e s#$e v#lues #s $#rked in t"e infor$#tion re,uested' 
 
 
2@
 
 
2'3'1 -or$ul#tion of # ,uery l#ngu#ge 
 
!"e for$ul#tion of # ,uery l#ngu#ge for infor$#tion e&tr#%tion relies on fe#ture v#lues or 
sy$(ols t"#t des%ri(e t"e infor$#tion to (e e&tr#%ted' -or t"e e&tr#%tion of linguisti% infor$#tion* 
su%" #s ter$s* in t"e #n#lysed %orpus* t"e ,uery l#ngu#ge is for$ul#ted (#sed on t"e t#gs t"#t 
des%ri(e t"e infor$#tion in t"e %orpus' !"e t#rget infor$#tion for su%" l#ngu#ge %ould (e )ords 
in # p#rti%ul#r %#tegory or su(%#tegory* or %"#ins of )ords in spe%ifi% rel#tions"ips of %#tegories' 
>"ere t"e t#rget is to e&tr#%t )ords in # p#rti%ul#r %#tegory or su(%#tegory* t"e sy$(ol for t"e 
%#tegory or su(%#tegory of t"e )ords is used #s t"e ,uery l#ngu#ge' -or e&#$ple* if t"e e&tr#%tion 
%on%erns )ords in t"e /0E/ %#tegory* t"e sy$(ol t"#t is used to des%ri(e t"e %#tegory in t"e 
%orpus* e'g' t"e N sy$(ol* is t"e ,uery l#ngu#ge' In %#ses )"ere t"e fo%us of t"e e&tr#%tion is # 
%"#in of )ords in # p#rti%ul#r rel#tions"ip* t"e for$ul#tion of t"e ,uery l#ngu#ge involves 
spe%ifi%#tion of t"e rel#tions"ip #s # se,uen%e of sy$(ols' .#%" sy$(ol in t"e spe%ifi%#tion 
represents # uni,ue %#tegory or su(%#tegory of )ords #s des%ri(ed in t"e %orpus' -or e&#$ple* if 
t"e e&tr#%tion t#rgets # %"#in of t)o )ords in # "e#d-$odifier rel#tions"ip )it" t"e "e#d)ord in 
t"e %#tegory /0E/$#nd t"e $odifying-)ord in t"e su(%#tegory /0E/$>+,-* t"e se,uen%e of t"e 
sy$(ols for t"e %#tegory /0E/ #nd su(%#tegory /0E/$>+,- for$s t"e ,uery l#ngu#ge for t"e 
e&tr#%tion'  
 
Be%#use fe#tures t"#t #re used to des%ri(e )ords in # %orpus #re represented (y different sy$(ols* 
t"ese sy$(ols %#n (e used #s # ,uery l#ngu#ge to represent # re,uest for t"e infor$#tion of 
interest' !"e re,uested infor$#tion is e&tr#%ted fro$ t"e %orpus (y $#t%"ing t"e ,uery l#ngu#ge 
sy$(ol )it" t"e s#$e sy$(ol in t"e #nnot#ted %orpus' .&tr#%ting t"e rig"t infor$#tion depends 
on )"et"er t"e ,uery l#ngu#ge sy$(ol represents t"e rig"t sy$(ol to $#t%" t"e infor$#tion 
re,uested' 
 
2'3'2 / progr#$ for e&tr#%ting infor$#tion 
 
Progr#$s for e&tr#%ting infor$#tion #re developed to %o$pile t"e ,uery l#ngu#ge in t"e 
$#%"ine l#ngu#ge t"#t is used (y t"e $#%"ine to $#t%" #nd e&tr#%t infor$#tion fro$ t"e 
%orpus #s re,uested (y t"e ,uery l#ngu#ge' Su%" progr#$s #re %o$$only kno)n #s te$pl#te-
$#t%"ing progr#$s ' 
 
 
2'4 /I1 /N4 S26P. 
'
!"e purpose of t"is study is to develop # %o$put#tion#l ter$inogr#p"y $et"od for t"e e&tr#%tion 
of ter$s in do$#ins' !"e fo%us of t"e $et"od is t"e e&tr#%tion of S)#"ili ter$s* (ot" in single-
)ord #nd $ulti-)ord for$s* reg#rdless of t"e fre,uen%y of o%%urren%es in t"e do$#in of 
dis%ourse' !"us* t"e $et"od does not in%orpor#te t"e fre,uen%y of o%%urren%es #s its %riterion for 
t"e identifi%#tion of ter$s in t"e e&tr#%tion' Inste#d* t"e $et"od relies on # ter$-do$#in fe#ture* 
)"i%" is represented (y # do$#in-t#g in t"e ter$ p#tterns #nd in t"e $orp"ologi%#lly #n#lysed 
do$#in-spe%ifi% %orpus for t"e e&tr#%tion of ter$s #s #n#lysed in t"e %orpus' !"e $et"od is 
%onfined to t"e e&tr#%tion of ter$s for ter$inogr#p"y r#t"er t"#n for inde&ing purposes' 
Ho)ever* t"e r#) fre,uen%y of t"e e&tr#%ted ter$s %#n (e $onitored* #nd ter$s )it" # "ig" 
fre,uen%y of o%%urren%es %#n (e ev#lu#ted for inde&ing purposes' !"e $et"od is intended to (e 
used for t"e follo)ing purposes+ (1) / uni,ue des%ription of ter$-)ords in # spe%i#lised %orpus 
t"#t is $orp"ologi%#lly #n#lysed (2) / %orpus-(#sed dis%overy of stru%tur#l %onstr#ints of ter$s 
 
 
29
 
for t"e for$ul#tion of ter$ for$#tion p#tterns #nd (3) !"e e&tr#%tion of ter$s in do$#ins (y t"e 
ter$ p#tterns #nd # te$pl#te $#t%"ing progr#$' !"e $et"od is (#sed on stru%tures of ter$s #s 
$orp"ologi%#lly #n#lysed in # do$#in-spe%ifi% %orpus' !)o f#%tors underlie t"e develop$ent of 
t"e $et"od+ (1) t"e #v#il#(ility of tools %#p#(le of providing # %o$pre"ensive $orp"ologi%#l 
#n#lysis of S)#"ili spe%i#lised %orpus #nd (2) introdu%tion of # ter$-do$#in fe#ture #$ong t"e 
fe#tures for #n#lysing S)#"ili )ords in # spe%i#lised %orpus' !"e tools for $orp"ologi%#l 
#nnot#tion "#ve (een developed #t t"e University of Helsinki' !"e introdu%ed ter$-do$#in 
fe#ture en#(les t"e uni,ue t#gging of ter$s-)ords in # $orp"ologi%#lly #n#lysed %orpus' !"e 
fe#ture t#gs #re eit"er inserted in t"e le&i%on of # $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser or t"ey #re #dded to t"e 
#n#lysed te&t (y using # re)riting progr#$' >ords in t"e #n#lysed %orpus t"#t #re $#rked (y t"e 
do$#in-t#g #re t"en used #s %ues for t"e dis%overy of $ulti-)ord ter$s in t"e %orpus' Stru%tures 
of t"e dis%overed $ulti-)ord ter$s #re represented #s se,uen%es of t#gs #nd e$ployed for t"e 
dis%overy of %onstr#ints of S)#"ili ter$ stru%tures' !"e %onstr#ints #re t"en used for t"e 
for$ul#tion of t"e possi(le S)#"ili ter$ for$#tion p#tterns t"#t #re used #s te$pl#tes for t"e 
e&tr#%tion of S)#"ili ter$s (y t"e te$pl#te-$#t%"ing progr#$' .&tr#%tion of ter$s in # do$#in is 
f#%ilit#ted (y #pplying t"e #ppropri#te do$#in-t#g in t"e ter$ for$#tion p#tterns #nd in t"e 
$orp"ologi%#lly #n#lysed e&tr#%tion %orpus'  
 
!"e $et"od "#s (een developed #nd ev#lu#ted on t"e (#sis of # S)#"ili %orpus in t"e do$#ins of 
"e#lt" %#re #nd liter#ture' !"e develop$ent #nd ev#lu#tion pro%edures involved t"e follo)ing 
t#sks+ 
 
(1) Identifi%#tion #nd t#gging of ter$-)ords in t"e %orpus' !"e prospe%tive ter$s #re $#nu#lly 
identified #$ong t"e nouns #nd ver(#l nouns e&tr#%ted fro$ t"e $orp"ologi%#lly #n#lysed %orpus 
(y t"e te$pl#te-$#t%"ing progr#$' 5oots of t"e ter$-)ords #re $#rked )it" t"e #ppropri#te 
do$#in-t#g in t"e le&i%on of t"e $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser or t"e t#g is inserted into t"e #n#lysed 
te&t )it" t"e "elp of # re)riting progr#$' In t"is #ppro#%" * t"e $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser %#rries 
out t"e t#gging of "e#lt" %#re ter$s* )"ere#s t"e t#gging of t"e liter#ture ter$s is done (y t"e 
re)riting progr#$ of t"e B.!/ syste$' !"e do$#in-t#g H2-N or H2-K is used for t#gging t"e 
"e#lt" %#re ter$s #nd t"e t#g ;!-N or ;!-K for t"e liter#ture ter$s' 
 
(2) 4is%overy of stru%tur#l %onstr#ints of S)#"ili ter$s #nd for$ul#tion of S)#"ili ter$ 
for$#tion p#tterns (#sed on t"e %onstr#ints' !"e %onstr#ints #re dis%overed on t"e (#sis of 
S)#"ili ter$ stru%tures #s #n#lysed in t"e tr#ining %orpus' !"e result#nt p#tterns* t"oug" 
for$ul#ted on %onstr#ints dis%overed on stru%tures of "e#lt" %#re ter$s* represent gener#l 
%onstr#ints of stru%tures of S)#"ili ter$s' !"e p#tterns )ere uni,ue to "e#lt" %#re ter$s si$ply 
(e%#use of t"e presen%e of t"e "e#lt" %#re do$#in-t#g in t"e p#tterns' !"e p#tterns %#n (e #pplied 
to t"e e&tr#%tion of S)#"ili ter$s in different do$#ins (y repl#%ing t"e "e#lt" %#re do$#in-t#g 
)it" t"e #ppropri#te do$#in-t#g for t"e e&tr#%tion' !"is is tested (y using t"e p#tterns for t"e 
e&tr#%tion of liter#ture ter$s )"ere t"e "e#lt" %#re do$#in-t#g is repl#%ed (y t"e liter#ture 
do$#in-t#g' 
  
(3) .v#lu#tion of t"e effe%tiveness of t"e e&tr#%tion $et"od' !"e effe%tiveness of t"e for$ul#ted 
ter$ p#tterns in t"e e&tr#%tion of S)#"ili ter$s is tested on t"e e&tr#%tion of ter$s fro$ t"e 
$orp"ologi%#lly #n#lysed "e#t" %#re #nd liter#ture e&tr#%tion %orpus' !er$-)ords in t"e #n#lysed 
e&tr#%tion %orpus #re $#rked )it" t"e relev#nt do$#in-t#gs* i'e' t"e H2-N t#g or H2-K t#g for 
t"e "e#lt" %#re ter$s #nd t"e ;!-N t#g or ;!-K t#g for t"e liter#ture ter$s'  
 
 
 
30
 
&G><:'3J3'!"e #re# of t"e study 
 
       4o$#ins 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
       !#rgets do$#in-spe%ifi% ter$s 
       in t"e te&ts 
 
 
 
 
        
 
        !"e su(<e%t #re# of t"is study 
 
 
 
2'5 1.!H646;6BC 
 
!"is study #pplies t"e %orpus-(#sed #ppro#%" for developing t"e $et"od for %o$puter-#ssisted 
e&tr#%tion of ter$s in # $orp"ologi%#lly #n#lysed do$#in-spe%ifi% %orpus' !"e develop$ent of 
t"e $et"od involves t)o $#in #spe%ts+ (1) te%"ni,ues for for$ul#ting ter$ for$#tion p#tterns for 
t"e e&tr#%tion of ter$s in do$#ins (2) te%"ni,ues for ev#lu#ting t"e effe%tiveness of t"e ter$ 
p#tterns in t"e e&tr#%tion of t"e t#rgeted ter$s' !"e t)o #spe%ts #re i$ple$ented on t"e (#sis of 
ter$ d#t# o(t#ined fro$ S)#"ili %orpus in t"e do$#ins of "e#lt" %#re #nd liter#ture' !#sks in t"e 
t)o #spe%ts involved t)o %#tegories of %orpus+ t"e tr#ining #nd t"e e&tr#%tion %orpor#' !"e 
tr#ining %orpus )#s used for t"e t#sks in t"e first #spe%t* #nd t"e e&tr#%tion %orpus for t"e t#sks in 
t"e se%ond #spe%t' !#sks in (ot" #spe%ts involved $#%"ine #nd $#nu#l <o(s' !"e $#%"ine <o(s 
)ere %#rried out (y t"e follo)ing tools+ (1) t"e S)#"ili $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser #nd 
dis#$(igu#tor perfor$ed $orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis #nd dis#$(igu#tion of t"e %orpus* #nd $#rked # 
"e#lt" %#re do$#in-t#g in t"e #n#lysis of ter$-)ords in t"e "e#lt" %#re %orpus' (2) t"e B.!/ 
syste$ $#rked # liter#ture do$#in-t#g in t"e #n#lysis of ter$-)ords in t"e liter#ture %orpus' !"e 
B.!/ syste$ )#s used #s # su(stitute for t"e $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser' !"is is (e%#use upd#ting 
t"e le&i%on for t"e $#rking of do$#in-t#gs (y t"e $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser re,uires t"#t it (e done 
(y # person* usu#lly t"e o)ner of t"e #n#lysing syste$* )"o "#s t"e rig"t to #%%ess #nd )rite in 
t"e le&i%on' !"us* t"e use of t"e B.!/ syste$ for perfor$ing t"e t#sk eli$in#tes t"e pro(le$ of 
relying on t"e o)ner of t"e le&i%on' -or t"e t#gging of t"e ter$s in t"e #n#lysed %orpus (3) t"e 
te$pl#te $#t%"ing progr#$* !.51.5* perfor$ed t"e e&tr#%tion t#sks' !#sks in t"e first #spe%t 
t"#t )ere %#rried out $#nu#lly )ere+ (1) identifi%#tion of ter$-)ords (y sorting t"roug" nouns 
#nd ver(#l nouns e&tr#%ted fro$ t"e #n#lysed %orpus* (2) identifi%#tion of ter$ %ollo%#tion in t"e 
#n#lysed tr#ining %orpus* (3) represent#tion of t"e ter$ %ollo%#tions #s se,uen%es of sele%ted t#gs 
4o$#in-e&pert )riters 
1
2
3
4
4o$#in-spe%ifi% te&ts 
!er$ e&tr#%tion 
.&tr#%tion $et"odology 
4evelop$ent of 
e&tr#%tion tools 
4evelop$ent of 
e&tr#%tion $et"ods 
((#sed on t"e tools) 
 
 
31
 
for t"e dis%overy of stru%tur#l %onstr#ints of S)#"ili ter$s #nd for$ul#tion of S)#"ili ter$ 
for$#tion p#tterns (#sed on t"e %onstr#ints' In t"e se%ond #spe%t* t"e $#nu#l <o( #pplied for t"e 
identifi%#tion of t"e v#lid ter$ %#ndid#tes #$ong t"e ite$s e&tr#%ted' / tot#l of 2*501 "e#lt" %#re 
ter$s #nd 2*41@ liter#ture ter$s )ere identified #$ong t"e tot#l of 3*AA5 #nd 35?4 ite$s 
e&tr#%ted fro$ t"e "e#lt" %#re e&tr#%tion %orpus #nd fro$ t"e liter#ture e&tr#%tion %orpus 
respe%tively' !"e e&tr#%ted "e#lt" %#re #nd liter#ture ter$s #re presented in /ppendi%es 3 #nd 4 
respe%tively' 
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32
 
&G><:'TJTJ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
       
 
 
 1orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis 
 
     
     
 
 
 
Identifying ter$-)ord in t"e %orpus 
     
 
1#rking ter$-(#ses )it" # do$#in t#g 
 
 
 !#gging ter$-)ords in t"e #n#lysed %orpus 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Identifying ter$ %ollo%#tions 
         .&tr#%ting 
ter$s 
 
 5epresenting ter$s #s se,uen%es of sele%ted t#gs 
 
          Identifying 
v#lid-ter$s 
           
4is%overing %onstr#ints of ter$ stru%tures 
    
 
           
           
-or$ul#ting ter$ p#tterns 
  
 
 
1orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser 9  
dis#$(igu#tor 
!er$-)ord fro$ t"e %orpus 
 ;e&i%on or B.!/ rule file 
/n#lysed %orpus )it" t#gged 
ter$-)ords 
1ulti-)ord ter$ stru%tures 
Se,uen%es of sele%ted t#gs 
Bener#lised %onstr#ints of  
ter$ stru%tures 
!er$ p#tterns 
/spe%ts #nd t#sks of t"e study 
-or$ul#ting ter$ p#tterns  
te%"ni,ues 
!r#ining %orpus 
/n#lysed %orpus 
.v#lu#ting ter$ e&tr#%tion 
te%"ni,ue
.&tr#%tion %orpus
/n#lysed %orpus
!er$-)ords fro$ t"e 
/n#lysed %orpus )it"  
t#gged ter$-)ords 
!e$pl#te-$#t%"ing progr#$ 
Ite$s e&tr#%ted 
.&tr#%ted v#lid ter$s 
.v#lu#ting d#t#
1orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser or 
B.!/ syste$ 
 
 
33
 
 
&1!2$-%'W'
 
$**,#'P*%'!)!,U#4)/'$-%0#'4)'&*%25#'
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!"e use of # %orpus in linguisti% investig#tion is possi(le only if t"e %orpus %#n (e #n#lysed into # 
for$ )"i%" f#vours t"e go#ls of t"e investig#tion' 2orpus #n#lysis (#nnot#tion) is nor$#lly done 
(y %o$puter tools* #nd it %#n involve different levels of linguisti% des%ription* su%" #s p"onology* 
$orp"ology* synt#&* se$#nti%s* ter$inology #nd even pr#g$#ti%s* depending on t"e go#ls of t"e 
#n#lysis' Ho)ever* t"e #n#lysis #t #ny level relies on t"e #v#il#(ility of %o$puter tools t"#t #re 
%#p#(le of perfor$ing t"e re,uired des%ription' 
 
!"e go#l of t"is study re,uires #n#lysing tools t"#t #re %#p#(le of des%ri(ing )ords in # do$#in-
spe%ifi% %orpus in su%" # )#y t"#t ter$-)ords %#n (e des%ri(ed uni,uely (y t"e ter$-do$#in t#g' 
!"is %"#pter presents for$#lis$s for su%" tools+ t"e t)o-level-(#sed $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser 
(0oskennie$i 19@3) #nd t"e 2onstr#int Br#$$#r-(#sed $orp"ologi%#l dis#$(igu#tor (0#rlsson 
+>$;1@ (1995)J !#p#n#inen (199A)' 1oreover* t"e %"#pter presents t"e S)#"ili-(#sed version of t"e 
tools* i'e'* Hursk#inenEs (1992) S)#"ili t)o-level $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser (S>/!>6;) #nd 
(199A) S)#"ili 2onstr#int Br#$$#r-(#sed $orp"ologi%#l dis#$(igu#tor (S>/2BP)' 
'
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3'1 !H. N..4 -65 261P5.H.NSIK. 165PH6;6BI2/; /NN6!/!I6N -65 !.51 
4.S25IP!I6N 
 
!er$s #re %"#r#%terised (y single-)ord #nd $ulti-)ord for$s' But ter$s in # %orpus "#ve no 
uni,ue stru%tures in t"e sense t"#t t"ey s"#re t"e s#$e stru%tures )it" non-ter$ )ords' !"us* # 
uni,ue des%ription of ter$-)ords in # %orpus re,uires # des%ri(ing fe#ture or #ttri(ute t"#t is 
#ppli%#(le to ter$-)ords only' Be%#use (ot" ter$-)ords #nd non-ter$ )ords (in t"e "e#d-
$odifier rel#tions"ips) for$ $ulti-)ord ter$s* des%ription of $ulti-)ord ter$s s"ould #lso %over 
des%ri(ing fe#tures for %#tegories of non-ter$ )ords t"#t %#n (e p#rt of t"e ter$s' Su%" 
des%ription re,uires %o$puter tools t"#t #re %#p#(le of perfor$ing # %o$pre"ensive 
$orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis* i'e'* #n#lysing )ords (y t"e possi(le )ord-(#sed fe#tures'  
 
!r#dition#lly* t"e #n#lysis of )ords in # %orpus "#s (een restri%ted to p#rt-of-spee%" or 
gr#$$#ti%#l t#gging (B#rside +>$;1@ 199?)' Ho)ever* t"e restri%tion "#s never (een # deli(er#te 
option* r#t"er it is rooted in t"e use of #nnot#tion tools t"#t %ould not "#ndle %o$pre"ensive 
$orp"ologi%#l infor$#tion' Su%" tools "#d (een developed for .nglis"* t"e l#ngu#ge t"#t l#%ks 
%"#llenging $orp"ologi%#l stru%tures (;eon 199?)' !"e tools )ere developed on pro(#(ilisti% 
$odels
5
 #nd t"ey relied on le&i%ons t"#t )ere designed to "#ndle* #lp"#(eti%#lly #nd uni,uely* 
t"e listing of )ord for$s #nd suffi&es )it" t"eir potenti#l t#gs' Su%" le&i%ons %ould not 
                                                 
5
 >it" t"e e&%eption of t"e rule-(#sed !/BBI! t"#t )#s used for t#gging t"e Bro)n %orpus #t 
Bro)n University (Breen #nd 5u(in 19?1)* tools for t#gging #n .nglis" %orpus #re (#sed on # 
pro(#(ilisti% #ppro#%"' 2#ses of su%" tools #re t"e 2;/>S developed (y U25.; #t t"e University of 
;#n%#ster (1#rs"#ll 19@3J B#rside +>$;1@ 19@?) #nd t"e Iero& !#gger (2utting +>$;1@ 1992J 2utting #nd 
Pedersen 1993)' 
 
 
34
 
#%%o$$od#te full $orp"ologi%#l infor$#tion (e%#use t"e infor$#tion re,uires # l#rge #$ount of 
stor#ge sp#%e for le$$#s #nd t"eir #sso%i#ted derived for$s' 
 
!"e need for tools t"#t #re %#p#(le of "#ndling full $orp"ologi%#l infor$#tion "#s pro$pted 
%orpus linguists* p#rti%ul#rly t"ose )"o "#ve (een )orking on t"e $orp"ologi%#lly do$in#nt 
l#ngu#ges su%" #s -innis"* to )ork out #n #ltern#tive $odel t"#t is %#p#(le of "#ndling 
%o$pre"ensive $orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis (eyond t"e (ound#ries of l#ngu#ges' !"e develop$ent of 
t"e t)o-level $odel for $orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis #nd t"e 2onstr#int Br#$$#r $odel for 
$orp"ologi%#l #nd synt#%ti% dis#$(igu#tion* refle%ts su%" efforts' !"e follo)ing t)o o(<e%tives 
#re #$ong t"e o(<e%tives for t"e develop$ent of t"e t)o-level $odel for $orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis+ 
 
- to find out )"#t properties # gener#l t"eory of n#tur#l l#ngu#ge pro%essing s"ould "#ve in order 
to %ope )it" t"e properties of t"e $orp"ologi%#lly do$in#nt l#ngu#ges  
 
- to do t"e previous )it" t"e e&pli%it #i$ of %onstru%ting $odels #%%ounting for unedited running 
te&t* r#t"er t"#n %onfining t"e s%ope of t"e $odels to $i%ro-)ords or s$#ll su(sets of t"e potenti#l 
te&t %l#sses (0oskennie$i 19@5+ 111)' 
 
0#rlsson (1995#* 2"#pter 1)* st#tes t)enty-four go#ls for t"e develop$ent of t"e 2onstr#int 
Br#$$#r $odel )it" t"e %entr#l o(<e%tive of designing # l#ngu#ge-independent rule-(#sed $odel 
for # ro(ust dis#$(igu#tor )"i%" produ%es #ppropri#te #n#lyses in ter$s of perfe%t re%#ll #nd 
pre%ision' 
 
/n#lysis of # %orpus (y t"e tools developed on t"e t)o-level $odel #nd t"e 2onstr#int Br#$$#r 
$odel involves t)o sep#r#te pro%esses+ t"e pro%esses of $orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis #nd 
$orp"ologi%#l dis#$(igu#tion' !"e $orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis is %onte&t independent )"ere#s t"e 
dis#$(igu#tion is %onte&t dependent' 
 
 
3'2 !H. 164.; -65 / 165PH6;6BI2/; /N/;CS.5 
 
!"e t)o-level $odel for $orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis "#s (een designed for $orp"ologi%#l des%ription 
#s )ell #s for %o$put#tion#l #ppli%#tion to $orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis' !"e $odel %o$prises t)o 
%o$ponents+ t"e le&i%on #nd t"e rule syste$' !"e le&i%on "#ndles $orp"e$i% %onstr#ints #nd 
des%riptions #nd t"e rules des%ri(e possi(le #ltern#tions (et)een $orp"e$i% strings in t"e 
le&i%on #nd )ord for$s te&ts'  
'
3'2'1 !"e %ore of t"e t)o-level $odel 
'
!"e t)o-level $odel #ssu$es $orp"ologi%#l pro%esses in t"e $ent#l le&i%on during t"e pro%ess 
of )ord re%ognition' !"us* t"e $odel represents possi(le $orp"ologi%#l pro%esses for )ord 
re%ognition in # l#ngu#ge' !"e le&i%on #nd t"e rules f#%ilit#te t"e pro%ess' !"e le&i%on des%ri(es 
$orp"e$i% %onstr#ints in # l#ngu#ge (y t"e $e%"#nis$ of %ontinu#tion %l#sses' 6n t"e ot"er 
"#nd t"e rules represent rel#tions (et)een string of $orp"e$es in t"e le&i%on #nd )ord-for$s in 
t"e te&ts'  
 
 
35
 
!"e rel#tions"ip %#n (e represented #s follo)s+ 
 
   ;;.II26N -651  String of $orp"op"one$es 
 
>654 -651     !)o-level rules 
 
 
   !.I!U/; -651  String of ort"ogr#p"i% sy$(ols 
   
In t"e rel#tions e&pressed (y t"e t)o-level rules* t"e sy$(ol 0 (=ero) is used to %ounter(#l#n%e 
t"e $issing sy$(ols on eit"er level' -or e&#$ple* t"e sy$(ol is used in t"e te&tu#l for$ #s # 
su(stitute for %"#r#%ters t"#t #re only used in t"e le&i%on* su%" #s* DOE#nd DXE' !"e follo)ing 
represent#tion of rel#tions (et)een t"e S)#"ili te&tu#l )ord ;/;:0-; G"e or s"e is re#dingG #nd 
its le&i%on %ounterp#rt FX$;$D$/;$D$:0-$D$J XG el#(or#tes "o) t"e sy$(ol 0 is used #s # 
su(stitute in t"e rel#tions' 
 
X$;$D$/;$D$:0-$D$J X 
($;$($/;$($:0-$($;$($
 
!"e rel#tions (et)een individu#l sy$(ols in t"e #(ove %#se #re e&pressed #s+ 
 
P X+0* #+#* O+0* n+n* s+s* o+o* $+$* /+# Q  
 
1oreover* $et# %"#r#%ters* su%" #s D/E in t"e #(ove %#se* #re used in t"e rel#tions' Su%" 
%"#r#%ters #re only used in t"e le&i%on #nd t"ey %#n o%%ur in $ore t"#n one rel#tion' !"e te&tu#l 
v#lue of # $et# %"#r#%ter is deter$ined (y t"e rules' 
'
3'2'2 1orp"e$i% stru%tures #nd definitions in t"e t)o-level le&i%on 
 
/%%ording to Spro#t (1992+ A5)* # $orp"e$e is #n ordered p#ir %onstru%t' !"e first ele$ent of t"e 
p#ir represents t"e $orp"ologi%#l %#tegories* i'e' t"e $orp"ot#%ti% #nd se$#nti% fe#tures* #nd t"e 
se%ond ele$ent of t"e p#ir represents t"e linguisti% for$ #nd its #tt#%"$ent %onstr#ints'  
 
1orp"e$i% entries in t"e t)o-level le&i%on "#ve t"ree %o$ponents+ t"e linguisti% for$s or le&i%#l 
represent#tion of # $orp"e$e* t"e #tt#%"$ent %onstr#ints #nd t"e $orp"ot#%ti% #nd se$#nti% 
des%riptions' !"e $odel of t"e le&i%on provides provisions for t"e t"ree %o$ponents' 
0oskennie$i (19@3+ 2@-29) identifies t"e provisions #s+ t"e le&i%on entry %o$ponent* t"e 
%ontinu#tion %l#ss %o$ponent #nd t"e entry definition %o$ponent' 1orp"e$es #re represented in 
t"e le&i%on (y t"e style of su(-le&i%ons )"ere # su(-le&i%on st#nds for # $orp"e$e %#tegory* 
su%" #s DtenseE* Dsu(<e%t #gree$entE* Dver( rootE or Do(<e%t $#rkerE' 1orp"e$i% %onstr#ints #re 
represented (y t"e $e%"#nis$ of %ontinu#tion %l#ss' !"e follo)ing si$ple le&i%on stru%ture for 
t"e S)#"ili ver( ;/;:0-; F"eHs"e is re#dingG e&e$plifies t"e style of su(-le&i%ons #nd t"e 
$e%"#nis$ of %ontinu#tion %l#ss in t"e le&i%on' 
 
 ;.II26N Ker( 
  X Sp J 
 ;.II26N  #8 $
$ ;$ Pr J$
;.II26N 2< 
$$ / ;  KrJ 
 
 
3A
 
;.II26N Y< 
$ :0- Kfv -# J 
;.II26N  YEM=> 
$$;$ X J 
 
!"e #(ove represent#tion of t"e ver( ;/;:0-;$in t"e le&i%on stru%tures t"e ver( to # nu$(er of 
su(-le&i%ons (eginning )it" t"e ;.II26N Ker(* follo)ed (y t"e ;.II26NSJ Sp (su(<e%t 
prefi&)J Pr ( present tense)J Kr (ver( root)J #nd Kfv-# (ver( fin#l vo)el ;)@$!"e sy$(ol X in t"e 
entry of t"e ;.II26N Ker(* represents t"e (eginning of t"e )ord )"ile t"e Sp sy$(ol st#nds for 
t"e %ontinu#tion %l#ss' .#%" entry in t"e su(-le&i%on "#s t"e %o$ponents for le&i%#l 
represent#tion #nd for t"e %ontinu#tion %l#ss' >it" t"e e&%eption of t"e %ontinu#tion %l#ss X* 
)"i%" denotes t"e end of t"e )ord* t"e %ontinu#tion %l#sses for$ t"e su(-le&i%ons of t"e le&i%on 
syste$' 
 
!"e presen%e of t"ree provisions in t"e t)o-level le&i%on per$its t"e full "#ndling of 
$orp"ologi%#l stru%tures #nd infor$#tion' !"e provision for le&i%#l entry "#ndles linguisti% for$s 
for different %#tegories of $orp"e$e )"ere#s t"e %ontinu#tion %l#ss $e%"#nis$ t#kes %#re of 
$orp"ologi%#l %onstr#ints' !"e %onstr#ints filter t"e possi(le #tt#%"$ents for t"e le&i%#l for$s in 
t"e le&i%#l entry %o$ponent' In t"#t sense* t"e le&i%on des%ri(es # )ord #s # string of $orp"e$i% 
le&i%#l for$s t"#t for$ # %"#in (y t"e $e%"#nis$s of su(-le&i%ons #nd %ontinu#tion %l#sses' 
 
!"e provision for defining le&i%#l entry f#%ilit#tes t"e represent#tion of different kinds of )ord-
(#sed des%riptions* su%" #s $orp"ologi%#l* ter$inologi%#l #nd ety$ologi%#l des%riptions' !"e 
provision serves #s #n open (#sket for #ny infor$#tion* )"i%" %#n (e #sso%i#ted )it" # )ord 
for$' !"is is (e%#use t"e infor$#tion t"#t is given in t"is provision does not #ffe%t t"e pro%ess of 
)ord #n#lysis' !"e infor$#tion* t"oug"* is retrieved )"en # )ord is #n#lysed' 
 
3'2'3 Perfor$ing $orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis 
'
!"e le&i%on #nd rule %o$ponents of t"e t)o-level for$#lis$ en#(le t"e des%ription of n#tur#l 
l#ngu#ge $orp"ology* espe%i#lly %on%#ten#tive $orp"ology* for #uto$#ti% #n#lysis #nd 
gener#tion of )ords' !"e le&i%ons des%ri(e $orp"ot#%ti%s #nd t"e rules $odel rel#tions (et)een 
t"e le&i%#l #nd te&tu#l for$s of # )ord' !"e #n#lysis is %#rried out (y first %o$piling t"e le&i%on 
#nd rules into finite # st#te #uto$#ton #nd tr#nsdu%ers* respe%tively' In t"e %o$piled le&i%on* 
)ords #re represented #s strings of (#se for$s #nd t#gs' -or e&#$ple* t"e %o$piled le&i%on for$ 
of t"e S)#"ili )ord ;/;:0-; (e%o$es+ 
 
so$/ O1H2-SB3-SP OK-IN OP5+n# 
 
!"e type #nd nu$(er of t#gs in t"e string of # %o$piled le&i%on )ord depend on t"e des%ription 
of # )ord in t"e le&i%on' 
 
!"e %o$piled rules* t"e tr#nsdu%ers* f#%ilit#te t"e #n#lysis (y $#pping (et)een te&tu#l )ords #nd 
t"e %o$piled le&i%on strings' >"en t"e $#t%"ing is %o$plete* le&i%on strings #re returned #s t"e 
#n#lysis of te&tu#l )ords' -or e&#$ple* )"en t"e S)#"ili t)o-level $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser* 
S>/!>6;* #n#lyses )ords in t"e te&t+ vi$ele#$F3;$E;-IE5.L.$?E>01+4;$54+/3+$5./3+:. 
Finfe%tious ger$s #re produ%ed in f#e%esG* t"e #n#lyser returns t"e follo)ing #n#lysis+ 
 
NPvi$ele#QN 
Nle#N ?H@-P;-SP K-IN P.5-+$e K SK SK6  
 
 
3?
 
Nki$ele#N ?H@-P; N 3 p#r#siti% pl#nt 3  
NPvy#QN 
Nvy#N ?H@-P; B.N-26N 
NPu#$(uki=iQN 
Nu#$(uki=iN 11-SB N 
Nu#$(uki=iN 11-SB N  
NP"utole)#QN 
Ntole#N H/BI!-SP K-IN K SK SK6 /PP; P/SS  
Nle)#N N.B SB2-SP K-IN -U!+to N6N-S!4 K SK  
Nle#N N.B SB2-SP K-IN -U!+to N6N-S!4 K SK SK6 P/SS  
NPk)enyeQN 
Nk)enyeN 3 in* #t* #(out 3 P5.P S/4K; 
NenyeN 15-SB P6SS+ ote 
NenyeN 1?-SB P6SS+ ote 
NPkinyesiQN 
NkinyesiN ?H@-SB N 3 e&%retu$ 3  
NkinyesiN 9H10-0-SB N 
NkinyesiN 9H10-0-P; N 
 
!e&tu#l )ords in t"e #(ove #n#lysis #re surrounded (y #ngle (r#%kets FPQG' !"e )ords #re 
follo)ed (y t"eir $orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis #s perfor$ed (y t"e $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser' / 
$orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis is kno)n #s # re#ding #nd # te&tu#l )ord )it" its re#dings is %#lled # 
%o"ort' In $ost %#ses* %o"orts %ont#in $ore t"#n one re#ding' .very re#ding t"#t is returned (y 
t"e #n#lyser is # %o$plete rel#tion (et)een # te&tu#l )ord #nd t"e %o$piled le&i%on string #s 
$#pped (y t"e t)o level tr#nsdu%ers' !"e presen%e of $ore t"#n one re#ding sign#ls # te&tu#l 
)ord t"#t "#s (een $#t%"ed $ore t"#n on%e' !"e $#t%"ing %ould (e due to # nu$(er of f#%tors* 
in%luding t"e interpret#tion of # te&tu#l )ord #s # deriv#tive of $ore t"#n one (#se for$' -or 
inst#n%e* in t"e #(ove #n#lysis t"e te&tu#l )ord$F.-+1+;$W(#%teri#G* "#s (een interpreted #s # 
possi(le deriv#tive of t)o (#se for$s+ # ver( (#se for$ 1+;$Wn#tureG #nd # no$in#l (#se for$ 
5.-+1+; F(#%teri#G' In ot"er )ords t"e #n#lysis indi%#tes t"#t in t"e te&t t"e )ord F.-+1+; %#n (e 
eit"er # ver( t"#t is derived fro$ t"e (#se for$ F1+;Y or t"e plur#l for$ of t"e noun 5.-+1+;@ 
 
!e&tu#l )ords in %o"orts t"#t %ont#in $ore t"#n one re#ding* #re s#id to (e $orp"ologi%#lly 
#$(iguous' .#%" re#ding in t"e #n#lysis st#nds for # uni,ue %onte&tu#l possi(ility #nd t"ere 
s"ould (e only one re#ding for # %onte&t' !"e t#sk of sele%ting t"e re#dings t"#t #re %onte&tu#lly 
#ppropri#te is not done (y t"e t)o-level-(#sed $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser (ut (y t"e %onstr#int 
gr#$$#r-(#sed $orp"ologi%#l dis#$(igu#tor'  
'
3'2'4 1orp"ologi%#l "euristi%s 
 
Ide#lly t"e t)o-level le&i%on represents # full $orp"ologi%#l des%ription of # l#ngu#ge* )"i%" 
i$plies t"#t t"e le&i%on is #ppropri#te for t"e #n#lysis of #n unrestri%ted te&t' Ho)ever* t"ere $#y 
(e so$e )ords* in t"e re#l te&t* t"#t #re not represented in t"e le&i%on' Su(se,uently* t"ere #re 
%"#n%es t"#t so$e te&tu#l )ords )ill es%#pe t"e #n#lysis' !"is pro(le$ is over%o$e (y providing 
t"e #n#lyser )it" t"e $orp"ologi%#l "euristi%s or guessing rules for #n#lysing te&tu#l )ords t"#t 
#re not represented in t"e le&i%on' !"e $orp"ologi%#l "euristi%s en#(les t"e #n#lyser to perfor$ 
$orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis for every )ord in t"e unrestri%ted input te&t' !"is #n#lysis is # 
prere,uisite for t"e #ppli%#tion of t"e $orp"ologi%#l dis#$(igu#tor' '
'
 
 
3@
 
3'3 !H. 164.; -65 4IS/1BIBU/!INB 165PH6;6BI2/; /N/;CSIS 
 
!"e presen%e of $orp"ologi%#l #$(iguity* #s Koutil#inen (1995#) #rgues* signifies t"e ne%essity 
of %onte&tu#l kno)ledge in $orp"ologi%#l #nnot#tion' !"e 2onstr#int Br#$$#r P#rser (2BP) is 
# %onte&t-(#sed rule $odel for $orp"ologi%#l dis#$(igu#tion #nd synt#%ti% #nnot#tion' 
/%%ording to 0#rlsson (1995(+ 45)* t"e %entr#l go#l of t"e 2BP* #s # %o$put#tion#l tool* is t"e 
perfe%t "#ndling of #n ordin#ry unrestri%ted te&t' !"e 2BP $orp"ologi%#l dis#$(igu#tor provides 
str#tegies for representing %onte&t-(#sed %onstr#int rules for $orp"ologi%#l dis#$(igu#tion' /s # 
progr#$ for $orp"ologi%#l dis#$(igu#tion* t"e 2BP $orp"ologi%#l dis#$(igu#tor oper#tes on 
t)o inputs+ t"e $orp"ologi%#lly #n#lysed te&t file #nd t"e %onstr#int rule file' !"us t"e proper 
$orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis #nd des%ription of %onstr#int rules for$s t"e (#sis of t"e 2BP #s # 
$orp"ologi%#l dis#$(igu#tor' 
'
3'3'1 1orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis #s # %ore for t"e 2BP 
 
1orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis is t"e (#si% step of p#rsing l#ngu#ge (0#rlsson 1995#+ 11)' !"is is 
(e%#use t"e #n#lysis produ%es $orp"ologi%#l #$(iguities t"#t #re resolved (y t"e p#rser' 
/ddition#lly* t"e #n#lysis provides $orp"ologi%#l infor$#tion #nd #n environ$ent for t"e 
des%ription of t"e dis#$(igu#tion rules' !"e 2BP $odel presupposes full $orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis 
of unrestri%ted te&t' Su%" $orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis is possi(le only )it" t"e #n#lyser t"#t "#s # 
le&i%on syste$ %#p#(le of "#ndling t"e full vo%#(ul#ry of # l#ngu#ge #nd its $orp"ologi%#l 
des%ription' So f#r* t"e t)o-level-(#sed $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser is t"e fe#si(le option for t"e 2BP 
i$ple$ent#tion' /$ong t"e str#tegies for opti$ising $orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis in t"e 2BP $odel is 
t"e opti$is#tion of $#ster le&i%on #nd $orp"ologi%#l des%ription (0#rlsson 1995#+ 2?-32)' 
/%%ording to 0#rlsson (1995#+ 11)* Ft"e le&i%on is supposed to (e l#rge enoug"* %ont#ining #t 
le#st 30*000 le&e$es* one per le$$# (le&i%#l entry) (e"ind t"e #ssu$ptions t"#t t"e 
$orp"ologi%#l rules #%%ount for #ll non-le&i%#lised infle%ted #nd derived for$sG' 1oreover* 
0#rlsson #dvo%#tes pre%ise represent#tion of $orp"ologi%#l infor$#tion in t"e le&i%on to #void 
unne%ess#ry #$(iguities' He #rgues t"#t F# sloppy le&i%on #nd $orp"ology $ig"t %#use 
e&%essive overgener#tion L)"ere#sM # stringent le&i%on speeds up dis#$(igu#tion (y $ini$ising 
t"e #$ount of spurious re#dingsG (0#rlsson 1995#+ 2@)' 0#rlsson suggests fe#ture 
underspe%ifi%#tion #s # str#tegy for opti$ising $orp"ologi%#l des%ription* even t"oug" "e 
#%kno)ledges its effe%t of de%re#sing infor$#tion' Ho)ever* it is our opinion t"#t 
underspe%ifi%#tion s"ould not (e # gener#l str#tegy in $orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis #s it ignores t"e 
f#%t t"#t #nnot#tion of # %orpus is nor$#lly go#l-(ound #nd t"e %orre%t spe%ifi%#tion is t"e one 
)"i%" is %o$p#ti(le )it" t"e go#ls of t"e #nnot#tion' 
 
6pti$#l $orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis of #n unrestri%ted te&t produ%es full #nd perfe%t $orp"ologi%#l 
#n#lysis of t"e input te&t' !"e #n#lysis involves individu#l )ord for$s in # %onte&t-free 
environ$ent #nd nor$#lly produ%es $ore t"#n one possi(le #n#lysis' >"en t"e #n#lysed )ords 
#re pl#%ed in t"eir te&tu#l environ$ent only one #n#lysis is #%%ept#(le in t"#t environ$ent' !"e 
2BP $odel for $orp"ologi%#l dis#$(igu#tion is # rule for$#lis$ for t"e sele%tion of t"e #n#lysis 
t"#t is %onte&tu#lly #%%ept#(le in t"e environ$ent of t"e input te&t' 
 
3'3'2' 5ule for$#lis$ for $orp"ologi%#l dis#$(igu#tion 
 
!"e 2BP rule for$#lis$ for $orp"ologi%#l dis#$(igu#tion provides # for$#t for stru%turing t"e 
input rule file #nd for for$ul#ting t"e %onstr#int-(#sed rules' 1oreover* t"e for$#lis$ #llo)s t"e 
use of "euristi% dis#$(igu#tion %onstr#ints )"ere t"e ordin#ry rules f#il to dis#$(igu#te' '
 
 
39
 
WJWJTJ3'$G;'?:<9C:9<;'6E'>'<9I;'E@I;'
 
!"e rule file %ont#ins # nu$(er of se%tions of different infor$#tion t"#t is ne%ess#ry for t"e 
fun%tioning of t"e p#rser (0#rlsson 1995(+ 49-54J !#p#n#inen 199A+ 13-24)' / "e#der under 
)"i%" is t"e infor$#tion #sso%i#ted )it" t"e "e#der represents e#%" se%tion' !#p#n#inen 
%#tegorises t"e input rule file "e#ders #s follo)s+ 
 
4.;I1I!.5S 
P5.-.55.4-!/5B.! 
S.!S 
1/PPINB 
26NS!5/IN!S 
.N4 
 
!"e nu$(er of se%tions in t"e rule file depends on t"e t#sk to (e perfor$ed (y t"e p#rser' 
Ho)ever* every rule file s"ould %ont#in t"e se%tion 4.;I1I!.5S' !"is se%tion %ont#ins 
infor$#tion t"#t en#(les t"e p#rser to re%ognise t"e end of senten%es in t"e input te&t #s t"e p#rser 
oper#tes on senten%es'  
 
!"e se%tion 1/PPINB s"ould (e in t"e file only )"en t"e p#rser is to perfor$ synt#%ti% 
$#ppingJ t"us t"e se%tion is not ne%ess#ry for $orp"ologi%#l dis#$(igu#tion' !"e S.!S se%tion 
%ont#ins t#gs t"#t #re used in t"e rules )"ere t"e t#gs #re defined to f#%ilit#te represent#tion of 
gener#l infor$#tion in t"e rules (e%#use e#%" set n#$e st#nds for one or $ore t#gs t"#t #re 
defined in t"e se%tion' .very rule file s"ould %ont#in t"is se%tion for t"e purpose of rule 
gener#lis#tion' !"e infor$#tion in t"e se%tion P5.-.55.4-!/5B.! restri%ts %ert#in 
infor$#tion in t"e input %o"ort fro$ (eing re$oved (y t"e p#rser in %#ses )"ere t"e rule syste$ 
tries to re$ove #ll re#dings of t"e %o"ort' !"e se%tion 26NS!5/IN!S %ont#ins t"e #%tu#l rules 
t"#t #re used (y t"e p#rser in t"e pro%esses of dis#$(igu#tion' !"e rules #re eit"er for 
$orp"ologi%#l or for synt#%ti% dis#$(igu#tion* depending on t"e ele$ents of t"e rules* #nd t"ey 
%#n (e represented in $ore t"#n one se%tion in # rule file' !"e se%tion .N4 $#rks t"e end of t"e 
rule file* #nd t"e p#rser ignores )"#tever follo)s #fter t"#t se%tion'  
'
WJWJTJT'$G;'?:<9C:9<;'6E'<9I;?'
 
!"e stru%ture of dis#$(igu#tion rules is t"e s#$e for #ll fun%tions of t"e p#rser+ $orp"ologi%#l 
dis#$(igu#tion* synt#%ti% $#pping #nd synt#%ti% dis#$(igu#tion' !"e rules "#ve t"ree o(lig#tory 
%onstituents #nd one option#l %onstituent' !"e o(lig#tory %onstituents #re+ oper#tor* t#rget #nd 
%onte&t %ondition* )"ere#s t"e option#l %onstituent is t"e )ord for$* )"i%" is needed only in t"e 
rules t"#t #re spe%ifi% to # p#rti%ul#r )ord for$' !"e rule "#s t"e follo)ing s%"e$#+ 
 
(>654 -651) 6P.5/!I6N !/5B.! 26N!.I! 26N4I!I6N(s) 
 
!"e ele$ent t"#t o%%urs in t"e %onstituent >654 -651 p#rti%ul#rises #n ite$ to (e fo%ussed on 
(y t"e rule' Su%" #n ite$ is # )ord in # running te&t #nd t"e rule #pplies only to %o"orts )it" su%" 
# )ord for$' In t"e 6P.5/!I6N %onstituent #re oper#tors for t"e kind of oper#tion to (e 
perfor$ed on t"e %onstituent !/5B.!' !"e oper#tors #re 5.16K. #nd S.;.2!' >it" t"e 
5.16K. oper#tor* t"e p#rser re$oves t"e re#ding )"i%" %ont#ins # t#g t"#t is given in t"e 
t#rget* if #ll t"e %onte&tu#l %onditions #re s#tisfied' !"e S.;.2! oper#tor dire%ts t"e p#rser to 
sele%t t"e re#ding* )"i%" %ont#ins # t#g given in t"e t#rget if #ll t"e %onte&t %onditions #re 
s#tisfied (see !#p#n#inen 199A+ 3A)' In t"e !/5B.! position #re t#gs or set n#$es )"i%" #re 
 
 
40
 
defined in t"e S.! to represent re#dings in t"e rule )"i%" t"e p#rser s"ould oper#te on' !#g 
n#$es in t"e t#rget %onstituents #re surrounded (y p#rent"eses )"ile set n#$es #re not' 
2onte&tu#l %onditions t"#t #re ne%ess#ry for t"e #ppli%#tion of t"e oper#tion of t"e rule #re 
defined in t"e 26N!.I! 26N4I!I6N(S)' !"e definitions #re rel#tive to t"e t#rget re#ding' !"e 
t#rget re#ding is given t"e position =ero #nd t"e %onte&t is defined fro$ t"e referent =ero )"ere 
ele$ents (efore t"e =ero #re represented (y neg#tive nu$(ers #nd ele$ents #fter t"e =ero (y 
positive nu$(ers' !"e %onte&t %ondition "#s t)o ele$ents* t"e position nu$(er )"i%" is rel#tive 
to t"e referent =ero #nd t"e n#$e of # t#g or set )"i%" defines # re#ding or # )ord for$ of # 
%o"ort in t"#t rel#tive position' Belo) #re %#ses of rel#tive positions in t"e %onte&t %onditions* #s 
given (y !#p#n#inen (199A+ 2?) 
 
 ' (-1 /) 
 !"e previous %o"ort %ont#ins # re#ding )"i%" "#s # t#g (elonging to set /' 
 ' (1 /)  
!"e follo)ing %o"ort %ont#ins # re#ding )"i%" "#s # t#g (elonging to set /' 
 ' (2 /) 
!"e se%ond %o"ort to t"e rig"t %ont#ins # re#ding )"i%" "#s # t#g (elonging to set /' 
' (3 /) 
 !"e t"ird %o"ort to t"e rig"t %ont#ins # re#ding )"i%" "#s # t#g (elonging to set /' 
 
!"e position in t"e %onte&t %ondition %#n (e un(ound to #ny p#rti%ul#r nu$(er' /n #sterisk DVE is 
prefi&ed to t"e nu$(er to un(ound t"e position* fro$ t"e nu$(er* rig"t)#rd #nd left)#rd to t"e 
fin#l #nd initi#l senten%e (ound#ries for positive #nd neg#tive nu$(ers respe%tively' -or e&#$ple+ 
 
 ' (V-1 /) 
!"ere is # %o"ort to t"e left t"#t %ont#ins # re#ding )"i%" "#s # t#g (elonging to set / 
' (V1 /)  
!"ere is # %o"ort to t"e rig"t t"#t %ont#ins # re#ding )"i%" "#s # t#g (elonging to set / 
' (V2 /) 
!)o or $ore %o"orts to t"e rig"t* t"ere is # %o"ort t"#t %ont#ins # re#ding )"i%" "#s # t#g 
(elonging to set / 
 
!"e %"#r#%ter D2E* for F%#refulG is suffi&ed to t"e nu$(er to restri%t t"e %onte&t %ondition to (e 
s#tisfied only in un#$(iguous %onte&ts (!#p#n#inen 199A+ 2@)' 
 
It is #lso possi(le to neg#te t"e %onte&t %ondition' !"is is done (y st#rting t"e %onte&t %ondition 
)it" t"e key )ord N6!* e'g' (N6! 1 N)* )"i%" $e#ns t"#t t"e follo)ing %o"ort s"ould not 
%ont#in # re#ding )"i%" "#s # t#g (elonging to set N' 
'
WJWJTJW'$G;'><<>DO;7;D:'6E'<9I;?'
 
In t"e rule file* rules %#n (e #rr#nged in $ore t"#n one se%tion* e#%" se%tion under t"e s#$e 
"e#der F26NS!5/IN!SG' F!"e 26NS!5/IN! se%tions #re #pplied in t"e order in )"i%" t"ey 
#ppe#r in t"e rule file' -irst* t"e first se%tion is #pplied #lone* #nd )"en it %#n no longer 
dis#$(igu#te t"e first #nd t"e se%ond se%tions #re #pplied toget"er* et%G (!#p#n#inen 199A+ 34)' 
In spite of t"e possi(ility of ordering rules #%%ording to t"e 26NS!5/IN! se%tions in t"e rule 
file* represent#tion of rules in t"e se%tion does not #ssu$e #ny rule order' !"e rules #re 
independent fro$ e#%" ot"er #nd %#n (e #pplied in #ny order' /s 0#rlsson (1994+ 122) puts it* 
F!"e %onstr#ints do not "#ve t"e usu#l t#sk of telling )"i%" senten%es #re %orre%t ''' L(utM #re ''' 
$ore dire%tly ge#red to)#rds t"e (#si% t#sk of p#rsing'''G'  
 
 
41
 
3'3'3 Heuristi% dis#$(igu#tion %onstr#ints 
 
/lt"oug" t"e $#in go#l of t"e 2BP fr#$e)ork is to provide # for$#lis$ for t"e %onstr#ints t"#t 
#re %#p#(le of #tt#ining perfe%t #n#lysis* t"e fr#$e)ork #llo)s t"e use of guessing rules in 
#ddition to t"e ordin#ry rules' !"e guessing rules* #re "o)ever* not o(lig#tory in t"e rule file #nd 
t"ey #re only #dded to t"e file on t"e )is"es of t"e gr#$$#ri#n' Su%" rules #re represented under 
t"e se%tion H.U5IS!I2-4IS/1BIBU/!I6N- 26NS!5/IN!S' /%%ording to 0#rlsson 
(1995(+ A@)* Ft"ese %onstr#ints #re for$ul#ted <ust like ordin#ry %onstr#ints #nd t"ey #re #pplied 
only )"en t"e ordin#ry %onstr#ints find no $ore #ppli%#tionsG' >"ere t"e "euristi%s #re not 
needed* t"e se%tion under )"i%" t"ey #re represented s"ould (e o$itted or represented (y NI;' 
 
 
3'4' !66;S -65 /N/;CSINB !H. S>/HI;I 265PUS  
 
!"is se%tion presents tools for $orp"ologi%#l #nnot#tion of t"e S)#"ili %orpus+ t"e t)o-level-
(#sed S)#"ili $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser (S>/!>6;) #nd t"e 2onstr#int Br#$$#r-(#sed S)#"ili 
$orp"ologi%#l dis#$(igu#tor (S>/2BP)' Hursk#inen "#s developed t"e tools #t t"e University 
of Helsinki (Hursk#inen 1992J 199A)' !"e des%ription of ter$s in t"e S)#"ili %orpus for t"is 
study relies on t"ese tools' 
'
3'4'1 B#%kground to t"e tools 
 
!"e <ourney to)#rds t"e #nnot#tion of #n unrestri%ted S)#"ili te&t* p#rti%ul#rly $orp"ologi%#l 
#nnot#tion* (eg#n in 19@? )"en Hursk#inen (eg#n to develop t"e S)#"ili-(#sed t)o-level 
$orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser (Hursk#inen 1992)' !"e #%rony$ S>/!>6;* )"i%" st#nds for DS)#"ili 
!)o-levelE* liter#lly $e#ns #ppli%#tion of t"e !)o-level $odel in $orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis of 
S)#"ili te&ts' !"e develop$ent of t"e tools (eg#n )it" (uilding up t"e %orpus of S)#"ili te&t* 
)"i%" did not e&ist previously' !"en follo)ed t"e %re#tion of t"e t)o-level-(#sed S)#"ili le&i%on 
#nd rules' !"e develop$ent of t"e S)#"ili 2onstr#int Br#$$#r p#rser (S2BP) %#$e l#ter #s t"e 
tool for "#ndling $orp"ologi%#l #$(iguities produ%ed (y t"e $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser' /fter # 
pro%ess of testing #nd refining* t"e perfor$#n%e of t"e tools in #nnot#ting #n unrestri%ted S)#"ili 
%orpus "#s proved # "ig" level of effe%tiveness* (ot" in re%#ll #nd pre%ision' /%%ording to 
Hursk#inen (199A+ 5A@)* t"e tools #%"ieved 99'@Y re%#ll #nd %lose to 100Y pre%ision in 
#nnot#ting #n unrestri%ted te&t %orpus of one $illion )ords' 
'
3'4'2 !"e S>/!>6; $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser 
 
S>/!>6; is # %o$position of t"ree %o$ponents+ t"e #nnot#tion s%"e$e* t"e le&i%on #nd t"e 
rules' 
 
WJXJTJ3'#+!$+*,'>DD6:>:@6D'?CG;7;'
 
!"e #nnot#tion s%"e$e (%f' 2"#pter2) for S>/!>6; #pplies # nu$(er of sy$(ols for %oding 
v#rious )ord-(#sed infor$#tion' !"e infor$#tion )"i%" is %oded is $#inly $orp"ologi%#l* 
in%luding infle%tion#l* deriv#tion#l #nd p#rts of spee%" fe#tures' !"e sy$(ols #re l#rgely (#sed on 
# nu$(er of S)#"ili $orp"ologi%#l )orks (/s"ton* 1944J Polo$e 19A?J 1uk#$#* 19?AJ 
0"#$isi* 19@@)' 1oreover* t"ere #re sy$(ols for %oding ot"er )ord-(#sed fe#tures* su%" #s 
ety$ologi%#l* se$#nti% ter$inologi%#l fe#tures #nd* to # lesser e&tent* )ord-p#rti%ul#r synt#%ti% 
fe#tures' /ddition#lly* t"ere #re sy$(ols for defining %l#use (ound#ries in t"e input te&t' !"e 
 
 
42
 
S>/!>6; #nnot#tion s%"e$e is presented (elo)* #s produ%ed for us (y Hursk#inen* t"e 
developer of t"e s%"e$e* on 19t" 4e%e$(er* 1999'  
'
&I>9?;'K69DA><N':>O 
 
VV2;B  %l#use (ound#ry' J U Z ili* k)#$(# 
 
$>O?'E6<'7><S@DO'D69D'CI>??'E;>:9<;? 
!"ere #re t"e follo)ing t#gs indi%#ting t"e %l#sses of nouns' Note t"#t $ost of t"e t#gs s"o) # p#ir of noun 
%l#sses* )"i%" $e#ns t"#t t"e noun t#kes one %l#ss prefi& in t"e singul#r #nd #not"er in t"e plur#l' !#gs 
)it" one %l#ss only refer to su%" nouns #s do not "#ve # singul#rHplur#l distin%tion' /$ong su%" nouns #re 
#(str#%t nouns (u"uru 11-SB* 3freedo$3)* $#ss nouns ($#<i A-P;* 3)#ter) #nd ver(#l nouns (kuso$# 
15-SB* 3re#ding3)'  
 
1H2-P;  noun %l#ss 1H2 plur#l* noun prefi& or %on%ord   H>tu* H>li$u* H;=i 
1H2-SB  noun %l#ss 1H2 singul#r* noun prefi& or %on%ord   7tu* 7H#li$u*'7Hi=i 
11-SB  noun %l#ss 11 singul#r* noun prefi& or %on%ord   9$u"i$u* Hi=i 
11H10-P; noun %l#ss 11H10 plur#l* noun prefi& or %on%ord   DNi$(o* funguo 
11H10-SB noun %l#ss 11H10 singul#r* noun prefi& or %on%ord  Hi$(o* 9funguo 
11HA-P; noun %l#ss 11HA plur#l* noun prefi& or %on%ord   7>gon<)#* 7>ku%"# 
11HA-SB noun %l#ss 11HA singul#r* noun prefi& or %on%ord   9gon<)#* 9ku%"# 
15-SB  noun %l#ss 15 singul#r* noun prefi& or %on%ord ''Sso$# 
1A-SB  noun %l#ss 1A singul#r* %on%ord     p# 
1?-SB  noun %l#ss 1? singul#r* %on%ord     ku 
1@-SB  noun %l#ss 1@ singul#r* %on%ord     $u 
3H4-P;  noun %l#ss 11H10 plur#l* noun prefi& or %on%ord   7@ti 
3H4-SB  noun %l#ss 3H4 singul#r* noun prefi& or %on%ord ''7ti 
5HA-P;  noun %l#ss 5HA plur#l* noun prefi& or %on%ord ''7>)e 
5HA-SB  noun %l#ss 5HA singul#r* noun prefi& or %on%ord   <i)e 
5#HA-P;  noun %l#ss 5#HA plur#l* noun prefi&    7>so$o 
5#HA-SB noun %l#ss 5#HA singul#r* noun prefi&    so$o 
A-P;  noun %l#ss A plur#l* noun prefi&     7>d#r#k# 
?H@-P;  noun %l#ss ?H@ plur#l* noun prefi& or %on%ord   M@ti* MN>kul# 
?H@-SB  noun %l#ss ?H@ singul#r* noun prefi& or %on%ord   S@ti* CG>kul# 
9H10-0-P; noun %l#ss 9H10 plur#l* no %l#ss $#rker* noun prefi&  t## 
9H10-0-SB noun %l#ss 9H10 singul#r* no %l#ss $#rker* noun prefi&  t## 
9H10-NI-P; noun %l#ss 9H10 plur#l* %l#ss $#rker n-* $-* or ny-* noun prefi& Dt#* 7()#* DNot# 
9H10-NI-SB noun %l#ss 9H10 singul#r* %l#ss $#rker n-* $-* or ny-* noun prefi& Dt#* 7()#* DNot# 
9H10-P; noun %l#ss 9H10 plur#l %on%ord     #n#Z@so$# 
9H10-SB noun %l#ss 9H10 singul#r %on%ord    #n#@so$# 
9HA-0-P; noun %l#ss 9HA plur#l* noun prefi&    7>so$o 
9HA-0-SB noun %l#ss 9HA singul#r* noun prefi&    so$o 
;62  lo%#tive        "#p#* "uko 
;62-1A lo%#tive of t"e type 3p#3      "#p#* p#le 
;62-1? lo%#tive of t"e type 3ku3      "uku* kule 
;62-1@ lo%#tive of t"e type 3$u3      "u$u* $le 
 
$>O?'<;I>:;A':6'8><:'6E'?8;;CG'E;>:9<;?Q';BCI9A@DO'E;>:9<;?'<;I>:;A':6'D69D'CI>??'C6DC6<A? 
 
+enye   pronoun )it" prono$in#l prefi&es   $)enye $#li 
+"K   de$onstr#tive pronoun of t"e type "K(2)K  "iki* "#y#* "ii 
+le   de$onstr#tive pronoun of t"e type (2)Kle  kile* y#le* ile 
+ote   pronoun )it" prono$in#l prefi&es   siku =ote 
/   #d<e%tive      =uri 
 
 
43
 
/-IN-;  infle%ting #d<e%tive     viti vi=uri 
/-UNIN-;  uninfle%ting #d<e%tive     viti "#(# 
/4-/47  ,u#lifier of #n #d<e%tive     k#(is#* s#n# 
/47   #d<e%tive      =uri* "#(# 
/4K   #dver(       ten# 
/4K+ki   #dver(i#l prefi& 3ki3 of nouns    S@u<#n<# 
2/54   %#rdin#l nu$er#l     t#tu 
22   %oordin#ting %on<un%tion    n# 
26N7   %on<un%tion      ili 
4.1   de$onstr#tive pronoun     ile* "iki* "uyo 
.I2;/1  e&%l#$#tion      #l#Z 
B.N-26N  genitive %onne%tor     kit#(u %"# $toto 
IN!.556B  interrog#tive      liniU $(on#U 
N   noun       kitu 
NU1   nu$er#l      is"irini 
NU1-IN-;  infle%ting nu$er#l     )#nne 
NU1-UNIN-;  uninfle%ting nu$er#l     sit# 
654   ordin#l nu$er#l      $tu )# sit# 
P.5S   person#l pronoun     $i$i 
P;   plur#l       H>tu 
P;1   1' person plur#l     ':9n#so$# 
P;2   2' person plur#l      7n#so$# 
P;3   3' person plur#l      H>n#so$# 
P6SS   possessive pronoun     kiti CG>DO9 
P56N   pronoun      $i$i* G@S@ 
P56PN   proper n#$e      /li* 1o$(#s# 
P56PN-/N  proper n#$e* #ni$#te     /li 
S.;-S!/N4INB selfst#nding su(<e%t p#rti%le    yu* =i 
SB   singul#r       $tu 
K   ver(       kuso$# 
 
$>O?'<;E;<<@DO':6'E;>:9<;?'@D'M;<K? 
 
1H2-P;1   noun %l#ss 1H2 1' person plur#l   #n#:9fikiri 
1H2-P;1-SP   noun %l#ss 1H2 1' person plur#l* su(<e%t prefi& :9n#so$# 
1H2-P;2   noun %l#ss 1H2 2' person plur#l   #n#H>fikiri 
1H2-P;2-SP   noun %l#ss 1H2 2' person plur#l* su(<e%t prefi& 7n#so$#  
1H2-P;3   noun %l#ss 1H2 3' person plur#l   #n#H>fikiri 
1H2-P;3-SP   noun %l#ss 1H2 3' person plur#l* su(<e%t prefi& H>n#so$# 
1H2-SB1   noun %l#ss 1H2 1' person singul#r  #n#D@fikiri 
1H2-SB1-SP   noun %l#ss 1H2 1' person singul#r* su(<e%t prefi& D@n#fikiri 
1H2-SB1-n#-P/S!  noun %l#ss 1H2 1' person singul#r* p#st tense )it"  
    su(<e%t prefi& 3ni3 %"#nged #s 3n#3   D>liso$# 
1H2-SB2   noun %l#ss 1H2 2' person singul#r  #n#S9fikiri 
1H2-SB2-SP   noun %l#ss 1H2 2' person singul#r* su(<e%t prefi& 9n#so$# 
1H2-SB3   noun %l#ss 1H2 3' person singul#r  #n#7fikiri* #n#7Ho$(# 
1H2-SB3-SP   noun %l#ss 1H2 3' person singul#r* su(<e%t prefi& >n#so$# 
11-SB-SP   noun %l#ss 11 singul#r* su(<e%t prefi&  u=uri 9$e=idi 
15-SB-SP   noun %l#ss 15 singul#r* su(<e%t prefi&  kuso$# S9n#fur#"is"# 
1A-SB-SP   noun %l#ss 1A singul#r* su(<e%t prefi&  "#p# 8>$e%"#fuk# 
1?-SB-SP   noun %l#ss 1? singul#r* su(<e%t prefi&  "uko S9$e%"#fuk# 
1@-SB-SP   noun %l#ss 1@ singul#r* su(<e%t prefi&  $le 7$e%"#guk# 
3H4-P;-SP   noun %l#ss 3H4 plur#l* su(<e%t prefi&  $iti @n#ot# 
3H4-SB-SP   noun %l#ss 3H4 singul#r* su(<e%t prefi&  $ti 9n#ot# 
 
 
44
 
5HA-P;-SP   noun %l#ss 5HA plur#l* su(<e%t prefi&  $#%"o N>n#on# 
5HA-SB-SP   noun %l#ss 5HA singul#r* su(<e%t prefi&  <i%"o I@n#on# 
?H@-P;-SP   noun %l#ss ?H@ plur#l* su(<e%t prefi&  viti M@$evun<ik# 
?H@-SB-SP   noun %l#ss ?H@ singul#r* su(<e%t prefi&  kiti S@$evun<ik# 
9H10-P;-SP   noun %l#ss 9H10 plur#l* su(<e%t prefi&  t## Z@n#)#k# 
9H10-SB-SP   noun %l#ss 9H10 singul#r* su(<e%t prefi&  t## @n#)#k# 
/52H/I2-P5-yu#-SP   su(<e%t prefi& of #n #r%"#i% %onstru%tion  N9>end# 
/SS62+n#    #sso%i#tive or genitive stru%ture (#sed on  
t"e root 3n#3     nin#* nin#%"o 
/UI164   #u&ili#ry $odus     #n#)e=# kus#idi# 
2/US    %#us#tive     #n#so$;?G#* 
#n##$?G#* 
#n#te$(;Z# 
2/US+is"   %#us#tive )it" $#rker 3is"3   #n#so$;?G#* 
#n#si$#$@?G# 
2/US+s"   %#us#tive )it" $#rker 3s"3   #n#pi?G# 
2/US+=   %#us#tive )it" $#rker 3=3   #n#)ekeZ# 
261P;   %o$pleted #%tion    #$eSH@?G>so$# 
26N4-26;;6[+kes"#  %ollo,ui#l %ondition#l for$ indi%#ting %o$pleted  
#%tion* $#rker 3kes"#3      S;?G>so$# 
26N4-26;;6[+kis"#  %ollo,ui#l %ondition#l for$ indi%#ting %o$pleted  
#%tion* $#rker 3kis"#3    S@?G>so$# 
26N4-N.B+sing#li  %ondition#l neg#tive for$* $#rker 3sing#li3 ni?@DO>I@so$# 
26N4-N.B+singe  %ondition#l neg#tive for$* $#rker 3singe3 ni?@DO;so$# 
26N4-N.B+singeli  %ondition#l neg#tive for$* $#rker 3singeli3 ni?@DO;I@so$# 
26N4+<#po   %ondition#l for$* $#rker 3<#po3   ni[>86so$# 
26N4+ki   %ondition#l for$* $#rker 3ki3   niS@so$# 
26N4+kiis"#   %ondition#l for$ indi%#ting %o$pleted #%tion*  
$#rker 3kiis"# 3     niS@@?G>so$# 
26N4+kis"#   %ondition#l for$ indi%#ting %o$pleted #%tion*  
$#rker 3kis"#3     niS@?G>so$# 
26N4+ng#li   %ondition#l for$* $#rker 3ng#li3   niDO>I@so$# 
26N4+nge   %ondition#l for$* $#rker 3nge3   niDO;so$# 
26N4+ngeli   %ondition#l for$* $#rker 3ngeli3   niDO;I@so$# 
26N4+nges"#   %ondition#l for$ indi%#ting %o$pleted #%tion*  
$#rker 3nges"#3     niDO;?G>so$# 
26NS.[+k#-e   %onse%utive for$    S>so$e 
-U!+t#    future tense )it" $#rker 3t#3   ni:>so$# 
-U!+t#k#   future tense )it" $#rker 3t#k#3   ni:>S>%"oso$# 
-U!+to    future tense )it" $#rker 3to3   si:6so$# 
B-5.;    gener#l rel#tive     niso$#N; 
H/BI!-SP   su(<e%t prefi& 3"u3 of t"e "#(itu#l for$  G9so$# 
H65!-26;;6[+k#-e  %ollo,ui#l "ort#tive for$   Nend# S>so$;Z 
I1P    i$per#tive     so$#Z 
I1P-P;2   i$per#tive* 2' person plur#l   so$;D@Z 
IN-    infinitive     S9so$# 
IN--N.B   neg#tive infinitive    S9:6so$# 
IN--N.B+ku   neg#tive infinitive )it" 3ku3 repe#ted  S9:6S9so$# 
IN!5    intr#nsitive     #$epote# 
Interrog+pi   interrog#tive )it" suffi& 3pi3   un#k)end#piU 
16N6S;B   $onosyll#(i% ver(    kul# 
N/55-26;;6[+k#-#   ,ollo,ui#l n#rr#tive p#st tense   S>so$# 
N/55-26;;6[+k#is"#-# ,ollo,ui#l n#rr#tive perfe%t tense   S>@?G>so$# 
N/55+k#   n#rr#tive for$ )it" su(<e%t prefi&  #S>so$# 
 
 
45
 
N.B    neg#tive     ?@so$@* G>so$@ 
N.B-5.;   neg#tive rel#tive for$    ni?@N;so$# 
N.B-SB1   neg#tive* 1' person singul#r   ?@so$i* ?@t#so$# 
N.B-SB2   neg#tive* 2' person singul#r   G9so$i* G9t#so$# 
N.B-i    neg#tive* )it" ver(-fin#l 3i3   ?@so$@* G>so$@ 
6B7    o(<e%t prefi&     n#S@so$# 
P/SS    p#ssive      kit#(u kin#so$H# 
P/S!    p#st tense     niI@so$# 
P/S!-N.B+ku    p#st tense neg#tive    siS9so$# 
P/S!+liis"#   p#st tense )it" t"e $#rker 3liis"#3  niI@@?G>so$# 
P/S!+lis"#   p#st tense )it" t"e $#rker 3lis"#3   niI@?G>so$# 
P.5--N.B+<#   perfe%t tense neg#tive )it" t"e $#rker 3<#3 si[>so$# 
P.5-+$e   perfe%t tense )it" t"e $#rker 3$e3  ni7;so$# 
P.5-+$eis"#   perfe%t tense )it" t"e $#rker 3$eis"#3  ni7;@?G>so$# 
P.5-+$ek)is"#   perfe%t tense )it" t"e $#rker 3$ek)is"#3  ni7;SH@?G>so$# 
P.5-+$es"#   perfe%t tense )it" t"e $#rker 3$es"#3  ni7;?G>so$# 
P.5-+s"#   perfe%t tense )it" t"e $#rker 3s"#3  ni?G>so$# 
P;1-SP 1'   person plur#l* su(<e%t prefi&   :9n#so$# 
P;2-SP 2'   person plur#l* su(<e%t prefi&   7n#so$# 
P;3-SP 3'   person plur#l* su(<e%t prefi&   H>n#so$# 
P5+#    present tense )it" t"e $#rker 3#3   >so$# 
P5+n#    present tense )it" t"e $#rker 3n#3  #D>so$# 
P5.P    preposition#l ver( for$    nin#kuso$;# kit#(u 
5.2    re%ipro%#l ver( for$    tun#pend>D# 
5.-;    refle&ive     #n#[@pend# 
5.;    rel#tive $#rker in ver(    nin#N;so$# 
SB7N    su(<un%tive for$ of ver(   niso$; 
SB1    1' person singul#r    $i$i 
SB1-SP    1' person singul#r* su(<e%t prefi&  D@n#so$# 
SB2    2' person singul#r    )e)e 
SB2-SP    2' person singul#r* su(<e%t prefi&  9n#so$# 
SB3    3' person singul#r    yeye 
SB3-SP    3' person singul#r* su(<e%t prefi&  >n#so$# 
SP    su(<e%t prefi&     ni* u* yu 
S!/!    st#tive ver( for$    kin#so$;S# 
S!/!+ik   st#tive ver( for$ )it" t"e $#rker 3ik3  kin#pik@S# 
SK    ver( )it" t"e #rgu$ent stru%ture su(<e%tOver( kit#(u ki$epote# 
SK6    ver( )it" t"e #rgu$ent stru%ture  
su(<e%tOver(Oo(<e%t     $toto #n#so$# kit#(u 
SK66    ver( )it" t"e #rgu$ent stru%ture su(<e%tOver(O $#$# #n#$so$e# 
o(<e%tOindire%t o(<e%t    $toto kit#(u 
!.1P    te$por#l     "#po #)#li 
!.1PH;62   te$por#l or lo%#tive    (##d# y# "#po 
UNIN-;-K+ni   uninfle%ted ver( 3ni3    $i$i /. $tu 
KB    ver( (#se     so$# 
K-IN    finite ver(     #n#so$# 
 
$>O?'@DA@C>:@DO':G;':N8;'6E'A;<@M>:@6D'@D'D69D? 
 
4.5+#  derived for$* e&tension -#  $so$# 
4.5+#no derived for$* e&tension -#no  $#(is"#no 
4.5+e  derived for$* e&tension -e  lis"e 
4.5+eo  derived for$* e&tension -eo  upendeleo 
4.5+fi  derived for$* e&tension -fi  ul#fi 
 
 
4A
 
4.5+fu  derived for$* e&tension -fu  ul##nifu 
4.5+i  derived for$* e&tension -i  uso$i 
4.5+i#  derived for$* e&tension -i#  de$okr#si# 
4.5+io  derived for$* e&tension -io  $#"ud"urio 
4.5+<i  derived for$* e&tension -<i  uso$#<i 
4.5+kio derived for$* e&tension -kio  $#f#nikio 
4.5+ko derived for$* e&tension -ko  kus#nyiko 
4.5+ni  derived for$* e&tension -ni  $#%"ung#ni 
4.5+o  derived for$* e&tension -o  $)#liko 
4.5+s"# derived for$* e&tension -s"#  $t#pis"# 
4.5+s"i derived for$* e&tension -s"i  $%"es"i* $pis"i 
4.5+s"io derived for$* e&tension -s"io  tis"io 
4.5+s"o derived for$* e&tension -s"o  tis"o 
4.5+si  derived for$* e&tension -si  $fu#si 
4.5+so  derived for$* e&tension -so  ut#k#so 
4.5+u  derived for$* e&tension -u  fungu* foni$u 
4.5+uo derived for$* e&tension -uo  ufunguo 
4.5+vi  derived for$* e&tension -vi  $levi 
4.5+vu derived for$* e&tension -vu  $#u$ivu 
4.5+)# derived for$* e&tension -)#  $)#<iri)# 
4.5+=i  derived for$* e&tension -=i  ul#ngu=i* $le=i 
4.5+=o  derived for$* e&tension -=o  $g#nd#$i=o 
 
$>O?'<;E;<<@DO':6'?;7>D:@C'E;>:9<;? 
 
/N  #ni$#te     pund#* ndugu 
/NHIN/N #ni$#te or in#ni$#te   #<enti* edit#* ny#ny# 
HU1  "u$#n     #fis# 
I4I61  idio$     punde si punde 
IN/N  in#ni$#te noun    kiti 
 
-:N76I6O@C>I':>O? 
 
/5  /r#(i% origin    kufikiri 
IN4  Indi#n origin    %"#p# 
P6  Portuguese origin   $pir# 
 
$>O?'E6<':;<7=A67>@D'E;>:9<;'
'
H2  1e#lt" &#re ter$ 
H2-K  1e#lt" &#re Yer(#l noun ter$  ku#$(uki=# 
H2-N  1e#lt" &#re )oun ter$   ut#pi#$lo 
 
0@?C;II>D;69?':>O? 
 
26;;62  %ollo%#tions <oined toget"er in pre-pro%essing "#p#Rn#Rp#le 
261P   %o$p#r#tive %onstru%tion   kuliko* kupit#* kus"ind# 
4I1   di$inutive     ki<it#(u 
.1PH   e$p"#ti% for$     $i$i ndi$i 
N6N-S!4  non-st#nd#rd for$    sitof#ny#* $u#kilis"i 
N6UNOP6SS.SSIK. noun plus possessive    $)en=#ngu 
5.4UP  redupli%#tion     #n#so$#so$# 
5H.!   r"etori%#l     U#k)end#* sioU 
 
 
 
4?
 
#ND:>C:@C':>O?'@D?;<:;A'@D:6':G;'I;B@C6D 
 
SP/-/4  #ddition#l #d<e%tiv#l ,u#lifier* "e#d on t"e left kitu ki=uri k#(is# 
SPN[   nu$eri%#l ,u#lifier* "e#d on t"e left  viti vi)ili 
S/4K;  #dver(i#l     y##ni* k#d"#lik# 
S 22   %o-ordin#ting %on<un%tion   n# 
S2S   su(ordin#ting %on<un%tion   ili* k)#$(# 
 
!"e #(ove s%"e$e is open-ended in t"e sense t"#t it %#n #%%o$$od#te $ore sy$(ols #s t"e need 
#rises' !"e s%"e$e is $e#nt to %over full $orp"ologi%#l infor$#tion for t"e St#nd#rd S)#"ili' 
Ho)ever* t"e s%"e$e does not st#nd for t"e #(solute st#nd#rd for t"e represent#tion of S)#"ili 
$orp"ology' 5#t"er* t"e s%"e$e is # refle%tion of sy$(ols #nd t"eir interpret#tion #s used (y t"e 
developer of t"e $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser' !"is is in #%%ord#n%e )it" t"e follo)ing #ssertion (y 
;ee%"+ 
 
F''' t"ere %#n (e no %l#i$ t"#t t"e #nnot#tion s%"e$e represents DBodEs trut"E' 5#t"er* t"e 
#nnot#tion s%"e$e is $#de #v#il#(le to # rese#r%" %o$$unity on # 8;F+;>$+-9>0, prin%iple' It 
does not %o$e )it" #ny Dgold st#nd#rdE gu#r#ntee* (ut is offered #s # $#tter of pr#%ti%#l 
usefulness only* on t"e #ssu$ption t"#t $#ny users )ill find it v#lu#(le to use # %orpus )it" 
#nnot#tions #lre#dy (uilt in* r#t"er t"#n to "#ve to devise #nd #pply t"eir o)n #nnot#tions #nd 
#nnot#tion s%"e$es fro$ s%r#t%" ( # t#sk )"i%" %ould t#ke ye#rs to #%%o$plis")G (;ee%" 199?#+ A-
?) 
 
1oreover* t"e s%"e$e is open for #d#pt#tion )it"out #ffe%ting t"e perfor$#n%e of t"e #n#lyser' 
 
WJXJTJT'$G;'#+!$+*,'I;B@C6D'
 
!"e S>/!>6; le&i%on is (#sed on 0oskennie$iEs (19@3) t)o-level le&i%on syste$' !"e 
le&i%on is stru%tured into su(-le&i%ons #nd %ontinu#tion %l#sses t"roug" )"i%" t"e des%ription of 
S)#"ili $orp"ology is %#rried out' Sin%e S)#"ili $orp"ology is %"#r#%terised (y (ot" prefi&#tion 
#nd suffi&#tion* t"e des%ription pl#%es su(-le&i%ons for )ord (#se-for$s or le$$# in t"e $iddle 
position r#t"er t"#n in t"e initi#l position #s is t"e %#se )it" l#ngu#ges )"i%" infle%t only (y 
suffi&#tion' 
 
!"e ;.II26N St#rt for$s t"e (eginning of t"e le&i%on stru%ture )it" t"e follo)ing entries+ 
 
;.II26N St#rt 
X N651J 
XV N651J 
X NU1J 
XV P56PN/1.J 
X 26;;62J 
XV 26;;62 
 
!"e entries of t"e ;.II26N St#rt "#ve no le&i%#l for$ (ut t"e sy$(ols EXE #nd DXVE' !"e t)o 
sy$(ols indi%#te* respe%tively* t"#t # )ord %#n (egin )it" eit"er # s$#ll letter or # %#pit#l letter' 
!"e %ontinu#tion %l#sses of t"e entries serve #s g#tes for #%%essing $orp"ologi%#l des%ription of 
different )ords in S)#"ili #s follo)s+ 
 
N651 opens to )ords of different p#rt-of- spee%" %#tegories* su%" #s* nouns * ver(s* 
#d<e%tives #nd #dver(sJ 
NU1 le#ds to )ords t"#t %#n (e %#tegorised #s nu$er#lsJ 
 
 
4@
 
P56PN/1. opens to )ords* )"i%" fun%tion #s proper n#$es* su%" #s 4#r-es- S#l##$ 
#nd 0ili$#n<#roJ 
26;;62 (r#n%"es to )ords t"#t #re defined #s %ollo%#tions* su%" #s -;,;U54;U-;,; 
#nd -0C;U54;U-0C;@ 
 
!"e #(ove %ontinu#tion %l#sses* )it" t"eir entries* "#ve t"e follo)ing represent#tion in t"e 
le&i%on stru%ture+ 
 
;.II26N N651 
Ker(J 
NounJ 
/d<e%tiveJ 
/dver(J 
PronounJ 
PrepositionJ 
 
;.II26N NU1 
Nu$er#lJ 
 
;.II26N P56PN/1. 
0ili$#n<#roJ 
4#r -es- S#l##$J 
1#t#t#J 
 
;.II26N 26;;62 
$#r#Rk)#R $#r#J 
$o<#R k)#R$o<#J 
 
!"e entries in t"e #(ove su(-le&i%ons do not %ont#in le&i%#l for$s* (ut t"ey %ont#in only 
%ontinu#tion %l#sses )"i%" open t"e des%ription to v#rious %#tegories of )ords' -ro$ "ere* t"e 
des%ription %ontinues )it" t"e s#$e style of %ontinu#tion %l#sses #nd su(-le&i%ons #%%ording to 
t"e spe%ifi% %#tegories of )ords' !"e sy$(ol DXE* )"i%" sign#ls t"e end of # )ord for$* is t"e 
fin#l %ontinu#tion %l#ss in t"e des%ription' 
 
3'4'2'2'1 4es%ription of ver( $orp"ology 
 
!"e des%ription of S)#"ili ver(s in t"e le&i%on is #%%essed vi# t"e su(-le&i%on DNor$E' !"e ver( 
stru%ture is spe%ified on t"ree di$ensions+ infle%tion#l prefi&es* root #nd deriv#tion#l suffi&es' 
4es%ription of t"e infle%tion#l prefi&es %overs fe#tures su%" #s neg#tion* su(<e%t %on%ord* tense 
#nd #spe%t* rel#tive $#rker #nd o(<e%t %on%ord' Nor$#lly* t"e fe#tures #re %onstr#ined in # line#r 
%"#in of neg#tive $#rker* su(<e%t %on%ord* tense* rel#tive $#rker* #nd o(<e%t $#rker' Ho)ever* 
t"is is not #l)#ys t"e %#se' In so$e %#ses su%" #s in i$per#tives* ver( for$s %#n fun%tion )it"out 
#ny of t"ese fe#tures' 1oreover* t"e fe#ture for neg#tion is only present )"en neg#tion is used* 
#nd )"en it is not present* t"e fe#ture for su(<e%t %on%ord o%%upies t"e initi#l position' !"e 
S>/!>6; le&i%on is stru%tured to #%%o$$od#te t"ese v#ri#tions (y F%re#ting p#r#llel su(-
le&i%ons for f#%ilit#ting routes t"roug" t"e #rr#y of prefi&es ''' #ll Lsu%"M routes $eet in t"e su(-
le&i%on of ver( roots ''' !"ere is # tot#l of 22 su(-le&i%ons of ver(#l prefi&es f#%ilit#ting v#rious 
%o$(in#tions of ver(#l infle%tionsG (Hursk#inen 1992+ 99)'  
 
Ker( roots #re des%ri(ed in # nu$(er of su(-le&i%ons to f#%ilit#te #ll t"e possi(le 
 
 
49
 
%o$(in#tions of deriv#tion' 6nly (#si% ver( roots #re in%luded in t"e su(-le&i%ons of ver( 
roots' !"e roots of $onosyll#(i% ver(s #re des%ri(ed in t"ree su(-le&i%ons+ D5EZH 65EZ #nd 6
5EZ<' !"e entries of t"e su(-le&i%ons "#ve t"e s#$e le&i%#l for$* t"e $onosyll#(i% ver( 
roots* (ut different %ontinu#tion %l#sses* #s follo)s+ 
 
;.II26N Oku5 
l /[ 
f /[ 
ny) /[ 
ny /[ 
< /[ 
p /J 
%" /J 
%") /J 
 ) /J 
'
;.II26N -ku5 
l .[ 
f .[ 
ny) .[ 
ny .[ 
< .[ 
p .J 
%" .J 
%") .J 
) .J 
 
;.II26N -ku5 
l Hd[ 
f HdJ 
ny) HdJ 
ny HdJ 
< HdJ 
p HdJ 
%" HdJ 
%") HdJ 
) HdJ 
 
!"e %ontinu#tion %l#ss D/E le#ds t"e des%ription of t"e $onosyll#(i% ver( to t"e fin#l vo)el D#E* 
)"i%" is #l)#ys t"e %#se )it" su%" ver(s )"en t"eir roots %ont#in t"e prefi& DkuE* su%" #s in 5E1;$
Fto e#tG*$5EG; Fto dieG 5EC; Fto %o$eG 5E/3; Fto s"itG 5E/34; Fto drinkG' !"e %ontinu#tion %l#ss 
D.E t#kes t"e des%ription to t"e ver( fin#l vo)el DeE in i$per#tive for$s* su%" #s+ #le F1H2SB3 
e#tG #fe F1H2SB3 dieG* 1H2SB3 #<e F%o$eG' !"e %ontinu#tion %l#ss Hd opens t"e des%ription to 
ver(#l deriv#tions' 
 
4es%ription of su(-le&i%ons of ver(#l deriv#tion is # %ontinu#tion fro$ t"e su(-le&i%ons of (#si% 
ver( roots' !"e des%riptions involve # tot#l of 13 different for$#l deriv#tion p#tterns )it" # tot#l 
of 9? su(-le&i%ons' (Hursk#inen 1992+ 100)' It is "oped* "o)ever* t"#t )it" $ore rese#r%" #nd 
testing )it" re#l l#ngu#ge $#teri#l t"e su(-le&i%ons of ver(#l deriv#tion %#n (e si$plified' 
 
 
 
50
 
3'4'2'2'2 4es%ription of nouns #nd #d<e%tives 
 
!"e des%ription of nouns is not #s %o$ple& #s t"#t of ver(s' /p#rt fro$ derived nouns* t"e 
$orp"ology of S)#"ili nouns is %"#r#%terised (y t)o $orp"ologi%#l %o$ponents* t"e prefi& 
$orp"e$e for %l#ss #nd nu$(er* #nd t"e root' In $ost %#ses t"e %l#ss $#rkers #re in p#irs of 
singul#r #nd plur#l' !"ere #re $ore t"#n 15 %l#ss $#rkers in t"e des%ription' 
 
-ro$ t"e su(-le&i%on DN651E t"e des%ription of no$in#l $orp"ology is #%%essed t"roug" t"e 
%ontinu#tion %l#ss DN6UNE )"ose entries %ont#in %ontinu#tion %l#sses for different %l#sses of 
nouns* #s follo)s+  
 
;.II26N Noun 
1H>/J 
1H1IJ 
7IH1/J 
0IHKIJ 
NHNJ 
0H0J 
UJ 
 
In t"e ne&t step* e#%" of t"e #(ove %ontinu#tion %l#sses is represented #s # su(-le&i%on' !"e 
entries of su%" su(-le&i%ons %ont#in nu$(er prefi&es #s t"eir le&i%#l for$s* #s in t"e follo)ing 
e&#$ple of # su(-le&i%on for t"e %ontinu#tion %l#ss 1H>/' 
 
;.II26N 1H># 
$U Nr1J 
)/ Nr1J 
 
!"e nu$(er prefi& in t"e entries of e#%" su(-le&i%on* su%" #s D$E #nd D)#E in t"e #(ove su(-
le&i%on is dire%ted to its respe%tive no$in#l roots (y t"e given %ontinu#tion %l#ss' -or e&#$ple* 
t"e #(ove %ontinu#tion %l#ss DNr13 %onne%ts t"e no$in#l prefi&es D$E #nd D)#E to t"eir possi(le 
no$in#l roots' !"e %onne%tion is est#(lis"ed t"roug" t"e su(-le&i%on DNr13 (elo)' 
 
;.II26N Nr1 
tu X J 
ny#$#  X J 
=ee  X J 
g#ng# X J 
te$i X J 
 
2ert#in no$in#l prefi&es t#ke roots fro$ $ore t"#n one %l#ss' .nl#rging t"e nu$(er of su(-
le&i%ons for no$in#l roots to 20 "#s #%%o$$od#ted su%" # tenden%y (Hursk#inen 1992+ 102)' 
!"e des%ription of derived nouns "#s t#ken # si$il#r style of no$in#l prefi& follo)ed (y # 
no$in#l root' 1oreover* su%" nouns #re defined #s derived nouns' Proper nouns #re #%%essed 
t"roug" t"e su(-le&i%on DVP56PN' !"us t"ey "#ve t"eir o)n p#ttern' !"is is (e%#use proper 
nouns #re not %"#r#%terised (y t"e no$in#l prefi&es' 1orp"ologi%#lly* t"ey #re indivisi(le #nd #re 
#%%essed' 
 
!"e des%ription of #d<e%tives %#tegorises t"e #d<e%tives into non-infle%ting #d<e%tives #nd 
infle%ting #d<e%tives' !"e infle%ting #d<e%tives #re divided into nu$er#l #nd non-nu$er#l 
#d<e%tives #nd t"ey #re des%ri(ed #s prefi&es #nd roots' !"e le&i%on stru%ture for t"e #d<e%tives 
 
 
51
 
st#rts )it" t"e su(-le&i%on D/d<e%tiveE* )"i%" %ont#ins t)o entries* #s follo)s+ 
 
,-V4&*)'!A[;C:@M; 
/-IN-;J 
/-UNIN-;J 
 
!"e t)o entries of t"e #(ove su(-le&i%on %ont#in %ontinu#tion %l#sses only' Su%" %ontinu#tion 
%l#sses for$ t"e ne&t su(-le&i%ons in t"e des%ription' !"e entries of t"e su(-le&i%on D/-IN-;E 
%ont#in %ontinu#tion %l#sses t"#t open to t"e infle%ting nu$er#l #nd non-nu$er#l #d<e%tives* #nd 
t"e entries of t"e su(-le&i%on D/-UNIN-;E %ont#in le&i%#l for$s of t"e uninfle%ting #d<e%tives 
)it" t"e )ord fin#l t#g DXE #s t"eir %ontinu#tion %l#ss' Belo) is t"e su(-le&i%on D/-IN-;E )it" 
t"e %ontinu#tion %l#sses for infle%ting nu$er#l #nd non-nu$er#l #d<e%tives+ 
 
;.II26N /-IN-; 
NU1J 
N6N-NU1J 
 
!"e des%ription %ontinues (y representing t"e %ontinu#tion %l#sses DNU1E #nd DN6N-NU1E #s 
t"e ne&t su(-le&i%ons #nd #ssigns t"eir entries )it" t"e le&i%#l for$s of t"eir respe%tive prefi&es' 
!"e le&i%#l for$s #re given %ontinu#tion %l#sses* )"i%" %onne%t t"e$ )it" t"eir respe%tive roots' 
 
!"e des%ription of )ords of ot"er %#tegories* su%" #s #dver(s #nd de$onstr#tives* is done 
follo)ing t"e s#$e $e%"#nis$ of su(-le&i%ons #nd %ontinu#tion %l#sses' 
'
3'4'3' S>/!>6; rules 
 
/ rule se%tion is #n o(lig#tory %o$ponent of t"e !)o-level-(#sed $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser' !"e 
rules denote rel#tions (et)een le&i%#l #nd te&tu#l represent#tions' 1oreover* t"ey des%ri(e 
v#ri#tions t"#t $#y o%%ur (et)een t"e t)o represent#tions' S>/!>6; (1992) "#s 1@
A
 rules' !"e 
rules #re (#sed on v#ri#tions (et)een represent#tions in t"e S>/!>6; le&i%on #nd te&tu#l 
for$s' 6ne %#se of v#ri#tions t"#t #re des%ri(ed (y t"e rules is t"e $#pping of t"e le&i%#l for$ of 
t"e noun %l#ss 9H10 prefi&* )"i%" is represented #s DNIE* to t"e surf#%e for$s DnE* D$E* DnyE #nd 
D0E* #s t"e follo)ing e&#$ples indi%#te' 
 
;e&i%#l for$+ NIg#o   NIu$(#    NI(#o   NIpo$(e 
Surf#%e for$+ n0g#o Fs"ieldG nyu$(# F"ouseG $0(#o Fti$(erG  00po$(e F#l%o"olG 
 
!"e #(ove $#pping of t"e le&i%#l for$ NI to t"e surf#%e for$ s"o)s t"e follo)ing v#ri#tions+ 
N+n* I+y* I+0* N+0* #nd N+$' So$e of t"e S>/!>6; rules #re for$ul#ted to des%ri(e t"ese 
v#ri#tions' 6t"er v#ri#tions t"#t #re des%ri(ed (y t"e rules in%lude devo%#lis#tion of U in front of 
vo)els* #nd %"#nge of t"e fin#l ver( vo)el D/E to DeE #nd to DiE in su(<un%tive #nd neg#tive for$s' 
Ho)ever* not #ll v#ri#tions #re tou%"ed upon (y t"e rules' 2ert#in v#ri#tions #re diffi%ult to 
"#ndle (y t"e rules (e%#use t"ey o%%ur in environ$ents t"#t %#nnot (e e&%lusively defined' Su%" 
v#ri#tions #re "#ndled in t"e le&i%on' 
'
                                                 
A
 !"e full S>/!>6; rule s%"e$# is set out in Hursk#inen (1992+ 11A-11@)' 
 
 
52
 
3'4'4 S>/!>6; $orp"ologi%#l "euristi%s 
 
!"e S>/!>6; is designed for #n#lysing #n unrestri%ted te&t* i'e'* #n#lysing every )ord in #ny 
input te&t file' Ho)ever* t"is go#l %#n (e #%"ieved only if t"e le&i%on %ont#ins #ll t"e )ords in t"e 
l#ngu#ge' Sin%e t"e l#ngu#ge is gro)ing #nd ne) )ords #re %onst#ntly (eing introdu%ed t"ere is 
#l)#ys # %"#n%e of $issing so$e )ords in t"e le&i%on' !o over%o$e t"is pro(le$* t"e 
S>/!>6; "#s #n option#l %o$ponent of "euristi%s for "#ndling )ords t"#t #re $issing in t"e 
le&i%on' !"e "euristi%s* i'e' rules for predi%ting $orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis for )ords t"#t %#nnot (e 
#n#lysed t"oroug" t"e le&i%on* supple$ent t"e le&i%on during t"e pro%ess of )ord #n#lysis' 
 
 
3'5' /N/;CSINB / S>/HI;I 265PUS BC 1./NS 6- !H. S>/!>6; 
'
/n#lysing # te&t )it" S>/!>6; involves t"e pre-pro%essing of t"e te&t to (e #n#lysed
?
* #nd t"e 
%o$pil#tion of t"e S>/!>6; le&i%on #nd rules' !"e $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser* )"i%" uses t"e 
%o$piled le&i%on #nd rules* t#kes t"e pro%essed te&t #s its input #nd outputs t"e s#$e te&t in full 
$orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis' !"e follo)ing #n#lysis e&e$plifies t"e #n#lysis of t"e senten%e+ 
 
\;;<?.$3;$-;20/C4;$3;/;30>05;/;$/;$5./3+:.$/.$5.9./<E9./<EH$5E?;,;H$5E?;,;$<;-EH$?0-;$3;$
-;>E-I0H$901.0H$/;$?0-;$3;$./.H Fso$e of t"e dise#ses )"i%" origin#te fro$ f#e%es!#re %"oler#* 
di#rr"oe#* typ"oid* polio #nd "ep#ti% feverG '
'
NPV(##d"iQN 
N(##d"iN 9H10-0-SB N /5 
N(##d"iN 9H10-0-P; N /5 
NPy#QN 
Ny#N 3H4-P; B.N-26N 
Ny#N 9H10-SB B.N-26N 
Ny#N 5HA-P; B.N-26N 
Ny#N 5HA-P; 
NP$#gon<)#QN 
Ngon<)#N 5#HA-P; N 
Nugon<)#N 11HA-P; N  
NPy#n#yotok#n#QN 
Ntok#n#N 5HA-P;-SP K-IN P5+n# 3H4-P; 5.; K SK SK6 S!/! 5.2  
Ntok#n#N 5HA-P;-SP K-IN P5+n# 5HA-P; 5.; K SK SK6 S!/! 5.2  
Ntok#n#N 5HA-P;-SP K-IN P5+n# 9H10-SB 5.; K SK SK6 S!/! 5.2  
NPn#QN 
Nn#N 22 S22 
NPkinyesiQN 
NkinyesiN ?H@-SB N 3 e&%retu$ 3  
NkinyesiN 9H10-0-SB N 
NkinyesiN 9H10-0-P; N 
NPniQN 
NniN /4K+ni 
NniN SB1 
                                                 
?
 !"e prepro%essing pro%ess prep#res t"e te&t for t"e #n#lysis' It involves $#rking of senten%e 
(ound#ries* re%ognition of fi&ed stru%tures* %"#nging of #ll upper %#se letters to lo)er %#se letters (y prefi&ing 
t"e$ )it" t"e %"#r#%ter DVE #nd seg$ent#tion of t"e te&t into )ord tokens' /ll t"ese pro%esses #re not done (y t"e 
S>/!>6; (ut (y different B.!/ progr#$s (0#rlsson #nd 0oskennie$i 1990)' 
 
 
53
 
NPkipindupinduQN 
NkipindupinduN 9H10-0-SB N  
NkipindupinduN 9H10-0-P; N  
NP*QN 
NPku"#r#QN 
N"#r#N IN- K /5 SK  
NP*QN 
NPku"#r#QN 
N"#r#N IN- K /5 SK  
NPd#$uQN 
Nd#$uN 9H10-0-SB N /5  
Nd#$uN 9H10-0-P; N /5  
NP*QN 
NP"o$#QN 
N"o$#N 9H10-0-SB N /5  
N"o$#N 9H10-0-P; N /5  
NPy#QN 
Ny#N 3H4-P; B.N-26N 
Ny#N 9H10-SB B.N-26N 
Ny#N 5HA-P; B.N-26N 
Ny#N 5HA-P; 
NP$#tu$(oQN 
Ntu$(oN 5#HA-P; N 3 (elly* )o$( 3  
NP*QN 
NPpolioQN 
NpolioN 9H10-0-SB N  
NpolioN 9H10-0-P; N  
NPn#QN 
Nn#N 22 S22 
NP"o$#QN 
N"o$#N 9H10-0-SB N /5  
N"o$#N 9H10-0-P; N /5  
NPy#QN 
Ny#N 3H4-P; B.N-26N 
Ny#N 9H10-SB B.N-26N 
Ny#N 5HA-P; B.N-26N 
Ny#N 5HA-P; 
NPiniQN 
NiniN 5#HA-SB N 3 liver 3  
NiniN 9H10-0-SB N 
NiniN 9H10-0-P; N 
NP'TQN 
'
In t"e #(ove #n#lysis* )it" t"e e&%eption of 5E?;,;H$-;>E-I0 #nd /;* )ords #re #$(iguously 
#n#lysed* i'e' t"ey #re #ssigned $ore t"#n one re#ding' Hursk#inen (199A) gives # nu$(er of 
%#uses of #$(iguity in t"e $orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis of t"e B#ntu l#ngu#ges* p#rti%ul#rly S)#"ili* 
#s follo)s+ 
 F-irst* nouns #re grouped into $ore t"#n ten-$#rked noun %l#sses' !"e $#rking of t"ese %l#sses 
e&tends #%ross t"e noun p"r#se )"ere(y t"e noun governs t"e %"oi%e of t"e $#rkers in dependent 
%onstituents' Se%ond* ver(s infle%t ste$-initi#lly #nd $#rk t"e su(<e%t* o(<e%t* #nd rel#tive referent 
(y prefi&es* )"ere(y t"e #%tu#l for$ of e#%" prefi& is governed (y t"e noun %l#ss of t"e noun it 
refers to' In #ddition* ver( deriv#tion #lso #dds to t"e %o$ple&ity of ver(#l $orp"ologyG 
(Hursk#inen 199A+ 5A@)' 
 
 
 
54
 
/%%ording to Hursk#inen t"e #$(iguity r#te in S)#"ili is #l$ost 50Y* )"i%" $e#ns t"#t "#lf of 
)ord-for$ tokens #re #$(iguous in #t le#st t)o )#ys' So$e )ord tokens* t"oug" very fe)* #re 
#ssigned even $ore t"#n A0 re#dings' .#%" re#ding in #n #$(iguous #n#lysis represents # 
%onte&tu#l possi(ility' 1orp"ologi%#l #nnot#tion is %o$plete only )"en e#%" )ord for$ is 
#ssigned )it" # single %onte&tu#lly #ppropri#te re#ding' !"e S)#"ili $orp"ologi%#l 
dis#$(igu#tor* t"e S>/2BP* perfor$s su%" # t#sk' 
'
'
3'A 4IS/1BIBU/!INB S>/!>6; /N/;CSIS 
 
!"e S)#"ili 2onstr#int Br#$$#r P#rser (S>/2BP) perfor$s t"e t#sk of dis#$(igu#ting t"e 
S>/!>6; $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyses' 1oreover* t"e S>/2BP perfor$s S)#"ili synt#%ti% 
$#pping #nd dis#$(igu#tion' !"e dis#$(igu#tor fun%tions #%%ording to 2onstr#int Br#$$#r 
for$#lis$ (%f' 2'3'3)' !"e S>/!>6; $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyses provide t"e environ$ent #nd 
infor$#tion for for$ul#ting t"e %onstr#int rules for $orp"ologi%#l dis#$(igu#tion' /%%ording to 
Hursk#inen (199A+ 5?1)* t"e S>/2BP "#d to d#te # tot#l of A5A rules in four different se%tions' 
!"e rules #re for$#l st#te$ents )"i%" %onstr#in t"e dis#$(igu#tor to sele%t or re$ove %ert#in 
re#dings in %o"orts #%%ording to t"e given %onte&t' 2onte&ts for t"e rules #re re#dings in %o"orts 
t"#t o%%ur (efore or #fter # %o"ort fro$ )"i%" t"e dis#$(igu#tion is effe%ted' -or e&#$ple* t"e 
dis#$(igu#tion of t"e #n#lysis of 3;] in t"e follo)ing #n#lysis of ?0-;$3;$./. F"ep#ti% feverG' 
 
NP"o$#QN 
N"o$#N 9H10-0-SB N /5  
N"o$#N 9H10-0-P; N /5  
NPy#QN 
Ny#N 3H4-P; B.N-26N 
Ny#N 9H10-SB B.N-26N 
Ny#N 5HA-P; B.N-26N 
Ny#N 5HA-P; 
NPiniQN 
NiniN 5#HA-SB N 3 liver 3  
 
is f#%ilit#ted (y t"e follo)ing ruleJ 
 
S.;.2! (9H10-SB) 
(-1 9H10-0-SB)J 
 
By t"is rule* t"e dis#$(igu#tor sele%ts* fro$ t"e #n#lyses of Dy#E* t"e re#ding t"#t %ont#ins t"e t#g 
9H10-SB* (e%#use t"ere is t"e re#ding in t"e pre%eding %o"ort (-1) )"i%" %ont#ins t"e t#g 9H10-0- 
SB' !"e s#$e $e%"#nis$ is used to %onstr#in t"e dis#$(igu#tor for re$oving un)#nted re#dings 
(y using t"e oper#tor D5.16K.E' -or e&#$ple* 5.16K. %#n (e used in # rule for 
dis#$(igu#ting t"e #n#lysis of D?0-;] FfeverG in t"e follo)ing #n#lysis' 
 
NP"o$#QN 
N"o$#N 9H10-0-SB N /5  
N"o$#N 9H10-0-P; N /5  
NPy#QN 
Ny#N 9H10-SB B.N-26N 
NPiniQN 
NiniN 5#HA-SB N 3 liver 3  
Su%" # rule (e%o$es+ 
 
 
55
 
 
5.16K. (9H10-0-P;) 
 (1 (9H10-SB) /N4 (B.N+26N) J 
 
!"is rule %onstr#ins t"e dis#$(igu#tor to re$ove # re#ding t"#t %ont#ins t"e t#g 9H10-0-P; if 
i$$edi#tely follo)ed (y # %o"ort )it" # re#ding )"i%" %ont#in t"e t#gs 1 9H10-SB* #nd B.N-
26N' 
!"e $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser produ%es #ll t"e t#gs t"#t #re used in t"e rules' 
 
/%%ording to Hursk#inen (199A)* t"e perfor$#n%e of t"e S>/2BP in $orp"ologi%#l 
dis#$(igu#tion )#s not yet 100Y - it )#s less (y 4'9Y* "o)ever* its output )#s %onsidered 
pro$ising given t"#t t"e dis#$(igu#tor )#s still in pro%ess of develop$ent' Hursk#inen points 
out t"#t t"e %o$$on types of #$(iguity t"#t still re$#ined in%luded+ noun vs' #dver(* #d<e%tive 
vs' #dver(* noun vs' %on<un%tion* ver( (i$per#tive) vs' noun #nd ver( (infinitive) vs' noun' /lso* 
to # lesser e&tent* t"e genitive %onne%tors 3; #nd 4;$#nd possessive pronouns' 
 
!"e S>/2BP $orp"ologi%#l dis#$(igu#tor t#kes t"e output of S>/!>6; #s its input' !"e 
dis#$(igu#tor* (y using t"e %onstr#int rules* re$oves t"e re#dings t"#t #re %onte&tu#lly 
in#ppropri#te #nd outputs t"e #n#lysed te&t )it" %o"orts* )"i%" %ont#in only %onte&tu#lly 
legiti$#te re#dings' FIt is e#sy to vie) t"e Ldis#$(igu#torM #s # te&tu#l $#%"ine t"#t re$oves 
so$e lines fro$ t"e input (ut does not produ%e ne) onesG (!#p#n#inen 199A+ A)' Belo) is t"e 
dis#$(igu#ted for$ of t"e #n#lysis of t"e #(ove senten%e* \;;<?.$3;$-;20/C4;$3;/;30>05;/;$/;$
5./3+:.$/.$5.9./<E9./<EH$5E?;,;H$5E?;,;$<;-EH$?0-;$3;$-;>E-I0H$901.0H$/;$?0-;$3;$./.@@ 
'
NPV(##d"iQN 
N(##d"iN 9H10-0-SB N /5 
NPy#QN 
Ny#N 9H10-SB B.N-26N 
NP$#gon<)#QN 
Nugon<)#N 11HA-P; N  
NPy#n#yotok#n#QN 
Ntok#n#N 5HA-P;-SP K-IN P5+n# 9H10-SB 5.; K SK SK6 S!/! 5.2  
NPn#QN 
Nn#N 22 S22 
NPkinyesiQN 
NkinyesiN ?H@-SB N  
NPniQN 
NniN /4K+ni 
NPkipindupinduQN 
NkipindupinduN 9H10-0-SB N  
NP*QN 
NPku"#r#QN 
N"#r#N IN- K /5 SK  
NP*QN 
NPku"#r#QN 
N"#r#N IN- K /5 SK  
NPd#$uQN 
Nd#$uN 9H10-0-SB N /5  
NP*QN 
NP"o$#QN 
N"o$#N 9H10-0-SB N /5  
NPy#QN 
Ny#N 9H10-SB B.N-26N 
 
 
5A
 
NP$#tu$(oQN 
Ntu$(oN 5#HA-P; N 3  
NP*QN 
NPpolioQN 
NpolioN 9H10-0-SB N  
NPn#QN 
Nn#N 22 S22 
NP"o$#QN 
N"o$#N 9H10-0-SB N /5  
NPy#QN 
Ny#N 9H10-SB B.N-26N 
NPiniQN 
NiniN 5#HA-SB N  
NP'TQN'
'
.#%" %o"ort in t"e #(ove dis#$(igu#ted te&t "#s one re#ding t"#t is %onte&tu#lly legiti$#te' !"is 
$e#ns t"#t #ll #$(iguities "#ve (een effe%tively resolved* t"oug" t"is is not #l)#ys t"e %#se' /s 
)#s $entioned #(ove* in $ost %#ses* # fe) %#ses of unresolved #$(iguities %#nnot (e ruled out' 
Ho)ever* t"e #(ove output represents our presupposition of # $orp"ologi%#lly #nnot#ted %orpus* 
)"ere(y e#%" )ord for$ in t"e %orpus is des%ri(ed (y # nu$(er of fe#tures or t#gs #sso%i#ted 
)it" different #ttri(utes used for $orp"ologi%#l des%ription of t"e le&i%on' 
 
 
3'? !/BBINB !.51->654S IN !H. 165PH6;6BI2/;;C /N/;CS.4 265PUS 
'
1orp"ologi%#l #nnot#tion des%ri(es )ord for$s in # %orpus (y t#gs t"#t #re used in t"e le&i%on of 
t"e #n#lyser to represent fe#tures (y )"i%" t"e )ords #re #n#lysed' 4uring t"e #n#lysis pro%esses 
t"e t#gs #re ordered in t"e re#dings of t"e #n#lysed %orpus #%%ording to t"e fe#tures des%ri(ed in 
t"e le&i%on' -or e&#$ple* in t"e previous #nnot#ted S)#"ili %orpus* t#gs in t"e re#dings represent 
t"e fe#tures+ B/S. -651* IN-;.2!I6NS* B5/11/!I2/; 2/!.B65C* .!C16;6BC #nd 
SCN!/2!I2 2/!.B65C' Sele%tion of fe#tures #nd t"eir v#lues for #n#lysing )ords in # %orpus 
depends on t"e purpose of t"e #n#lysis' Sin%e t"e fo%us of t"is study is t"#t ter$s in t"e #nnot#ted 
do$#in spe%ifi% %orpus s"ould (e t#gged uni,uely #s entities of # p#rti%ul#r do$#in* t"e study 
introdu%es t"e fe#ture !.51-461/IN to f#%ilit#te t"e des%ription' !"e fe#ture is represented (y 
do$#in-t#gs #nd it is dis%ri$in#tive in t"e sense t"#t it is %on%erned only )it" ter$-)ords in t"e 
%orpus' 
 
!"e study proposes t)o )#ys (y )"i%" ter$-)ords in t"e $orp"ologi%#lly #n#lysed %orpus %#n 
(e t#gged )it" t"e do$#in-t#g' !"e first )#y is (y in%orpor#ting t"e do$#in-t#g into t"e 
$orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser' !"is is done (y identifying ter$-)ords in t"e %orpus to (e #n#lysed #nd 
$#rking t"e ter$s in t"e le&i%on of t"e #n#lyser (y t"e relev#nt ter$-do$#in t#g' !"e $#rking is 
%#rried out in t"e su(-le&i%on root of t"e le&i%on' 4uring t"e #n#lysis* t"e #n#lyser inserts t"e 
do$#in-t#g into #ll )ords in t"e %orpus t"#t #re derived fro$ t"e roots t#gged (y t"e do$#in t#g 
in t"e le&i%on' !"e se%ond )#y is (y in%orpor#ting t"e do$#in-t#g in t"e B.!/ rule file
@
 syste$ 
#nd inserting t"e t#g into t"e $orp"ologi%#lly #n#lysed %orpus (y t"e syste$' !"is #ppro#%" is 
%#rried out t"roug" t"e follo)ing pro%edures+ (1) $orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis of t"e %orpus (2) 
identifi%#tion of ter$-)ords in t"e %orpus (3) $orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis of t"e identified ter$ )ords 
to o(t#in t"eir (#se-for$s #s #n#lysed in t"e %orpus (4) represent#tion of t"e ter$ (#se-for$s in 
t"e rule file in # )#y t"#t (#se-for$ represent#tion %orresponds to # re)rite rule for t"e B.!/ 
                                                 
@
 Stru%ture #nd fe#tures of t"e B.!/ rule file #re )ell el#(or#ted in Hursk#inen (1992)' 
 
 
5?
 
syste$' !"e follo)ing is # portion of (#se-for$s of liter#ture ter$s represented #s rules in t"e 
B.!/ rule file #nd used for t"e t#gging of liter#ture ter$-)ords in t"e #n#lysed %orpus (y t"e 
B.!/ syste$+ 
 
RULES 
! Supply base-forms of literature term-words with a literature domain ! tag 
(LT-N for noun base forms or LTV for verb base forms 
!                                 lc   rc   sc   rs   mv   md 
                                  0    B    1    0     5    1 
"ala"; "ala" LT-N ; 
"arudhi" ; "arudhi" LT-N ; 
"bahari"; "bahari" LT-N ; 
"data"; "data" LT-N ; 
"dhamira"; "dhamira" LT-N ; 
"dhana"; "dhana" LT-N ; 
 
/s rules* e#%" of t"e #(ove represent#tions gives t"e %o$$#nd to re)rite* in t"e $orp"ologi%#lly 
#n#lysed %orpus* t"e given (#se-for$ #s t"e s#$e for$ plus t"e do$#in-t#g' !"roug" t"e rule file* 
t"e B.!/ syste$ t#gs ter$-)ords in t"e #n#lysed %orpus (y re)riting t"e (#se-for$s in t"e 
%orpus #s st#ted (y t"e rules'  
 
 
 
5@
 
&1!2$-%'X'
'
&*%25#="!#-.'.-Y-,*20-)$'*P'$-%0'P*%0!$4*)'2!$$-%)#'
 
 
 
!"is %"#pter de$onstr#tes te%"ni,ues for t"e for$ul#tion of ter$ p#tterns for t"e e&tr#%tion of 
ter$s in do$#ins' !"e te%"ni,ues #re developed (#sed on # $orp"ologi%#lly #n#lysed* in%luding 
ter$ t#gging* do$#in-spe%ifi% %orpus' !"e de$onstr#tion involves t)o #spe%ts+ -irst* dis%overy 
#nd uni,ue t#gging of ter$-)ords in t"e $orp"ologi%#lly #n#lysed %orpus* #nd se%ond* dis%overy 
of stru%tur#l %onstr#ints of ter$s (#sed on t"e #n#lysed %orpus #nd deriv#tion of ter$ for$#tion 
p#tterns fro$ t"e %onstr#ints' !"e t)o #spe%ts #re i$ple$ented on t"ree t#sks' -irst* t"e 
identifi%#tion #nd t#gging of "e#lt" %#re ter$-)ords in t"e $orp"ologi%#lly #n#lysed S)#"ili 
"e#lt"-%#re %orpus' Se%ond* t"e dis%overy of stru%tur#l %onstr#ints of S)#"ili ter$s (#sed on t"e 
ter$s #n#lysed in t"e %orpus' !"ird t"e for$ul#tion of ter$ p#tterns on t"e (#sis of t"e 
%onstr#ints for t"e e&tr#%tion of S)#"ili ter$s' !"e %"#pter (egins )it" # s"ort introdu%tion to t"e 
prin%iples of S)#"ili deriv#tion #nd %o$pounds' !"e prin%iples underlie t"e stru%tur#l %onstr#ints 
of S)#"ili ter$s' !"e rest of t"e %"#pter %overs si& t#sks involved in t"e i$ple$ent#tion of t"e 
te%"ni,ues' -irst* in%orpor#tion of # do$#in t#g* # "e#lt"-%#re do$#in-t#g for t"is %#se* in t"e 
S)#"ili $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser for t"e t#gging of "e#lt"-%#re ter$-)ords in t"e #n#lysed %orpus' 
Se%ond* t#gging "e#lt"-%#re ter$-)ords in t"e %orpus' !"ird* identifi%#tion of "e#lt"-%#re $ulti-
)ord ter$s #s #n#lysed in t"e %orpus' -ourt"* represent#tion of ter$s identified #s se,uen%es of 
sele%ted t#gs for t"e possi(le %#tegories #nd su(%#tegories of )ords in t"e ter$s' -ift"* 
spe%ifi%#tion of stru%tur#l %onstr#ints of S)#"ili ter$s (#sed on t"e %#tegories of )ords #nd t"eir 
rel#tions #s represented (y t"e t#gs in t"e se,uen%es represented' Si&t"* for$ul#tion of S)#"ili 
ter$-p#tterns on t"e (#sis of t"e %onstr#ints spe%ified' 
'
'
4'1 S!5U2!U5/; 26NK.N!I6NS -65 S>/HI;I 261P6UN4INB /N4 4.5IK/!I6N  
 
2o$pounding #nd deriv#tion #re t)o pro%esses of for$ing ne) ter$s (y %"#nging t"e e&isting 
)ords' !"e ne)ly for$ed ter$s design#te %on%epts t"#t #re $ore spe%ifi% )"en %o$p#red )it" 
t"e ones represented (y t"e origin#l )ords' !"e pro%esses #re #sso%i#ted )it" %on%ept 
spe%ifi%#tion* #lso kno)n #s %on%ept deter$in#tion (S#ger 1990)' 2on%ept spe%ifi%#tion (y 
deriv#tion involves %"#nging )ord %#tegories* su%" #s #d<e%tives #nd ver(s to nouns' 6n t"e ot"er 
"#nd* %on%ept deter$in#tion (y %o$pounding involves %o$(ining t)o or $ore )ords into # 
"e#d-$odifier rel#tions"ip to for$ # ne) unit )it" # ne) %on%ept independent of t"e %onstituent 
p#rts' !"e e&pressions D%o$pound ter$E #nd Dter$ %ollo%#tionE #re %o$$only used 
inter%"#nge#(ly' 2o$pounding %onsistently %#rries out spe%ifi%#tion of %on%epts (y n#rro)ing # 
)ide $e#ning of )ords )it" $odifiers indi%#tive of # spe%ifi% property of t"e )ide $e#ning' 6ne 
or $ore )ords %#n fun%tion #s $odifiers of t"e )ide $e#ning' >ords )"ose $e#nings #re 
$odified #re t"e "e#ds of t"e %ollo%#tions' 4epending on t"e l#ngu#ge* t"e $odifying ele$ents 
%#n pre%ede t"e "e#ds (pre-$odifiers) or follo) t"e "e#ds (post-$odifiers)' S)#"ili %o$pounding 
#pplies post-$odifiersJ i'e' "e#ds of %ollo%#tions %o$e first' / ter$ %ollo%#tion $ust %ont#in #t 
le#st one ter$-)ord #s its "e#d or #s # %o$ponent of its $odifying ele$ent'  
 
!o d#te* # nu$(er of studies "#ve (een %#rried out on S)#"ili ter$ for$#tion (y %o$pounding 
#nd deriv#tion (B#ti(o* 19@@J !u$(o-1#s#(o* 1990J 1)#nsoko* 1993#*()' S)#"ili ter$ 
for$#tion (y deriv#tion involves # set of prefi&es #nd suffi&es* )"i%" #re #tt#%"ed to t"e 
 
 
59
 
deriv#tive ste$s* nor$#lly ver( ste$s' !"e prefi&es (elong to different noun %l#ss $#rkers* 
)"ere#s t"e suffi&es (elong to # finite set of t"e fin#l no$in#l deriv#tion#l $#rkers'$!"e pro%ess 
produ%es ter$s t"#t #re #sso%i#ted* regul#rly #nd syste$#ti%#lly* )it" t"e deriv#tive root* )"ere 
e#%" no$in#l suffi& is #sso%i#ted )it" p#rti%ul#r no$in#l prefi&es' B#ti(o (19@@) est#(lis"es t"e 
rel#tions"ip (et)een t"e prefi&es #nd suffi&es for S)#"ili no$in#l deriv#tion #s follo)s+ 
 
No$in#l prefi&es   %orresponding no$in#l suffi&es 
  I) ^_`A-6_4;6B[$a_b$AC.6_-;6B[$ $ 6. 
'_c$A5.6_F.B[$^)$AE6B 
 
 II) ^_`$A-6_4;6B[$^)$AE6B@$ $ 6;C.$
  
III)$d_)$A-6_-.6B[$a_b$AC.6_-;6B[$
$ '_c$A5.6_F.B[$^)_^^$AE6$(B$ $ 60$
$
 IK)$^)_b$AE6$-;6B$ $ $ 6AFBE$
$
  K) ^_`A-6_4;6B[$^)$AE6B@$ $ 6+$
$
B#sed on t"e #(ove rel#tions"ip* B#ti(o %#tegorises* %on%eptu#lly* t"e result#nt ter$s in t"e 
follo)ing groups+ 
 
!er$s )"i%" #re for$ed (y t"e rel#tion in (I) represent %on%epts t"#t #re #sso%i#ted )it" t"e 
#%%o$plis"ed or est#(lis"ed st#te of # person* o(<e%t or p"eno$enon' .&#$ples of ter$s fro$ t"is 
rel#tions"ip #re (#ll e&#$ples #re t#ken fro$ t"e field of pri$#ry "e#lt" %#re)+ 
 
 $uugu=i  (# ver( ste$ -ugu=-) FD9<?;\ $
$$ $=#=i   (# ver( ste$ -=#-) RA;I@M;<;A'H67>D\'
  ki=#=i   (# ver( ste$ -=#-) F9:;<9?\'
  u=#=i  (# ver( ste$ -=#-) RK@<:G\ 
 
!er$s %re#ted fro$ t"e rel#tions"ip (II) represent %on%epts t"#t #re rel#ted to #%tions )"i%" #re 
done regul#rly' 2#ses of su%" ter$s in%lude+  
 
$=#lis"#<i  F$id)ifeG (# ver( ste$ -=#lis"-)  
$uoko#<i  Fres%uerG (# ver( ste$ -oko-) 
upon#<i Fre%overyG (# ver( ste$ -pon-) 
unyonyes"#<i  F(re#st feedingG (# ver( ste$ -nyonyes"-) 
udung#<i  Fin<e%tingG (# ver( ste$ -dung-) 
 
!er$s developed (y t"e rel#tions"ip in (III) denoted o(<e%ts* st#tes* #%tivities or p"eno$en# 
result#nt fro$* or #sso%i#ted )it" #n #%tion or pro%ess' !"e follo)ing #re # fe) %#ses of su%" 
ter$s+  
 
unyeo   (# ver( ste$ -ny-) F>D9?\ 
ut#ndo   ( # ver( ste$ -t#nd-)  F7;7K<>D;\ 
koro$eo  (# ver( ste$ -koro$-) FI><NDB\ 
ki%"u<io (# ver( ste$ -%"u<-)  FE@I:;<\  
$dungo  (# ver( ste$ -dung-) F@D[;C:@6D\ 
 
 
 
A0
 
!er$s t"#t #re for$ed (y t"e rel#tions"ip in (IK)$represent %"#r#%teristi%s or ,u#lities of #n o(<e%t 
or st#te resulting fro$ #n #%tion or pro%ess* for e&#$ple+ 
 
$#u$ivu   (# ver( ste$ -u$i-) F8>@D\ 
upungufu  (# ver( ste$ -pungu-) FA;E@C@;DCN\'
 
!"e #sso%i#tion in (K) is not very produ%tive* t"oug" t"e result#nt ter$s denote # person or # 
st#te* )"i%" "#s suffered t"e %onse,uen%es of t"e #%tion' 6ne e&#$ple of su%" result#nt ter$s is+  
 
uvi$(e   (# ver( ste$ -vi$(-) F?H;II@DO\ 
$
!"e #(ove rel#tions of #ffi&es in S)#"ili deriv#tion #nd t"e %#tegoris#tion of t"e result#nt ter$s 
#%%ording to t"eir %on%ept represent#tion reve#l "o) gener#l #nd syste$#ti% is t"e pro%ess of ter$ 
deriv#tion in t"e l#ngu#ge' !"e possi(ility of deriving $#ny ter$s fro$ # single ste$ unders%ores 
t"e #ssertion t"#t t"e ste$ or (#se for$ represents # nu%le#r ele$ent of single-)ord ter$s t"#t #re 
derived fro$ # %o$$on (#se for$' 
 
!"e for$#tion of S)#"ili ter$s (y %o$pounding involves $odifying t"e e&isting )ords* 
espe%i#lly nouns* )it" sele%ted deter$in#nts to for$ ne) units for n#$ing %on%epts' !"e 
$odified )ords pre%ede t"e $odifying ele$ents' 1)#nsoko (1993() %#tegorises t"e S)#"ili 
%o$pounding pro%ess into %o$pounding (y <u&t#position #nd %o$pounding (y %on<un%tion' 
2o$pounding (y <u&t#position* #lso kno)n #s %o$position* involves #tt#%"ing t)o )ords* 
usu#lly (ot" nouns )it"out # %on<un%tion' !"e follo)ing #re %#ses of %o$pounding (y 
<u&t#position in t"e field of pri$#ry "e#lt" %#re+ 
 
kifu# D%"estE O kikuu D(igE Q kifu#kikuu    F:9K;<C9I6?@?\"
$<# D%o$erE O $=ito D"e#vyE Q $<# $=ito  F;B8;C:>D:'76:G;<\ 
pepo Devil spiritE O pund# DdonkeyE Q pepopund#  F:;:>D9?\ 
kiini Dnu%leusE O tete DsoftE Q kiini tete    F;7K<N6\ 
ut#ndo Dspre#dEO seli D%ellE Q ut#ndoseli  '' ' RC;II'7;7K<>D;\ 
kid#k# D%#t%"erE O tonge Dfood (#llE Q kid#k#tonge  R;8@OI6::@?\ 
$fug# DkeeperE O nyuki D(eeE Q $fug#nyuki  '' RK;;'S;;8;<\ 
u=#=i D(irt"EO s#l#$# Ds#feEQ u=#=is#l#$#  '' R?>E;'A;I@M;<N\ 
 
So$e r#re %#ses of %o$pounding (y <u&t#position #re not $otiv#ted (y t"e prin%iple of nu%leus 
deter$in#tion' .&#$ples of su%" %#ses #re 9+90O 9E/<;$Q 9+909E/<; Ftet#nusG #nd 5.GE;$D$
5.5EE$e$5.GE;5.5EE$Ftu(er%ulosisG' In t"ese %#ses t"e %onstituent nouns #re not de%o$pos#(le to 
t"e "e#d-$odifier rel#tion' Su%" %#ses #re not produ%tive' Ho)ever* %o$pounding (y 
<u&t#position is very produ%tive in S)#"ili ter$ for$#tion' !"e follo)ing e&#$ple de$onstr#tes 
"o) produ%tive t"e pro%ess is' !"e noun M1.-E$fedu%#tion]* fun%tions #s # nu%leus )ord #nd 
t#kes # nu$(er of $odifiers to for$ %o$pound ter$s* )"i%" design#te different fields of study' 
 
;I@79 Dedu%#tionE O viu$(e Dliving t"ingsEQ eli$uviu$(e  FK@6I6ON\ 
 O uyog# D$us"roo$E  Q eli$uuyog#  ' R7NC6I6ON\ 
 O $i$e# Dpl#ntsE  Q eli$u$i$e#  ' RK6:>DN\ 
 O )#ny#$# D#ni$#lsE  Q eli$u)#ny#$# FZ66I6ON\ 
 
2o$pounding (y <u&t#position is l#rgely used in t"e for$#tion of ver(-(#sed %o$pound ter$s 
)"ere # tr#nsitive ver( t"#t is prefi&ed )it" # no$in#l %l#ss $#rker* fun%tions #s t"e "e#d )ord 
#nd t"e o(<e%t of t"e ver( fun%tions #s # $odifier' !"e follo)ing #re e&#$ples of t"e ver(-(#sed 
<u&t#positions+ 
 
 
A1
 
 
:<>D?@:@M;'M;<K?'H@:G'6K[;C:'[9B:>86?@:@6D''
3
?:
'8;<?6D'?@DO9I><' ' ' ' D69D'C67869DA?' '
D69D'CI>??'7><S;<'
"pi$# De&#$ineE O d#$u D(loodE Q   "pi$#d#$u  FKI66A';B>7@D;<\ 
"pig# D(e#tE O sind#no Din<e%tionE Q   "pig#sind#no R@D[;C:@6D'8;<?6D\ 
"to# Dgive outE O d#)# D$edi%ineE Q   "to#d#)#  F8G><7>C@?:\ 
"pi$# De&#$ineE O $#iti D%orpseE Q  "pi$#$#iti  R>9:68?@?:\' 
 
!"e noun %l#ss $#rker t"#t is #tt#%"ed to t"e tr#nsit ver(s fun%tions #s # $odifier t"#t %"#nges t"e 
ver(s to # person )"o perfor$s t"e #%tion e&pressed (y t"e ver(s #nd t"e o(<e%t noun spe%ifies 
t"e type of #%tion perfor$ed (y t"e person' !"e t)o ele$ents #re %o$(ined in # "e#d-$odifier 
rel#tion to for$ <u&t#position %o$pound ter$s' 5epl#%e$ent of t"e noun %l#ss $#rker %"#nges 
t"e $e#ning of t"e ter$' -or e&#$ple* t"e repl#%e$ent of t"e #(ove no$in#l %l#ss $#ker -H$Dfirst 
person singul#rE* (y D5.]"D%l#ss 3 singul#rE$8?;/2+: t"e $e#ning of t"e result#nt %o$pound ter$ 
fro$ t"e DdoerE of t"e #%tion to t"e Dinstru$entE for doing t"e #%tion' 
 
6rt"ogr#p"i%#lly* S)#"ili <u&t#position %o$pounds #re represented in t"ree different styles+  
 
1) single )ord style* for e&#$ple in t"e follo)ing+ 
 
$$<# $=ito  ($<# O $=ito) ' R;B8;C:>D:'76:G;<\ 
 pepopund# (pepo O pund#)  F:;:>D9?\ 
 kifu#kikuu (kifu# O kikuu)  F:9K;<C9I6?@?\ 
 $pi$#$#iti ($pi$# O $#iti)  F>9:68?@?:\  
$
2) t)o )ords )it" # %onne%tive "yp"en* su%" #s follo)s+  
$<#-$=ito  F;B8;C:>D:'76:G;<\ 
pepo-pund#  F:;:>D9?\ 
kifu#-kikuu ' R:9K;<C9I6?@?\ 
$pi$#-$#iti  F>9:68?@?:\  
 
3) t)o un%onne%ted )ords* su%" #s+ 
  
$<# $=ito ' R;B8;C:>D:'76:G;<\ 
pepo pund#  F:;:>D9?\ 
kifu# kikuu ' R:9K;<C9I6?@?\ 
$pi$# $#iti'' R>9:68?@?:\  
 
Ho)ever* t"e t"ree styles do not #ffe%t t"e se$#nti% represent#tion of t"e ter$s' 1)#nsoko 
(1993(+ A?) suggests t"#t t"e style of single )ord for$ s"ould (e used for )riting <u&t#position 
%o$pounds' !"e re#son for t"e suggestion is t"#t <u&t#position %o$pounds #re pronoun%ed #s # 
single )ord )it" one pri$#ry-stressed syll#(le' Ho)ever* t"e restri%tion $ig"t not (e very useful 
in t"e %orpus-(#sed #ppro#%" (e%#use t"e re#lity relies on t"e eviden%e g#ined fro$ d#t#' In t"#t 
%#se represent#tion of su%" ter$s in our )ork is left open to #ll t"e t"ree styles #s long #s t"ey 
o%%ur in t"e te&t %orpus'  
 
2"#ining $odifiers of t"e "e#d)ord (y %onne%tors effe%ts %o$pounding (y %on<un%tion' / 
genitive %onne%tor is %o$$only used to %"#in $odifiers in S)#"ili %on<un%tion %o$pounding' 
!"e %onne%tor is for$ed (y t"e su(<e%t %on%ord of t"e $odified )ord #nd t"e %onne%tive 6;@ 
6t"er %onne%tors t"#t #re r#rely used in%lude prepositions* possessives* #nd* very r#rely* %o-
 
 
A2
 
ordin#tors' / %onne%tor %re#tes t"e "e#d-$odifier rel#tions"ip (et)een t"e %onne%ted )ords 
)"ere t"e "e#d)ord pre%edes t"e %onne%tors' !"e "e#d)ord is nor$#lly # noun or ver(#l noun 
)"ere#s t"e $odifying )ord %#n (elong to #ny %#tegory of open )ords' 2o$pounding (y 
%on<un%tion is very produ%tive (e%#use it %#n (e %#rried out progressively' !"e result#nt 
%o$pound ter$ %#n furt"er (e spe%ified or used #s # $odifier of #not"er "e#d)ord' !"e 
follo)ing #re e&#$ples of S)#"ili %on<un%tion %o$pound ter$s %"#ined (y t"e genitive 
%onne%tor' !"e ter$s (elong to t"e do$#in of pri$#ry "e#lt" %#re+ 
 
$g#ng# )# kienye<i ($g#ng# Ddo%torE ]')# DofE O kienye<i' Dtr#dition#lE)  F:<>A@:@6D>I'G;>I;<\ 
$<i )# $i$(# ($<i Dto)nE ] )# DofE O $i$(# Dpregn#n%yE )  F9:;<9?\ 
$ri<# )# $#y#i ($ri<# Dtu(eE ] )# DofE O $#y#i DeggsE )   ' RE>II68@>D':9K;\' 
uvungu )# p#ngo l# kike (uvungu D%#vityE ] )# DofE O p#ngo D%#veE O  
l# DofE O kike Dfe$#leE)       FE;7>I;'8;IM@C'C>M;\ 
 
'
4'2 IN265P65/!INB / H./;!H-2/5. 461/IN-!/B IN!6 !H. 165PH6;6BI2/; 
/N/;CS.5 
 
/s "#s (een pointed out (efore* t"is study introdu%es # ter$-do$#in fe#ture for t"e uni,ue 
des%ription of ter$-)ords in # do$#in spe%ifi% %orpus' !"e fe#ture is represented in t"e 
$orp"ologi%#lly #n#lysed %orpus )it" # do$#in t#g t"#t is inserted (y # $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser 
or (y t"e B.!/ syste$' In t"is se%tion )e de$onstr#te "o) t"e fe#ture is introdu%ed into t"e 
$orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser t"roug" t"e le&i%on of t"e #n#lyser' !"e illustr#tion involves t#gging of 
"e#lt" %#re ter$-)ords t"roug" t"e le&i%on of t"e S)#"ili $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser' !"e pro%ess 
involves t)o t#sks+ $#nu#l identifi%#tion of "e#lt" %#re ter$-)ords in t"e %orpus* #nd se%ond* 
$#rking t"e ter$s identified in t"e le&i%on )it" t"e "e#lt" %#re do$#in-t#g' 
 
4'2'1 Identifying "e#lt" %#re ter$-)ords in t"e %orpus  
 
He#lt" %#re ter$-)ords )ere $#nu#lly identified in t"e tr#ining %orpus on t"e (#sis of t"e 
%riterion of %on%ept n#$ing (%f' 2'2'4'1)' -irst* #ll nouns #nd ver(#l nouns in t"e %orpus )ere 
#uto$#ti%#lly identified' !"en* t"e nouns #nd ver(#l nouns )ere $#nu#lly sorted out* )"ere t"ose 
)"i%" represented %on%epts in t"e do$#in )ere pi%ked #s ter$-)ords'  
'
XJTJ3J3'-B:<>C:@6D'6E'D69D?'>DA'M;<K>I'D69D?'@D':G;'C6<89?'
'
!"e nouns #nd ver(#l nouns in t"e tr#ining %orpus )ere identified #fter t"e %orpus "#d (een 
$orp"ologi%#lly #n#lysed (y t"e S)#"ili $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser #nd dis#$(igu#tor (%f' 3'4)' In 
t"e #n#lysed %orpus* #$ong ot"er sy$(ols* t"e des%riptions for nouns #nd ver(#l nouns %#rried 
t"e sy$(ols FNG #nd FIN-G respe%tively' !"e t)o sy$(ols )ere used sep#r#tely #s # ,uery 
l#ngu#ge for e&tr#%ting t"e nouns #nd ver(#l nouns (y # te$pl#te-$#t%"ing progr#$' !"e 
progr#$ %o$piled t"e sy$(ols #nd $#t%"ed t"e$ )it" t"eir %ounterp#rts in t"e #n#lysed %orpus 
in order to e&tr#%t t"e nouns #nd ver(#l nouns' !"e output of t"e e&tr#%tion )#s sorted uni,uely 
#nd # tot#l of 1*?24 nouns #nd 900 infinitive ver(s )#s o(t#ined' !"e follo)ing #re %#ses of t"e 
nouns #nd infinitive ver(s* )"i%" )ere e&tr#%ted fro$ t"e %orpus+ 
 
555 N0N  $i$(#  Fpregn#n%yG 
50? N0N  $toto  F(#(yH%"ildG 
3@3 N0N  $#$#   F$ot"erG  
300 N0N  d#$u   F(loodG 
 
 
A3
 
2@A N0N  u<#u=ito  Fpregn#n%yG 
253 N0N  $)#n#$ke F)o$#nG 
23@ N0N  u=#=i   Freprodu%tionG 
225 N0N  #fy#   F"e#lt"G 
202 N0N  n<i#   F)#yHp#ss#geG 
19A N0N  $<i   Fto)nG 
1A1 N0N  $#t#ti=o  Fpro(le$sG 
145 N0N  $ud#   Fti$eHperiodG 
13A N0N  ugon<)#  Fdise#seG  
133 N0N  "ed"i   F$enstru#tionG 
125 N0N  d#lili   Fsy$pto$G 
123 N0N  uke  Fv#gin#G  
119 N0N  se"e$u  Fp#rtG 
110 N0N  $#u$ivu  Fp#inG 
10@ N0N  siku  Fd#yG 
10? N0N  $#gon<)#  Fdise#sesG 
10? N0N  "#t#ri  Fd#ngerG 
10A N0N  y#i   FeggG 
10A N0N  "ospit#li F"ospit#lG 
103 N0N  "#li   F%onditionG 
101 N0N  u%"ungu  Fp#inG 
100 N0N  kipindi  FperiodG 
93 N0N  $)ili   F(odyG 
92 N0N  t#ti=o   Fpro(le$G 
@5 N0N  u#$(uki=o Finfe%tionG 
@0 N0N  $#<i   F)#terG 
@0 N0N  kliniki   F%lini%G 
?@ N0N  )iki  F)eekG 
?@ N0N  $(egu   FseedG 
?@ N0N  k#=i  F<o(Hfun%tionG 
?5 N0N  u=ito  F)eig"tG 
?5 N0N  u)e=ek#no Fpossi(ilityG 
?5 N0N  $)#n#u$e F$#nG 
5 N0N  ugu$(#  F(#rrennessG 
5 N0N  Vs"ingo  Fne%kG 
5 N0N  Vlis"e  FnutritionG 
5 N0N  Vki)#ngo FlevelG 
5 N0N  Vkitovu  Fu$(ili%#l-%ordG  
5 N0N  Vk#ns#  F%#n%erG 
4 N0N  )#rts   F)#rtsG 
2 N0N  ye#st   Fye#stG 
5 N0N  %ell   F%ellG 
212 Nv0N ku<ifungu#  FdeliveringHgiving (irt"G 
1@1 Nv0N  kup#t#   FgettingG 
15A Nv0N ku<#$ii#n#  Fse&ingG 
93 Nv0N   kutok#  F%o$ing outG 
93 Nv0N  kuf#ny#  FdoingG 
@9 Nv0N  ku=ui#  FpreventingG 
?9 Nv0N  kutu$i#  FusingG 
?1 Nv0N  ku=##  F(e#ringHdeliveringG 
A4 Nv0N  kus#(#(is"#  F%#usingG 
50 Nv0N  kuto#  Fgiving outHdis%"#rgingG 
4? Nv0N  kutoke#  F"#ppeningG 
45 Nv0N  kutos"#  Fs#tisfyingG 
 39 Nv0N ku)e=#  F$#n#gingG 
 
 
A4
 
39 Nv0N  ku"#kikis"#  FensuringG 
3? Nv0N  kus#idi# F"elpingG 
 34 Nv0N ku#n=#  Fst#rtingG 
 30 Nv0N kunyonyes"# F(re#st-feedingG 
24 Nv0N  kuonge=ek# Fin%re#singG 
23 Nv0N  kupevuk# F$#turingG 
22 Nv0N  kul#  Fe#tingG 
22 Nv0N  ku<isiki# Ffeeling-likeG 
 21 Nv0N kut#$(u#  Funderst#ndingG 
21 Nv0N  kupungu=#  Fredu%ingG 
20 Nv0N  kuepuk# F#voidingG 
20 Nv0N  ku#$(uki=#  Finfe%tingG 
19 Nv0N  kuko<o#  Furin#tingHe<#%ul#tingG 
1A Nv0N  kuku#   Fgro)ingG 
1A Nv0N  kuele)#  Funderst#ndingG 
1A Nv0N  ku%"ungu=#  Finvestig#tingG 
 15 Nv0N kuti(u   F%uringG 
15 Nv0N  kukos#  Fl#%kingG 
 
.#%" of t"e e&tr#%ted ite$s #(ove "#s t"ree %o$ponents* # nu$(er* # F0G or Fv0G #nd # )ord 
for$' !"e nu$(er represents t"e fre,uen%y of o%%urren%e of t"e )ord for$ in t"e %orpus #nd t"e 
#0N #nd #v0N st#nds for t"e respe%tive sy$(ols DNE #nd DIN-E t"#t )ere $#t%"ed to e&tr#%t t"e 
)ord for$' !"e e&tr#%ted )ord for$s %ould (e pl#%ed into t"ree %#tegories+ nouns )"i%" (egin 
)it" lo) %#se letters* su%" #s -.-I; Fpregn#n%yGJ nouns )"i%" (egin )it" #n #sterisk* su%" #s 
T1.:?+J FnutritionG #nd nouns )"i%" #re in foreign ort"ogr#p"y* su%" #s F)#rtsG #nd Fye#stG' !"e 
#sterisk #t t"e (eginning of # )ord for$ indi%#tes t"#t t"e )ord st#rts )it" t"e upper-%#se letter in 
t"e te&t' !"e )ords in foreign ort"ogr#p"y (elong to foreign l#ngu#ges* in p#rti%ul#r .nglis"' !"e 
nouns )"i%" st#rted )it" #n #sterisk #nd $#t%"ed nouns t"#t (eg#n )it" lo) %#se letters )ere 
%ounted #s one' Ker(#l nouns )"i%" %ont#ined #n o(<e%t infle%tion#l $#rker* su%" #s* 
5E"/30/3+:?; Fto (re#st feed "i$H"erG* )ere not %ounted on t"e prete&t t"#t infinitive ver(s )it" 
o(<e%t $#rkers fun%tion #s ver(s r#t"er t"#n #s ver(#l nouns'  
'
XJTJ3JT'#6<:@DO'69:':;<7=H6<A?'E<67':G;';B:<>C:;A'D69D?'>DA'M;<K>I'D69D?'
 
 4e%iding )"et"er # non-te%"ni%#l )ord ,u#lifies #s # v#lid ter$ in # do$#in is* to so$e e&tent* 
su(<e%tive' /s "#s (een suggested (efore* t"is t#sk s"ould involve # te#$ of linguists #nd 
do$#in-e&perts )"o "#ve e&perien%e )it" t"e use of t"e l#ngu#ge in t"e do$#in' Ho)ever* for 
t"e identifi%#tion %#rried out "ere* t"e rese#r%"er %#rried out t"e t#sk #lone* using "is linguisti% 
kno)ledge #nd "is e&perien%e )it" t"e use of S)#"ili in t"e do$#in of "e#lt" %#re' !"is )#s 
(e%#use su(<e%t do$#in-e&perts* e&perien%ed in t"e use of S)#"ili in t"e do$#in* %ould not (e 
o(t#ined in t"e environ$ent of t"e t#sk' 2on%ept represent#tion in t"e do$#in of "e#lt" %#re )#s 
used #s t"e (#sis for ,u#lifying # )ord #s # "e#lt" %#re ter$-)ord' !"e sorting )#s %#rried out 
$#nu#lly (y pi%king up #ll possi(le ter$-)ords fro$ t"e list' / tot#l of A2A single-)ord ter$s 
)ere pi%ked' So$e of t"e ter$s #re given (elo)* #nd # full list is provided in /ppendi& 1' 
 
 
#fy#   FG;>I:G\ 
#le<i   F>II;<ON\  
#$(uki=o F@DE;C:@6D\ 
#$e(#  F>76;K>\ 
#ne$i#  F>D>;7@>\ 
#nofelesi F>D68G;I;?\ 
#nofelin#  F>D68G;I@D;\ 
#nti(iotiki  F>D:@K@6:@C\ 
#nti(odi  F>D:@K6AN\ 
#ort#   F>6<:>\ 
#sk#ri   F!?C><@?\ 
(#kteri#  FK>C:;<@>\ 
 
 
A5
 
(#le"e   F>A6I;?C;D:\ 
(#$i#  F6S<>\ 
(#nd#$#  F?8I;;D\ 
(#ngi  F7><@[9>D>\ 
(#ridi   FE;M;<\ 
(eg#  F8;C:6<>I'O@<AI;\ 
(iring#ny#  F;OO8I>D:\ 
(us"#  F?C<6:97';I;8G>D:@>?@?\ 
(uu  FI><M>\ 
%"#kul#  FE66A\ 
%"#nd#ru# F76?L9@:6'D;:\ 
%"#n<o  FM>CC@D>:@6D\ 
%"#nkroidi  FCG>DC<6@A\ 
%"#ti  FCG><:\ 
%"#)#  FI@C;\ 
%"e$(e  FC;II\ 
%"oo  F?:66I\ 
%"u%"u  FD@88I;\ 
%"u$vi  F?>I:\ 
%"ung)# F6<>DO;\ 
%"un<u#  FH><:\ 
%"unusi  F8@78I;\ 
%"up#  F8<;='K@<:G'7;7K<>D;\ 
sisti  FCN?:\ 
d#kt#ri  FA6C:6<\ 
d#lili  F?N78:67\ 
d#$u  FKI66A\ 
d#ru(ini  F:;I;?C68;\ 
d#)#  F7;A@C@D;\ 
 
1ost of t"e identified ter$-)ords represented %on%epts for n#$es of dise#ses* p#rts of t"e (ody* 
$edi%ines* dise#se-%#using #gents* tools #nd #%tions for tre#ting dise#ses* reprodu%tive org#ns 
#nd #%tions* foods #nd nutrients* #nd st#tes of t"e (ody' / good nu$(er of )ords t"#t )ere 
identified #s "e#lt" %#re ter$-)ords (elong to )ords of t"e gener#l vo%#(ul#ry' Su%" )ords )ere 
,u#lified #s ter$s (e%#use t"ey "#ve (een used in t"e %orpus to represent spe%ifi% %on%epts in t"e 
do$#in of "e#lt" %#re' !"e follo)ing #re # fe) %#ses of su%" )ords )it" t"eir gener#l #nd 
spe%ifi% referen%es+ 
 
H6<A'E6<7' O;D;<>I'<;E;<;DC;'' ' ?8;C@E@C'<;E;<;DC;''
'' ' -DOI@?G';L9@M>I;D:' ' -DOI@?G';L9@M>I;D: 
 
#sk#ri  F?6IA@;<\'   F>?C><\ 
(#ridi   FC6IA\    FE;M;<\ 
%"oo  F:6@I;:\    F?:66I\ 
%"up#  FK6::I;\   F8<;=K@<:G'7;7K<>D;\' 
"#$u ' R>88;:@:;\' ' ' R?;B9>I'9<O;\ 
kuko<o#  F9<@D>:@DO\' ' ' R;[>C9I>:@DO\ 
kukut#n# F7;;:@DO';>CG'6:G;<\' ' R?;B9>I'@D:;<C69<?;\  
ku$)#g#' R?8@II@DO\'' ' ' R;[>C9I>:@DO\ 
$pir#  F<9KK;<\' ' ' RC6DA67\ 
 
 
>"ere t)o or $ore different )ord for$s )ere identified #s representing t"e s#$e %on%ept* t"e 
)ords )ere sorted out #s different ter$s' !"e follo)ing #re # fe) %#ses of su%" )ords+ 
 
pu$(u 
"#su# 
korod#ni 
kende 
R:;?:@CI;?\ 
$
kondo$u 
$pir# 
RC6DA67\ 
 
#s"ki 
"#$u 
 
 
AA
 
R?;B9>I'9<O;\ 
 
%"oo 
kinyesi 
R?:66I\ 
 
ku<ifungu# 
ku=##  
RA;I@M;<@DO^O@M@DO'K@<:G\ 
 
kuko<o# 
ku$)#g# 
R;[>C9I>:@DO\'
 
k#ns# 
s#r#k#ni 
RC>DC;<\ 
 
7u&t#position %o$pound ter$s t"#t )ere )ritten in single )ord for$s* su%" #s t"e follo)ing 
%#ses* )ere sorted #s ter$-)ords+ 
 
kidolegu$(# (kidole DfingerE O gu$(# DUE)  F:G97K\ 
kidoletu$(o (kidole DfingerE O tu$(o Dsto$#%"E)F>88;DA@C@:@?\ 
kifu#kikuu (kifu# D%"estE O kikuu D(igE)    F:9K;<C9I6?@?\ 
kisononogono (kisonono O gono)   F_G 
pepopund# (pepo DdevilE O pund# DdonkeyE)  F:;:>D9?\ 
 
!"e sorting did not involve <u&t#positions t"#t )ere )ritten #s t)o sep#r#te )ord for$s (e%#use 
t"e e&tr#%tion %overed only single-)ord for$s'  
 
4'2'2 1#rking ter$-)ords in t"e le&i%on )it" # "e#lt" %#re do$#in-t#g  
 
!"e A2A ter$-)ord %o$piled )ere $#rked in t"e le&i%on (y # "e#lt" %#re do$#in t#g' !"e t#g 
H2E )#s sele%ted for t"e $#rking )"ere t"e DH2-NE t#g #nd t"e DH2-KE t#g $#rked noun ter$s 
#nd ver(#l noun ter$s respe%tively' Ho)ever* (efore t"e ter$s )ere #dded to t"e le&i%on* ter$s 
in foreign ort"ogr#p"y )ere #d#pted to S)#"ili ort"ogr#p"y' !"e follo)ing #re # fe) %#ses of t"e 
#d#pted ter$s+ 
'
:;<7?'@D'E6<;@OD' :;<7?'>A>8:;A':6'
6<:G6O<>8GN  #H>G@I@'6<:G6O<>8GN 
 
pelvi%   pelviki 
%ell   seli 
ye#st   yisti 
%#n%er   k#ns# 
#%id   #sidi 
o&ygen   oksi<eni 
v#ri%ose  v#rikose 
t"yroid   t"#iroidi 
progesterone  pro<esteroni 
pneu$oni#   nyu$oni# 
%yst   sisti 
 
 
A?
 
 
!"e #d#pt#tion )#s #uto$#ti%#lly perfor$ed (y t"e progr#$* )"i%" is (#sed on t"e sorted list of 
)ord for$s in non-S)#"ili ort"ogr#p"y' !"e progr#$ developed (y Hursk#inen re%ognises 
)ords in non-S)#"ili ort"ogr#p"y in t"e input te&t file #nd #d#pts t"e$ to S)#"ili ort"ogr#p"y' 
!"e #d#pt#tion does not #ffe%t )ord for$s in t"e input te&t' /fter t"e #d#pt#tion* t"e A25 ter$ 
)ords )ere #uto$#ti%#lly #dded to t"e le&i%on (y %ross-%"e%king )ords in t"e list of t"e ter$s 
#g#inst )ords in t"e le&i%on )"ere )ords )"i%" )ere in t"e list (ut $issing in t"e le&i%on )ere 
#dded to t"e le&i%on' In t"e le&i%on #ll roots of t"e A25 ter$-)ords )ere $#rked #s "e#lt" %#re 
ter$s (y eit"er t"e DH2-NE t#g or t"e DH2-KE t#g' 
 
 
4'3 UNI[U. !/BBINB 6- H./;!H 2/5. !.51->654 IN !H. /N/;CS.4 265PUS 
 
!"e S>/!>6; $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser %#rried out t"e t#gging of "e#lt" %#re ter$-)ords in 
t"e %orpus' !"e #n#lyser inserted t"e t#g H2-N or H2-K into t"e #n#lysis of )ords in t"e 
%orpus derived fro$ t"e roots $#rked (y su%" sy$(ols in t"e le&i%on' !"e follo)ing portion 
of t"e #n#lysis de$onstr#ted "o) t"e t#gging )#s effe%ted in t"e %orpus' 
 
!"e des%ription #ssigned t"e t#g DH2-NE or DH2-KE to #ll )ord for$s in t"e %orpus derived fro$ 
t"e roots $#rked (y su%" sy$(ols in t"e le&i%on' !"e follo)ing portion of t"e #n#lysis 
de$onstr#tes "o) t"e des%ription )#s %#rried out in t"e %orpus' !"e portion is t"e #n#lysed for$ 
of t"e follo)ing te&t+ 
 
=;>.>.$3;$4;>0>0$4+/2./+$?.F.-I;$5.<020@$N..$/.$;>?;,.$3;$F.8?08?+0$F3;$-;-;$/;30$
I;;<;3+$?E90>+;@$g;>0>0$4+/2./+$4;$5.5+$?E>054;$/;$<;-E$5.<020$E5+/.@$N..$/.$5;-;$
?+<?.$5.<020$?E:;I;I.:?4;$/;$F.8?08?+0$F3;$-;-;@$
FBre#sts of so$e (#(ies s)ell # (it' !"is is due to t"e effe%t of $#tern#l "or$ones #nd it 
dis#ppe#rs #fter)#rds' So$e fe$#le (#(ies s"o) # little (leeding' !"is rese$(les $inor 
$enstru#tion #nd it is %#used (y t"e $#tern#l "or$onesG' 
 
NPV$#titiQN 
NtitiN 5#HA-P; N H2-N  
NPy#QN 
Ny#N 5HA-P; B.N-26N 
NP)#totoQN 
N$totoN 1H2-P; N H2-N 
NP)engineQN 
NingineN 1H2-P; /-IN-; 
NP"uvi$(#QN 
Nvi$(#N H/BI!-SP K-IN K SK H2-K  
NPkidogoQN 
NdogoN ?H@-SB /-IN-; 
NkidogoN /4-/47 SP/-/4 
NP'TQN 
NPV"iiQN 
N"iiN P56N 4.1+ "K 9H10-SB 
NPniQN 
NniN /4K+ni 
NP#t"#riQN 
N#t"#riN 9H10-0-SB N /5 
NPy#QN 
 
 
A@
 
Ny#N 9H10-SB B.N-26N 
NPvi%"o%"eoQN 
Nki%"o%"eoN ?H@-P; N 4.5+eo H2-N  
NPvy#QN 
Nvy#N ?H@-P; B.N-26N 
NP$#$#QN 
N$#$#N 9H10-0-SB N /N  
NP*QN 
NPn#yoQN 
Nn#yoN it #lso 9H10-SB P56 
NP(##d#yeQN 
N(##d#yeN /5 /4K S/4K; 
NP"upote#QN 
Npote#N H/BI!-SP K-IN K SK  
NP'TQN 
NPV)#totoQN 
N$totoN 1H2-P; N  
NP)engineQN 
NingineN 1H2-P; /-IN-;  
NP)#QN 
N)#N 1H2-P; B.N-26N 
NPkikeQN 
NkikeN /4K S/4K; 
NP"utok)#QN 
Ntok#N H/BI!-SP K-IN K SK SK6 S!/! P/SS  
NPd#$uQN 
Nd#$uN 9H10-0-SB N /5 H2-N 
NPkidogoQN 
NdogoN ?H@-SB /-IN-; 
NkidogoN /4-/47 SP/-/4 
NPukeniQN 
NukeN 11-SB N H2-N ;62 
NP'TQN 
NPV"iiQN 
N"iiN P56N 4.1+ "K 9H10-SB 
 NPniQN 
NniN /4K+ni 
NPk#$#QN 
Nk#$#N /5 3 like * su%" #s 3 /4K S/4K; 
NP"ed"iQN 
N"ed"iN 9H10-0-SB N /5 H2-N  
NPkidogoQN 
NdogoN ?H@-SB /-IN-; 
NkidogoN /4-/47 SP/-/4 
NP"us#(#(is")#QN 
Ns#(#(is"#N H/BI!-SP K-IN K /5 SK 2/US+s" P/SS  
NPn#QN 
Nn#N 22 S22 
NPvi%"o%"eoQN 
Nki%"o%"eoN ?H@-P; N 4.5+eo H2-N  
NPvy#QN 
Nvy#N ?H@-P; B.N-26N 
NP$#$#QN 
N$#$#N 9H10-0-SB N /N H2-N 
NP'TQN 
 
 
A9
 
 
In t"e #(ove #n#lysis* )ords in %o"orts t"#t %ont#in t"e DH2-NEt#g #nd t"e H2-K t#g "#ve (een 
t#gged #s "e#lt" %#re ter$-)ords' Su%" )ords #re+  
 
NPV$#titiQN 
NtitiN 5#HA-P; N H2-N  
 ($#titi FK<;>?:?\) 
NP"uvi$(#QN 
Nvi$(#N H/BI!-SP K-IN K SK H2-K  
("uvi$(# #) 
NPvi%"o%"eoQN 
Nki%"o%"eoN ?H@-P; N 4.5+eo H2-N  
(vi%"o%"eo FG6<76D;?\` 
NPd#$uQN 
Nd#$uN 9H10-0-SB N /5 H2-N 
(d#$u!$KI66A\) 
NPukeniQN 
NukeN 11-SB N H2-N ;62 
(ukeni'R'M>O@D>']'I6CJ\` 
NP"ed"iQN 
N"ed"iN 9H10-0-SB N /5 H2-N  
("ed"i'R7;D?:<9>:@6D\` 
 
 
Sin%e t"e t#gging #ffe%ts #ll )ords derived fro$ t"e roots $#rked in t"e le&i%on (y t"e DH2-NE or 
DH2-KE t#g* it in%luded even non-ter$ )ords* espe%i#lly ver(s* derived fro$ su%" roots' -or 
e&#$ple in t"e #(ove %#se* t"e ver( ?EF.-I; is des%ri(ed #s # "e#lt" %#re ter$ si$ply (e%#use it 
is derived fro$ t"e (#se for$ F.-IA;B Fs)ellG* )"i%" is $#rked in t"e le&i%on (y t"e DH2-KE t#g 
#s t"e (#se of t"e ver(#l noun ter$ 5EF.-I; Fs)ellingG' Su%" )ords )ere filtered out (y using 
t"e %riterion of %on%ept n#$ing )"i%" restri%ts ter$-)ords to n#$es of %on%epts* i'e' nouns #nd 
ver(#l nouns' 
'
'
4'4 4IS26K.5CINB 1U;!I->654 !.51S IN !H. /N/;CS.4 265PUS 
 
!"e dis%overy of $ulti-)ord ter$s )#s %#rried out $#nu#lly in t"e #n#lysed %orpus* )"ere v#lid 
ter$-)ords in %o"orts t"#t %ont#in t"e ter$-do$#in t#g* DH2-NE or DH2-KE* )ere used #s 
se#r%"ing %ues' !"e se#r%" involved %"e%king t"e se#r%"ing )ords if t"ey fun%tioned #s 
individu#l )ords or #s p#rt of %ollo%#tions' >"ere t"ey fun%tioned #s p#rt of %ollo%#tions* t"e 
%ollo%#tions )ere pi%ked up #s %o$pound ter$s' Ho)ever* t"e %ollo%#tions )ere not supposed to 
go #%ross pun%tu#tion $#rks' !"e #ppli%#tion of t"is pro%ess to t"e dis%overy of t"e ter$s in t"e 
portion of t"e #n#lysed %orpus given in t"e previous se%tion )ill reve#l t"#t t"e follo)ing 
se#r%"ing )ords fun%tion #s p#rts of %ollo%#tions' 
 
#;><CG@DO' ' &6II6C>:@6D'
+6<A 
$#titi   Q $#titi D(re#stsE y# DofE $toto D(#(yE    FK>KN'K<;>?:?\ 
vi%"o%"eo Q vi%"o%"eo D#%tiv#torsE vy# DofE$#$# D$ot"erE(& 2)  F7>:;<D>I'G6<76D;?\ 
d#$u  Q d#$u D(loodE kidogo DlittleE '' ' ' R>'I@::I;'KI66A\ 
"ed"i   Q "ed"i D$enstru#tionE kidogo DlittleE   FI@::I;'7;D?:<9>:@6D\ 
 
 
 
?0
 
Ho)ever* for # %ollo%#tion to ,u#lify #s # %o$pound ter$ it s"ould represent # %on%ept in t"e 
do$#in' !"us* %ollo%#tions )"i%" )ere found not to represent p#rti%ul#r %on%epts* su%" #s <;-E$
5.<020 F# little (loodG #nd ?+<?.$5.2020 F# little $enstru#lG )ere not reg#rded #s %o$pound 
ter$s' >"ere t"e s#$e %ollo%#tion* su%" #s F.8?08?+0$F3;$-;-; F$#tern#l "or$onesG* o%%urred 
$ore t"#n on%e* only one %ollo%#tion )#s pi%ked' -or %ollo%#tions )"i%" o%%urred in (ot" 
singul#r #nd plur#l for$s* su%" #s$-;>.>.$3;$->0>0 D(#(y (re#stsE #nd >.>.$1;$->0>0 F(#(y (re#stG* 
t"e %ollo%#tion in t"e singul#r for$ )#s pi%ked up' /fter t"e se#r%"* # tot#l of 203 ter$ 
%ollo%#tions )ere identified #s $ulti-)ord ter$s' !"e follo)ing #re # fe) %#ses of t"e 
%ollo%#tions' / full list is given in /ppendi& II' 
 
kupevuk# k)# y#i ($#turing of egg)   F;OO'7>:9<@DO\ 
n<i# y# u=#=i (p#ss#ge of (irt")    FK@<:G'8>??>O;\ 
n<i# y# u=#=i y# $si%"#n# (p#ss#ge of (irt" of girl) FO@<I'K@<:G'8>??>O;\ 
ku<ifungu# s#l#$# (delivering s#fe)   F?>E;'A;I@M;<N\ 
kuk)#$# k)# $toto (sti%king of (#(y)   FK>KN'?:@CS@DO\ 
lis"e duni (nutrition poor)    F866<'D9:<@:@6D\ 
s"iniki=o l# d#$u (pressure of (lood)   FKI66A'8<;??9<;\ 
u%"ungu )# $ud# $refu (p#in of long period)  F8<6I6DO;A'8>@D\ 
u%"ungu )# u=#=i (p#in of (irt")   FI>K69<'8>@D\ 
$isuli y# $<i )# $i$(# ($us%les of to)n of pregn#n%y) F9:;<9?'79?CI;?\ 
ku<ik#=# n# ku#%"i# k)# $isuli y# $<i )# $i$(#  
(tig"tening #nd rel#&ing of $us%les of to)n of pregn#n%y)F9:;<9?'79?CI;?':@OG:;D@DO'>DA'<;I>B@DO\ 
$l#ngo )# $<i )# $i$(# (door of to)n of pregn#n%y) R9:;<9?'68;D@DO\ 
tendo l# ku<#$ii#n# ( #%tion of se&ing)   F?;B9>I'@D:;<C69<?;\ 
viungo vy# nyong# ( org#ns of pelvis)   F8;IM@C'6<O>D?\ 
kutung# $i$(# n<e y# $<i )# $i$(#  
(%on%eiving pregn#n%y out of to)n of pregn#n%y) ' R69:?@A;'9:;<9?'C6DC;@M@DO\ 
$fuko )# %"#kul# ( (#g of food)   F?:67>CG\ 
$isuli y# $<i )# $i$(# ( $us%le of to)n of pregn#n%y)  F9:;<9?'79?CI;?\ 
"#tu# y# k)#n=# y# u%"ungu ( st#ge of first of p#in) FE@<?:'?:>O;'6E'8>@D\ 
$=unguko )# "ed"i (round of $enstru#tion)  F7;D?:<9>I'C@<CI;\ 
siku =# rutu(# (d#ys of fertility)   FE;<:@I@:N'A>N?\ 
n<i# =# #sili =# u=#=i )# $p#ngo ( )#ys of tr#dition  
of (irt" of pl#nning)     FE>7@IN'8I>DD@DO':<>A@:@6D>I'7;:G6A\ 
pi$# <oto ($e#sure te$per#ture)    F:G;<767;:;<\ 
n<i# =# ki<#di =# ku=ui# $i$(# ()#ys of tr#dition  R8<;OD>DCN'8<;M;D:@DO':<>A@:@6D>I  
of preventing pregn#n%y)    7;:G6A\'  
vi%"o%"eo vy# ku=ui# y#i kupevuk# ( #%tiv#tors  
of preventing egg $#turing)     F;OO'7>:9<@DO'8<;M;D:@6D'G6<76D;?\ 
$iri<# y# $#y#i  ( tu(es of eggs)    FE>II68@>D':9K;?\ 
$#gon<)# y# ku<#$ii#n# (dise#ses of se&ing)  F?;B9>IIN':<>D?7@::;A'A@?;>?;?\ 
ugon<)# sugu (dise#se %"roni%)  ' ' RCG<6D@C'A@?;>?;\ 
"o$# y# $#p#fu (fever of lungs)   F8D;976D@>\ 
kutok# us#"# ukeni (dis%"#rging pus v#gin#l O lo%') RM>O@D>I'89?'A@?CG><O@DO\' 
$#gon<)# y# vi# vy# u=#=i (dise#ses of org#ns of (irt") F<;8<6A9C:@M;'6<O>D?'A@?;>?;?\ 
$#t#ti=o y# "ed"i (pro(le$s of $enstru#tion)  F7;D?:<9>I'8<6KI;7?\ 
d#lili =# u#$(uki=o )# vi# vy# u=#=i ( sy$pto$s of  
infe%tion of org#ns of (irt")     a<;8<6A9C:@M;'6<O>D?'@DE;C:@6D'?N78:67?"
 
 
4'5 4.S25IBINB >654S IN !.51 26;;62/!I6NS 
'
!"e 203 ter$ %ollo%#tions t"#t )ere %o$piled fro$ t"e %orpus )ere s#ved #s # te&t file #nd t"en* 
 
 
?1
 
#n#lysed to %#pture t"eir linguisti% des%riptions' !"e follo)ing e&#$ples represent t"e #n#lysed 
for$ of t"e %ollo%#tion+  
 
NPkupevuk#QN 
Npevuk#N IN- K SK SK6 H2-K S!/!  
NPk)#QN 
Nk)#N 15-SB B.N-26N 
NPy#iQN 
Ny#iN 5#HA-SB N 3 egg 3 H2-N 
 
kupevuk# k)# y#i'R;OO'7>:9<@DO\ ($#turing of egg) 
 
NPn<i#QN 
Nn<i#N 9H10-NI-SB N 
NPy#QN 
Ny#N 9H10-SB B.N-26N 
NPu=#=iQN 
Nu=#=iN 11-SB N 4.5+=i H2-N 
 
n<i# y# u=#=i FK@<:G'8>??>O;\ (p#ss#ge of reprodu%tion) 
 
NPn<i#QN 
Nn<i#N 9H10-NI-SB N 
NPy#QN 
Ny#N 9H10-SB B.N-26N 
NPu=#=iQN 
Nu=#=iN 11-SB N 4.5+=i H2-N  
NPy#QN 
Ny#N 9H10-SB B.N-26N 
NP$si%"#n#QN 
N$si%"#n#N $-SB N 
 
n<i# y# u=#=i y# $si%"#n#'R'O@<I'K@<:G'8>??>O;\ (p#ss#ge of reprodu%tion of girl) 
 
NPkup#t#QN 
Np#t#N IN- K SK SK6  
NPu<#u=itoQN 
Nu<#u=itoN 11-SB N H2-N 
 
kup#t# u<#u=ito'RC6DC;@M@DO\ (getting pregn#nt) 
 
NPlis"eQN 
Nlis"eN 9H10-0-SB N H2-N  
NPduniQN 
NduniN /5 /-UNIN-; 
$
lis"e duni'R866<'D9:<@:@6D\ (nutrition poor) 
NPs"iniki=oQN 
Ns"iniki=oN 5#HA-SB N H2-N  
NPl#QN 
Nl#N 5HA-SB B.N-26N 
NPd#$uQN 
Nd#$uN 9H10-0-SB N /5 H2-N 
 
 
 
?2
 
s"iniki=o l# d#$u'RKI66A'8<;??9<;\ (pressure of (lood) 
NPu%"unguQN 
Nu%"unguN 11HA-SB N H2-N  
NP)#QN 
N)#N 11-SB B.N-26N 
NP$ud#QN 
N$ud#N 3H4-SB N 
NP$refuQN 
NrefuN 3H4-SB /-IN-; 
 
u%"ungu )# $ud# $refu'R8<6I6DO;A'8>@D\'(p#in of long period) 
 
NPu%"unguQN 
Nu%"unguN 11HA-SB N H2-N  
NP)#QN 
N)#N 11-SB B.N-26N 
NPu=#=iQN 
Nu=#=iN 11-SB N 4.5+=i H2-N  
 
u%"ungu )# u=#=i'RI>K69<'8>@D\ (p#in of reprodu%tion) 
 
NP$isuliQN 
N$suliN 3H4-P; N H2-N 
Py#QN 
Ny#N 3H4-P; B.N-26N 
NP$<iQN 
N$<iN 3H4-SB N 3 
NP)#QN 
N)#N 3H4-SB B.N-26N 
NP$i$(#QN 
N$i$(#N 9H10-0-SB N H2-N 
$isuli y# $<i )# $i$(#'R9:;<9?'79?CI;?\ ($us%les of to)n of pregn#n%y) 
 
/s t"e #(ove #n#lysis s"o)s* e#%" for$ of t"e %ollo%#tions #n#lysed "#d #t le#st # %o"ort t"#t 
%ont#ined # re#ding )it" t"e t#g DH2-NE or DH2-KE* #$ong ot"er $orp"ologi%#l t#gs' So$e 
for$s %ont#ined $ore t"#n one %o"ort )it" su%" re#dings* for e&#$ple* t"e #(ove for$s for t"e 
%ollo%#tions E8?E/2E$4;$EL;L. Fl#(our p#inG #nd -.:E1.$3;$-C.$4;$-.-I; Futerus $us%lesG'  
'
'
4'A 5.P5.S.N!INB !.51 26;;62/!I6NS BC ;INBUIS!I2 SP.2I-I2/!I6NS 
'
/fter t"e %ollo%#tions )ere des%ri(ed* t"e ne&t t#sk )#s to represent )ords in t"e %ollo%#tions (y 
linguisti% t#gs for t"eir respe%tive %#tegories #nd su(%#tegories to for$ linguisti% spe%ifi%#tions 
for t"e %ollo%#tions' !"e sele%tion of #ppropri#te t#gs for t"e %#tegories #nd su(%#tegories of 
)ords in t"e %ollo%#tions underlies t"e represent#tion' 
 
4'A'1 !#gs for representing %#tegories of )ords in ter$ %ollo%#tions 
'
!#gs for representing %#tegories of )ords in t"e %ollo%#tions #n#lysed )ere sele%ted fro$ t"e 
re#dings of t"e )ords' !"e sele%tion fo%ussed on t#gs t"#t )ere spe%ifi% to %#tegories #nd 
su(%#tegories of )ords #s used in t"e %ollo%#tions' !"e follo)ing #re t"e sele%ted t#gs )it" t"e 
%#tegories #nd su(%#tegories t"ey represent for )ords in t"e %ollo%#tions+ 
 
 
?3
 
 
#;I;C:;A':>O' ' &>:;O6<N^?9KC>:;O6<N'<;8<;?;D:;A  
H2-N   He#lt" %#re noun ter$ 
H2-K   He#lt" %#re ver(#l noun ter$ 
IN-   Ker(#l noun 
N   Noun 
B.N-26N  Benitive %onne%tor  
/-IN-;  Infle%ting #d<e%tive 
/-UNIN-;  Non-infle%ting #d<e%tive 
NU1-IN-;  Infle%ting nu$(er 
/4K   /dver( 
;62   ;o%#tive 
P5.P   Preposition 
2/54   2#rdin#l nu$(er 
654   6rdin#l nu$(er 
P6SS   Possessive 
22   2o-ordin#ting %on<un%tion  
 
!"e #(ove t#gs )ere sele%ted #nd used #%%ording to t"e S>/!>6; #nnot#tion s%"e$e (%f 
3'4'2'1)' In ter$s of %over#ge of )ord represent#ion* t"e t#gs #re of t)o types* %#tegory t#gs su%" 
#s N #nd /4K* #nd su(%#tegory t#gs su%" #s* H2-N* H2-K #nd IN-' !"e su(%#tegory t#gs #re 
$ore restri%tive t"#n t"e %#tegory t#gs' -or e&#$ple* t"e su(%#tegory t#g H2-N represents only 
noun ter$s )"ere#s t"e %#tegory t#g N represents #ll nouns in%luding t"e noun ter$s' -un%tion-
)ise t"e t#gs #re #lso divided into t)o types* t#gs for %#tegories of %o-ording#ting )ords* su%" #s 
B.N-26N #nd P6SS* #nd t#gs for %#tegories #nd su(%#tegories for $#in )ords'  
 
 
4'? -651U;/!INB ;INBUIS!I2 SP.2I-I2/!I6NS -65 !.51 26;;62/!I6NS 
'
!"e for$ul#tion of linguisti% spe%ifi%#tions for t"e %ollo%#tions )#s %#rried out $#nu#lly (y 
%"#ining toget"er t"e sele%ted t#gs for )ords in e#%" %ollo%#tion (y t"e %"#r#%ter OE to for$ 
se,uen%es of t#gs' .#%" se,uen%e of t#gs )#s #ssigned # nu$(er )"ere se,uen%es of t"e s#$e 
t#gs )ere given t"e s#$e nu$(er' !"e follo)ing %#ses el#(or#te "o) t"e represent#tion )#s 
%#rried out' 
 
NPkupevuk#QN 
Npevuk#N IN- K SK SK6 H2-K S!/!  
NPk)#QN 
Nk)#N 15-SB B.N-26N 
NPy#iQN 
Ny#iN 5#HA-SB N 3 egg 3 H2-N 
 
b3'1&=Y']'/-)=&*)']'1&=)'(kupevuk# k)# y#i F;OO'7>:9<@DO\) 
 
NPn<i#QN 
Nn<i#N 9H10-NI-SB N 
NPy#QN 
Ny#N 9H10-SB B.N-26N 
NPu=#=iQN 
Nu=#=iN 11-SB N H2-N 
 
bT')']'/-)=&*)']'1&=) (n<i# y# u=#=i FK@<:G'8>??>O;\) 
 
 
?4
 
 
NPn<i#QN 
Nn<i#N 9H10-NI-SB N 
NPy#QN 
Ny#N 9H10-SB B.N-26N 
NPu=#=iQN 
Nu=#=iN 11-SB N H2-N  
NPy#QN 
Ny#N 9H10-SB B.N-26N 
NP$si%"#n#QN 
N$si%"#n#N 1H2-SB N 
 
bW')']'/-)=&*)']'1&=)']'/-)=&*)']') (n<i# y# u=#=i y# $si%"#n# FO@<I'K@<:G'8>??>O;\) 
 
NPku<ifungu#QN 
Nfungu#N IN- 5.-;-SB 6B7 K SK SK6 H2-K  
NPs#l#$#QN 
Ns#l#$#N /5 /4K S/4K; 
 
bX'1&=Y']'!.Y (ku<ifungu# s#l#$# ?>E;'A;I@M;<N) 
 
NPkup#t#QN 
Np#t#N IN- K SK SK6  
NPu<#u=itoQN 
Nu<#u=itoN 11-SB N H2-N 
 
bc'4)P']'1&=) (kup#t# u<#u=ito FC6DC;@M@DOG) 
 
NPlis"eQN 
Nlis"eN 9H10-0-SB N H2-N  
NPduniQN 
NduniN /5 /-UNIN-; 
 
bd'1&=)']'!=5)4)P, (lis"e duni F866<'D9:<@:@6D\) 
 
NPs"iniki=oQN 
Ns"iniki=oN 5#HA-SB N H2-N  
NPl#QN 
Nl#N 5HA-SB B.N-26N 
NPd#$uQN 
Nd#$uN 9H10-0-SB N /5 H2-N 
 
be'1&=)']'/-)=&*)']'1&=)'(s"iniki=o l# d#$u FKI66A'8<;??9<;\) 
 
NPu%"unguQN 
Nu%"unguN 11HA-SB N H2-N  
NP)#QN 
N)#N 11-SB B.N-26N 
NP$ud#QN 
N$ud#N 3H4-SB N 
NP$refuQN 
NrefuN 3H4-SB /-IN-; 
 
bf'1&=)']'/-)=&*)']')']'!=4)P, (u%"ungu )# $ud# $refu F8<6I6DO;A'8>@D\) 
 
 
?5
 
 
NPu%"unguQN 
Nu%"unguN 11HA-SB N H2-N  
NP)#QN 
N)#N 11-SB B.N-26N 
NPu=#=iQN 
Nu=#=iN 11-SB N 4.5+=i H2-N  
 
be'1&=)']'/-)=&*)']'1&=) ( u%"ungu )# u=#=i FI>K69<'8>@D\) 
 
NP$isuliQN 
N$suliN 3H4-P; N H2-N  
NPy#QN 
Ny#N 3H4-P; B.N-26N 
NP$<iQN 
N$<iN 3H4-SB N  
NP)#QN 
N)#N 3H4-SB B.N-26N 
NP$i$(#QN 
N$i$(#N 9H10-0-SB N H2-N 
'
bg'1&=)']'/-)=&*)']')']'/-)=&*)']'1&=) ($isuli y# $<i )# $i$(# F9:;<9?'79?CI;?\) 
 
In t"e #(ove represent#tion* t"e spe%ifi%#tion FH2-N O B.N-26N OH2-NG*")"i%" represents 
t"e follo)ing %ollo%#tions* o%%urred t)i%e' Ho)ever* t"e t)o o%%urren%es #re given t"e s#$e 
nu$(er* 0?' 
u%"ungu )# u=#=i  FI>K69<'8>@D\ 
s"iniki=o l# d#$u  FKI66A'8<;??9<;\ 
 
/fter #ll t"e %ollo%#tions )ere represented (y se,uen%es of t#gs* t"e se,uen%es )ere %ounted 
)"ere se,uen%es t"#t )ere #ssigned t"e s#$e nu$(er )ere %ounted only on%e' Su(se,uently* @@ 
different se,uen%es of t#gs )ere o(t#ined' !"e se,uen%es )ere t"en sorted #nd $#rked #%%ording 
to t"eir lengt"J t"e nu$(er of t#gs for %#tegories #nd su(%#tegories of $#in )ords in # se,uen%e 
deter$ined t"e lengt" of t"e se,uen%e' ;engt"-)ise* t"e se,uen%es "#d t"e follo)ing distri(ution+ 
 20 se,uen%es of lengt" 2 
 39 se,uen%es of lengt" 3 
 25 se,uen%es of lengt" 4 
 03 se,uen%es of lengt" 5 
 
!"e follo)ing #re t"e se,uen%es $#rked )it" t"e nu$(er of t"eir lengt"' 
 
HC-N + A-INFL "2" 
HC-N + GEN-CON + ADV "2" 
HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N "2" 
HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-V "2" 
HC-N + GEN-CON + N "2" 
HC-N + HC-N "2" 
HC-N + INF "2" 
HC-N + N "2" 
HC-N + POSS + N "2" 
HC-N + PREP + HC-N "2" 
HC-V + ADV "2"  
HC-V + GEN-CON + HC-N "2" 
HC-V + GEN-CON + N "2" 
HC-V + HC-N "2" 
 
 
?A
 
HC-V + N "2" 
INF + GEN-CON + HC-N "2" 
INF + HC-N "2" 
N + GEN-CON + HC-N "2" 
N + GEN-CON + HC-V "2" 
N + HC-N "2" 
HC-N + A-INFL + GEN-CON + N "3" 
HC-N + A-UNINFL + GEN-CON + N "3"  
HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N + GEN-CON + ADV "3" 
HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N + GEN-CON + N "3" 
HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N + PREP + HC-N "3" 
HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-V + GEN-CON + N "3" 
HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-V + HC-N "3" 
HC-N + GEN-CON + INF + GEN-CON + HC-N "3" 
HC-N + GEN-CON + INF + HC-N "3" 
HC-N + GEN-CON + INF + N "3" 
HC-N + GEN-CON + N + A-INFL "3" 
HC-N + GEN-CON + N + CC + N "3" 
HC-N + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + HC-N "3" 
HC-N + GEN-CON + N + HC-V "3" 
HC-N + GEN-CON + N + PREP + N "3" 
HC-N + GEN-CON + PREP + N "3" 
HC-N + GEN-CON- HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N "3" 
HC-N + N + GEN-CON + HC-N "3" 
HC-N + POSS + HC-N + CARD "3" 
HC-N + PREP + HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N "3" 
HC-N + PREP + N + GEN-CON + HC-N "3"  
HC-V + GEN-CON + HC-N + A-INFL "3" 
HC-V + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + ADV "3" 
HC-V + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + HC-N "3" 
HC-V + HC-N + PREP + HC-V "3" 
HC-V + N + GEN-CON + HC-N "3"  
HC-V + N + GEN-CON + N "3" 
INF + HC-N + GEN-CON + INF "3" 
INF + HC-N + GEN-CON + N "3" 
INF + HC-N + LOC "3" 
INF + N + HC-N "3"  
N + A-INFL + GEN-CON + HC-N "3" 
N + GEN-CON + ADV + GEN-CON + HC-N "3" 
N + GEN-CON + HC-N + A-INFL "3" 
N + GEN-CON + HC-N + GEN-CON + N "3" 
N + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + HC-N "3" 
N + GEN-CON + ORD + GEN-CON + HC-N "3"  
N + POSS + HC-N + GEN-CON + N "3" 
N + PREP + N + GEN-CON + HC-N "3" 
HC-N + A-UNINFL + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + HC-N "4" 
HC-N + A-UNINFL + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + HC-V "4" 
HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + HC-N "4" 
HC-N + GEN-CON + INF + GEN-CON + HC-N + GEN-CON + ADV "4" 
HC-N + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + HC-N "4" 
HC-N + GEN-CON + N + N + GEN-CON + HC-N "4" 
HC-N + INF + PREP + N + GEN-CON + HC-N "4" 
HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N + PREP + N + GEN-CON + HC-N "4" 
HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-V + HC-N + HC-V "4" 
HC-V + ADV + GEN-CON + HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N "4" 
HC-V + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + HC-N "4" 
HC-V + HC-N + PREP + N + GEN-CON + HC-N "4" 
HC-V + N + GEN-CON + ADV + ADV "4" 
HC-V + N + HC-N + GEN-CON + N "4" 
HC-V + ADV + N + GEN-CON + ADV "4" 
INF + ADV + PREP + HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N "4" 
INF + GEN-CON + N + N + GEN-CON + HC-V "4" 
INF + HC-N + N + GEN-CON + INF "4" 
INF + HC-N + POSS + HC-N + LOC "4" 
INF + HC-N + PREP + HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-V "4" 
 
 
??
 
N + GEN-CON + ADV + GEN-CON + HC-V + HC-N "4" 
N + GEN-CON + HC-N + INF + CC + HC-N "4" 
N + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + HC-N + GEN-CON + N "4" 
N + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + HC-N + N "4" 
N + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + HC-N "4" 
HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N + A-INFL + GEN-CON + HC-N "5" 
HC-V + CC + HC-V + GEN-CON + HC-N + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + HC-N "5" 
HCV + HC-N + ADV + HC-N + A-UNINFL "5" 
 
 
4'@ 26NS!5/IN!S 6- S!5U2!U5.S 6- S>/HI;I !.51S  
'
!"e %#tegories #nd su(%#tegories of )ords )it" t"eir rel#tions"ips in t"e se,uen%es )ere 
o(served to deter$ine t"e possi(le stru%tur#l %onstr#ints for t"e for$#tion of S)#"ili %o$pound 
ter$s' !"e o(serv#tion reve#led t"#t+  
 
1' !)o types of pro%esses #re involved in t"e for$#tion of S)#"ili %o$pound ter$s+ 
<u&t#position #nd %onne%tion' !"e <u&t#position pro%ess involves no %onne%tors )"ere#s 
t"e %onne%tion pro%esses involve different %#tegories of %onne%tors* )it" t"e do$in#nt 
use of t"e genitive %onne%tor (B.N-26N)' !"e %o-ordin#ting %on<un%tion (22) is used 
(ut very r#rely'  
 
2' >ords of t"e follo)ing %#tegories #re t"e possi(le "e#d)ord in S)#"ili %o$pound ter$s+ 
# /0E/$>+,- %#tegory (represented (y # do$#in-t#g for noun ter$s* su%" #s t"e 
H2-N t#g) 
# F+,I;1$/0E/$>+,- %#tegory (represented (y # do$#in-t#g for ver(#l noun ter$s* 
su%" #s t"e H2-K t#g) 
 # F+,I;1$/0E/$%#tegory ( represented (y t"e IN- t#g) 
 # /0E/ %#tegory (represented (y t"e N t#g) 
 
3' >"ere t"e "e#d)ord (elongs to eit"er t"e F+,I;1$ /0E/ or t"e /0E/ %#tegory* t"e 
$odifying ele$ent s"ould %ont#in #t le#st # )ord of t"e /0E/$>+,-$or F+,I;1$/0E/$>+,- 
%#tegory' !"e $odifying ele$ent %#n (e )it"out # )ord of t"ese t)o %#tegories if t"e 
"e#d)ord (elongs to one of t"e %#tegories' 
 
4'  2o$pound ter$s s"ould not %ont#in )ords of t"e G./.>+$F+,I %#tegory or ./G./.>.F+$F+,I 
%#tegory t"#t fun%tion #s ver(s r#t"er t"#n #s ver(#l nouns* i'e' infle%ted )it" ver(#l 
infle%tions su%" #s neg#tive #nd o(<e%t $#rkers'  
 
B#sed on t"ese o(serv#tions t"e stru%ture for %o$pound ter$s )#s %onstr#ined to t"e follo)s 
definition+ 
 
/ %o$position* (y <u&t#position or %onne%tion* of t)o or $ore non-fun%tion )ords of %#tegories 
#nd su(%#tegories ot"er t"#n t"e G./.>+$F+,I %#tegory* "e#ded (y # )ord of one of t"e %#tegories 
given under o(serv#tion 2* #nd %ont#ining #t le#st one )ord of t"e /0E/$>+,- or t"e F+,I;1$/0E/$
>+,- %#tegory' 
 
!"e %onstr#ining definition )#s t"en used #s # (#sis for for$ul#ting ot"er possi(le se,uen%es 
(#sed on t"e se,uen%es represented' -or e&#$ple* (y t"is definition* t"e follo)ing t)o se,uen%es 
)ere t"e t)o possi(le se,uen%es gener#ted fro$ t"e lengt" 2 se,uen%e DH2-N O H2-NE+ 
1' N O H2-N (lengt" 2 <u&t#position %o$position "e#ded (y # )ord of$/0E/$%#tegory #nd 
%ont#ining # )ord of /0E/$>+,- %#tegory) 
 
 
?@
 
2' H2-N O N ( lengt" 2 <u&t#position %o$position )it" # )ord of /0E/$>+,- %#tegory #s 
its "e#d') 
!"e gener#ted se,uen%es t"#t #lre#dy e&isted in t"e %o$piled list )ere o$itted' !"e ne) 
se,uen%es gener#ted (y t"e $e%"#nis$ r#ised t"e nu$(er of se,uen%es for different lengt"s to+ 
 30 se,uen%es of lengt" 2 (fro$ t"e previous 20 ) 
 144 se,uen%es of lengt" 3 ( fro$ t"e previous 39) 
 204 se,uen%es of lengt" 4 ( fro$ t"e previous 25) 
 39 se,uen%es of lengt" 5 (fro$ t"e previous 3) 
 
!"e se,uen%es )ere s#ved in sep#r#te files #%%ording to t"eir lengt"' In t"e files* t#gs in # 
se,uen%e )ere in t"e for$ of !/B O !/B O ''' O !/B* )"ere t"e t#gs )ere sep#r#ted (y sp#%e #nd 
%onne%ted (y t"e %"#r#%ter DOE' .#%" se,uen%e of t#gs o%%upied its o)n line* )"i%" $#y e&tend 
over # nu$(er of lines' Infor$#tion surrounded (y t"e inverted %o$$#s )#s #ssigned to t"e end 
of e#%" se,uen%e to e&press t"e follo)ing+ 
1' t"e lengt" of # se,uen%e* represented (y t"e letter DlE #nd t"e nu$(er for t"e lengt"* e'g' 
Dl2E for lengt" 2' 
2' t"e type of ter$ represented (y t"e se,uen%e* )"ere #ll se,uen%es t"#t (eg#n )it" t"e 
sy$(ol N or H2-N )ere $#rked )it" DntE for noun ter$s #nd se,uen%es t"#t (eg#n )it" 
t"e sy$(ol IN- or H2-K )ere $#rked )it" DvtE for ver(#l noun ter$s' 
 3' t"e nu$(er #ssigned to e#%" se,uen%e' 
 
-or e&#$ple* if t"e se,uen%e "#d lengt" 2 #nd it (eg#n )it" eit"er N or H2-N #nd )#s #ssigned 
nu$(er 4* t"e infor$#tion #t its end #ppe#red #s Fl2nt+4G ( lengt" 2* noun ter$* nu$(er 4)' 
 
!"oug" for$ul#ted on eviden%e o(t#ined fro$ ter$s in t"e do$#in of "e#lt" %#re* t"e se,uen%es 
#re (ound to ter$ for$#tion %onstr#ints in S)#"ili' !"e presen%e of t"e "e#lt" %#re (H2) do$#in 
t#g in t"e se,uen%es is )"#t $#kes t"e$ uni,ue to t"e "e#lt" %#re ter$s' !"e se,uen%es %#n (e 
#d#pted to ter$s of different do$#ins (y using do$#in-t#gs #ppropri#te to t"e do$#ins' -or 
e&#$ple* t"e repl#%e$ent of t"e "e#lt" %#re do$#in-t#g (y t"e $otor $e%"#ni%s do$#in-t#g* 
)ould #d#pt t"e s#$e se,uen%es to t"e do$#in of $otor $e%"#ni%s' Ho)ever* t"e #d#pt#tion 
s"ould involve t"e )"ole pro%ess of in%orpor#ting # do$#in-t#g to t"e le&i%on of t"e 
$orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser' 
 
!"oug" t"e nu$(er of se,uen%es for$ul#ted in t"is study is rel#tively l#rge* )e %#nnot %l#i$ 
t"#t it is e&"#ustive (e%#use t"ere is t"e possi(ility of dis%overing $ore se,uen%es )it" t"e 
in%re#sed use of # do$#in-spe%ifi% %orpus' >"#t is e,u#lly i$port#nt is to see t"e 
effe%tiveness of t"e for$ul#ted se,uen%es in t"e e&tr#%tion of ter$s' In t"e ne&t %"#pter t"e 
se,uen%es #re #pplied #s # ,uery l#ngu#ge for e&tr#%ting ter$s fro$ t"e $orp"ologi%#lly 
#nnot#ted %orpus (y t"e te$pl#te-$#t%"ing progr#$' 
 
 
?9
 
'
&1!2$-%'c'
'
-Y!,5!$4*)'!).'P4).4)/#'
 
 
 
!"is %"#pter ev#lu#tes t"e effe%tiveness of t"e p#tterns for$ul#ted in t"e previous %"#pter in t"e 
e&tr#%tion of ter$s (y # te$pl#te-$#t%"ing progr#$' !"e ev#lu#tion undergoes t"e pro%esses 
involved in t"e e&tr#%tion #nd in t"e findings o(t#ined fro$ t"e e&tr#%tion' !"e %"#pter 
%o$$en%es )it" # (rief des%ription of t"e progr#$ used for t"e e&tr#%tion' !"ere#fter* it presents 
pro%edures for prep#ring t"e e&tr#%tion %orpus for t"e e&tr#%tion* i'e'* t"e t#gging of ter$-)ords 
in t"e %orpus #nd %le#ring out t"e %orpus fro$ un)#nted ite$s in t"e e&tr#%tion' !"en* t"e %"#pter 
ev#lu#tes t"e perfor$#n%es of t"e e&tr#%tion (y #ssessing t"e degree of %over#ge or re%#ll #nd 
v#lidity or pre%ision in t"e e&tr#%tion' -in#lly* t"e %"#pter surveys t"e st#tisti%#l #nd %on%eptu#l 
%"#r#%teristi%s of t"e ter$s re%overed in t"e e&tr#%tion' 
 
 
5'1 !H. P56B5/1 -65 .I!5/2!INB !.51S 
 
!"e e&tr#%tion of ter$s )#s %#rried out (y !.51.5' t"e progr#$ )ritten (y 7ussi Piitul#inen of 
t"e 4ep#rt$ent of Bener#l ;inguisti%s #t t"e University of Helsinki' 
 
!.51.5 is # l#ngu#ge independent progr#$ for e&tr#%ting infor$#tion fro$ # %orpus t"#t is 
$orp"ologi%#lly #n#lysed #nd dis#$(igu#ted' !"e progr#$ runs on t)o input files+ # p#ttern file* 
)"i%" %ont#in v#lues or t#gs for linguisti% fe#tures t"#t #re spe%ified #s p#tterns in t"e file* #nd # 
file of %orpus )"ose )ords #re #n#lysed (y t"e fe#ture v#lues t"#t #re spe%ified in t"e p#tterns of 
t"e p#ttern file' !"e progr#$ uses t"e fe#ture v#lues* #s spe%ified in t"e p#tterns* for t"e 
e&tr#%tion of ite$s t"#t #re #n#lysed )it" t"e s#$e v#lues in t"e %orpus file' 4uring t"e 
e&tr#%tion* t"e progr#$ is first given t"e p#ttern file' !"e progr#$ %o$piles p#tterns in t"e file 
into t)o oper#tion#l $odules* # tokeniser #nd # p#ttern $#t%"er' !"en* t"e file of t"e #n#lysed 
%orpus is given to t"e oper#tion#l $odules* )"i%" %#rry out t"e $#t%"ing pro%ess se,uenti#lly' 
!"e #n#lysed %orpus is given first to t"e tokeniser* #nd t"e output of t"e tokeniser is given to t"e 
p#ttern $#t%"er' !"e tokeniser re#ds t"roug" t"e %o"orts of t"e #n#lysed %orpus #nd #ssigns #n 
#r(itr#ry sy$(ol to )ord for$s in %o"orts* )"i%" %ont#in t#gs t"#t #re $#t%"ed' !o #void 
repetition during t"e pro%ess of re#ding* t"e tokeniser re#ds left)#rds fro$ t"e longest to t"e 
s"ortest se,uen%es' !"e p#ttern $#t%"er goes t"roug" t"e output of t"e tokeniser* re$oving t"e 
#r(itr#ry sy$(ol #nd l#(elling t"e (eginning #nd t"e end of t"e $#rked )ords or se,uen%es of 
)ords )it" sy$(ols to identify t"e$ #s t"e $#t%"ed ite$s to (e e&tr#%ted' !"e #%tu#l e&tr#%tion 
of t"e ite$s is %#rried out (y t"e %#t%"ing progr#$* )"i%" e&tr#%ts t"e )ords #nd se,uen%es of 
)ords t"#t #re $#rked (y t"e p#ttern $#t%"er' !"e retrieved ite$s %#n t"en (e sorted #nd 
uni,uely %ounted (y using t"e Uni& utilities' 
 
B#sed on t"e p#tterns developed in 2"#pter 4* !.51.5 "#s (een #d#pted for t"e e&tr#%tion of 
S)#"ili infor$#tion' !"is )#s f#%ilit#ted (y developing # S)#"ili tokeniser (s)#tok) #nd p#ttern 
$#t%"er (s)#pt) t"#t !.51.5 s"ould %o$pile fro$ t"e p#ttern files intended for e&tr#%ting t"e 
infor$#tion' It is ne%ess#ry t"#t t#gs t"#t #re spe%ified in t"e p#ttern file s"ould (e #v#il#(le in t"e 
S)#"ili %orpus fro$ )"i%" t"e infor$#tion e&tr#%tion is %#rried out' 
 
 
@0
 
5'2 !/BBINB !.51->654S IN !H. .I!5/2!I6N 265PUS 
 
!"e e&tr#%tion of ter$s %#rried out in t"is i$ple$ent#tion involved t"e e&tr#%tion %orpus in t"e 
do$#ins of "e#lt" %#re #nd liter#ture (%f' 1'?)' Sin%e # do$#in-t#g is #$ong t"e t#gs spe%ified in 
t"e p#ttern files for e&tr#%ting ter$s* t"e t#g s"ould #lso (e #v#il#(le in t"e e&tr#%tion %orpus' In 
ot"er )ords* #ll ter$-)ords in t"e e&tr#%tion %orpus s"ould (e t#gged (y t"e do$#in-t#g t"#t is 
#ppropri#te to t"e do$#in of t"e ter$s' !"e $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser t#gged ter$-)ords in t"e 
"e#lt" %#re e&tr#%tion %orpus* )"ere#s t"e B.!/ syste$ %#rried out t"e s#$e t#sk in t"e 
liter#ture e&tr#%tion %orpus' !"e t)o syste$s perfor$ t"e t#gging (y using different te%"ni,ues' 
>"ile t"e $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser perfor$s t"e t#sk t"roug" t"e le&i%on* t"e B.!/ syste$ 
%#rries out t"e t#sk t"roug" t"e rule file' !"us* upd#ting t"e le&i%on or t"e rule file s"ould (e 
%#rried out (efore t"e t#gging'  
'
5'2'1 Upd#ting t"e le&i%on or t"e rule file 
'
Upd#ting of t"e le&i%on )#s %#rried out to ensure t"#t ter$-)ords in t"e "e#lt" %#re e&tr#%tion 
%orpus )"ose roots )ere not yet $#rked in t"e le&i%on* during t"e develop$ent of t"e p#tterns* 
%ould (e #dded to t"e le&i%on #nd $#rked (y # "e#lt" %#re do$#in t#g' !"e pro%ess involved # 
nu$(er of t#sks' -irst* t"e %orpus )#s #n#lysed #nd )ords in %o"orts %ont#ining t"e H2-N or H2-
K t#g )ere re$oved fro$ t"e #n#lysed %orpus' !"is sep#r#ted ter$-)ords t"#t )ere #lre#dy 
$#rked in t"e le&i%on fro$ t"e #n#lysed %orpus' !"en #ll nouns #nd ver(#l nouns in t"e %orpus 
)ere %o$piled #nd t"e ter$s )ere identified #$ong t"e$' !"e identified ter$-)ords )ere #dded 
to t"e le&i%on #nd $#rked (y t"e H2-N t#g* for t"e noun ter$s* #nd t"e H2-K t#g* for t"e ver(#l 
noun ter$s' !"e $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser t#gged t"e ter$s in t"e #n#lysed %orpus during t"e 
#n#lysis* t"roug" t"e upd#ted le&i%on' 
 
Sin%e it )#s t"e first ti$e t"#t t"e B.!/ rule file )#s used for t"e t#gging of liter#ture ter$-
)ords in t"e %orpus* t"e rule file for t"e t#sk "#d to (e developed' !"e develop$ent of t"e rule 
file involved # nu$(er of t#sks' -irst* t"e liter#ture e&tr#%tion )#s $orp"ologi%#lly #n#lysed #nd 
dis#$(igu#ted' !"en* nouns #nd ver(#l nouns )ere %o$piled fro$ t"e #n#lysed %orpus #nd 
#$ong t"e$ t"e liter#ture ter$-)ords )ere identified' !"e ter$-)ords )ere t"en 
$orp"ologi%#lly #n#lysed #nd dis#$(igu#ted to deter$ine t"eir (#se-for$s #s produ%ed (y t"e 
#n#lyser' !"e ter$ (#se-for$s #s o(t#ined fro$ t"e #n#lyser )ere t"en for$ul#ted #s re)riting 
rules in t"e B.!/ rule file' .#%" (#se-for$ in t"e rule file )#s for$ul#ted #s #n independent rule 
for repl#%ing t"e (#se-for$ )it" t"e s#$e (#se for$ plus # do$#in-t#g in t"e #n#lysed %orpus' 
!"e ;!-N t#g* for noun ter$s* #nd ;!-K t#g* for ver(#l noun ter$s* )#s used in t"e rule file' !"e 
B.!/ syste$ perfor$ed t"e t#gging of ter$-)ords in t"e #n#lysed liter#ture %orpus (y re)riting 
t"e ter$ (#se-for$s in t"e %orpus #s spe%ified (y t"e rules in t"e rule file' 
'
'
5'3 !.51 .I!5/2!I6N 
  
/fter t"e t#gging of ter$-)ords* )it" t"e relev#nt do$#in-t#g* in t"e $orp"ologi%#lly #n#lysed 
e&tr#%tion "e#lt" %#re #nd liter#ture %orpus* t"e e&tr#%tion of ter$s )#s %#rried out sep#r#tely 
fro$ e#%" %orpus' Ho)ever* %ert#in ite$s "#d to (e %le#red fro$ t"e %orpus e&tr#%tion (efore t"e 
e&tr#%tion' 
 
 
 
@1
 
5'3'1 2le#ring out t"e e&tr#%tion %orpus 
 
!"e follo)ing s$#ll portion of t"e #n#lysed "e#lt" %#re e&tr#%tion %orpus provides %#ses of ite$s 
t"#t "#d to (e %le#red fro$ t"e %orpus (efore t"e e&tr#%tion )#s %#rried out' 
 
NPV$#gon<)#QN 
Nugon<)#N 11HA-P; N H2-N 
NPy#QN 
Ny#N 5HA-P; B.N-26N 
NPku#$(uki=#QN 
N#$(uki=#N IN- K SK SK6 H2-K  
NPy#n#yotok#n#QN 
Ntok#n#N 5HA-P;-SP K-IN P5+n# 5HA-P; 5.; K SK SK6 S!/! 5.2  
NPn#QN 
Nn#N 22 S22 
NPkinyesiQN 
NkinyesiN ?H@-SB N H2-N  
NPniQN 
NniN /4K+ni 
NP$#gon<)#QN 
Nugon<)#N 11HA-P; N H2-N 
NPg#niQN 
Ng#niN IN!.556B 
NPUTQN 
NPV"#y#QN 
N"#y#N P56N 4.1+ "K 5HA-P; 
NPniQN 
NniN /4K+ni 
NP$#gon<)#QN 
Nugon<)#N 11HA-P; N H2-N  
NPtof#utiQN 
Ntof#utiN /5 /4K S/4K; 
NPtof#utiQN 
Ntof#utiN /5 /4K S/4K; 
NP#$(#yoQN 
N#$(#N 5.; P56N 5HA-P; B-5.; 
NPvi$ele#QN 
Nki$ele#N ?H@-P; N H2-N  
NPvy#QN 
Nvy#N ?H@-P; B.N-26N 
NPu#$(uki=iQN 
Nu#$(uki=iN 11-SB N H2-N  
NP"utole)#QN 
Ntole#N H/BI!-SP K-IN K SK SK6 /PP; P/SS  
NPk)enyeQN 
Nk)enyeN 3 in* #t* #(out 3 P5.P S/4K; 
NPkinyesiQN 
NkinyesiN ?H@-SB N3 H2-N  
NPn#QN 
Nn#N 22 S22 
NP$#r#QN 
N$#r#N 9H10-0-SB N /5 
NPnyingineQN 
NingineN 9H10-SB /-IN-; 
 
 
@2
 
NPk)enyeQN 
Nk)enyeN P5.P S/4K; 
NP$ko<oQN 
N$ko<oN 3H4-SB N H2-N  
NP)#QN 
N)#N 3H4-SB B.N-26N 
NP$gon<)#QN 
N$gon<)#N 1H2-SB N H2-N  
NP#uQN 
N#uN 22 26N7 /5 
NP$(e(#<iQN 
N$(e(#<iN 1H2-SB N SK SK6 4.5+<i 
NP'TQN 
NPVvi$ele#QN 
Nki$ele#N ?H@-P; N H2-N  
NP"iviQN 
N"iviN P56N 4.1+ "K ?H@-P; 
NP"u)#fiki#QN 
Nfiki#N H/BI!-SP K-IN 1H2-P;3 6B7 K SK /PP;  
NP)#tuQN 
N$tuN 1H2-P; N 
NP)engineQN 
NingineN 1H2-P; /-IN-; 
NPp#leQN 
Np#leN 1A-SB ;62 P56N 4.1 
NPkinyesiQN 
NkinyesiN ?H@-SB N H2-N  
NPkin#po=#g##QN 
N=#g##N ?H@-SB-SP K-IN P5+n# 1A-SB 5.; K /5 SK  
NPk)enyeQN 
Nk)enyeN P5.P S/4K; 
NP$#=ingir#QN 
N$#=ingir#N A-P; N 
NP"usus#niQN 
Nsus#n#N N.B-# 1H2-SB2-SP K-IN K SK 5.2  
NPudongoQN 
NudongoN 11-SB N H2-N 
NPn#QN 
Nn#N 22 S22 
NP$#<iQN 
N$#<iN A-P; N3 H2-N  
NP'TQN 
 
!"e follo)ing is t"e portion of t"e %orpus (efore t"e #n#lysis+ 
 
=;20/C4;$3;$5E;-IE5.L;$3;/;30>05;/;$/;$5./3+:.$./$-;20/C4;$2;/.h$N;3;$/.$-;20/C4;$
>0G;E>.$>0G;E>.$;-I;30$F.-+1+;$F3;$E;-IE5.L0$?E>01+4;$54+/3+$5./3:.$/;$-;,;$/3./2./+$54+/3+$
-50C0$4;$-/20/C4;$;E$-I+I;C.@$V.-+1+;$?.F.$?E4;G.5.;$4;>E$4+/2./+$9;1+$5./3+:.$5./;90L;2;;$
54+/3+$-;L./2.,;$?E:E:;/$E<0/20$/;$-;C.@$F>"i%" infe%tious dise#ses #re %#used (y e&%re$entU 
!"ese #re different kinds of dise#ses* )"i%" #re spre#d (y t"e infe%tious (#%teri# t"#t reprodu%e 
in e&%re$ent #nd so$eti$es in t"e urine of t"e infe%ted p#tient or %#rrier' !"e (#%teri# spre#d to 
ot"er people )"en t"e e&%re$ent s%#tters in t"e environ$ent* p#rti%ul#rly in t"e soil #nd )#ter'G $
$
!"e #n#lysed %orpus is verti%#lised* )"ere # )ord-for$ #nd # pun%tu#tion $#rk o%%upy t"eir o)n 
 
 
@3
 
line' 2#pit#l letters "#ve (een %"#nged to #n #sterisk V follo)ed (y # s$#ll letter* su%" #s in t"e 
follo)ing )ords+ T";20/C4;H$T%;3; #nd T&.-+1+;' .#%" %o"ort %ont#ins # )ord for$ #nd # 
re#ding %ont#ining # (#se for$* #nd ot"er t#gs for t"e fe#tures used to des%ri(e )ords in t"e 
#nnot#tion' >ords in %o"orts )it" re#dings t"#t %ont#in t"e H2-N or H2-K t#g "#ve (een 
des%ri(ed in t"e #n#lysis #s "e#lt" %#re ter$s' !"e follo)ing #re su%" )ords in t"e #n#lysed te&t+ 
 
V$#gon<)#  FA@?;>?;?\ 
ku#$(uki=# F@DE;C:@DO\ 
kinyesi    FE>;C;?\ 
$#gon<)# FA@?;>?;?\ 
vi$ele#  F8><>?@:;?\ 
Vvi$ele#  F8><>?@:;?\ 
u#$(uki=i  F@DE;C:@6D\ 
$ko<o  F9<@D;\ 
$gon<)# F8>:@;D:\ 
udongo  F?6@I\ 
$#<i   FH>:;<\ 
 
!"e ite$s re$oved fro$ t"e %orpus in%luded t"e follo)ing+ 
(1) !"e #sterisk V* )"ose re$ov#l )#s ne%ess#ry to eli$in#te t"e differen%e it %re#tes 
(et)een )ords )it" t"e s#$e for$* su%" #s Vugon<)# (dise#se) #nd ugon<)# (dise#se)' 
(2) !"e #n#lysis or re#dings t"#t %ont#in one of t"e follo)ing t#gs+ K-IN (for finite 
ver(s)J IN!.556B (for interrog#tives)J 4.1 (for de$onstr#tives)J P56N (for 
pronouns) #nd 6B7 (for ver( for$s* in%luding infinitive ver(s* infle%ted )it" o(<e%t 
$#rker)' >ord for$s #n#lysed (y t"ese t#gs in t"e e&tr#%tion %orpus #re dee$ed 
in#ppli%#(le in t"e stru%tures of S)#"ili ter$s* #s spe%ified (y t"e developed p#tterns' 
'
5'3'2 .&tr#%tion 
 
!er$s )ere e&tr#%ted #%%ording to t"eir lengt"* i'e'* t"e nu$(er of non-fun%tion )ords in # ter$' 
!"e t#gs H2-N ("e#lt" %#re noun ter$) #nd H2-K ("e#lt" %#re ver(#l noun ter$) #nd t"e t#gs 
;!-N (liter#ture noun ter$) #nd ;!-K (liter#ture ver(#l noun ter$) )ere used for t"e e&tr#%tion 
of lengt" 1 "e#lt" %#re #nd liter#ture ter$s respe%tively' .#%" p#ttern file for # p#rti%ul#r lengt" 
)#s sep#r#tely #pplied for t"e e&tr#%tion of ter$s of t"e respe%tive lengt"' !"e !.51.5 
progr#$ %o$piled t"e p#tterns in t"e files into t"e S)#"ili tokeniser (t"e s)#tok) #nd p#ttern 
$#t%"er (t"e s)#pt) (%f' 5'1) (y $e#ns of t"e follo)ing %o$$#nd+  
 
T ter$er -v tokker\s)#tok -v p#tter\s)#pt Lp#ttern file n#$eM 
  
/fter t"e p#ttern %o$pil#tion* t"e e&tr#%tion* sorting #nd %ounting of ite$s fro$ t"e e&tr#%tion 
%orpus file )#s %#rried out (y t"e follo)ing %"#in of %o$$#nds+  
 
     T s)#tok  L%orpus file n#$eM  ]  s)#pt  ]  %#t%" ]  sort ]  uni, -% ]  sort -nr Q output file'  
 
In t"is %"#in of %o$$#nds* t"e Ds)#tokEJ Ds)#ptEJ #nd D%#t%"E en#(led t"e e&tr#%tion of ite$s 
fro$ t"e %orpus file* )"ere#s t"e %o$$#nds DsortE #nd Duni, -%E f#%ilit#ted t"e sorting #nd uni,ue 
%ounting of t"e ite$s' In t"e output files* e#%" of t"e e&tr#%ted ite$s "#d t"ree %o$ponents* #s 
given in t"e follo)ing %#ses+ 
  
 
 
@4
 
 320 Nl1nt+1N $i$(#    R8<;OD>DCNG 
 13 Nl2nt+@N $fu$o )# #fy#    RG;>I:G'?N?:;7\ 
  (syste$ of "e#lt") 
 1 Nl3nt+@@N %"oo %"enye (o$(# l# "e)#   RM;D:@I>:;A'I>:<@D;\ 
  (l#trine )it" pipe of #ir) 
 1 Nl4nt+3N d#lili ku()# y# #t"#ri =# ugon<)#  RA@?;>?;';EE;C:'7>@D'?N78:67\ 
  (sy$pto$ (ig of effe%ts of dise#se) 
 
!"e first %o$ponent is t"e nu$(er of o%%urren%es of t"e ite$ in t"e %orpus' !"e se%ond one 
%on%erns t"e lengt" of t"e $#t%"ed se,uen%e* t"e ter$-%#tegory of t"e $#t%"ed ite$ #nd t"e 
nu$(er of t"e $#t%"ed se,uen%e' !"e t"ird %o$ponent is t"e $#t%"ed )ord or %ollo%#tion' -or 
e&#$ple* t"e %o$ponents of t"e first ite$ st#te t"#t t"e e&tr#%ted ite$ o%%urred in t"e %orpus # 
tot#l of 320 ti$esJ t"e ite$ )#s $#t%"ed (y t"e se,uen%e of lengt" 1 #s # noun ter$J t"e nu$(er 
of t"e $#t%"ed se,uen%e )#s 1J #nd t"e )ord for$ $#t%"ed )#s -.-I; Fpregn#n%yG'  
 
Sin%e t"e e&tr#%tion p#tterns )ere developed (#sed on t"e tr#ining "e#lt" %#re %orpus* t"ey "#d to 
(e $onitored (efore t"ey )ere used for t"e e&tr#%tion of liter#ture ter$s' !"e $onitoring )#s 
%#rried out (y using t"e $onitoring liter#ture %orpus (%f' 1'?) #nd it )#s intended for t"e 
dis%overy of stru%tures (#sed on liter#ture ter$s t"#t )ere not %#ptured (y t"e tr#ining %orpus' 
Ho)ever* no distin%t stru%ture )#s dis%overed fro$ t"e $onitoring %orpus' Before t"e e&tr#%tion 
of liter#ture ter$s* t"e "e#lt" %#re do$#in-t#g )#s repl#%ed )it" t"e liter#ture do$#in-t#g in t"e 
p#tterns' 
 
 
5'4 /SS.SSINB !H. .--.2!IK.N.SS 6- !H. .I!5/2!I6N 1.!H64 
 
!"e #ssess$ent %#rried out in t"is se%tion is intended to provide #ns)ers to t"e follo)ing t)o 
,uestions+ 
(1) >"#t is t"e per%ent#ge r#tio of t"e v#lid ite$s t"#t t"e e&tr#%tion $et"od re%overs to 
#ll v#lid ter$s #v#il#(le in t"e e&tr#%tion* reg#rdless of )"#t else t"e $et"od re%oversU 
2o$puting t"e per%ent#ge degree of ,+8;11 for t"e $et"od provides t"e #ns)er to t"is 
,uestion' 
(2) >"#t is t"e per%ent#ge r#tio of t"e v#lid ite$s t"#t t"e e&tr#%tion $et"od re%overs to 
#ll ite$s t"#t t"e $et"od re%overs fro$ t"e e&tr#%tionU .v#lu#ting t"e per%ent#ge degree 
of 9,+8.:.0/ for t"e $et"od provides t"e #ns)er to t"is ,uestion' 
 
!"e ter$s ,+8;11 #nd 9,+8.:.0/$#re used in t"e ev#lu#tion t#sks for infor$#tion retriev#l #nd for 
infor$#tion e&tr#%tion' Sund"ein (199A) defines t"e t)o ter$s (y t"e follo)ing for$ul#s+  
 
 5e%#ll \ X relev#nt-returned H X relev#nt 
 Pre%ision \ X relev#nt-returned H X returned 
 
>"ere* in infor$#tion e&tr#%tion* ,+1+F;/> refers to relev#nt f#%ts in e&tr#%tion #nd$,+>E,/+<$to 
e&tr#%ted f#%ts in e&tr#%tion' 
  
5'4'1 5e%#ll #ssess$ent 
 
/s defined in t"e #(ove for$ul#s* t"e deno$in#tor for %o$puting ,+8;11 is derived fro$ t"e 
nu$(er of relev#nt f#%ts (ter$s* in our %#se) #v#il#(le in t"e e&tr#%tion %orpus' 4eter$ining #ll 
 
 
@5
 
ter$s #v#il#(le in t"e e&tr#%tion %orpus for %o$puting t"e ,+8;11 for our e&tr#%tion $et"od 
re,uires $#nu#l identifi%#tion of #ll v#lid ter$s* in different lengt"s* #v#il#(le in t"e e&tr#%tion 
%orpus' 2onsidering t"e l#rge si=e of our e&tr#%tion %orpus* 1?3*AAA #nd 1A1*A@9 )ords for t"e 
"e#lt" %#re #nd liter#ture %orpus respe%tively* t"is t#sk proved to (e too de$#nding to (e %#rried 
out )it"in t"e li$ited ti$e #v#il#(le for t"is rese#r%"' !"us* t"e re%#ll )#s ev#lu#ted (#sed on # 
portion of t"e "e#lt" %#re %orpus %onsists of 25*000 )ords* #nd it involved only ter$s of lengt" 2' 
!"e use of lengt" 2 ter$s for t"e ev#lu#tion )#s (#sed on t"e f#%t t"#t* #s )ill (e eviden%ed l#ter* 
t"e ter$s #re do$in#ntly used in t"e %orpus' 1#nu#l identifi%#tion of t"e ter$s in t"e portion of 
%orpus )#s %#rried out #nd 94@ distin%t ter$s )ere re%overed* )it" singul#r #nd plur#l for$s 
tre#ted #s distin%t ter$s' !"e identifi%#tion )#s done (#sed on t"e rese#r%"er3s e&perien%e )it" 
t"e use of S)#"ili in t"e do$#in of "e#lt" %#re' !"en t"e e&tr#%tion )#s %#rried out in t"e s#$e 
portion of t"e %orpus* yielding 923 v#lid ter$s' /ll of t"e e&tr#%ted ter$s )ere in t"e list of t"e 
ter$s identified $#nu#lly' !"e per%ent#ge r#tio of t"e v#lid ter$s e&tr#%ted to t"e ter$s 
identified $#nu#lly* i'e' v#lid ter$s in t"e e&tr#%tion %orpus* r#tes t"e$,+8;11 of t"e e&tr#%tion #t 
9?'3Y' !er$s e&tr#%ted $#nu#lly t"#t )ere not re%overed in t"e e&tr#%tion %ont#ined rel#tivised 
ver(#l $odifiers* su%" #s in t"e follo)ing %#ses+ 
 
 ugon<)# usioti(ik# Nin%ur#(le dise#seN 
 "o$# isiyois"# Ninter$in#(le feverN 
 ugon<)# usiopon# Nunre%over#(le illnessN 
 
!"e stru%ture of !er$s $odified (y rel#tivised ver(s )ere o$itted in t"e for$ul#tion of ter$ 
p#tterns (e%#use rel#tivised ver(s (elong to t"e %#tegory of infinite ver(s' 1oreover* in $ost 
%#ses* t"e ter$s "#ve synony$s )"i%" "#ve stru%tures t"#t #re %o$p#ti(le )it" %ert#in p#tterns 
developed' -or e&#$ple* t"e follo)ing ter$s #re t"e synony$s for t"e #(ove ter$s+ 
 
 ugon<)# sugu N in%ur#(le dise#seN 
 "o$# y# kusedek# Ninter$in#(le feverN 
 ugon<)# )# kusedek# Nunre%over#(le illnessN 
 
!"e "ig" re%#ll of t"e e&tr#%tion signifies t"#t #l$ost #ll stru%tures of v#lid ter$s #v#il#(le in t"e 
e&tr#%tion %orpus #re %o$p#ti(le )it" t"e %onstr#ints on )"i%" t"e p#tterns )ere developed'  
 
5'4'2 Pre%ision #ssess$ent 
 
/%%ording to t"e pre%ision for$ul# (%f' 5'4)* t"e deno$in#tor for %o$puting t"e pre%ision of 
our e&tr#%tion $et"od s"ould %onsist of t"e nu$(er of #ll v#lid #nd inv#lid ter$ %#ndid#tes 
re%overed in t"e e&tr#%tion #nd t"e nu$er#tor s"ould %onsist of t"e nu$(er of #ll v#lid ter$ 
%#ndid#tes e&tr#%ted' !"e nu$(er for t"e v#lid #nd inv#lid ite$s e&tr#%ted )#s o(t#ined (y 
%o$piling t"e %ontents of t"e output files' !"e follo)ing t#(les s"o) t"e nu$(ers #s 
%o$piled fro$ e#%" output file' /lso* t"e t#(les s"o) t"e nu$(er of $#t%"ed #nd un$#t%"ed 
p#tterns in t"e e&tr#%tion' 
 
 
@A
 
$>KI;'cJ3'Nu$(er of e&tr#%ted ite$s )it" t"e $#t%"ed #nd un$#t%"ed p#tterns'
'
(1) -ro$ t"e e&tr#%tion of "e#lt" %#re ter$s 
P#ttern lengt" P#tterns 
developed 
P#tterns 
$#t%"ed 
P#tterns 
un$#t%"ed 
No' of e&tr#%ted 
ite$s 
1 2 2 0 ?52
2 30 24 0A 20@2
3 144 ?2 ?2 ??1
4 204 21 1@3 A0
5 39 00 39 00
!ot#l nu$(er of ite$s e&tr#%ted 3AA5
 
(2) -ro$ t"e e&tr#%tion of liter#ture ter$s 
P#ttern lengt" P#tterns 
developed 
P#tterns 
$#t%"ed 
P#tterns 
un$#t%"ed 
No' of e&tr#%ted 
ite$s 
1 2 2 0 3@1
2 30 22 0@ 2314
3 144 ?? A? @1A
4 204 35 1A9 A3
5 NI; NI; NI; NI;
!ot#l nu$(er of ite$s e&tr#%ted 35?4
 
 
2o$p#ring t"e nu$(ers of un$#t%"ed se,uen%es )it" t"ose of t"e developed se,uen%es* t"e 
nu$(er of un$#t%"ed se,uen%es in%re#ses in proportion to t"e lengt" of t"e se,uen%es' !"is 
suggests t"#t se,uen%es of long lengt"* i'e'* #(ove lengt" 3* %#n (e used* (ut infre,uently' !"e 
nu$(ers for t"e e&tr#%ted ite$s indi%#te t"#t ite$s of lengt" 2 #re t"e $ost do$in#nt'  
 
!"e nu$(er of t"e v#lid ter$s e&tr#%ted )#s o(t#ined $#nu#lly (y going t"roug" t"e e&tr#%ted 
ite$s in e#%" output file #nd identifying ite$s t"#t ,u#lified #s v#lid ter$ %#ndid#tes' !"e 
identifi%#tion )#s %#rried out (#sed on t"e %riterion of %on%ept represent#tion in t"e relev#nt 
do$#in' 1oreover* our kno)ledge of t"e do$#ins of "e#lt" %#re #nd liter#ture #nd of t"e S)#"ili 
l#ngu#ge f#%ilit#ted t"e deter$in#tion of t"e st#tus of t"e ite$s' Non-ter$ ite$s #nd so$e ter$ 
v#ri#nts )ere re$oved fro$ t"e e&tr#%ted ite$s #s follo)s+ 
 
3J /ll plur#l for$s of single-)ord ter$s t"#t "#d singul#r for$s in t"e list )ere re$oved* )"ere#s 
%ert#in plur#l for$s of $ulti)ord ter$s )ere ret#ined' !"e for$s represented generi% %on%epts 
for t"eir singul#r %ounterp#rts' !"e follo)ing #re # fe) %#ses of t"e ret#ined plur#l for$s )it" 
t"eir singul#r %ounterp#rts+ 
 
' 2I9<>I'E6<7     #@DO9I><'E6<7 
 hO;D;<@C`     h?8;C@E@C`'
 $#gon<)# y# tu$(o Fsto$#%" dise#sesG ugon<)# )# tu$(o Fsto$#%" dise#seG 
 (dise#ses of t"e sto$#%")   (dise#se of t"e sto$#%") 
 $ifup# y# nyong# Fpelvi% (onesG   $fup# )# nyong# Fpelvi% (oneG 
 ((ones of t"e pelvis)    ((one of t"e pelvis) 
 vi$ele# vy# $#gon<)# Fdise#ses ger$sG ki$ele# %"# ugon<)# Fdise#se ger$G 
 (ger$s of dise#ses)    (ger$ of dise#se) 
 
 
 
@?
 
TJ !"e v#ri#nts %#used (y synony$s )ere left #s inter%"#nge#(le ter$s' ;ike)ise* t"e v#ri#nts 
%#used (y t"e use of #ltern#te prepositions )ere left #s synony$s' 
 
WJ !"e v#ri#nts %#used (y $inor ort"ogr#p"i% v#ri#tion #nd (y t"e positioning of t"e %o$ple$ent 
of t"e ver(#l nouns )ere re$oved on t"e (#sis of intuitive kno)ledge of t"e l#ngu#ge' -or 
inst#n%e* )e ret#ined t"e ite$$-I+2E$3;$-4;/;E-+ Fsper$G #nd re$oved t"e ot"er t)o ite$s 
fro$ t"e follo)ing $#t%"ed ite$s' 
 
$(egu y# $)#n#u$e 
$(egu y# $)#n#$u$e 
$(egu y# $)#n#$$e 
 
Ho)ever* it )ould #lso (e possi(le to ret#in t"e v#ri#nts #s synony$s (e%#use t"eir re$ov#l 
interferes )it" t"e living eviden%e of l#ngu#ge use #s provided (y t"e %orpus' 
 
XJ !"e %le#ring of t"e v#ri#nts %#used (y t"e pre-positioning #nd post-positioning of t"e ver(#l 
noun %o$ple$ent #ffe%ted t"e ite$s )it" t"e pre-positioned %o$ple$ents* su%" #s+ 
 
 N>@ kupevuk# 
 (egg $#turing) 
 7@7K> kutung#  
 (pregn#n%y %o$posing) 
 S@CGH> kuu$# 
  ("e#d #%"ing) 
 
/fter t"e %le#ring out of t"e non-ter$ ite$s #nd t"e ter$ v#ri#nts* t"e v#lid ter$s in e#%" output 
file )ere %ounted' !"e follo)ing t#(le presents t"e tot#l nu$(er of t"e ter$s #s %ounted in t"e 
output files' 
 
$>KI;'cJT'Nu$(er of v#lid "e#lt" %#re #nd liter#ture ter$ %#ndid#tes e&tr#%ted'
!er$ lengt" No' of "e#lt" %#re ter$s No' of liter#ture ter$s 
1 520 295
2 1*39? 1*5??
3 524 50A
4 A040
!ot#l of v#lid ter$s 2*501 2*41@
 
!"e per%ent#ge r#tio of t"e nu$(er of v#lid ter$ %#ndid#tes identified to t"e nu$(er of ite$s 
re%overed in t"e e&tr#%tion r#tes t"e pre%ision of t"e e&tr#%tion $et"od #t A@'2Y for "e#lt" %#re 
ter$s #nd A?'?Y for liter#ture ter$s' By t"e ne#rest tent" point* t"e pre%ision in t"e t)o 
e&tr#%tions is A@Y' !"e follo)ing t#(le gives t"e nu$(ers #nd t"e pre%ision r#te' 
 
 
@@
 
$>KI;'cJW'Pre%ision r#te for t"e e&tr#%tion'
.&tr#%tion do$#in No' of v#lid ter$s 
e&tr#%ted  
No' of ite$s 
e&tr#%ted  
5#te of  
pre%ision 
He#lt" %#re 2*501 3*AA5 A@'2Y 
;iter#ture 2*41@ 3*5?4 A?'?Y 
 
2o$p#red to t"e re%#ll* t"e pre%ision of t"e e&tr#%tion is lo)' !"is i$plies t"#t* #lt"oug" t"e 
e&tr#%tion %#ptures #l$ost #ll ter$s fro$ t"e e&tr#%tion %orpus* it #lso %#ptures # nu$(er of 
inv#lid ite$s' Ho)ever* (e%#use t"e e&tr#%tion s"ould (e %on%luded (y $#nu#l sorting of v#lid 
ter$s #$ong t"e e&tr#%ted ite$s* t"e "ig"er re%#ll is preferred over pre%ision' 
 
Biven t"#t t"e proposed $et"od "#s # pre%ision r#te of A@Y* "o) does t"is %o$p#re )it" t"e r#te 
of t"e e&tr#%tion $et"od t"#t is (#sed on p#rt-of-spee%" t#gs onlyU In ot"er )ords* supposing t"#t 
t"e v#lid ter$s re%overed in t"is e&tr#%tion "#d (een o(t#ined (y t"e e&tr#%tion $et"od t"#t is 
(#sed on p#rt-of-spee%" t#gs only* )"#t )ould "#ve (een t"e r#te of pre%ision of t"#t $et"odU !o 
deter$ine t"is* t"e pre%ision of t"e $et"od )#s ev#lu#ted on t"e e&tr#%tion of lengt" 2 ter$s' -or 
t"e e&tr#%tion* t"e do$#in-t#g in t"e lengt" 2 e&tr#%tion p#tterns )#s repl#%ed )it" t"e p#rt-of-
spee%" t#g* 3N3 t#g or 3IN-3 t#g for t"e noun #nd ver(#l noun ter$s respe%tively' !"e repl#%e$ent 
redu%ed t"e p#tterns fro$ 30 to 12' !"e 12 p#tterns )ere t"en used for t"e e&tr#%tion of lengt" 2 
ite$s fro$ t"e "e#lt" %#re #nd t"e liter#ture e&tr#%tion %orpus' !"e per%ent#ge r#tio of t"e 
e&tr#%ted ite$s to t"e v#lid lengt" 2 ter$s re%overed (y t"e proposed $et"od )#s ev#lu#ted to 
deter$ine t"e r#te of pre%ision' !"e ev#lu#tion puts t"e r#te of pre%ision #t 21Y* #s represented in 
t"e follo)ing t#(le' 
 
$>KI;'cJX Pre%ision r#te of t"e e&tr#%tion (#sed on p#rt-of -spee%" t#gs only 
.&tr#%tion do$#in No' of v#lid lengt" 2 
ter$s e&tr#%ted 
No' of lengt" 2 
ite$s e&tr#%ted 
5#te of  
Pre%ision 
He#lt" %#re 1*39? A*A3@ 21'04Y 
;iter#ture 1*5?? ?*3@2 21'3AY 
 
It is o(vious t"#t t"e pre%ision r#te of 21Y does not %o$p#re )it" t"#t of A@Y #%"ieved (y t"e 
proposed e&tr#%tion $et"od' !"e "ig"er pre%ision r#te of t"e proposed $et"od signifies t"e 
effe%tiveness of t"e do$#in-t#g #s # ter$ filtering %ue in t"e e&tr#%tion' 
 
2#uses of t"e e&tr#%tion of inv#lid ite$s )ere est#(lis"ed on t"e (#sis of o(serv#tion of t"e 
inv#lid ite$s e&tr#%ted' !"e o(serv#tion reve#led t"#t t"e inv#lid ite$s fell into t)o %#tegories+ 
t"e non-ter$ #nd t"e ter$ v#ri#nt ite$s' 
 
cJXJTJ3'$G;'D6D=:;<7'@:;7?'
 
!"e %#uses of t"e e&tr#%tion of non-ter$ ite$s )ere est#(lis"ed (#sed* on t"e e&tr#%ted single-
)ord #nd $ulti-)ord ite$s' It )#s dis%overed t"#t t"e single-)ords e&tr#%ted (elonged to t"e 
%#tegories of+ lo%#tivised nouns* #dver(i#lised nouns* p#ssivised ver(#l nouns* #nd i$per#tive 
(%o$$#nd) for$s' /ll su%" )ords )ere derived fro$ ter$ (#se-for$s' !"e follo)ing #re # fe) 
%#ses of su%" for$s+ 
 
!er$ (#se   4erived non-ter$ )ord 
    hI6C>:@M@?;A'E6<7) 
utosi F%ro)n of "e#dG  utosiD@ F#t t"e %ro)n of t"e "e#dG 
 
 
@9
 
tu$(o Fsto$#%"G  tu$(oD@ Fin t"e sto$#%"G 
uke Fv#gin#G   ukeD@ Fin t"e v#gin#G 
<i%"o FeyeG   <i%"oD@ Fin t"e eyeG 
unyeo F#nusG   unyeoD@ Fin t"e #nusG 
    h>AM;<K>I@?;A'E6<7`'
(u)gon<)# Nsi%knessN  S@gon<)# Nsi%klyN 
$#u$ivu Np#inN  S@$#u$ivu Np#infullyN 
ki%"## Nins#neN  S@ki%"## Nins#nelyN  
(u)d"#ifu N)i%knessN  S@d"#ifu N)i%klyN 
    (8>??@M@?;A'E6<7) 
ku=## Fgiving (irt"G  ku=#liH# F(eing (ornG 
ku%"#n<# Fv#%%in#tingG ku%"#n<H# F(eing v#%%in#tedG 
ku=ui# FpreventingG  ku=uiH# F(eing preventedG 
kupi$# FtestingG  kupi$H# F(eing testedG 
    (@78;<>:@M;'hC677>DA`'E6<7) 
=##    =## Fgive (irt"G 
%"#n<#    %"#n<# Fv#%%in#teG 
=ui#    =ui# FpreventG 
pi$#    pi$# FtestG 
 
!"e e&tr#%tion of )ords of t"e #(ove %#tegories is #ttri(uted to t"e #$(iguity %#used (y t"e 
t#gging of ter$-)ords in t"e e&tr#%tion %orpus fro$ t"eir roots' !"e t#gging #ffe%ts #ll )ords 
derived fro$ t"e roots in t"e %orpus* reg#rdless of t"eir ter$inologi%#l st#tus' 5e$oving su%" 
%#tegories of )ords fro$ t"e e&tr#%tion %orpus (efore t"e e&tr#%tion is %#rried out %#n solve t"is 
pro(le$' 
 
!"e o(serv#tion reve#led t"#t t"e $ulti-)ord ite$s e&tr#%ted (elonged to t"e follo)ing 
%#tegories+ 
 1' Ite$s t"#t %ont#ined t"e for$s t"#t )ere f#lsely e&tr#%ted #s single-)ord ite$s* i'e'* t"e 
lo%#tive* #dver(i#l* p#ssive #nd i$per#tive for$s of ter$-)ords' 
2' Ite$s t"#t %ont#ined "o$ony$s for gener#l #nd for spe%ifi% $e#nings' 
 3' Ite$s t"#t )ere e&tr#%ted in in%o$plete for$s' 
 
!"e follo)ing #re %#ses of "o$ony$s %ont#ined (y so$e non-ter$ ite$s )it" t"eir gener#l #nd 
"e#lt" %#re-spe%ifi% $e#nings+ 
 
Ho$ony$  Bener#l $e#ning  Spe%ifi% $e#ning 
=i)#   I>S;' ' ' K<;>?: 
kiungo    ?8@C;' ' ' 6<O>D  
"#<#    D;;A'' ' ' ;BC<;:@6D 
koo   CI>D?'' ' ' :G<6>: 
%"up#   K6::I;' ' ' 8<;=D>:>I'7;7K<>D;  
 
>"en o(served individu#lly* t"e #(ove ite$s #re ,u#lified #s "e#lt" %#re ter$s (e%#use of t"eir 
spe%ifi% $e#nings' But )"en #n#ly=ed #s p#rt of $ulti-)ord %ollo%#tions* t"e ite$s #re e#sily 
<udged #s "o$ony$s on t"e (#sis of t"eir %onte&tu#l $e#nings' !"e follo)ing %#ses de$onstr#te 
"o) t"e %onte&tu#l $e#nings of t"e ite$s %#n (e different' !"e ite$s $#rked )it" #n #sterisk DVE 
represent t"e gener#l $e#nings* #nd t"eir %ollo%#tions did not ,u#lify #s ter$s'  
 
 
 
90
 
k#ns# y# =i)# (=i)# FK<;>?:\) ' ' RK<;>?:'C>DC;<\'(%#n%er of (re#st) 
$#<i y# V=i)# (=i)# FI>S;\) '' ' RI>S;'H>:;<\'()#ter of l#ke) 
kiungo %"# u=#=i (kiungo F6<O>D\) ' ' R<;8<6A9C:@M;'6<O>D\'(org#n of (irt") 
Vkiungo %"# $(og# (kiungo F?8@C;\)  F?698'?8@C;\'(spi%e for soup) 
%"up# y# u=#=i (%"up# F7;7K<>D;\) F8<;=D>:>I'7;7K<>D;\'h(ottle of (irt") 
V%"up# y# $#<i (%"up# FK6::I;\)   FH>:;<'K6::I;\'((ottle of )#ter) 
 $kereketo )# koo (koo F:G<6>:\)  R@:CG@DO':G<6>:\'(it%"ing of t"ro#t) 
Vkoo nyingi (koo FCI>D\)  ' ' R7>DN'CI>D?\'(%l#n $#ny) 
V"#<# y# kuf#ny# ut#fiti ("#<# FD;;A\) FD;;A'E6<'A6@DO'<;?;><CG\'(need of doing rese#r%") 
Nn<i# y# "#<# ndogo ("#<# F;BC<;:@6D\) R9<@D><N'8>??>O;\'(p#ss#ge for e&%retion s$#ll) 
 
!"e non-ter$ %ollo%#tions* su%" #s t"e #(ove ones* )ere re%overed (e%#use t"e e&tr#%tion is 
%#rried out (#sed on %onte&t independent p#tterns'  
 
!"e e&tr#%tion of ite$s t"#t )ere in in%o$plete for$s )#s due to t)o re#sons+ 
3J !"e presen%e in t"e #n#lysed %orpus of t)o lengt" <u&t#positions #n#lysed #s sep#r#te )ord 
for$s* su%" #s+ 
 
 kifu# kikuu ( #n#lysed #s # /0E/$>+,- (kifu# F%"estG) #nd #n ;<C+8>.F+ (kikuu F(igG) 
 pepo pund# (#n#lysed #s # /0E/ (pepo FdevilG) #nd # /0E/ (pund# FdonkeyG) 
 $<# $=ito (#n#lysed #s # /0E/ ($<# FUG) #nd #n ;<C+8>.F+ ($=ito F"e#vyG) 
 dege dege ( #n#lysed #s # /0E/ (dege F(ig (irdG) #nd t"e /0E/ dege' 
 
Su%" sep#r#te #n#lysis %#used t"e e&tr#%tion of f#lse $ulti)ord ite$s* su%" #s+  
 
V%"#n<o y# pepo Fdevil v#%%in#tionG inste#d of %"#n<o y# pepopund# Ftet#nus 
v#%%in#tionG  
 V$#$# $<# FUG inste#d of $#$# $<#$=ito Fe&pe%t#nt $ot"erG 
 Vungo<)# )# dege F(ig (ird dise#seG inste#d of ungo<)# )# degedege F%onvulsionG 
 
!"e in%o$plete ite$s D%"#n<o y# pepoE #nd Dugon<)# )# degeE )ere $#t%"ed (y t"e se,uen%e 
H2-N O B.N-26N O N* i'e'* /0E/$>+,- (%"#n<o Fv#%%in#tionGJ ugon<)# Fdise#seG) O 2+/.>.F+$
80//+8>0, (y#J )# FofG) O /0E/ (pepo FdevilGJ dege F(irdG)' But t"eir %o$plete for$* D%"#n<o y# 
pepopund#E #nd Dugon<)# )# degedegeE* )ould "#ve (een $#t%"ed (y t"e se,uen%e H2-N O 
B.N-26N O H2-N* i'e'* /0E/$>+,- (%"#n<oJ ugon<)#) O 2+/.>.F+$80//+8>0, (y#J )#) O /0E/$>+,- 
(pepopund# Ftet#nusGJ degedege F%onvulsionG)' ;ike-)ise* t"e ite$ D$#$# $<#E )#s $#t%"ed (y 
t"e se,uen%e H2-N O N* i'e'* /0E/$>+,- ($#$# F(#(y (e#rerG) O /0E/ ($<# FUG)* (ut t"e p#ttern 
for its %o$plete for$ )ould "#ve (een H2-N O H2-N (/0E/$>+,-$D$/0E/$>+,-)' 
 
!"is type of f#lse e&tr#%tions )#s %o$$only o(served in lengt" t)o ite$s (e%#use t"e se,uen%es 
of t"#t lengt" #re restri%ted to t)o $#in )ords' 
 
TJ /not"er re#son for t"e presen%e of in%o$plete for$s )#s t"e e&tr#%tion of portions of longer 
ite$s t"#t )ere not fully $odified' !"e portions )ere e&tr#%ted (y t"e se,uen%es of s"orter 
lengt"' !"e follo)ing #re # fe) %#ses of in%o$plete lengt" 2 ite$s e&tr#%ted #s portions of lengt" 
3 ter$s' Se,uen%es for t"e respe%tive ite$s #re #lso given' 
 
 
 
91
 
,;DO:G'W':;<7      4DC678I;:;'I;DO:G'T'@:;7?'
 
nguvu =# kuking# $#r#d"i Fdise#se-preventing po)erG  Vnguvu =# kuking#  
(po)er of preventing dise#se)     Fpreventing po)erG 
DN O B.N-26N O H2-K O H2-NE    DN O B.N-26N O H2-KE 
d#lili =# ukosefu )# d#$u F(lood defi%ien%y sy$pto$sG Vd#lili =# ukosefu Fdefi%ien%y  
(sy$pto$s of defi%ien%y of (lood)    sy$pto$sG 
DH2-N O B.N-26N O N O B.N-26N O H2-NE  DH2-N O B.N-26N O NE 
$ri<# )# kutole# $ko<o Furin#ry tu(eG   V$ri<# )# kutole#  
(tu(e for )it"dr#)ing urine)       F)it"dr#)ing  tu(eG 
DH2-N O B.N-26N O IN- O H2-NE    DH2-N O B.N-26N O IN-E 
'
cJXJTJT'$G;':;<7'M><@>D:?'
 
It )#s o(served t"#t t"ere )ere (ot" linguisti% #nd stylisti% re#sons for t"e presen%e of ter$ 
v#ri#nts in t"e lists' ;inguisti%#lly* t"e v#ri#nts )ere due to t"e presen%e of singul#r #nd plur#l 
for$s #s )ell #s synony$s' Stylisti%#lly* t"e v#ri#nts resulted fro$ v#ri#tions in )riting %ert#in 
)ords* t"e use of %ert#in prepositions* #nd t"e positioning of %o$ple$ents for ver(#l nouns' 
 
!"e singul#r #nd plur#l for$s )ere o(served in (ot" single-)ord #nd $ulti)ord ite$s' !"e 
follo)ing #re # fe) %#ses of t"e single-)ord ite$s+  
 
 $#y#i   R;OO?\ 
 y#i   R;OO\ 
 $#titi  RK<;>?:?\ 
 titi   RK<;>?:\ 
 $itoki   RO<6@D?\'
 $toki   RO<6@D\ 
  
Plur#l for$s in $ulti)ord ter$s resulted )"ere one or $ore )ords in t"e ter$s )ere in plur#l 
for$s' !"e plur#l for$s %ould (e in t"e "e#d-position* in t"e $odifying position* or in (ot" 
positions #s illustr#ted (elo)' 
 
1' Plur#l for$s in t"e "e#d-position+ 
7>O6[H> y# =in## FS!4sG # 9O6D[H> )# =in## FS!4G  
(dise#ses of #dultery)  
 7@E98> y# kinen# Fgroin (onesG # 7E98> )# kinen# Fgroine (oneG  
((ones of t"e groin)  
 7@?G@8> )# d#$u F(lood vesselsG # 7?G@8>')# d#$u F(lood vesselG  
(vessels of (lood) 
 
2' Plur#l for$s in t"e $odifying position 
$fuko )# 7K;O9'Z>'9Z>Z@'Ftesti%leHoveryG # $fuko )# 7K;O9'N>'9Z>Z@''
((#g for seeds of (irt") 
"udu$# y# S@DO>'Z> 7>O6D[H> Fdise#ses prevention servi%eG # "udu$# y# S@DO>'
(servi%e of prevention of dise#ses)''
N>'9O6D[H>'Fdie#se prevention servi%eG 
3' Plur#l for$s in (ot" "e#d #nd $odifying positions 
G9A97>'Z> #fy# k)# H>:6:6 F%"ildren "e#lt" servi%esG # G9A97>'N> #fy# k)#  
(servi%es of "e#lt" for %"ildren)  
 
 
92
 
7:6:6'F%"ild "e#lt"%#re servi%eG 
 
Synony$s )ere %o$$only o(served #s t"e %#use of $ulti)ord ter$ v#ri#nts' !"e follo)ing #re # 
fe) %#ses of t"e v#ri#nts+ 
 
kif#f# %"# $i$(# Fpregn#n%y epilepsyG 
(epilepsy of pregn#n%y) 
  kif#f# %"# u=#=i F(irt" eplepdyG 
 (epilepsy of (irt") 
kif#f# %"# u<#u=ito Fpregn#n%y epilepsyG 
(epilepsy of pregn#n%y) R;CI>78?@>\ 
 
$#gon<)# y# =in## F#dultery dise#sesG 
(dise#ses of #dultery) 
$#gon<)# y# ku<#$ii#n# Fse&u#l dise#sesG 
(dise#ses of se&ing) 
$#gon<)# y# u#s"er#ti  
(dise#ses of #dultery) R?;B9>IIN':<>D?7@::;A'A@?;>?;?\''
 
d#$u y# $)e=i F$ont"ly (loodG 
F(lood of $ont"H$oonG 
d#$u y# "ed"i F$enstru#l (loodG  
((lood of $enstru#tion) R7;D?:<9>:@6D\'
 
$ri<# )# kupitis"i# $ko<o Furine )it"dr#)ing tu(eG  
(tu(e for )it"dr#)ing urine)  
$fere<i )# kupitis"i# $ko<o Furine )it"dr#)ing pipeG 
(pipe for )it"dr#)ing urine) R9<@D><N':9K;\ 
 
1inor ort"ogr#p"i% v#ri#tions %#used t"e e&tr#%tion of ter$ v#ri#nts su%" #s+ 
 
 $(egu y# 7H>D>97;  
 $(egu y# 7H>D>797; 
 $(egu y# 7H>D>77; 
 (seed of $#n) R?8;<7\ 
$
!"e use of t"e #ltern#ting prepositions 54+/3+ #nd 5;>.5; ($e#ning+ DinE) %#used t"e e&tr#%tion of 
ter$ v#ri#nts su%" #s+ 
 
$#u$ivu k)enye uu$e  
  $#u$ivu k#tik# uu$e   
 (p#in in penis) R8;D@?'8>@D\'
 
 d#$u k)enye $ko<o 
  d#$u k#tik# $ko<o  
 ((lood in urine) RKI66AN'9<@D;G 
 
!"e style of positioning %o$ple$ents for ver(#l nouns* (efore or #fter t"e ver(#l noun* led to t"e 
e&tr#%tion of t"e follo)ing types of ter$ v#ri#nts+  
 
 
93
 
 
  N>@ kupevuk# (pre-positioned %o$ple$ent) 
' (egg $#turing)  
  kupevuk# N>@  (post-positioned %o$ple$ent) 
 ($#turing egg) R;OO'7>:9<@DO\ 
 
 7@7K> kutung# (pre-positioned %o$ple$ent) 
' (prgn#n%y $#king) 
 kutung# 7@7K>'(post-positioned %o$ple$ent) 
 ($#king pregn#n%y) RC6DC;@M@DO\ 
 
 S@CGH> kuu$# (pre-positioned %o$ple$ent) 
' ("e#d #%"ing)  
 kuu$)# S@CGH> (post-positioned %o$ple$ent) 
hRG;>A>CG;\` 
 
In t"e nor$#l synt#& of S)#"ili* t"e %o$ple$ents s"ould %o$e #fter t"e ver(#l nouns* (ut t"is 
)#s not #l)#ys t"e %#se in t"e te&ts* #s t"e #(ove eviden%e s"o)s' 
'
'
5'5 >.IBHINB !H. !.51S BC !H.I5 S!/!IS!I2/; /N4 26N2.P!U/; B.H/KI6U5 
 
 In t"is se%tion* )e e&#$ine %"#r#%teristi%s of t"e e&tr#%ted ter$s in rel#tion to t"eir st#tisti%#l 
#nd %on%eptu#l (e"#viour' !"e st#tisti%#l %"#r#%teris#tion intends to t"ro) lig"t on "o) t"e 
e&tr#%tion $et"od developed in t"is study is %#p#(le of %#pturing ter$s t"#t #re nor$#lly re<e%ted 
if <udged (#sed on t"eir r#) fre,uen%y of o%%urren%es' 6n t"e ot"er "#nd* t"e %on%eptu#l 
%"#r#%teris#tion #i$s to e&pose t"e in%o$p#ti(ility of t"e ter$s )it" %ert#in n#$ing %riteri# #nd 
prin%iples t"#t #re prop#g#ted in t"e tr#dition#l #ppro#%" to ter$inology' 
 
5'5'1 St#tisti%#l (e"#viour of t"e ter$s 
 
/s "#s #lre#dy (een pointed out (%f' 2"#pter 1)* t"e st#tisti%#l (e"#viour of )ord for$s #nd 
%ollo%#tions in # do$#in-spe%ifi% %orpus is t"e $#<or %riterion of t"e st#tisti%#l $et"od for t"e 
%o$pil#tion of ter$s fro$ t"e te&t %orpus' !"e fre,uen%y of o%%urren%es of t"e )ord for$s #nd 
%ollo%#tions is #pplied )"ere t"e ite$s )it" "ig" v#lues of o%%urren%es #re pi%ked up #s ter$s' 
Ho)ever* t"e $ini$#l o%%urren%es for ,u#lifying # )ord for$ or # %ollo%#tion #s # ter$ #re not 
%le#rly st#ted' In "er i$ple$ent#tion* 4ille (199A) #pplied t)o o%%urren%es #s t"e $ini$#l v#lue 
for ,u#lifying # %ollo%#tion #s # ter$' B#sed on t"e s#$e v#lue* )e %o$puted t"e proportion of 
relev#n%e for t"e e&tr#%ted ter$s #nd t"e findings #re #s set out in !#(le 5'5 (elo)+ 
 
 
 
94
 
$>KI;'cJc'5#te of v#lid ter$s (y t"e st#tisti%#l %riterion'
(1) He#lt" %#re ter$s 
!er$ lengt" No of  
e&tr#%ted ter$s 
No' of ter$s )it" 2O 
o%%urren%es 
Per%ent#ge of 
st#tisti%#lly relev#nt 
ter$s 
1 520 414 ?9'AY
2 1*39? 3@32?'4Y
3 524 5A 10'?Y
4 40 0A 15'0Y
 
 
(2) ;iter#ture ter$s 
!er$ lengt" No of  
e&tr#%ted ter$s 
No' of ter$s )it" O2 
o%%urren%es 
Per%ent#ge of 
st#tisti%#lly relev#nt 
ter$s 
1 295 219 ?4'2Y
2 15?? 2A? 1A'9Y
3 50A 15 03Y
4 39 00 00
 
 
7udged (y t"ese findings* t"e opinion t"#t ter$s s"ould "#ve f#irly "ig" fre,uen%ies of 
o%%urren%e in t"e te&ts )"ere t"ey o%%ur* (e%o$es very ,uestion#(le' It is eviden%ed fro$ t"e 
findings t"#t $ost of t"e ter$s e&tr#%ted (y t"e e&tr#%tion $et"od* p#rti%ul#rly ter$s of lengt" 2 
#nd #(ove* "#d only one v#lue of o%%urren%e in t"e %orpus* # v#lue t"#t is not Df#irly "ig"E (y #ny 
$e#sure' 
'
5'5'2 2on%eptu#l %"#r#%teristi%s of t"e ter$s 
 
/%%ording to S#ger (1991+ @9-90)* t"e tr#dition#l %riteri# #nd prin%iples for n#$ing %on%epts #re 
"ig"ly ide#lised re,uire$ents )"i%" %#n only (e useful in # stri%tly %ontrolled environ$ent' 
S#ger lists t"e %riteri# #nd prin%iples #s follo)s+ 
 
 1' !"e ter$ $ust rel#te dire%tly to t"e %on%ept L#ndM $ust e&press t"e %on%ept %le#rly' 
2' !"e ter$ $ust (e le&i%#lly syste$#ti% L#ndM $ust follo) #n e&isting le&i%#l  
p#ttern' 
3' !"e ter$ $ust %onfor$ to t"e gener#l rules of )ord-for$#tion of t"e l#ngu#ge'  
4' !er$s s"ould (e %#p#(le of providing deriv#tives' 
5' !er$s s"ould not (e pleon#sti% (i'e' no redund#nt repetitions)' 
A' >it"out s#%rifi%ing pre%ision* ter$s s"ould (e %on%ise #nd not %ont#in unne%ess#ry 
infor$#tion' 
?' !"ere s"ould (e no synony$s* )"et"er #(solute* rel#tive or #pp#rent' 
@' !er$s s"ould not "#ve $orp"ologi%#l v#ri#nts' 
9' !er$s s"ould not "#ve "o$ony$s' 
10' !er$s s"ould (e $onose$i%' 
11' !"e %ontent of ter$s s"ould (e pre%ise #nd not overl#p in $e#ning )it" ot"er ter$s' 
12' !"e $e#ning of ter$s s"ould (e independent of %onte&t' 
 
6(serv#tion of t"e e&tr#%ted ter$s reve#led t"#t t"e ter$s viol#ted $ost of t"e #(ove 
 
 
95
 
re,uire$ents* p#rti%ul#rly %riteri# ?* @* 9* 10 #nd 12' 
 
1' 2ontr#ry to re,uire$ent nu$(er ?* t"e ter$s #re %"#r#%terised (y $#ny %#ses of synony$s 
su%" #s+  
  ngo=i y# "#su#  
  ngo=i y# korod#ni  
  ngo=i y# pu$(u 
 (skin of testi%le) R:;?:@CI;'?S@D\ 
 
 kuonge=)# d#$u 
 kuonge=e)# d#$u 
 kupe)# d#$u 
 ku)eke)# d#$u 
 Lto #dd (p#ssive) (loodM RKI66A':<>D?E9?@6D\  
 
  ku$)#g# $(egu  
  ku$)#g# s"#"#)# 
(spilling sper$) hR;[>C9I>:@6D\` 
 
 d#$u y# $)e=i ((lood of $ont") 
 d#$u y# "ed"i ((lood of $enstru#tion) 
R7;D?:<9>I'KI66A\ 
  
  kondo l# nyu$# (U of (e"ind) 
  kondo l# u=#=i (U of (irt") 
R8I>C;D:>\ 
 
 ugon<)# )# u#s"er#ti 
 ugon<)# )# =in##  
 ugon<)# )# ku<#$ii#n# 
(F?;B9>IIN':<>D?7@::;A'A@?;>?;?\) 
 
 kif#f# %"# $i$(# (epilepsy of pregn#n%y) 
 kif#f# %"# u<#u=ito (epilepsy of pregn#n%y) 
 kif#f# %"# u=#=i (epilepsy of (irt") 
R;CI>78?@>\ 
 
2' !"e presen%e of $orp"ologi%#l v#ri#nts in t"e ter$s* su%" #s t"ose given (elo)* viol#ted 
re,uire$ent nu$(er @' 
 
 kuonge=e)# d#$u  
 kuonge=)# d#$u H$ 
 (KI66A':<>D?E9?@6D) 
  
3' 2riterion nu$(er 10 is viol#ted (y t"e presen%e of "o$ony$s
9
 su%" #s t"e follo)ing+ 
  
                                                 
9
 /%%ording to (!"#$%&$'()H$*+,-./01023$g0,567,./8.91+:$;/<$=+>?0<: 199?+ 31)* "o$ony$s #re 
ter$s )it" identi%#l for$s (ut n#$ing different %on%epts' 
 
 
9A
 
kup#suk# k)# %"up#$
F8<;=D>:>I'7;7K<>D;'<98:9<@DO\'i'R:G;<76?'K<;>S@DO\ 
 
vipi$o vy# %"oo  
F?:66I':;?:?\'i'RI>:<@D;'7;>?9<;7;D:\ 
 
 $#t#ti=o y# kuko<o#  
F;[>C9I>:@6D'8<6KI;7?\'i'R9<@D>:@6D'8<6KI;7?\ 
 
ku<isiki# kuko<o#  
F<;>CG@DO'6<O>?7\'i'RE;;I@DO'6E'8>??@DO'9<@D;\ 
 
4' 1ost of t"e ter$s* espe%i#lly non-te%"ni%#l ter$s* viol#ted re,uire$ent nu$(er 12 (e%#use t"e 
ter$inologi%#l st#tus of t"e ter$s depended on t"e %onte&t of t"e "e#lt" %#re do$#in' Ho)ever* 
t"ere )ere so$e te%"ni%#l ter$s )"i%" $et t"e re,uire$ent* su%" #s t"e follo)ing+ 
 
  degedege 
FC6DM9I?@6D\ 
k#s)ende 
R?N8G@I@?\ 
  vipele vy# k#s)ende 
R?N8G@I@?'<9?G;?\  
t#uni y# te=i  
RIN78G>:@C'8I>O9;\ 
s"#"#)#  
R?8;<7?\ 
$#u$ivu y# tu$(o  
R?:67>CG'8>@D\ 
 
Bener#lly* t"erefore* t"e %on%eptu#l (e"#viour of t"e ter$s did not tot#lly %o$ply )it" t"e 
tr#dition#l prin%iples of %on%ept n#$ing' 5#t"er* t"e ter$s $#nifest v#rieties of %on%eptu#l 
%"#r#%teristi%s* $ost likely due to t"e f#%t t"#t t"e ter$s %overed (ot" offi%i#lly #nd priv#tely 
developed ter$s' !"e $i&ture $#y (e #ttri(uted to t"e f#%t t"#t spe%i#lists use (ot" t"e offi%i#lly 
#nd priv#tely %oined ter$s'  
 
!"e viol#tion of %ert#in tr#dition#l re,uire$ents (y t"e %orpus-(#sed ter$s "#s (een t"e (#sis 
of t"e re<e%tion of t"ese %orpus-(#sed ter$s (y tr#dition#l ter$inogr#p"ers' Ho)ever* t"e 
ter$s #re t"e priority of %orpus-(#sed ter$inogr#p"y )"ere t"e ter$inologi%#l st#tus of # 
)ord is deter$ined (y t"e %o$$uni%#tive environ$ent of t"e )ord* r#t"er t"#n (y tr#dition#l 
%riteri# #nd prin%iples' 2o$puter-#ssisted %o$pil#tion of su%" ter$s* to f#%ilit#te t"e %re#tion 
of ter$ (#nks* te%"ni%#l di%tion#ries #nd ot"er types of ter$inogr#p"y-(#sed rese#r%"* 
underlies t"e $et"od of %orpus-(#sed ter$inogr#p"y' !"e e&tr#%tion $et"od developed in 
t"is study %ontri(utes to t"e #%"ieve$ent of t"e underlying go#l of t"e %orpus-(#sed 
ter$inogr#p"y'  
 
 
9?
 
 
 
&1!2$-%'d'
 
&*)&,5#4*)'
'
A'1 B5I.- SU11/5C 6- !H. S!U4C 
 
 
!"is study "#s proposed # $et"od for %o$puter-#ssisted e&tr#%tion of ter$s fro$ # do$#in-
spe%ifi% %orpus' !"e $et"od is (#sed on te%"ni,ues for for$ul#ting ter$ p#tterns for t"e 
e&tr#%tion of ter$s in do$#ins* (y # te$pl#te-$#t%"ing progr#$* fro$ $orp"ologi%#lly #n#lysed 
do$#in-spe%ifi% %orpus' !"e develop$ent of t"e $et"od is (#sed on+ (1) 2o$put#tion#l tools for 
$orp"ologi%#l #nnot#tion #nd for infor$#tion e&tr#%tion developed #t t"e University of Helsinki' 
(2) 2onstr#ints of S)#"ili ter$ stru%tures dis%overed on t"e (#sis of stru%tures of t"e ter$s #s 
$orp"ologi%#lly #n#lysed in t"e %orpus' !"e i$ple$ent#tion te%"ni,ues for t"e $et"od #re 
syste$#ti%#lly presented )it" respe%t to t"e for$ul#tion of S)#"ili ter$ p#tterns #nd t"e 
ev#lu#tion of t"e effe%tiveness of t"e p#tterns in t"e e&tr#%tion of S)#"ili ter$s in t"e do$#ins of 
"e#lt" %#re #nd liter#ture'  
 
!"e study "#s (een $otiv#ted (y t"e need to develop # $et"od for #uto$#ti% #ssisted e&tr#%tion 
of ter$s t"#t is %#p#(le of e&tr#%ting ter$s #%%ording to t"eir respe%tive do$#ins' 4eveloping t"e 
ter$ e&tr#%tion $et"od (#sed on %onstr#ints of stru%tures of S)#"ili ter$s "#s (een #not"er 
$otiv#tion' !"e underlying #ssu$ption for t"e first $otiv#tion "#s (een t"#t previous ter$ 
e&tr#%tion $et"ods "#ve f#iled to e&tr#%t ter$s in do$#ins due to i$proper #nnot#tion of t"e 
ter$s in t"e do$#in-spe%ifi% %orpus' !"e se%ond $otiv#tion "#s (een (#sed on t"e #ssu$ption 
t"#t t"e previous ter$ e&tr#%tion $et"ods "#ve (een developed (#sed on ter$ stru%tur#l 
%onstr#ints t"#t #re not %o$p#ti(le )it" t"e stru%tur#l %onstr#ints of S)#"ili ter$s' !"e proposed 
te%"ni,ues for t"e i$ple$ent#tion of t"e $et"od "#ndle t"e uni,ue #nnot#tion of ter$s in # 
%orpus (y in%orpor#ting # ter$-do$#in #ttri(ute #$ong t"e fe#tures for #nnot#ting )ords in # 
do$#in-spe%ifi% %orpus' !"e #ttri(ute %#n (e introdu%ed t"roug" # le&i%on of t"e $orp"ologi%#l 
#n#lyser or t"roug" t"e rule file of # re)riting progr#$* su%" #s t"e B.!/ syste$* #nd it is 
represented (y do$#in-t#gs for ter$s in different do$#ins' !"e $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser #nd t"e 
re)riting syste$ utilise t"e relev#nt do$#in-t#g in t"e le&i%on #nd in t"e rule file* respe%tively* to 
#nnot#te ter$-)ords in t"e %orpus' !"en* (#sed on t"e #nnot#ted ter$-)ords* t"e stru%tures of 
$ulti-)ord ter$s #re dis%overed in t"e #n#lysed %orpus #nd used #s t"e (#sis for t"e dis%overy of 
t"e stru%tur#l %onstr#ints for t"e for$ul#tion of p#tterns for t"e e&tr#%tion of ter$s fro$ t"e 
%orpus' !"e #v#il#(ility of %o$put#tion#l tools %#p#(le of perfor$ing proper #n#lysis of ter$s in 
# do$#in-spe%ifi% %orpus "#s (een t"e (#si% i$petus for t"is study'  
'
'
A'2 SU11/5C 6- P5.KI6US 1.!H64S -65 !.51 261PI;/!I6N 
 
It )#s pointed out in 2"#pter 1 t"#t t"e %o$puter-#ssisted %o$pil#tion of ter$s "#s relied on t"e 
$et"ods of %o$p#r#tive st#tisti%s* infor$#tion e&tr#%tion #nd # %o$(in#tion of %o$p#r#tive 
st#tisti%s #nd infor$#tion e&tr#%tion' !"e %o$pil#tion (y %o$p#r#tive st#tisti%s relies on t"e 
%riterion of fre,uen%y %ounting* )"ere(y ter$-)ords in # do$#in-spe%ifi% %orpus #re supposed to 
s"o) # "ig"er fre,uen%y of o%%urren%es t"#n non-ter$-)ords' It )#s pointed out t"#t t"e %riterion 
of fre,uen%y %ounting overlooks t"e f#%t t"#t # ter$-)ord $#y o%%ur # fe) ti$es in # do$#in-
 
 
9@
 
spe%ifi% %orpus* depending on # v#riety of f#%tors' !"e infor$#tion e&tr#%tion $et"od* )"i%" "#s 
(een t"e fo%us of t"is study* #pplies t"e #nnot#tion of ter$s in # do$#in-spe%ifi% %orpus in su%" # 
)#y t"#t t"e ter$s $#y (e represented #s ter$-for$#tion p#tterns for t"e e&tr#%tion of ter$s (y # 
te$pl#te-$#t%"ing progr#$' It )#s pointed out t"#t t"e previous te%"ni,ues for t"is $et"od 
l#%ked t"e %#p#(ility of #nnot#ting ter$s in su%" # )#y t"#t t"e ter$s %ould (e represented #s 
ter$-for$#tion p#tterns uni,ue to ter$s in # do$#in' 5eli#n%e on p#rt-of-spee%" t#gs #lone for 
t"e #nnot#tion of ter$s )#s indi%#ted #s t"e sour%e of t"is pro(le$' !"e %o$(in#tion $et"od 
#pplies %o$p#r#tive st#tisti%s to solve t"e pro(le$s in"erent in t"e $et"od of infor$#tion 
e&tr#%tion'  
'
'
A'3 SU11/5C 6- !H. P56P6S.4 1.!H64 -65 !.51 .I!5/2!I6N' 
 
!"e proposed $et"od en%o$p#sses te%"ni,ues for t"e uni,ue #n#lysis of ter$-)ords in # 
do$#in-spe%ifi% %orpus #nd for t"e for$ul#tion of ter$ p#tterns (#sed on %onstr#ints of ter$ 
stru%tures dis%overed on ter$s #n#lysed in t"e %orpus' !"e te%"ni,ues #re developed fro$ t"e 
$orp"ologi%#l #nnot#tion tools des%ri(ed in 2"#pter 3* #nd fro$ %onstr#ints of stru%tures of 
S)#"ili ter$s el#(or#ted in 2"#pter 4' !"e develop$ent of t"e te%"ni,ues %onsidered t)o #spe%ts 
#s ne%ess#ry for t"e #nnot#tion of ter$s in # do$#in-spe%ifi% %orpus #nd for t"e for$ul#tion of 
ter$ p#tterns' !"e four #spe%ts "#ve (een deter$ined #s+ (1) in%orpor#tion of # ter$-do$#in 
fe#ture into t"e $orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis of # %orpus for ter$ e&tr#%tion (2) t"e use of stru%tures of 
ter$s #n#lysed in t"e %orpus #s # (#sis for t"e dis%overy of %onstr#ints of ter$ stru%tures for t"e 
for$ul#tion of ter$ p#tterns' !"e t)o #spe%ts )ere illustr#ted (y in%orpor#ting t"e do$#in-
fe#ture into t"e #n#lysis of S)#"ili %orpus in t"e do$#ins of "e#lt" %#re #nd liter#ture #nd (y 
for$ul#ting ter$ p#tterns (#sed on stru%tur#l %onstr#ints of S)#"ili ter$s dis%overed* (#sed on 
t"e ter$s #n#lysed in t"e "e#lt" %#re %orpus'  
'
'
A'4 SU11/5C 6- !H. .K/;U/!I6N 
 
!"e effe%tiveness of t"e developed $et"od )#s ev#lu#ted )it" respe%t to t"e e&tr#%tion of 
S)#"ili "e#lt" %#re #nd liter#ture ter$s' !"e ev#lu#tion #ssessed t"e r#te of re%#ll #nd t"e 
pre%ision of t"e $et"od' !"e e&tr#%tion of ter$s involved sep#r#te p#ttern files of lengt"s 1 to 5* 
$orp"ologi%#lly #n#lysed "e#lt" %#re #nd liter#ture %orpus )it" ter$-)ords t#gged (y t"e 
relev#nt do$#in-t#g #nd t"e te$pl#te-$#t%"ing progr#$' !"e output #ssess$ent reve#led t"#t t"e 
nu$(er of un$#t%"ed p#tterns in%re#sed in proportion to t"e lengt" of t"e se,uen%es* #nd t"e 
$#<ority of e&tr#%ted ite$s (elonged to t"e se,uen%es of lengt" 2' !"e re%#ll #ssess$ent involved 
lengt" 2 ter$s in # portion of t"e "e#lt" %#re e&tr#%tion %orpus' !"e #ssess$ent r#ted t"e re%#ll of 
t"e $et"od #t 9?'3Y' !"e pre%ision ev#lu#tion s"o)ed t"#t A@Y of t"e e&tr#%ted ite$s ,u#lified 
#s v#lid ter$s' 6(serv#tion of t"e e&tr#%ted ite$s t"#t did not ,u#lify #s v#lid ter$s reve#led t"#t 
t"e ite$s )ere in t"e %#tegories of non-ter$s #nd ter$ v#ri#nts' !"e non-ter$ ite$s of lengt" 1 
(elonged to %ert#in lo%#tivised* p#ssivised #dver(i#lised #nd i$per#tive for$s of t"e ter$-)ords' 
!"e $ulti-)ord non-ter$ ite$s (elonged to+ (1) ite$s %ont#ining t"e f#lsely e&tr#%ted single-
)ord ite$s (2) ite$s %ont#ining "o$ony$s for gener#l #nd for spe%ifi% $e#nings (3) ite$s 
e&tr#%ted in in%o$plete for$s' !"e presen%e of ter$ v#ri#nts )#s #sso%i#ted )it" gr#p"i%* 
ort"ogr#p"i%* se$#nti% #nd stylisti% f#%tors' !"e non-ter$ #nd %ert#in ter$ v#ri#nt ite$s )ere 
re$oved fro$ t"e e&tr#%ted ite$s' /ssess$ent of t"e r#) fre,uen%y of o%%urren%es of t"e 
e&tr#%ted v#lid ter$s s"o)ed t"#t not #ll t"e ter$s %ould "#ve (een %o$piled (y st#tisti% 
te%"ni,ues (e%#use of t"e re,uire$ent t"#t # ter$ s"ould "#ve # f#irly "ig" fre,uen%y of 
 
 
99
 
o%%urren%e in t"e do$#in-spe%ifi% %orpus' 1oreover* %"#r#%teris#tion of t"e ter$s (y t"eir 
%on%eptu#l (e"#viour s"o)ed t"#t $ost of t"e ter$s did not %o$ply )it" t"e tr#dition#l prin%iples 
for %on%ept design#tion' 
'
'
A'5 5.2611.N4/!I6NS 
'
6ur re%o$$end#tions #re #sso%i#ted )it" t"ree #spe%ts+ t"e linguisti% #nnot#tion of ter$s in # 
do$#in-spe%ifi% %orpus* t"e for$ul#tion of ter$-for$#tion p#tterns t"#t #re uni,ue to ter$s in # 
do$#in* #nd prospe%ts of %o$puter-#ssisted %o$pil#tion of ter$s (y t"e infor$#tion e&tr#%tion 
$et"od' 
 
A'5'1 5e%o$$end#tions for t"e #nnot#tion of ter$s in # do$#in spe%ifi% %orpus  
 
!"e te%"ni,ue for ter$ #nnot#tion proposed "ere relies on t"e ter$ do$#in-t#g #nd on t"e 
%o$pre"ensive $orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis of t"e %orpus' !"e t)o #spe%ts pro$pt us to $#ke t"e 
follo)ing re%o$$end#tions in rel#tion to t"e #nnot#tion of ter$s in do$#ins+ 
 
1) !"e des%ription of ter$s in # do$#in-spe%ifi% %orpus s"ould (e %#rried out (#sed on # 
%o$pre"ensive $orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis* i'e' t"e #n#lysis t"#t %#n #%%o$$od#te #ll t"e ne%ess#ry 
fe#tures for t"e des%ription of )ords in # %orpus' 
 
2) !er$-)ords in # do$#in-spe%ifi% %orpus s"ould (e #n#lysed #s entities of # uni,ue %#tegory 
r#t"er t"#n #s nouns' !"is s"ould (e f#%ilit#ted (y introdu%ing t"e fe#ture Dter$ do$#inE #$ong 
t"e fe#tures for %orpus #n#lysis #nd (y using t"e #ppropri#te do$#in-t#g in t"e t#gging of t"e 
ter$s' 
 
A'5'2 5e%o$$end#tions for t"e for$ul#tion of ter$ p#tterns 
 
!"is study proposes # te%"ni,ue for t"e %orpus-(#sed dis%overy of ter$ stru%tur#l %onstr#ints for 
t"e for$ul#tion of ter$ p#tterns' !"e %onstr#ints #re dis%overed (#sed on ter$s #n#lysed in t"e 
%orpus #nd #re used for t"e for$ul#tion of ter$ p#tterns for ter$ e&tr#%tion' !"e follo)ing 
re%o$$end#tion is refle%ted fro$ t"is te%"ni,ue+ 
 
3) !"e for$ul#tion of ter$ p#tterns for t"e e&tr#%tion of ter$s in # l#ngu#ge s"ould (e pre%eded 
(y t"e dis%overy of t"e possi(le %onstr#ints of stru%tures of t"e l#ngu#ge ter$s' !"e dis%overy 
s"ould (e (#sed on t"e stru%tures of $ulti-)ord ter$s #s #n#lysed in t"e $orp"ologi%#lly 
#nnot#ted do$#in-spe%ifi% %orpus' !er$-)ords in t"e #n#lysed %orpus* $#rked (y t"e ter$-
do$#in t#g* s"ould (e used #s t"e se#r%"ing guide for t"e dis%overy of t"e $ulti-)ord ter$s in 
t"e %orpus' /fter t"e ter$s "#ve (een identified* t"e sele%ted %#tegory t#gs for e#%" )ord in t"e 
ter$s s"ould (e <oined toget"er to for$ se,uen%es of t#gs for t"e ter$s' !"en t"e se,uen%es 
s"ould (e o(served in order to deter$ine t"e possi(le rel#tions"ips (et)een #ll %#tegories 
represented in t"e se,uen%es' !"e t#gs #nd t"eir rel#tions"ips in t"e se,uen%es provide t"e 
possi(le %onstr#ints of ter$ stru%tures t"#t %#n (e represented #s ter$ p#tterns of t"e l#ngu#ge' 
!"e presen%e in t"e p#tterns of # do$#in-t#g for # p#rti%ul#r do$#in $#kes t"e p#tterns spe%ifi% 
to t"e do$#in' 
  
 
 
100
 
A'5'3 5e%o$$end#tions for t"e e&tr#%tion of ter$s 
 
It "#s (een pointed out t"#t t"e #nnot#ted ter$-)ords in t"e %orpus underlie t"e e&tr#%tion of ter$ 
in do$#ins' !"e e&tr#%tion is intended to %#pture only )ords t"#t #re $#rked #s ter$s or 
%ollo%#tions %ont#ining #t le#st one )ord t"#t is $#rked #s # ter$' Sin%e t"e t#gging of ter$-
)ords is effe%ted in t"e roots* it %overs non-ter$ )ords* su%" #s finite ver(s* derived fro$ t"e 
roots' !"e %over#ge %#uses over-e&tr#%tion* i'e' e&tr#%tion of t"e non-ter$ )ords' Ho)ever* t"e 
un$#rking of %ert#in ter$-)ords le#ds to under-e&tr#%tion* i'e' e&tr#%tion of fe)er ter$s' !"e 
follo)ing re%o$$end#tions #re proposed for t"e prevention of over-gener#tion #nd under-
gener#tion during t"e e&tr#%tion of ter$s+ 
 
4' !"e le&i%on of # $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser or t"e rule file for t"e B.!/ syste$ s"ould (e 
upd#ted (efore t"e e&tr#%tion of ter$s' !"is )ill ensure t"#t #ll ter$-)ords in t"e %orpus #re 
represented #nd $#rked in t"e le&i%on or in t"e rule file to #void un$#rking of su%" ter$s during 
t"e t#gging of ter$s in t"e %orpus' 
 
5' !"e #n#lysed %orpus s"ould (e %le#red out (efore t"e e&tr#%tion of ter$s in order to re$ove #ll 
)ords t"#t $#y not (e ter$s or p#rt of ter$ %ollo%#tions* e'g' fun%tion )ords #nd finite ver(s'  
 
A' >"ere %#ses of over-e&tr#%tion o%%ur* t"e erroneously e&tr#%ted ite$s s"ould (e re$oved 
$#nu#lly* (ut %#ses of synony$s s"ould not (e re$oved (e%#use t"ey refle%t t"e #%tu#l use of 
ter$s (y different spe%i#lists'  
 
?' Sin%e $u%" of t"e ter$inologi%#l st#tus of t"e e&tr#%ted ite$s is deter$ined (y t"e %riterion of 
%on%ept represent#tion in # p#rti%ul#r do$#in* t"e fo%us of ter$ e&tr#%tion s"ould (e t"e do$#in 
of # %orpus' !"is is i$port#nt (e%#use )"#t $ig"t ,u#lify #s # ter$ in # %orpus of one do$#in 
$ig"t (e # non-ter$ in # %orpus of #not"er do$#in'  
 
A'5'4 5e%o$$end#tions for t"e prospe%ts of ter$ %o$pil#tion (y t"e $et"od of 
infor$#tion e&tr#%tion  
  
!"e proposed $et"od is e&pe%ted to f#%ilit#te t"e %o$pil#tion of %orpus-(#sed ter$s in su%" # 
)#y t"#t t"e ter$s %#n (e org#nised in t"e ter$ (#nk #%%ording to t"eir do$#ins' !"e follo)ing 
re%o$$end#tions #re i$port#nt for t"e %o$pil#tion of ter$s in do$#ins' 
 
@' 2orpor# for ter$ e&tr#%tion s"ould (e #v#il#(le in do$#in-spe%ifi% for$s' >"ere t"e %orpor# 
#re not #v#il#(le* t"ey s"ould (e %re#ted (y %o$piling do$#in-spe%ifi% te&ts #nd storing t"e$ in # 
$#%"ine-re#d#(le for$' !"e %re#tion of t"e %orpor# s"ould involve t"e upd#ting of t"e le&i%on of 
t"e $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser or t"e rule file of t"e B.!/ syste$' 
 
10' !"e %o$pilers of ter$s* i'e' %o$put#tion#l ter$inogr#p"ers* #nd t"e developers of t"e 
relev#nt %o$put#tion#l tools for t"e %o$pil#tion* i'e' %o$puter e&perts* s"ould )ork toget"er' 
!"is is (e%#use t"e %o$pil#tion re,uires t"e #ppropri#te %o$puter tools* #nd t"ese #re nor$#lly 
not developed (y ter$inogr#p"ers (ut (y %o$puter e&perts'  
 
11' !"e tr#dition#l #ttitude opposed to %orpus-(#sed ter$s s"ould %"#nge' It "#s (een pointed out 
t"#t $ost of t"e ter$s e&tr#%ted did not %onfor$ to t"e tr#dition#l prin%iples of ter$inology' In 
t"e tr#dition#l ter$inology* su%" ter$s "#ve (een neg#tively %onsidered #s %#using 
ter$inologi%#l %onfusion (1#ss#$(# 199?+ @?)' !"is #ttitude needs to %"#nge in order for t"e 
 
 
101
 
ter$s to (e #%%epted #s #n i$port#nt input for t"e develop$ent of ter$ (#nks #nd te%"ni%#l 
di%tion#ries' 
 
 
A'A I1P;I2/!I6NS -65 -U!U5. 5.S./52H 
'
/s "#s (een noted* t"e fo%us of t"e $et"od proposed in t"is study is t"e use of t"e fe#ture Dter$ 
do$#inE in order to f#%ilit#te t"e des%ription #nd e&tr#%tion of ter$s in do$#ins' !"e le&i%on of # 
$orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser or t"e rule file for t"e B.!/ syste$ underlies t"e des%ription' !"is is 
e&pe%ted to "#ve i$p#%t in t"e %re#tion of le&i%ons or rule files for spe%i#lised do$#ins' 
/ddition#lly* t"e identifi%#tion of ter$-)ords in t"e %orpus )"i%" lies (e"ind t"e des%ription is 
e&pe%ted to "#ve #n i$p#%t on t"e %re#tion of #n #uto$#ted syste$ for t"e re%ognition of t"e 
ter$s' 
 
A'A'1 2re#tion of le&i%ons or B.!/ rule files for spe%i#lised do$#ins 
'
Sin%e t"e des%ription of ter$s in # do$#in-spe%ifi% %orpus is f#%ilit#ted (y t"e in%orpor#tion of 
t"e ter$-do$#in fe#ture into t"e le&i%on of # $orp"ologi%#l #n#lyser or into t"e rule file for t"e 
B.!/ syste$* t"e %re#tion of le&i%ons or t"e rule files for spe%i#lised do$#ins is ne%ess#ry for 
t"e t#gging of ter$s in different do$#ins' !"e t#sk involves identifi%#tion of ter$-)ords in 
different do$#ins #nd t"eir represent#tion in t"e le&i%on or in t"e rule files (y $#rking t"eir (#se 
for$s )it" t"e sele%ted do$#in-t#g' Su%" ter$-)ords #re #v#il#(le in do$#in-spe%ifi% te&ts #nd 
in ot"er sour%es* su%" #s te%"ni%#l di%tion#ries #nd st#nd#rd lists' -or l#ngu#ges t"#t "#ve no 
do$#in-spe%ifi% te&ts in # %o$puter-re#d#(le for$* su%" #s S)#"ili* t"e %re#tion of t"e le&i%ons 
#nd t"e rule files s"ould %o$$en%e )it" t"e (uilding up of t"e %orpor# in different do$#ins' 
 
A'A'2 2re#tion of t"e syste$ for #uto$#ti% identifi%#tion of ter$-)ords 
 
!"e te%"ni,ue proposed in t"is study for t"e identifi%#tion of ter$-)ords in t"e %orpus relies on 
$#nu#l sorting of t"e ter$s #$ong t"e nouns #nd ver(#l nouns e&tr#%ted fro$ t"e %orpus' 
Ho)ever* develop$ent of # %o$puter syste$ for perfor$ing t"e t#sk provides # possi(le #re# for 
fe#ture rese#r%"' !"e rese#r%" f#lls in t"e #re# of #rtifi%i#l intelligen%e (/I) #nd re,uires t"e 
develop$ent of # d#t#(#se of syste$#tised fields #nd su(-fields of %on%epts )it" t"eir respe%tive 
ter$-)ords #nd t"e syste$ for t"e re%ognition of t"e ter$s (#sed on t"e d#t#(#se'  
 
 
102
 
 
"4",4*/%!21U'
 
 
/"$#d* 0'* 4#vies /'* -ulford* H' #nd 5ogers* 1' 1994#' F!"e el#(or#tion of spe%i#l l#ngu#ge 
ter$sJ t"e role of %onte&tu#l e&#$ples* representing s#$ples #nd nor$#tive re,uire$ents'G 
ME,;1+i$fj`$7,08++<./2:$^' !#$pere+ Studi# !r#nsl#tologi%#* 139-150' 
 
  1994(' F>"#t is # ter$U !"e se$i-#uto$#ti% e&tr#%tion of ter$s fro$ te&t'G In Snell-Horn(y* 
1'* P^%""#%ker* -' #nd 0#indl* 0' (eds')* *,;/:1;>.0/$">E<.+:P$;/$!/>+,<.:8.91./+' /$sterd#$+ 
7o"n Ben<#$ins Pu(lis"ing 2o$p#ny* 2A?-2??' 
 
/n#di#dou* S' 1994' N/ $et"odology for #uto$#ti% ter$ re%ognition'N In %#k!Sl"6j)@$7;9+,:$
9,+:+/>+<$>0$>?+$^a
>?
$!/>+,/;>.0/;1$%0/G+,+/8+$0/$%0-9E>;>.0/;1$k./2E.:>.8:@ 0yoto' Kol' 1* 
1034-103@' 
 
/rppe* /' 1995' N!er$ e&tr#%tion fro$ unrestri%ted te&t'N In S0<;1.<;^jja@ 
 "ttp+HH)))'lingsoft'fiHdo%HnptoolHter$-e&tr#%tion'"t$l 
 
/s"ton* .' 6'* 1944' "4;?.1.$l,;--;, (in%luding inton#tion)' ;ondon+ ;ong$#n' 
 
B#ker* 1'* -r#n%is B' #nd !ognini-Bonelli* .' (eds')* 1993' *+i>$;/<$*+8?/01023' /$sterd#$' 
7o"n Ben<#$ins Pu(lis"ing 2o$p#ny' 
 
B#n(rook* B' 199A' k;/2E;2+$;/<$%0-9E>+,:' .din(urg"+ .din(urg" University Press' 
 
B#ti(o* H'1' 19@@' F5oot /ffi&#tion 5ules in _#ire#n 0is)#"ili #s .viden%e for .#rlier B#ntu 
5ules'G In K.:4;?.1.@$O0E,/;1$0G$>?+$!/:>.>E>+$0G$K.:4;?.1.$Z+:+;,8?@ 4#r es S#l##$' University of 
4#r es S#l##$* 5@-?0' 
 
Ben #nd 2o$p#ny ;td' 1995' K;-E:.$J4;1.$3;$";3;/:.$/;$*+5./010C.;$AM1+-+/>;,3$&.8>.0/;,3$0G$
"8.+/8+$;/<$*+8?/01023B@ 4#r es S#l##$' 
 
Bi(er* 4' 1993' F5epresent#tiveness in %orpus design'G k.>+,;,3$;/<$k./2E.:>.8$%0-9E>./2* @(4)' 
6&ford+ 6&ford University Press* 243-25?' 
 
Bogur#<ev* B' #nd 0ennedy* 2' 1999' N/ppli%#tion of ter$ identifi%#tion te%"nology+ do$#in 
des%ription #nd %ontent %"#r#%teris#tion'N In$S;>E,;1$k;/2E;2+$M/2./++,./2 5(1)' 2#$(ridge 
University Press* 1?-44' 
 
Bourig#ult* 4' 1992' NSurf#%e gr#$$#ti%#l #n#lysis for t"e e&tr#%tion of ter$inologi%#l noun 
p"r#ses'N In 7,08++<./2:$0G$>?+$^a>?$!/>+,/;>.0/;1$%0/G+,+/8+$0/$%0-9E>;>.0/;1$k./2E.:>.8:' 
N#ntes* -r#n%e' 
 
Br##s%"* /' 1992' F!e&t (#sed di%tion#ry )ork for # do$#in-spe%ifi% l#ngu#ge'G In 0iefer* -'$+>$
;1@ (eds')* ?1-19' 
 
Butler* 2' 19@5' ">;>.:>.8:$./$k./2E.:>.8:' ;ondon+ B#sil Bl#%k)ell' 
 
 
 
103
 
4#g#n* I' #nd 2"ur%"* 0' 1995' N!er$ig"t+ identifying #nd tr#nsl#ting te%"ni%#l ter$inology'N In 
7,08++<./2:$0G$>?+$)
>?
$%0/G+,+/8+$0/$J991.+<$S;>E,;1$k;/2E;2+$7,08+::./2' Stuttg#rt* Ber$#n' 
 
4#ille* B' 199A' FStudy #nd I$ple$ent#tion of 2o$(ined !e%"ni,ues for /uto$#ti% .&tr#%tion 
of !er$inology'G In 0l#v#ns* 7';' #nd 5esnk* P' (eds')* *?+$\;1;/8./2$J8>@$%0-I././2$"3-I01.8$
;/<$">;>.:>.8;1$J99,0;8?+:$>0$k;/2E;2+@ 1#ss#%"usetts 9 ;ondon+ !"e 1I! Press 2#$(ridge' 
 
4#ille* B'* B#ussier* .' #nd ;#nge* 7' 1994' N!o)#rds #uto$#ti% e&tr#%tion of $onolingu#l #nd 
(ilingu#l ter$inology'N In %#k!Sl"6j)@$7;9+,:$9,+:+/>+<$>0$>?+$^a
>?
$!/>+,/;>.0/;1$%0/G+,+/8+$
0/$%0-9E>;>.0/;1$k./2E.:>.8:@ 0yoto' Kol' 1* 515-521' 
 
4#$er#u* -' 1993' NBener#ting #nd ev#lu#ting do$#in-oriented $ulti-)ord ter$s fro$ te&ts'N In 
!/G0,-;>.0/$7,08+::./2$;/<$=;/;2+-+/> 29 (4)* 433-44?' 
 
-r#nt=i* 0' 199@' JE>0-;>.8$ ,+802/.>.0/$ 0G$ -E1>.640,<$ >+,-:' P"'4' !"esis* 1#n%"ester 
1etropolit#n University* .ngl#nd' 
 
-r#nt=i* 0' #nd /n#di#dou* S' 199?' N/uto$#ti% ter$ re%ognition using %onte&tu#l %ues' In 
7,08++<./2:$0G$>?+$d
,<$
&Mk#"$g0,5:?09* _uri%"* S)it=erl#nd' 
 
B#rside* 5'* ;ee%"* B' #nd 1%.nry !' (eds')* 199?' %0,9E:$J//0>;>.0/' ;ondon 9 Ne) Cork+ 
;ong$#n' 
 
Ber=y$is%"-/e(og#st* H' 1994' FIdentifying ter$ v#ri#nts in %onte&t+ !"e SCS!.I! #ppro#%"'G 
In Snell-Horn(y* 1'* P^%""#%ker* -' #nd 0#indl 0' (eds')* *,;/:1;>.0/$ ">E<.+:P$ ;/$
!/>+,<.:8.91./+' /$sterd#$+ 7o"n Ben<#$ins Pu(lis"ing 2o$p#ny* 2?9-2@9' 
 
Brefenstette* B' 1994'$Mi910,;>.0/:$./$JE>0-;>.8$*?+:;E,E:$&.:80F+,3' 0lu)er* 4ordre%"t' 
 
Hindle* 4' 1990' FNoun %l#ssifi%#tion fro$ predi%#te-#rgu$ent stru%tures'G In 7,08++<./2:$0G$>?+$
`c
>?
$J//E;1$=++>./2:$0G$>?+$J::08.;>.0/$0G$%0-9E>;>.0/;1$k./2E.:>.8:H$7.>>:IE,2?H$7+//;* 2A@-
2?5' 
 
Hodges* 7' * Cie* S' * 5eig"#rt* 5' #nd Boggess* ;' 199A' N/n #uto$#ti% syste$ t"#t #ssists in t"e 
gener#tion of do%u$ent inde&es'N In S;>E,;1$k;/2E;2+$M/2./++,./2$`$A`B' 2#$(ridge University 
Press* 13?-1A0' 
 
Hop%roft* 7' .' #nd Ull$#n* 7' 4' 19?9'$!/>,0<E8>.0/$>0$JE>0-;>;$*?+0,3H$k;/2E;2+:H$;/<$
%0-9E>;>.0/' 5e#ding 9 1#ss#%"usetts+ /ddison->esley Pu(l' 2o' 
 
Hursk#inen* /' 1992' B.!/+ / !ool for # ;inguist' 6rigin#l version )ritten (y 0#rlsson* -' #nd 
0oskennie$i* 0' in -innis"' 1#nus%ript in .nglis" !r#nsl#tion' 
 
  1992#' F/ t)o-level %o$puter for$#lis$ for t"e #n#lysis of B#ntu $orp"ology+ /n #ppli%#tion 
to S)#"ili'G In$S0,<.8$O0E,/;1$0G$JG,.8;/$">E<.+:' 1(1)+ @?-122' 
 
  1992(' F2o$puter /r%"ives of S)#"ili ;#ngu#ge #nd -olklore - >"#t is it UG In$S0,<.8$
O0E,/;1$0G$JG,.8;/$">E<.+:' 1(1)+ 123-12?' 
 
  1994' F0#$usi y# 0is)#"ili S#nifu in test+ / %o$puter syste$ for #n#ly=ing di%tion#ries #nd 
 
 
104
 
for retrieving le&i%#l d#t#'G In JG,.5;/.:>.:8?+$J,I+.>:9;9.+,+$d'$A"4;?.1.$Q0,E-$^BH 1A9-1?9' 
 
  199A' F4is#$(igu#tion of $orp"ologi%#l #n#lysis in B#ntu l#ngu#ges'G In %#k!Sl"$6jbP$*?+$
^b
>?
$!/>+,/;>.0/;1$%0/G+,+/8+$0/$%0-9E>;>.0/;1$k./2E.:>.8:@$7,08++<./2:@$Kol' 1'$2open"#gen* 
5A@- 5?3'  
 
(-) 1992' !"#$g&$^`$`(($%0-9E>;>.0/;1$;.<:$./$>+,-./01023$6$*+,-./01023$./>+,8?;/2+$G0,-;>$
A*!QB$6$J/$"l=k$J991.8;>.0/@ 
 
(-) 1992' !"#$^(`)^$!/>+,/;>.0/;1$>+,-./01023$:>;/<;,<:$6$7,+9;,;>.0/$;/<$1;30E>@$
 
(-) 1994' !"#$*Z$^`b^c$%0-9E>;>.0/;1$;.<:$./$>+,-./01023$6$%,+;>.0/$;/<$E:+$0G$>+,-./0102.8;1$
<;>;I;:+:$;/<$>+i>$80,90,;@$
$
(-) 199?'$!"#$%&$'()$*+,-./0102.8;1$40,5$6$7,./8.91+:$;/<$=+>?0<:' 
 
7o"nston* 1'* Bogur#<ev* B' #nd Pustefovsky* 7' 1994' N!"e stru%ture #nd interpret#tion of 
%o$pound no$in#ls'N In JJ!$"9,./2$"3-90:.E-$0/$l+/+,;>.F.>3$;/<$k+i.80/' St#nford* 2#' 
 
7usteson* ;' #nd 0#t=* S' 1995' N!e%"ni%#l ter$inology+ so$e linguisti% properties #nd #n 
#lgorit"$ for identifi%#tion in te&tN In S;>E,;1$ k;/2E;2+$ M/2./++,./2 2 (2)' 2#$(ridge 
University Press* 9-2?' 
  
0#rlgren* 7' 199@' *?+$ \;:.8:$ 0G$ !/G0,-;>.0/$ Z+>,.+F;1' Sto%k"ol$+ S)edis" Institute of 
2o$puter S%ien%es'  
 
0#rlsson* -' 1990' F2onstr#int Br#$$#r #s # fr#$e)ork for p#rsing running te&t'G In 0#rlgren 
H'S' (ed')* %#k!Sl6j(@$7;9+,:$9,+:+/>+<$>0$>?+$^d
>?
$!/>+,/;>.0/;1$%0/G+,+/8+$0/$%0-9E>;>.0/;1$
k./2E.:>.8:' Kol' 3' Helsinki* 1A@-1?3' 
 
  1994' F5o(ust p#rsing of un%onstr#ined te&t'G In 6ostdi<k* N'$+>$;1@ (eds')* 121-142' 
 
  1995#' F4esigning # p#rser for unrestri%ted te&t'G In 0#rlsson* -' +>$;1' (eds')* 1-40' 
 
  1995(' F!"e for$#lis$ #nd environ$ent of 2onstr#int Br#$$#r P#rsing'G In 0#rlsson* -' +>@$;1' 
(eds')* 41-@@'  
 
0#rlsson* -' #nd 0oskennie$i* 0'* 1990' \+>;60?C+1-;$5.+1+/>E>5.C;/$;9EFm1./++/m' Helsinki+ 
Cliopistop#ino' 
 
0#rlsson* -'* Koutil#inen* /'* Heikkil:* 7' #nd /nttil#* /' (eds')* 1995' %0/:>,;./>$l,;--;,P$J$
1;/2E;2+6!/<+9+/<+/>$"3:>+-$G0,$7;,:./2$R/,+:>,.8>+<$*+i>@ Berlin 9 Ne) Cork+ 1ounton de 
Bruyter' 
 
0#rttunen* ;' 1994' F2onstru%ting ;e&i%#l !r#nsdu%ers'G In %#k!Sl"6j)@$7;9+,:$9,+:+/>+<$>0$
>?+$^a
>?
$!/>+,/;>.0/;1$%0/G+,+/8+$0/$%0-9E>;>.0/;1$k./2E.:>.8:@ 0yoto' Kol' 1* 40A-411' 
 
0"#$is* /' 1' 19@5'$"4;?.1.$V+,I$&+,.F;>.0/' P"'4' 4issert#tion' University of H#)#ii' 
 
0iefer* -'* 0iss* B' #nd P#i=* 7' (eds')* 1992' 7;9+,:$./$%0-9E>;>.0/;1$k+i.802,;9?3$%0-91+i$
 
 
105
 
fj`' Bud#pest+ ;inguisti%s Institute of t"e Hung#ri#n /%#de$y of S%ien%es' 
 
0l#v#ns* 7'* !=ouker$#n* .' #nd 7#%,ue$in* 2' 199?' N.ffe%tive use of N;P te%"ni,ues for 
#uto$#ti% %onfl#tion of $ulti-)ord ter$s+ t"e role of deriv#tion#l $orp"ology* P6S t#gging* #nd 
s"#llo) p#rsing'N In Belkin* N'* N#r#si$"#lu* 4'* >illett* P' (eds') 7,08++<./2:$0G$>?+$`(
>?
$
J//E;1$!/>+,/;>.0/;1$J%=$"!l!Z$%0/G+,+/8+$0/$Zn&$./$!ZH$"!l!Zoj'H$OE13$^jj'* P"il#delp"i#* 
Penn* 14@-155' 
 
0oskennie$i* 0' 19@3' *4061+F+1$=0,9?01023P$J$l+/+,;1$%0-9E>;>.0/;1$=0<+1$G0,$g0,<6Q0,-$
Z+802/.>.0/$;/<$J/;13:.:@$(Pu(li%#tions of t"e 4ep#rt$ent of Bener#l ;inguisti%s* University of 
Helsinki* No' 11') Helsinki+ University of Helsinki* 4ep#rt$ent of Bener#l ;inguisti%s' 
 
  19@5' F/ Bener#l t)o-level %o$put#tion#l $odel for )ord-for$ re%ognition #nd produ%tion'G In 
0#rlsson* -' (ed')* %0-9E>;>.0/;1$=0,9?0:3/>;i@$Z+90,>$0/$Z+:+;,8?$^jc^6c)@ (Pu(li%#tions of 
t"e 4ep#rt$ent of Bener#l ;inguisti%s* University of Helsinki* No'13') Helsinki+ University of 
Helsinki* 4ep#rt$ent of Bener#l ;inguisti%s* 1-1@' 
 
;ee%"* B' 1993' F2orpus /nnot#tion S%"e$es'G In k.>+,;,3$;/<$k./2E.:>.8$%0-9E>./2* @ (4)' 
6&ford+ 6&ford University Press' 2?5-2@1' 
 
  199?#' FIntrodu%ing %orpus #nnot#tion'G In B#rside* 5' +>$;1' (eds')* 1-1@' 
 
  199?(' NBr#$$#ti%#l t#gging'N In B#rside* 5' +>$;1' (eds')* 19-33' 
 
;eon"#rdt* 2' 1990' N6vervie) of !er$inology #nd ;#ngu#ge Pl#nning in 2#n#d#'N In 
S#Z&*MZ=$)' Sto%k"ol$* 255-2@2' 
 
;yn%"* ;' 199?' N1edi%#l !er$inology 1#n#ge$ent'N In >rig"t* S' .' #nd Budid* B' (eds')* 1A0-
1?0' 
 
1#ss#$(#* 4' P' B' 199?' NPro(le$s in ter$inology develop$ent+ !"e %#se of !#n=#ni#'N In$
K.:4;?.1.@$O0E,/;1$0G$>?+$!/:>.>E>+$0G$K.:4;?.1.$Z+:+;,8?@ 4#r es S#l##$' University of 4#r es 
S#l##$*$@A-9@' 
 
1#yn#rd* 4' #nd /n#ni#dou* S' (1999) N In%orpor#ting ;inguisti% Infor$#tion for 1ulti->ord 
!er$ .&tr#%tionN* in 7,08@$0G$`/<$%0-9E>;>.0/;1$k./2E.:>.8:$RK' 5ese#r%" 2ollo,uiu$ (2;U0-
2)* University of .sse&* U0* 1999' 
 
  (2000#)' N!er$ e&tr#%tion using # si$il#rity (#sed #ppro#%"'N In 4' Bourig#ult* 2' 7#%,ue$in 
#nd 1'-2' ;3Ho$$e (eds')* Z+8+/>$J<F;/8+:$./$%0-9E>;>.0/;1$*+,-./01023@ 7o"n Ben<#$ins* 
/$sterd#$' 
 
  (2000()' NIdentifying !er$s (y t"eir -#$ily #nd -riendsN In 7,08@$ 0G$ %#k!Sl$ `(((* 
S##r(ru%ken* Ber$#ny* 2000* pp' 530-53A' 
 
1%.nery* !' #nd >ilson* /' 199A' %0,9E:$k./2E.:>.8:' .din(urg" University Press' 
 
1eyer* I' 1990' F2o$puter-#ssisted 2on%ept /n#lysis for !er$inologyN In #Z&*MZ=$)@ 
Sto%k"ol$* 1A3-212' 
 
 
 
10A
 
1uk#$#* 5' B' 19?A' F!o)#rds t"e #n#to$y of t"e o(<e%t sele%tion pro"i(iting rules in S)#"ili'G 
In$K.:4;?.1.@$O0E,/;1$0G$>?+$!/:>.>E>+$0G$K.:4;?.1.$Z+:+;,8?@ 4#r es S#l##$' University of 4#r es 
S#l##$*$Kol' 1' A-25' 
 
1uloko=i* 1' 1' 1991' F.nglis" versus 0is)#"ili in !#n=#ni# se%ond#ry edu%#tion'G In 
Blo$$#ert* 7' (ed')* "4;?.1.$">E<.+:P$M::;3:$./$N0/0E,$0G$=;,8+1$V;/$"9;;/<0/85' B"ent' 
/%#de$i% Press* ?-1A' 
 
1)#nsoko* H' 7' 1' 1993#' F/%%ept#(ility of ter$s+ !"e %#se of t"e S)#"ili linguisti%s #nd 
liter#ture ter$s in !#n=#ni#'G$In =E1>.1./2E;$^`6`@ Berlin' >#lter de Bruyter' 1??-1@@' 
 
  1993(' F2o$pounding #s # 1et"od of S)#"ili !er$inology 4evelop$entG In =+::+/2+,@$
O0E,/;1$0G$#,.+/>;1$">E<.+:' University of 1os%o)' A5-?0'  
 
  1994' *?+$=0<+,/.L;>.0/$0G$"4;?.1.$*+8?/.8;1$*+,-./0102.+:P$J/$!/F+:>.2;>.0/$0G$>?+$k./2E.:>.8$
;/<$k.>+,;>E,+$*+,-./0102.+:@ P"'4' 4issert#tion' University of Cork' 
 
Ni%olett#* 2' #nd 5e$o* B' 1990' F/%,uisition of le&i%#l infor$#tion fro$ # l#rge te&tu#l It#li#n 
%orpus'G !/$7,08++<./2:$0G$>?+$*?.,>++/$!/>+,/;>.0/;1$%0/G+,+/8+$0/$%0-9E>;>.0/;1$k./2E.:>.8:* 
Helsinki'  
 
6"ly* 5' 19@2' F5eport on ;e&i%ogr#p"i% 5ese#r%" #t t"e -riends"ip !e&tile 1ill'G In K.:4;?.1.@$
O0E,/;1$0G$>?+$!/:>.>E>+$0G$K.:4;?.1.$Z+:+;,8?@ 4#r es S#l##$' University of 4#r es S#l##$* ?3-
@A' 
 
6ostdi<k* N' #nd H##n* P' (eds')* 1994' %0,9E:6\;:+<$Z+:+;,8?$./>0$k;/2E;2+H$!/$N0/0E,$0G$O;/$
J;,>:' /$sterd#$ - /tl#nt#* B/' 
 
Pe#rson* 7' 199@' *+,-:$./$%0/>+i>' /$sterd#$ 9 P"il#delp"i#+ Ben<#$ins Pu(lis"ing 2o$p#ny' 
 
Polo$e* .' 2' 19A?' "4;?.1.$k;/2E;2+$N;/<I005' >#s"ington* 4'2'+ 2enter for /pplied 
;inguisti%s' 
 
v#n 5i<s(ergen* 2' 7' 19?9' !/G0,-;>.0/$Z+>,.+F;1' ;ondon+ Butter)ort"s'  
 
S#ger* 7' 2' 1990' 7,;8>.8;1$%0E,:+$./$*+,-./01023$7,08+::./2' /$sterd#$ 9 P"il#delp"i#+ 
Ben<#$ins Pu(lis"ing 2o$p#ny' 
 
S#$pson* B' 1995' M/21.:?$G0,$>?+$80-9E>+,P$*?+$"R"JSSM$%0,9E:$;/<$;/;13>.8$:8?+-+' 
6&ford+ 2l#rendon Press' 
 
S#lton* B' 19@@ NSynt#%ti% #ppro#%"es to #uto$#ti% (ook inde&ing'N In 7,08++<./2:$0G$>?+$`b
>?
$
J//E;1$=++>./2$0G$>?+$J::08.;>.0/$0G$%0-9E>;>.0/;1$k./2E.:>.8:' Buff#lo* Ne) Cork' 
 
S#lton* B' #nd 1%Bill* 1'7' 19@3' !/>,0<E8>.0/$>0$=0<+,/$!/G0,-;>.0/$Z+>,.+F;1@ Sing#pore+ 
1%Br#)-Hill* In%'  
 
S#lton* B'* _"#o* _' #nd Bu%kley* 2'* 1990' N/ si$ple synt#%ti% #ppro#%" for gener#tion of 
inde&ing p"r#ses'N In *+8?/.8;1$Z+90,>' 4ep#rt$ent of 2o$puter S%ien%e* 2ornell University* 
90-113?'  
 
 
10?
 
 
Sin%l#ir* 7' 1' 1991' %0,9E:H$%0/80,<;/8+H$%01108;>.0/' 6&ford+ 6&ford University Press' 
 
  1992' F!"e /uto$#ti% /n#lysis of 2orpor#G In Sv#rtvik* 7' (ed')* 3?9-39?' 
 
Sl#rtvik* 7' (ed')* 1992' &.,+8>.0/:$./$%0,9E:$k./2E.:>.8:P$7,08++<./2:$0G$>?+$S0I+1$"3-90:.E-$
c`' Berlin+ 1ount de Bruyter' 
 
S$#d<#* -' /' 1993' F5etrieving %ollo%#tions fro$ te&ts+ Itr#%t'G In %0-9E>;>.0/;1$k./2E.:>.8:* 
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S$#d<#* -' /' #nd 0#t"leen* 1%' 5' 1990' F/uto$#ti%#lly e&tr#%ting #nd representing 
%ollo%#tions for l#ngu#ge gener#tion' In 7,08++<./2:$ 0G$ >?+$ `c
>?
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J::08.;>.0/$G0,$%0-9E>;>.0/;1$k./2E.:>.8:* 252-259' 
 
Soergel* 4' 19@5' #,2;/.:./2$!/G0,-;>.0/P$7,./8.91+:$0G$&;>;$\;:+$;/<$Z+>,.+F;1$"3:>+-:@ Ne) 
Cork+ /%#de$i% Press* In%'  
 
Spro#t* 5' 1992' =0,9?01023$;/<$%0-9E>;>.0/' 2#$(ridge* 1#ss#%"usetts+ !"e 1I! Press' 
 
Sund"ei$* B' 199A' N!#sk oriented te&t #n#lysis ev#lu#tionN In 2ole* 5' /' * 1#ri#n* 7' * 
Us=koreit* H' * _e#nen* /' #nd _ue* K' (eds') "E,F+3$0G$>?+$">;>+$0G$>?+$J,>$./$NE-;/$k;/2E;2+$
*+8?/01023' "ttp+HH)))'%se'ogi'eduH2S;UHH;!survey 
 
!##sisi y# U%"ungu=i )# 0is)#"ili' 1990' K;-E:.$";/.GE$3;$\.010C.;H$Q.L.5.;H$/;$K+-.;$
A">;/<;,<$&.8>.0/;,3$0G$\.01023H$7?3:.8:$;/<$%?+-.:>,3B@$4#r es S#l##$' University of 4#r es 
S#l##$' 
 
!#p#n#inen* P' 199A' *?+$%0/:>,;./>$l,;--;,$7;,:+,$%l6`@ (Pu(li%#tions of t"e 4ep#rt$ent of 
Bener#l ;inguisti%s* University of Helsinki* No' 2?') Helsinki+ University of Helsinki* 
4ep#rt$ent of Bener#l ;inguisti%s' 
 
!e$u* 2' >' 19@4' F0is)#"ili !er$inology+ Prin%iples /dopted for t"e .nri%"$ent of t"e 
0is)#"ili ;#ngu#ge'G In K.:4;?.1.@$O0E,/;1$0G$>?+$!/:>.>E>+$0G$K.:4;?.1.$Z+:+;,8?@ 4#r es S#l##$' 
University of 4#r-es S#l##$* 112-12?' 
 
!u$(o-1#s#(o* _' 19@9' *?+$&+F+109-+/>$0G$S+0102.:-:$./$K.:4;?.1.P$J$&.;8?,0/.8$;/<$
"3/8?,0/.8$ J99,0;8?$ 4.>?$ "9+8.;1$ Z+G+,+/8+$ >0$ =;>?+-;>.8;1$ *+,-:@ .d'4' 4issert#tion' 
2olu$(i# University' 
 
Koutil#inen* /' 1995#' F1orp"ologi%#l dis#$(igu#tion'G In 0#rlsson +>$;1' (eds')* 1A5-2@4' 
 
  1995(' FNP-tool* # dete%tor of .nglis" noun p"r#ses'G In 7,08++<./2:$0G$g0,5:?09$0/$V+,3$
k;,2+$%0,90,;* 7une 22* 1993 #t 6"io St#te University'  
 
>rig"t* S' .'* #nd Budin* B' (eds')* 199?' N;/<I005$0G$*+,-./01023$=;/;2+-+/>H$V01@^H$\;:.8$
J:9+8>:$ 0G$ *+,-./01023$ =;/;2+-+/>' /$sterd#$ 9 P"il#delp"i#+ Ben<#$ins Pu(lis"ing 
2o$p#ny'  
C#ng* H' _' 19@A' F/ ne) te%"ni,ue for identifying s%ientifi% #nd te%"ni%#l ter$s #nd 
des%ri(ing s%ien%e te&ts'G In k.>+,;,3$;/<$k./2E.:>.8$%0-9E>./2* 1 (2)' 6&ford+ 6&ford 
 
 
10@
 
University Press* 93-103'  
 
 
 
 
 
109
 
 
!22-).4V'4'
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ku#n=is"# u%"ungu 
$#t#r#<io y# ku<ifungu# 
kup#suk# $#pe$# k)# %"up# y# u=#=i 
n<i# y# "#<# ku()# 
$#pigo y# $oyo )# $toto 
ku=#lis"# k)# kutu$i# koleo y# u=#=i 
ku<i#$(u# k)# kondo k)enye kut# =# $<i )# 
$i$(# 
up#su#<i $ku()# 
ku=#lis"# k)# up#su#<i $ku()# 
kuvun<ik# $#pe$# k)# %"up# y# u=#=i 
kit#nguli=i %"# $#t#ko 
kit#nguli=i %"# (eg# 
$l#lo )# $toto 
$l#lo )# u(#vu 
$l#lo )# kuking#$# 
kuk)#$# k)# $ototo 
p#ngo l# nyong# 
p#ngo l# nyong# l# $#$# 
$fuko )# u=#=i 
vi# vy# u=#=i 
ki(ofu %"# $ko<o 
utu$(o $p#n# 
utu$(o $ku()# 
utu$(o )# "#<# ku()# 
u%"ungu )# $ud# $refu 
kut# =# $<i )# $i$(# 
tu$(o l# u=#=i 
 
 
114
 
kliniki =# u=#=i )# $p#ngo 
$s"#uri )# u=#=i )# $p#ngo 
ku$)#g# $(egu 
ku$)#g# s"#"#)# 
ku$)#g# $(egu n<e 
up#su#<i $dogo 
d#lili =# "#t#ri =# u<#u=ito 
lis"e duni k)# )#toto 
#fy# y# $#$# n# $toto 
ku=ui# $i$(# 
ku=ui# u<#u=ito 
kuu# ki=#=i k)# up#su#<i 
$u"udu$u )# #fy# y# u=#=i )# $p#ngo 
#fy# y# u=#=i )# $p#ngo 
kituo %"# #fy# 
kutung# k)# $i$(# 
$(egu =# kiu$e n# kike 
d#)# y# povu 
n<i# y# vi=ui=i 
$pir# )# $#$# 
$(egu =# u=#=i =# $)#n#u$e 
ki)#$(o $#$# 
vidonge vy# ku$e=# vy# ku=ui# $i$(# 
vidonge vyenye vi%"o%"eo vi)ili 
kiliniki y# u=#=i )# $p#ngo 
kusiki# $#u$ivu y# tu$(o 
kuonge=ek# u=ito 
ku<## $#titi 
$g#ndo )# d#$u 
ugon<)# )# $oyo 
k#ns# y# =i)#  
s#r#k#ni y# =i)# 
k#ns# y# s"ingo y# $<i )# $i$(# 
kutok)# d#$u ukeni 
king# y# u#$(uki=o 
$#tu$i=i y# vidonge 
upevus"#<i )# y#i 
sind#no y# ku=ui# $i$(# 
vi<iti vyenye ki%"o%"eo %"# pro<esto<eni 
vi# vy# nd#ni vy# u=#=i 
$#u$ivu y# $gongo 
kufung# ki=#=i 
sind#no y# g#n=i 
ngo=i y# korod#ni 
%"#n<o =# $toto 
n<i# =# u=#=i )# $p#ngo 
vidonge vy# %"u$# 
ki%"o%"eo %"# ostro<eni 
$p#r# )# $)#n#$ke 
d#$u y# "ed"i 
kif#f# %"# u=#=i 
kif#f# %"# $i$(# 
kutok# $#<i$#<i ukeni 
$"udu$u )# #fy#  
$toto $%"#ng# 
u=i )# kitovu 
$#<i y# suk#ri 
$#pigo y# $oyo 
k#di y# $#endeleo y# uku#<i )# $toto 
vig#n<# vy# $toto 
se"e$u =# siri =# $toto 
vi%"o%"eo vy# $#$# 
%"unusi ndogondogo 
)#toto $#p#%"# 
$#gon<)# y# ku#$(uki=# 
"o$# y# $#n<#no 
upungufu )# d#$u 
ugon<)# )# ku"#ris"# 
%"#n<o y# suru# 
%"#n<o y# pepopund# 
%"#n<o y# kif#duro 
$#=i)# y# $#$# 
$#=i)# y# %"up# 
$#=i)# y# n3go$(e 
%"e$(e%"e$(e =# protini 
ku<i$iny# k)# $<i )# $i$(# 
$#<i $#=ito y# n<#no 
%"u%"u =enye nyuf# 
$=ingo )# %"u%"u 
%"e$(e%"e$(e =# #sili 
$#titi yenye u#$(uki=o 
<ipu l# titi 
%"u%"u $(onyeo 
kusuku$# kondo l# nyu$# n<e 
kusuku$# n<e kondo l# nyu$# 
kusisi$u# $<i )# $i$(# 
kunyonyes"# $toto $#=i)# y# $#$# 
ki%")# %"# %"u%"u 
kufunguk# k)# $l#ngo )# $<i )# $i$(# 
kulege# k)# $isuli y# $<i )# $i$(# 
kup#suk# %"up# $#pe$# 
y#i ku<is"iki=# n<e y# $<i )# $i$(# 
$i$(# n<e y# ki=#=i 
"itil#fu y# $#u$(ile y# %"e$(e%"e$(e 
nyekundu =# d#$u 
kuvun<ik# k)# %"up# 
u%"ungu )# ku=## 
$fuko )# $#<i y# $toto 
#ro(#ini y# u=#=i 
up#su#<i )# $fup# )# kinen# 
$isuli y# tu$(o 
d#lili =# $toto ku%"ok# 
$fup# )# kinen# 
<insi# y# $toto 
<uku$u l# ki(iolo<i# 
kuonge=# n<i# ukeni 
operes"eni y# kuonge=# n<i# 
ku$p# $#$# ene$# 
ku#$(u# kondo l# nyu$# 
p#ngo l# $<i )# $i$(# 
 
 
115
 
ugon<)# )# #kili 
$#(#diliko y# ki$#u$(ile 
kidond# %"# up#su#<i 
y#i lililotung# $i$(# 
sind#no iliyot#k#s)# 
 
 
 
11A
 
!22-).4V'WJ'
 
1;>I:G'C><;':;<7?'<;C6M;<;A'@D':G;';B:<>C:@6D'
 
HC-N "l1nt" 
 
 406 "l1nt:1" afya  
 328 "l1nt:1" maji  
 320 "l1nt:1" mimba  
 313 "l1nt:1" uzazi  
 269 "l1nt:1" damu  
 266 "l1nt:1" ugonjwa  
 164 "l1nt:1" dawa  
 160 "l1nt:1" mwili  
 160 "l1nt:1" chakula  
 152 "l1nt:1" dalili  
 131 "l1nt:1" ngozi  
 130 "l1nt:1" vijidudu  
 113 "l1nt:1" nyonga  
 109 "l1nt:1" kliniki  
  95 "l1nt:1" chanjo  
  91 "l1nt:1" maziwa  
  89 "l1nt:1" malaria  
  84 "l1nt:1" homa  
  83 "l1nt:1" mkojo  
  73 "l1nt:1" ukimwi  
  73 "l1nt:1" kondo  
  70 "l1nt:1" mgonjwa  
  69 "l1nt:1" hospitali  
  63 "l1nt:1" kitovu  
  62 "l1nt:1" maradhi  
  60 "l1nt:2" utunzaji  
  58 "l1nt:1" tumbo  
  58 "l1nt:1" mbu  
  57 "l1nt:1" kifua  
  54 "l1nt:1" kinyesi  
  52 "l1nt:1" uzito  
  51 "l1nt:1" matibabu  
  50 "l1nt:1" utafiti  
  49 "l1nt:1" kaswende  
  48 "l1nt:1" usafi  
  47 "l1nt:1" zinaa  
  47 "l1nt:1" maumivu  
  47 "l1nt:1" hewa  
  46 "l1nt:1" nguvu  
  46 "l1nt:1" choo  
  45 "l1nt:1" madhara  
  44 "l1nt:1" moyo  
  44 "l1nt:1" kichocho  
  41 "l1nt:1" tauni  
  40 "l1nt:2" ukuaji  
  40 "l1nt:1" tezi  
  39 "l1nt:1" mikono  
  38 "l1nt:1" mfupa  
  37 "l1nt:1" msamba  
  37 "l1nt:1" mfumo  
  37 "l1nt:1" lishe  
  36 "l1nt:1" kinena  
  34 "l1nt:1" malale  
  33 "l1nt:1" sindano  
  33 "l1nt:1" kisonono  
  32 "l1nt:1" kidonda  
  31 "l1nt:1" tiba  
  30 "l1nt:1" uke  
  29 "l1nt:1" kipindupindu  
  28 "l1nt:1" ubongo  
  28 "l1nt:1" pombe  
  27 "l1nt:1" sumu  
  27 "l1nt:1" joto  
  26 "l1nt:1" uchafu  
  26 "l1nt:1" kipimo  
  24 "l1nt:1" safura  
  24 "l1nt:1" mapacha  
  24 "l1nt:1" kinga  
  23 "l1nt:1" uasherati  
  23 "l1nt:1" polio  
  22 "l1nt:1" upofu  
  22 "l1nt:1" siri  
  22 "l1nt:1" koo  
  22 "l1nt:1" kiungo  
  22 "l1nt:1" kibofu  
  22 "l1nt:1" chupa  
  21 "l1nt:1" utumbo  
  21 "l1nt:1" udongo  
  21 "l1nt:1" sukari  
  21 "l1nt:1" mgongo  
  21 "l1nt:1" mapafu  
  21 "l1nt:1" jeraha  
  20 "l1nt:1" utapiamlo  
  20 "l1nt:1" surua  
  20 "l1nt:1" mikazo  
  20 "l1nt:1" mdomo  
  20 "l1nt:1" mafuta  
  19 "l1nt:1" viluwiluwi  
  19 "l1nt:1" mrija  
  19 "l1nt:1" mpira  
  18 "l1nt:1" vipele  
  18 "l1nt:1" ulemavu  
  18 "l1nt:1" nyama  
  18 "l1nt:1" mbegu  
  18 "l1nt:1" madini  
  17 "l1nt:1" tegu  
  17 "l1nt:1" sabuni  
  17 "l1nt:1" mbung'o  
  17 "l1nt:1" mboga  
  16 "l1nt:1" ziwa  
  16 "l1nt:1" zahanati  
  16 "l1nt:1" utosi  
  16 "l1nt:1" utomwili  
  16 "l1nt:1" usaha  
  16 "l1nt:1" upele  
  16 "l1nt:1" pepopunda  
  16 "l1nt:1" hedhi  
  15 "l1nt:1" daktari  
  15 "l1nt:1" ameba  
  14 "l1nt:1" yai  
  14 "l1nt:1" pamba  
  14 "l1nt:1" kichaa  
  13 "l1nt:2" upimaji  
  13 "l1nt:2" uchanjaji  
  13 "l1nt:1" viinilishe  
  13 "l1nt:1" viini  
  13 "l1nt:1" majimaji  
  12 "l1nt:1" viotea  
 
 
11?
 
  12 "l1nt:1" unyeo  
  12 "l1nt:1" umbile  
  12 "l1nt:1" uchunguzi  
  12 "l1nt:1" mzunguko  
  12 "l1nt:1" mlo  
  12 "l1nt:1" darubini  
  11 "l1nt:1" viroboto  
  11 "l1nt:1" usingizi  
  11 "l1nt:1" pua  
  11 "l1nt:1" protini  
  11 "l1nt:1" kuvu  
  11 "l1nt:1" kemikali  
  11 "l1nt:1" figo  
  11 "l1nt:1" baridi  
  10 "l1nt:1" wanga  
  10 "l1nt:1" vena  
  10 "l1nt:1" ulevi  
  10 "l1nt:1" ujauzito  
  10 "l1nt:1" udhaifu  
  10 "l1nt:1" uchungu  
  10 "l1nt:1" karoti  
  10 "l1nt:1" kansa  
   9 "l1nt:1" uhusiano  
   9 "l1nt:1" mguu  
   9 "l1nt:1" maambukizo  
   9 "l1nt:1" jino  
   9 "l1nt:1" haja  
   9 "l1nt:1" chumvi  
   8 "l1nt:1" ute  
   8 "l1nt:1" ulimi  
   8 "l1nt:1" plastiki  
   8 "l1nt:1" papasi  
   8 "l1nt:1" nywele  
   8 "l1nt:1" mshipa  
   8 "l1nt:1" mkasi  
   8 "l1nt:1" konokono  
   8 "l1nt:1" chembe  
   7 "l1nt:1" utando  
   7 "l1nt:1" tishu  
   7 "l1nt:1" sikio  
   7 "l1nt:1" samaki  
   7 "l1nt:1" njaa  
   7 "l1nt:1" neva  
   7 "l1nt:1" mnyoo  
   7 "l1nt:1" malengelenge  
   7 "l1nt:1" mafua  
   7 "l1nt:1" mabaka  
   7 "l1nt:1" kiuno  
   7 "l1nt:1" kilema  
   7 "l1nt:1" kikohozi  
   7 "l1nt:1" hamu  
   7 "l1nt:1" chirwa  
   6 "l1nt:2" uzalishaji  
   6 "l1nt:2" uenezaji  
   6 "l1nt:2" uambukizaji  
   6 "l1nt:1" ukoma  
   6 "l1nt:1" sigara  
   6 "l1nt:1" ndizi  
   6 "l1nt:1" mtoki  
   6 "l1nt:1" kombe  
   6 "l1nt:1" kokwa  
   6 "l1nt:1" kiumbe  
   6 "l1nt:1" kano  
   6 "l1nt:1" jicho  
   6 "l1nt:1" hasua  
   6 "l1nt:1" chunjua  
   6 "l1nt:1" bega  
   5 "l1nt:1" vitamini  
   5 "l1nt:1" viazi  
   5 "l1nt:1" unyevunyevu  
   5 "l1nt:1" unyevu  
   5 "l1nt:1" tende  
   5 "l1nt:1" sugu  
   5 "l1nt:1" sodo  
   5 "l1nt:1" shashi  
   5 "l1nt:1" pumzi  
   5 "l1nt:1" oksijeni  
   5 "l1nt:1" nyuki  
   5 "l1nt:1" mganga  
   5 "l1nt:1" kifaduro  
   5 "l1nt:1" karanga  
   5 "l1nt:1" jipu  
   5 "l1nt:1" hanamu  
   5 "l1nt:1" asidi  
   4 "l1nt:2" ushonaji  
   4 "l1nt:2" upasuaji  
   4 "l1nt:2" unyonyeshaji  
   4 "l1nt:2" umwagiliaji  
   4 "l1nt:1" zoezi  
   4 "l1nt:1" usichana  
   4 "l1nt:1" paja  
   4 "l1nt:1" pafu  
   4 "l1nt:1" njiti  
   4 "l1nt:1" nishati  
   4 "l1nt:1" musuli  
   4 "l1nt:1" msongo  
   4 "l1nt:1" mfadhaiko  
   4 "l1nt:1" matiti  
   4 "l1nt:1" mahusiano  
   4 "l1nt:1" chungwa  
   4 "l1nt:1" maabara  
   4 "l1nt:1" kunguni  
   4 "l1nt:1" kunde  
   4 "l1nt:1" kizazi  
   4 "l1nt:1" kiwiliwili  
   4 "l1nt:1" kinywa  
   4 "l1nt:1" kifo  
   4 "l1nt:1" harufu  
   4 "l1nt:1" dutu  
   4 "l1nt:1" chawa  
   4 "l1nt:1" ambukizo  
   3 "l1nt:1" yatima  
   3 "l1nt:1" vumbi  
   3 "l1nt:1" uvuguvugu  
   3 "l1nt:1" uume  
   3 "l1nt:1" ustawi  
   3 "l1nt:1" ukurutu  
   3 "l1nt:1" ukungu  
   3 "l1nt:1" ukunga  
   3 "l1nt:1" uchovu  
   3 "l1nt:1" trikomonasi  
   3 "l1nt:1" seli  
   3 "l1nt:1" pumbu  
   3 "l1nt:1" nundu  
   3 "l1nt:1" ngono  
   3 "l1nt:1" msukumo  
   3 "l1nt:1" mkazo  
   3 "l1nt:1" mjamzito  
   3 "l1nt:1" mentari  
   3 "l1nt:1" mchango  
 
 
11@
 
   3 "l1nt:1" mapigo  
   3 "l1nt:1" maboga  
   3 "l1nt:1" kupe  
   3 "l1nt:1" kohozi  
   3 "l1nt:1" kivimbe  
   3 "l1nt:1" kisima  
   3 "l1nt:1" kipuku  
   3 "l1nt:1" kipele  
   3 "l1nt:1" kimelea  
   3 "l1nt:1" kidonge  
   3 "l1nt:1" kidole  
   3 "l1nt:1" kichefuchefu  
   3 "l1nt:1" kauri  
   3 "l1nt:1" karantini  
   3 "l1nt:1" homoni  
   3 "l1nt:1" hitilafu  
   3 "l1nt:1" enema  
   3 "l1nt:1" busha  
   3 "l1nt:1" anemia  
   2 "l1nt:2" uzuiaji  
   2 "l1nt:2" utakasaji  
   2 "l1nt:2" usambazaji  
   2 "l1nt:1" vioevu  
   2 "l1nt:1" vinyweleo  
   2 "l1nt:1" vidudu  
   2 "l1nt:1" toksorinkati  
   2 "l1nt:1" toksoiditetanasi  
   2 "l1nt:1" tindikali  
   2 "l1nt:1" tetanasi  
   2 "l1nt:1" teknolojia  
   2 "l1nt:1" taenia  
   2 "l1nt:1" pumba  
   2 "l1nt:1" operesheni  
   2 "l1nt:1" ogani  
   2 "l1nt:1" nge  
   2 "l1nt:1" ndui  
   2 "l1nt:1" nafaka  
   2 "l1nt:1" mvuke  
   2 "l1nt:1" mshtuko  
   2 "l1nt:1" mshono  
   2 "l1nt:1" mmomonyoko  
   2 "l1nt:1" mlipuko  
   2 "l1nt:1" mkundu  
   2 "l1nt:1" mkao  
   2 "l1nt:1" mkaja  
   2 "l1nt:1" mhogo  
   2 "l1nt:1" mfereji  
   2 "l1nt:1" mgando  
   2 "l1nt:1" mbolea  
   2 "l1nt:1" mbavu  
   2 "l1nt:1" mavuzi  
   2 "l1nt:1" maungo  
   2 "l1nt:1" matapishi  
   2 "l1nt:1" maharagwe  
   2 "l1nt:1" maharage  
   2 "l1nt:1" magimbi  
   2 "l1nt:1" mabuu  
   2 "l1nt:1" limfu  
   2 "l1nt:1" krimu  
   2 "l1nt:1" klorini  
   2 "l1nt:1" kitambi  
   2 "l1nt:1" kisononogono  
   2 "l1nt:1" kipofu  
   2 "l1nt:1" kimo  
   2 "l1nt:1" jinsia  
   2 "l1nt:1" jasho  
   2 "l1nt:1" inzi  
   2 "l1nt:1" ini  
   2 "l1nt:1" ganzi  
   2 "l1nt:1" gango  
   2 "l1nt:1" floridi  
   2 "l1nt:1" fizi  
   2 "l1nt:1" dondora  
   2 "l1nt:1" degedege  
   2 "l1nt:1" bendeji  
   2 "l1nt:1" begani  
   2 "l1nt:1" balehe  
   2 "l1nt:1" ateri  
   2 "l1nt:1" antijeni  
   2 "l1nt:1" antibodi  
   2 "l1nt:1" alkali  
   1 "l1nt:2" mzalishaji  
   1 "l1nt:1" utoto  
   1 "l1nt:1" utineja  
   1 "l1nt:1" utasa  
   1 "l1nt:1" usumushaji  
   1 "l1nt:1" unene  
   1 "l1nt:1" ulegevu  
   1 "l1nt:1" ukavu  
   1 "l1nt:1" uchachu  
   1 "l1nt:1" tunda  
   1 "l1nt:1" trakoma  
   1 "l1nt:1" togwa  
   1 "l1nt:1" tetekuwanga  
   1 "l1nt:1" tako  
   1 "l1nt:1" taahira  
   1 "l1nt:1" soya  
   1 "l1nt:1" simsim  
   1 "l1nt:1" siagi  
   1 "l1nt:1" shinikizo  
   1 "l1nt:1" shingo  
   1 "l1nt:1" shambulio  
   1 "l1nt:1" shabu  
   1 "l1nt:1" sekeneko  
   1 "l1nt:1" rutuba  
   1 "l1nt:1" rika  
   1 "l1nt:1" pumu  
   1 "l1nt:1" protozoa  
   1 "l1nt:1" pituitari  
   1 "l1nt:1" pini  
   1 "l1nt:1" pedi  
   1 "l1nt:1" nyanya  
   1 "l1nt:1" njugu  
   1 "l1nt:1" njegere  
   1 "l1nt:1" nguru  
   1 "l1nt:1" ndorobo  
   1 "l1nt:1" mzizi  
   1 "l1nt:1" mwata  
   1 "l1nt:1" msuli  
   1 "l1nt:1" monoksidi  
   1 "l1nt:1" mbaazi  
   1 "l1nt:1" mavumbi  
   1 "l1nt:1" maunzi  
   1 "l1nt:1" maunganio  
   1 "l1nt:1" matunzo  
   1 "l1nt:1" matubwitubwi  
   1 "l1nt:1" matekenya  
   1 "l1nt:1" panya  
   1 "l1nt:1" mango  
   1 "l1nt:1" limau  
 
 
119
 
   1 "l1nt:1" makombe  
   1 "l1nt:1" makamasi  
   1 "l1nt:1" goti  
   1 "l1nt:1" madafu  
   1 "l1nt:1" konjaktiva  
   1 "l1nt:1" kondomu  
   1 "l1nt:1" klorokwini  
   1 "l1nt:1" kizunguzungu  
   1 "l1nt:1" kizuizi  
   1 "l1nt:1" kiziwi  
   1 "l1nt:1" kisukari  
   1 "l1nt:1" kirusi  
   1 "l1nt:1" kiporo  
   1 "l1nt:1" kiinitete  
   1 "l1nt:1" kiini  
   1 "l1nt:1" kigutu  
   1 "l1nt:1" kigasha  
   1 "l1nt:1" kiganja  
   1 "l1nt:1" kifadungu  
   1 "l1nt:1" kichomi  
   1 "l1nt:1" kalori  
   1 "l1nt:1" kaboni  
   1 "l1nt:1" juisi  
   1 "l1nt:1" goti  
   1 "l1nt:1" goita  
   1 "l1nt:1" ganzi  
   1 "l1nt:1" gamba  
   1 "l1nt:1" fundo  
   1 "l1nt:1" filari  
   1 "l1nt:1" fangasi  
   1 "l1nt:1" eksirei  
   1 "l1nt:1" dhara  
   1 "l1nt:1" choroko  
   1 "l1nt:1" chokaa  
   1 "l1nt:1" chati  
   1 "l1nt:1" chandarua  
   1 "l1nt:1" bandama  
   1 "l1nt:1" aorta  
   1 "l1nt:1" antiseptiki  
   1 "l1nt:1" alizeti  
   1 "l1nt:1" aleji  
   1 "l1nt:1" aiskrimu  
 
HC-V "l1vt" 
 
 147 "l1vt:2" kuzuia  
  71 "l1vt:2" kuhara  
  60 "l1vt:2" kuzaa  
  54 "l1vt:2" kuvimba  
  50 "l1vt:2" kunyonya  
  46 "l1vt:2" kukua  
  46 "l1vt:2" kuambukiza  
  44 "l1vt:2" kuenea  
  40 "l1vt:2" kuumwa  
  38 "l1vt:2" kupima  
  36 "l1vt:2" kutapika  
  34 "l1vt:2" kukojoa  
  34 "l1vt:2" kuishi  
  29 "l1vt:2" kupumua  
  26 "l1vt:2" kulevya  
  25 "l1vt:2" kunyonyesha  
  24 "l1vt:2" kupevuka  
  22 "l1vt:2" kuua  
  20 "l1vt:2" kuzalisha  
  20 "l1vt:2" kuuma  
  19 "l1vt:2" kukohoa  
  19 "l1vt:2" kueneza  
  17 "l1vt:2" kupungua  
  16 "l1vt:2" kupona  
  15 "l1vt:2" kuchunguza  
  14 "l1vt:2" kuzaliana  
  14 "l1vt:2" kupooza  
  13 "l1vt:2" kunawa  
  12 "l1vt:2" kuugua  
  12 "l1vt:2" kuoga  
  11 "l1vt:2" kuungua  
  11 "l1vt:2" kusukuma  
  10 "l1vt:2" kutunza  
   9 "l1vt:2" kutunga  
   9 "l1vt:2" kumeza  
   9 "l1vt:2" kulala  
   9 "l1vt:2" kukinga  
   9 "l1vt:2" kujamiiana  
   8 "l1vt:2" kuchanja  
   7 "l1vt:2" kutibu  
   7 "l1vt:2" kugundua  
   7 "l1vt:2" kuauni  
   6 "l1vt:2" kusambaa  
   6 "l1vt:2" kufyonza  
   6 "l1vt:2" kudhoofika  
   6 "l1vt:2" kuchanganyikiwa  
   5 "l1vt:2" kuzuilika  
   5 "l1vt:2" kuzirai  
   5 "l1vt:2" kuumia  
   5 "l1vt:2" kutetemeka  
   5 "l1vt:2" kusedeka  
   5 "l1vt:2" kusambaza  
   5 "l1vt:2" kulikiza  
   5 "l1vt:2" kulazwa  
   5 "l1vt:2" kuchoka  
   4 "l1vt:2" kuwasha  
   4 "l1vt:2" kutibika  
   4 "l1vt:2" kupasua  
   4 "l1vt:2" kulemaa  
   4 "l1vt:2" kukonda  
   4 "l1vt:2" kukomaa  
   4 "l1vt:2" kukamua  
   3 "l1vt:2" kuumbuka  
   3 "l1vt:2" kutakasa  
   3 "l1vt:2" kupofuka  
   3 "l1vt:2" kuoza  
   3 "l1vt:2" kumwagilia  
   3 "l1vt:2" kulegea  
   3 "l1vt:2" kukaza  
   3 "l1vt:2" kufahamu  
   3 "l1vt:2" kudumaa  
   2 "l1vt:2" kuzaana  
   2 "l1vt:2" kuunguza  
   2 "l1vt:2" kushona  
   2 "l1vt:2" kurutubisha  
   2 "l1vt:2" kurithi  
   2 "l1vt:2" kuogesha  
   2 "l1vt:2" kunywea  
   2 "l1vt:2" kunenepa  
   2 "l1vt:2" kukanda  
   2 "l1vt:2" kukakamaa  
   2 "l1vt:2" kudoea  
 
 
120
 
   2 "l1vt:2" kudhuru  
   2 "l1vt:2" kuathirika  
   1 "l1vt:2" kuzimua  
   1 "l1vt:2" kuzimia  
   1 "l1vt:2" kuzibua  
   1 "l1vt:2" kuweweseka  
   1 "l1vt:2" kuvimbiwa  
   1 "l1vt:2" kuvia  
   1 "l1vt:2" kuulisha  
   1 "l1vt:2" kutoga  
   1 "l1vt:2" kutetema  
   1 "l1vt:2" kusisimua  
   1 "l1vt:2" kushtuka  
   1 "l1vt:2" kupevusha  
   1 "l1vt:2" kumwaga  
   1 "l1vt:2" kumeng'enya  
   1 "l1vt:2" kulawiti  
   1 "l1vt:2" kukuza  
   1 "l1vt:2" kuathiri  
   1 "l1vt:2" kuambukizana
 
HC-N + HC-N "l2nt:1" 
 
   3 "l2nt:1" donda koo  
   1 "l2nt:1" viini lishe  
   1 "l2nt:1" monoksidi kaboni  
   1 "l2nt:1" maziwa mgando  
   1 "l2nt:1" madini chokaa  
   1 "l2nt:1" antijeni polio  
 
HC-N + N    "l2nt:2"   
 
   7 "l2nt:2" minyoo askari  
   4 "l2nt:2" minyoo 
strongyloides  
   2 "l2nt:2" minyoo trichuris  
   1 "l2nt:2" vimelea gonorrhoea  
   1 "l2nt:2" uzazi salama  
   1 "l2nt:2" upele mdogomdogo  
   1 "l2nt:2" unyevu kiasi  
   1 "l2nt:2" ugonjwa hatari 
   1 "l2nt:2" uzalishaji 
viwandani  
   1 "l2nt:2" uchanjaji watoto  
   1 "l2nt:2" uchanjaji vijijini  
   1 "l2nt:2" tiba haraka  
   1 "l2nt:2" minyoo enteroblus  
   1 "l2nt:2" mgonjwa mwanamke  
   1 "l2nt:2" maji salama  
   1 "l2nt:2" maji lita  
   1 "l2nt:2" madini chuma  
   1 "l2nt:2" kemikali babuzi  
   1 "l2nt:2" dawa makini  
   1 "l2nt:2" dalili bayana  
 
N + HC-N "l2nt:3"  
 
  11 "l2nt:3" uja uzito  
   5 "l2nt:3" kinga mwilini  
   2 "l2nt:3" wanawake 
wajawazito  
   2 "l2nt:3" nyuzi joto  
   2 "l2nt:3" mtoto tumboni  
   2 "l2nt:3" kiongeza nguvu  
   1 "l2nt:3" watoto yatima  
   1 "l2nt:3" usalama mwilini  
   1 "l2nt:3" mtoto njiti  
   1 "l2nt:3" mama mjamzito  
   1 "l2nt:3" magonjwa sugu  
   1 "l2nt:3" mabadiliko kimwili  
   1 "l2nt:3" akina_mama 
wajawazito  
 
HC-V + HC-N "l2vt:5"   
 
   10 "l2vt:5" kuhara damu  
   6 "l2vt:5" kunawa mikono  
   5 "l2vt:5" kunywa pombe  
   4 "l2vt:5" kuvimba tezi  
   4 "l2vt:5" kuvimba miguu  
   4 "l2vt:5" kupima ukeni  
   4 "l2vt:5" kunywa maji  
   3 "l2vt:5" kuua vijidudu  
   3 "l2vt:5" kunywa sumu  
   3 "l2vt:5" kukojoa damu  
   2 "l2vt:5" kuumwa tumbo  
   2 "l2vt:5" kusambaa mwilini  
   1 "l2vt:5" kuwashwa unyeoni  
   1 "l2vt:5" kuwashwa macho  
   1 "l2vt:5" kuvimba mitoki  
   1 "l2vt:5" kuumwa viungo  
   1 "l2vt:5" kuuma miguuni  
   1 "l2vt:5" kuugua kansa  
   1 "l2vt:5" kupungukiwa maji  
   1 "l2vt:5" kupungua uzito  
   1 "l2vt:5" kupona maradhi  
   1 "l2vt:5" kupasua ngozi  
   1 "l2vt:5" kuota nywele  
   1 "l2vt:5" kuota kuvu  
   1 "l2vt:5" kuoga mwili  
   1 "l2vt:5" kuoga majini  
   1 "l2vt:5" kumeng'enya 
chakula  
   1 "l2vt:5" kulemaa miguu  
   1 "l2vt:5" kulazwa 
hospitalini  
   1 "l2vt:5" kulala usingizi  
   1 "l2vt:5" kueneza vijidudu  
   1 "l2vt:5" kuenea mwilini  
   1 "l2vt:5" kudoea damu  
   1 "l2vt:5" kuchanja ndui  
   1 "l2vt:5" kuchanika msamba  
   1 "l2vt:5" kuambukizwa 
vijidudu  
 
 
 
121
 
HC-V + N "l2vt:6"  
 
   3 "l2vt:6" kuumwa kichwa  
   2 "l2vt:6" kuvimba matezi  
   2 "l2vt:6" kuungua moto  
   2 "l2vt:6" kuugua magonjwa  
   1 "l2vt:6" kutibiwa nyumbani  
   1 "l2vt:6" kutapika kusudi  
   1 "l2vt:6" kupasua kuni  
   1 "l2vt:6" kuota ndoto  
   1 "l2vt:6" kuenea haraka  
   1 "l2vt:6" kuchanganyikiwa 
akili  
 
INF + HC-N "l2vt:7" 
 
  16 "l2vt:7" kutoka damu  
   5 "l2vt:7" kula chakula  
   4 "l2vt:7" kuzama majini  
   4 "l2vt:7" kutoka hospitali  
   3 "l2vt:7" kufia tumboni  
   2 "l2vt:7" kutoka usaha  
   2 "l2vt:7" kupewa dawa  
   2 "l2vt:7" kupelekwa 
hospitalini  
2 "l2vt:7" kupelekwa 
hospitali  
   2 "l2vt:7" kula nyama  
   2 "l2vt:7" kukosa maji  
   2 "l2vt:7" kuingia majini  
   2 "l2vt:7" kufika kliniki  
   2 "l2vt:7" kucheza majini  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuvuma sikioni  
   1 "l2vt:7" kutoka 
malengelenge  
   1 "l2vt:7" kutanda kinenani  
   1 "l2vt:7" kusia mbegu  
   1 "l2vt:7" kushambulia 
vijidudu  
   1 "l2vt:7" kushambulia ogani  
   1 "l2vt:7" kupitia unyeoni  
   1 "l2vt:7" kupika nyama  
   1 "l2vt:7" kupelekea 
maambukizo  
   1 "l2vt:7" kupakaa mwilini  
   1 "l2vt:7" kula udongo  
   1 "l2vt:7" kula mlo  
   1 "l2vt:7" kula mboga  
   1 "l2vt:7" kukosekana choo  
   1 "l2vt:7" kukosa usingizi  
   1 "l2vt:7" kukauka midomo  
   1 "l2vt:7" kukaa hospitalini  
   1 "l2vt:7" kujaribu dawa  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuishiwa pumzi  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuishiwa nguvu  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuingiza puani  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuingiza kinywani  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuimarisha misuli  
   1 "l2vt:7" kufufua misuli  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuepuka mimba  
   1 "l2vt:7" kueleka mgongoni  
   1 "l2vt:7" kubeba vijidudu  
 
HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N "l2nt:8" 
 
  14 "l2nt:8" viungo vya uzazi  
  14 "l2nt:8" vijidudu vya 
ugonjwa  
  13 "l2nt:8" mfumo wa afya  
  12 "l2nt:8" dalili za ugonjwa  
  10 "l2nt:8" homa ya mbu  
   9 "l2nt:8" viotea vya ngozi  
   9 "l2nt:8" ugonjwa wa upofu  
   9 "l2nt:8" mfupa wa kinena  
   9 "l2nt:8" maumivu ya tumbo  
   9 "l2nt:8" homa ya matumbo  
   8 "l2nt:8" mrija wa mpira  
   7 "l2nt:8" ugonjwa wa malale  
   7 "l2nt:8" mayai ya minyoo  
   6 "l2nt:8" virusi vya ukimwi  
   6 "l2nt:8" vimelea vya 
malaria  
   6 "l2nt:8" mishipa ya damu  
   6 "l2nt:8" mazoezi ya viungo  
   6 "l2nt:8" maji ya mimba  
   6 "l2nt:8" kibofu cha mkojo  
   5 "l2nt:8" usafi wa chakula  
   5 "l2nt:8" ugonjwa wa tauni  
   5 "l2nt:8" ugonjwa wa malaria  
   5 "l2nt:8" ugonjwa wa figo  
   5 "l2nt:8" tauni ya tezi  
   5 "l2nt:8" mzunguko wa damu  
   5 "l2nt:8" minyoo ya safura  
   5 "l2nt:8" kiungo cha uzazi  
   4 "l2nt:8" vimelea vya ukimwi  
   4 "l2nt:8" vimelea vya malale  
   4 "l2nt:8" uzazi wa mapacha  
   4 "l2nt:8" ugonjwa wa moyo  
   4 "l2nt:8" msongo wa pumzi  
   4 "l2nt:8" minyoo ya tegu  
   4 "l2nt:8" minyoo ya kichocho  
   4 "l2nt:8" miili ya viumbe  
   4 "l2nt:8" mifupa ya kinena  
   4 "l2nt:8" mayai ya kichocho  
   4 "l2nt:8" maji ya baridi  
   4 "l2nt:8" kinga ya maradhi  
   3 "l2nt:8" wagonjwa wa kifua  
   3 "l2nt:8" ugonjwa wa zinaa  
   3 "l2nt:8" ugonjwa wa kifua  
   3 "l2nt:8" ugonjwa wa 
kaswende  
   3 "l2nt:8" ugonjwa wa ameba  
   3 "l2nt:8" utunzaji wa kitovu  
   3 "l2nt:8" unywaji wa pombe  
   3 "l2nt:8" tumbo la uzazi  
   3 "l2nt:8" tishu za mwili  
   3 "l2nt:8" mwili wa mbu  
   3 "l2nt:8" mshipa wa vena  
   3 "l2nt:8" mimba ya mapacha  
   3 "l2nt:8" mifupa ya nyonga  
   3 "l2nt:8" mapigo ya moyo  
 
 
122
 
   3 "l2nt:8" maambukizo ya 
vijidudu  
   3 "l2nt:8" kuvu ya kinywani  
   3 "l2nt:8" kombe la kiuno  
   3 "l2nt:8" kipimo cha dawa  
   3 "l2nt:8" jipu la ziwa  
   3 "l2nt:8" homa ya papasi  
   3 "l2nt:8" hamu ya chakula  
   3 "l2nt:8" dawa ya chanjo  
   2 "l2nt:8" vyakula vya wanga  
   2 "l2nt:8" viungo vya mwili  
   2 "l2nt:8" vipele vya ngozi  
   2 "l2nt:8" vimelea vya 
ugonjwa  
   2 "l2nt:8" vimelea vya tauni  
   2 "l2nt:8" vimelea vya homa  
   2 "l2nt:8" vijidudu vya 
maradhi  
   2 "l2nt:8" vijidudu vya kifua  
   2 "l2nt:8" ulemavu wa viungo  
   2 "l2nt:8" ugonjwa wa ukimwi  
   2 "l2nt:8" ugonjwa wa macho  
   2 "l2nt:8" ugonjwa wa fizi  
   2 "l2nt:8" udongo wa kauri  
   2 "l2nt:8" uchafu wa maji  
   2 "l2nt:8" utunzaji wa 
wajawazito  
   2 "l2nt:8" ushonaji wa msamba  
   2 "l2nt:8" unyonyeshaji wa 
maziwa  
   2 "l2nt:8" nguvu za mwili  
   2 "l2nt:8" ngozi ya pumbu  
   2 "l2nt:8" ngozi ya msamba  
   2 "l2nt:8" mshipa wa damu  
   2 "l2nt:8" mkojo wa mgonjwa  
   2 "l2nt:8" misuli ya tumbo  
   2 "l2nt:8" mishipa ya vena  
   2 "l2nt:8" mimba za usichana  
   2 "l2nt:8" midomo ya uke  
   2 "l2nt:8" mfumo wa mkojo  
   2 "l2nt:8" mfumo wa damu  
   2 "l2nt:8" mayai ya tegu  
   2 "l2nt:8" maumivu ya viungo  
   2 "l2nt:8" majeraha ya 
mishipa  
   2 "l2nt:8" koo za mbu  
   2 "l2nt:8" kiungo cha kombe  
   2 "l2nt:8" kichocho cha tumbo  
   2 "l2nt:8" kichocho cha mkojo  
   2 "l2nt:8" hewa ya oksijeni  
   2 "l2nt:8" dawa za usingizi  
   2 "l2nt:8" dawa ya meno  
   2 "l2nt:8" dalili za maradhi  
   2 "l2nt:8" dalili za kaswende  
   2 "l2nt:8" ambukizo la 
ugonjwa  
   1 "l2nt:8" wagonjwa wa polio  
   1 "l2nt:8" wagonjwa wa minyoo  
   1 "l2nt:8" vyakula vya 
protini  
   1 "l2nt:8" vivimbe vya ngozi  
   1 "l2nt:8" viungo vya mifupa  
   1 "l2nt:8" virusi vya ugonjwa  
   1 "l2nt:8" virusi vya polio  
   1 "l2nt:8" virusi vya homa  
   1 "l2nt:8" viroboto vya 
ugonjwa  
   1 "l2nt:8" vipimo vya ukimwi  
   1 "l2nt:8" vipimo vya 
uchunguzi  
   1 "l2nt:8" vipimo vya damu  
   1 "l2nt:8" vipimo vya choo  
   1 "l2nt:8" vipele vya viganja  
   1 "l2nt:8" vipele vya 
kaswende  
1 "l2nt:8" vimelea vya 
trikomonasi  
1 "l2nt:8" vimelea vya 
kipindupindu  
   1 "l2nt:8" vimelea vya ameba  
   1 "l2nt:8" viluwiluwi vya 
safura  
1 "l2nt:8" viluwiluwi vya 
minyoo  
   1 "l2nt:8" vilema vya miguu  
   1 "l2nt:8" vijidudu vya upele  
   1 "l2nt:8" vijidudu vya 
malaria  
1 "l2nt:8" vijidudu vya 
kichocho  
1 "l2nt:8" viinilishe vya 
utomwili  
   1 "l2nt:8" viini vya ugonjwa  
   1 "l2nt:8" viini vya maradhi  
   1 "l2nt:8" viini vya 
kipindupindu  
   1 "l2nt:8" viini vya ameba  
   1 "l2nt:8" viganja vya mikono  
   1 "l2nt:8" vifereji vya mkojo  
   1 "l2nt:8" vidonge vya madini  
   1 "l2nt:8" vidonda vya tumbo  
   1 "l2nt:8" vidonda vya 
kinywani  
1 "l2nt:8" vidonda vya 
kaswende  
   1 "l2nt:8" vidole vya miguuni  
   1 "l2nt:8" ute wa uzazi  
   1 "l2nt:8" utafiti wa vimelea  
   1 "l2nt:8" utafiti wa 
matibabu  
   1 "l2nt:8" utafiti wa dawa  
   1 "l2nt:8" usumushaji wa 
chakula  
   1 "l2nt:8" usafi wa mwili  
   1 "l2nt:8" usafi wa meno  
   1 "l2nt:8" usafi wa maji  
   1 "l2nt:8" umbile la yai  
   1 "l2nt:8" umbile la mifupa  
   1 "l2nt:8" uhusiano wa maji  
   1 "l2nt:8" ugonjwa wa 
viluwiluwi  
   1 "l2nt:8" ugonjwa wa utotoni  
   1 "l2nt:8" ugonjwa wa 
pepopunda  
   1 "l2nt:8" ugonjwa wa minyoo  
   1 "l2nt:8" ugonjwa wa 
konjaktiva  
1 "l2nt:8" ugonjwa wa 
kisukari  
   1 "l2nt:8" ugonjwa wa homa  
 
 
123
 
   1 "l2nt:8" ugonjwa wa chirwa  
   1 "l2nt:8" udhaifu wa tishu  
   1 "l2nt:8" udhaifu wa mwili  
   1 "l2nt:8" udhaifu wa miguu  
   1 "l2nt:8" uchunguzi wa 
ugonjwa  
   1 "l2nt:8" uchunguzi wa ngozi  
   1 "l2nt:8" uchunguzi wa 
maabara  
   1 "l2nt:8" uchunguzi wa damu  
   1 "l2nt:8" uchungu wa uzazi  
   1 "l2nt:8" uchafu wa mwili  
   1 "l2nt:8" uchafu wa mgonjwa  
   1 "l2nt:8" uchafu wa chakula  
   1 "l2nt:8" uzalishaji wa 
kondo  
1 "l2nt:8" uzalishaji wa 
chakula  
1 "l2nt:8" utunzaji wa 
vyakula  
   1 "l2nt:8" utunzaji wa afya  
   1 "l2nt:8" usambazaji wa dawa  
   1 "l2nt:8" upunguzaji wa 
vimelea  
1 "l2nt:8" upunguzaji wa 
papasi  
   1 "l2nt:8" upunguzaji wa mbu  
   1 "l2nt:8" upimaji wa vidole  
   1 "l2nt:8" upimaji wa uzito  
   1 "l2nt:8" upimaji wa tumbo  
   1 "l2nt:8" upimaji wa maji  
   1 "l2nt:8" ukuaji wa mwili  
   1 "l2nt:8" ukuaji wa misuli  
   1 "l2nt:8" ukuaji wa mbu  
   1 "l2nt:8" uenezaji wa 
kipindupindu  
   1 "l2nt:8" ueneaji wa malaria  
   1 "l2nt:8" tiba ya ukimwi  
   1 "l2nt:8" sumu ya vimelea  
   1 "l2nt:8" sumu ya vijidudu  
   1 "l2nt:8" sindano ya ganzi  
   1 "l2nt:8" shingo la kizazi  
   1 "l2nt:8" nundu za mifupa  
   1 "l2nt:8" nundu za mfupa  
   1 "l2nt:8" nundu ya mfupa  
   1 "l2nt:8" nguvu za kinga  
   1 "l2nt:8" nguvu za homoni  
   1 "l2nt:8" ngozi ya tumbo  
   1 "l2nt:8" ngozi ya mwili  
   1 "l2nt:8" ngozi ya hasua  
   1 "l2nt:8" mzunguko wa 
ugonjwa  
   1 "l2nt:8" mzunguko wa maji  
   1 "l2nt:8" mzunguko wa hewa  
   1 "l2nt:8" mwili wa papasi  
   1 "l2nt:8" mwili wa konokono  
   1 "l2nt:8" msukumo wa maji  
   1 "l2nt:8" msukumo wa damu  
   1 "l2nt:8" mshipa wa aorta  
   1 "l2nt:8" mpira wa miguu  
   1 "l2nt:8" minyoo ya filari  
   1 "l2nt:8" mmomonyoko wa 
udongo  
   1 "l2nt:8" mlo wa damu  
   1 "l2nt:8" mlipuko wa ugonjwa  
   1 "l2nt:8" mishipa ya limfu.  
   1 "l2nt:8" mishipa ya ateri  
   1 "l2nt:8" mirija ya sindano  
   1 "l2nt:8" mimba za mapacha  
   1 "l2nt:8" mifupa ya kombe  
   1 "l2nt:8" mifereji ya maji  
   1 "l2nt:8" mfupa wa utosi  
   1 "l2nt:8" mfupa wa paja  
   1 "l2nt:8" mfumo wa uzazi  
   1 "l2nt:8" mfumo wa neva  
   1 "l2nt:8" mfumo wa hewa  
   1 "l2nt:8" mdomo wa uke  
   1 "l2nt:8" mbegu za uzazi  
   1 "l2nt:8" mbegu za mafuta  
   1 "l2nt:8" mbegu za maboga  
   1 "l2nt:8" mazoezi ya mwili  
   1 "l2nt:8" maziwa ya mgando  
   1 "l2nt:8" mayai ya safura  
   1 "l2nt:8" maumivu ya sikio  
   1 "l2nt:8" matibabu ya upele  
   1 "l2nt:8" matibabu ya 
maradhi  
1 "l2nt:8" matibabu ya 
kisonono  
   1 "l2nt:8" maradhi ya ngozi  
   1 "l2nt:8" malengelenge ya 
damu  
1 "l2nt:8" makohozi ya 
mgonjwa  
   1 "l2nt:8" maji ya sukari  
   1 "l2nt:8" maji ya kunde  
   1 "l2nt:8" majeraha ya mifupa  
   1 "l2nt:8" mafigo ya mgonjwa  
   1 "l2nt:8" madhara ya pombe  
   1 "l2nt:8" madhara ya mwili  
   1 "l2nt:8" madhara ya mimba  
   1 "l2nt:8" madhara ya 
kichocho  
   1 "l2nt:8" mabaka ya ukoma  
   1 "l2nt:8" maambukizo ya 
maradhi  
1 "l2nt:8" maambukizo ya 
kifua  
1 "l2nt:8" maambukizo ya 
kibofu  
   1 "l2nt:8" konokono wa maji  
   1 "l2nt:8" kokwa za mayai  
   1 "l2nt:8" kiungo cha mwili  
   1 "l2nt:8" kiungo cha mboga  
   1 "l2nt:8" kiungo cha goti  
   1 "l2nt:8" kisonono cha 
viungo  
   1 "l2nt:8" kisonono cha macho  
   1 "l2nt:8" kisonono cha kooni  
   1 "l2nt:8" kisima cha maji  
   1 "l2nt:8" kipimo cha sukari  
   1 "l2nt:8" kipimo cha joto  
   1 "l2nt:8" kipimo cha chumvi  
   1 "l2nt:8" kinga ya mwili  
   1 "l2nt:8" kimelea cha 
malaria  
   1 "l2nt:8" kimelea cha malale  
   1 "l2nt:8" kimelea cha homa  
   1 "l2nt:8" kigutu cha kitovu  
   1 "l2nt:8" kidole cha mgonjwa  
 
 
124
 
   1 "l2nt:8" kichocho cha 
utumbo  
   1 "l2nt:8" kansa ya mapafu  
   1 "l2nt:8" kansa ya kibofu  
   1 "l2nt:8" joto la mwili  
   1 "l2nt:8" jeraha la ubongo  
   1 "l2nt:8" jeraha la kibofu  
   1 "l2nt:8" homa za malaria  
   1 "l2nt:8" homa ya 
kipindupindu  
   1 "l2nt:8" fundo la mguu  
   1 "l2nt:8" dawa za vidonge  
   1 "l2nt:8" dawa za tiba  
   1 "l2nt:8" dawa za sumu  
   1 "l2nt:8" dawa za sindano  
   1 "l2nt:8" dawa za chanjo  
   1 "l2nt:8" dawa ya vidonge  
   1 "l2nt:8" dawa ya maji  
   1 "l2nt:8" dawa ya mafuta  
   1 "l2nt:8" dawa ya klorini  
   1 "l2nt:8" dawa ya kinga  
   1 "l2nt:8" dalili za uzazi  
   1 "l2nt:8" dalili za mapacha  
   1 "l2nt:8" dalili za malaria  
   1 "l2nt:8" dalili za malale  
   1 "l2nt:8" dalili za kisonono  
   1 "l2nt:8" dalili za jeraha  
   1 "l2nt:8" dalili za chirwa  
   1 "l2nt:8" chanjo ya surua  
   1 "l2nt:8" chanjo ya polio  
   1 "l2nt:8" chanjo ya ndui  
   1 "l2nt:8" chakula cha 
protini  
   1 "l2nt:8" chakula cha mafuta  
   1 "l2nt:8" ambukizo la sikio  
 
 
HC-N + GEN-CON + N "l2nt:9" 
 
  23 "l2nt:9" maziwa ya mama  
  14 "l2nt:9" kichaa cha mbwa  
  13 "l2nt:9" uzazi wa mpango  
  13 "l2nt:9" utunzaji wa watoto  
  12 "l2nt:9" usafi wa mazingira  
   9 "l2nt:9" kliniki za watoto  
   8 "l2nt:9" vimelea vya 
magonjwa  
   8 "l2nt:9" uzazi wa mpasuo  
   8 "l2nt:9" macho ya mtoto  
   8 "l2nt:9" homa ya vipindi  
   8 "l2nt:9" afya ya msingi  
   7 "l2nt:9" mfupa wa pingili  
   7 "l2nt:9" maziwa ya ng'ombe  
   7 "l2nt:9" ukuaji wa mtoto  
   6 "l2nt:9" moyo wa mtoto  
   6 "l2nt:9" mboga za majani  
   6 "l2nt:9" kliniki ya watoto  
   6 "l2nt:9" damu ya mama  
   6 "l2nt:9" afya ya mtoto  
   6 "l2nt:9" ukuaji wa haraka  
   5 "l2nt:9" mwili wa mtoto  
   5 "l2nt:9" mishipa ya 
limfatiki  
   5 "l2nt:9" maji ya moto  
   5 "l2nt:9" homa ya ini  
   4 "l2nt:9" ugonjwa wa watu  
   4 "l2nt:9" ugonjwa wa filaria  
   4 "l2nt:9" mwili wa binadamu  
   4 "l2nt:9" hospitali ya rufaa  
   4 "l2nt:9" dawa za kinga  
   4 "l2nt:9" choo cha shimo  
   4 "l2nt:9" afya ya mama  
   4 "l2nt:9" afya ya jamii  
   3 "l2nt:9" vijidudu vya 
magonjwa  
   3 "l2nt:9" vifo vya watoto  
   3 "l2nt:9" uzito wa mtoto  
   3 "l2nt:9" uzito wa kilo  
   3 "l2nt:9" usafi wa watoto  
   3 "l2nt:9" utunzaji wa mzazi  
   3 "l2nt:9" utunzaji wa mtoto  
   3 "l2nt:9" utunzaji wa mama  
   3 "l2nt:9" ugonjwa wa hatari  
   3 "l2nt:9" tegu wa mbwa  
   3 "l2nt:9" nguvu ya mwendo  
   3 "l2nt:9" mwili wa mdudu  
   3 "l2nt:9" maziwa ya unga  
   3 "l2nt:9" maradhi ya watoto  
   3 "l2nt:9" kinyesi cha 
wanyama  
   3 "l2nt:9" kinyesi cha paka  
   3 "l2nt:9" kinyesi cha 
binadamu  
   3 "l2nt:9" hedhi ya mwisho  
   3 "l2nt:9" damu ya mwezi  
   3 "l2nt:9" afya ya binadamu  
   2 "l2nt:9" vimelea vya 
filaria  
2 "l2nt:9" vimelea vya 
bakteria  
2 "l2nt:9" vifo vya 
akina_mama  
   2 "l2nt:9" uzazi wa taabu  
   2 "l2nt:9" uzazi wa majira  
   2 "l2nt:9" mtunzaji wa watoto  
   2 "l2nt:9" waenezaji wa 
magonjwa  
   2 "l2nt:9" utunzaji wa vyanzo  
   2 "l2nt:9" utunzaji wa 
akina_mama  
   2 "l2nt:9" ukuaji wa watoto  
   2 "l2nt:9" uzazi wa 
kitangulizi  
   2 "l2nt:9" upofu wa mtoni  
   2 "l2nt:9" uhusiano wa 
kimapenzi  
   2 "l2nt:9" udhaifu wa kinga  
   2 "l2nt:9" tumbo la mtoto  
   2 "l2nt:9" tezi za kwapani  
   2 "l2nt:9" ngozi ya kichwa  
   2 "l2nt:9" mwili wa mtu  
   2 "l2nt:9" mishipa ya fahamu  
   2 "l2nt:9" mfupa wa kisogo  
   2 "l2nt:9" mdomoni mwa mtoto  
   2 "l2nt:9" matibabu ya shida  
 
 
125
 
   2 "l2nt:9" malale ya gambia  
   2 "l2nt:9" mafuta ya uto  
   2 "l2nt:9" madhara ya 
magonjwa  
   2 "l2nt:9" kinyesi cha mifugo  
   2 "l2nt:9" homa ya manjano  
   2 "l2nt:9" dawa ya penisilini  
   2 "l2nt:9" damu ya binadamu  
   2 "l2nt:9" dalili za awali  
   2 "l2nt:9" afya za watu  
   2 "l2nt:9" afya za vijiji  
   1 "l2nt:9" vyoo vya shimo  
   1 "l2nt:9" vyakula vya mimea  
   1 "l2nt:9" viungo vya mtoto  
   1 "l2nt:9" viungo vya mbeleni  
   1 "l2nt:9" visima vya asili  
   1 "l2nt:9" virusi vya papo  
   1 "l2nt:9" viroboto vya panya  
   1 "l2nt:9" viotea vya 
condylomata  
   1 "l2nt:9" vioevu vya moto  
   1 "l2nt:9" vinyesi vya 
wanyama  
1 "l2nt:9" vinyesi vya 
binadamu  
1 "l2nt:9" vimelea vya 
uambukizo  
1 "l2nt:9" vimelea vya 
uambukizi  
1 "l2nt:9" vimelea vya 
toxoplasma  
   1 "l2nt:9" vimelea vya hepesi  
   1 "l2nt:9" vimelea vya 
donovania  
1 "l2nt:9" viluwiluwi vya 
anofelina  
1 "l2nt:9" vijidudu vya 
uambukizo  
   1 "l2nt:9" vifo vya mama  
   1 "l2nt:9" vifo vya kina_mama  
   1 "l2nt:9" vidonge vya 
sulphametrole  
1 "l2nt:9" vidonge vya 
pyraziguantel  
1 "l2nt:9" vidonge vya 
metronidazole  
   1 "l2nt:9" vidonda vya mtoto  
   1 "l2nt:9" utumbo wa mnyama  
   1 "l2nt:9" utosi wa mtoto  
   1 "l2nt:9" utapiamlo wa kiasi  
   1 "l2nt:9" usafi wa kina_mama  
   1 "l2nt:9" usafi wa banda  
   1 "l2nt:9" umbile la vistari  
   1 "l2nt:9" umbile la vinywele  
   1 "l2nt:9" umbile la uvungu  
   1 "l2nt:9" umbile la nukta  
   1 "l2nt:9" umbile la mviringo  
   1 "l2nt:9" umbile la kichwa  
   1 "l2nt:9" ulimi wa mtoto  
   1 "l2nt:9" ulemavu wa msingi  
   1 "l2nt:9" ulemavu wa akili  
   1 "l2nt:9" ugonjwa wa vijana  
   1 "l2nt:9" ugonjwa wa typhoid  
   1 "l2nt:9" ugonjwa wa panya  
   1 "l2nt:9" ugonjwa wa nyongea  
   1 "l2nt:9" ugonjwa wa muda  
   1 "l2nt:9" ugonjwa wa mama  
   1 "l2nt:9" ugonjwa wa koo  
   1 "l2nt:9" ugonjwa wa 
kifuakikuu  
1 "l2nt:9" udongo wa 
mfinyanzi  
   1 "l2nt:9" udhaifu wa watoto  
   1 "l2nt:9" udhaifu wa shingo  
   1 "l2nt:9" uchunguzi wa 
mafanikio  
1 "l2nt:9" uchafu wa 
mazingira  
   1 "l2nt:9" ubongo wa mtoto  
   1 "l2nt:9" uzuiaji wa 
magonjwa  
1 "l2nt:9" uzalishaji wa 
nyumbani  
1 "l2nt:9" utunzaji wa 
takwimu  
1 "l2nt:9" utunzaji wa 
kumbukumbu  
1 "l2nt:9" usambazaji wa 
matokeo  
1 "l2nt:9" upimaji wa 
kitangulizi  
   1 "l2nt:9" ukuzaji wa mazao  
   1 "l2nt:9" uambukizaji wa 
mfululizo  
   1 "l2nt:9" tumbo la mama  
   1 "l2nt:9" tiba ya magonjwa  
   1 "l2nt:9" tezi za limfatiki  
   1 "l2nt:9" tezi ya prostate  
   1 "l2nt:9" tegu wa binadamu  
   1 "l2nt:9" taahira ya akili  
   1 "l2nt:9" surua ya 
kijerumani  
1 "l2nt:9" sindano ya 
penisilini  
   1 "l2nt:9" sindano ya musuli  
   1 "l2nt:9" pumba za mahindi  
   1 "l2nt:9" pua ya mtoto  
   1 "l2nt:9" pombe za kiasilia  
   1 "l2nt:9" nyonga ya 
mwanadamu  
   1 "l2nt:9" nyonga ya mama  
   1 "l2nt:9" nyama ya ng'ombe  
   1 "l2nt:9" nyama ya mnyama  
   1 "l2nt:9" nguvu ya mvutano  
   1 "l2nt:9" ngozi za watu  
   1 "l2nt:9" ngozi ya mtoto  
   1 "l2nt:9" ngozi ya binadamu  
   1 "l2nt:9" neva za usoni  
   1 "l2nt:9" mzunguko wa maisha  
   1 "l2nt:9" mwili wa watoto  
   1 "l2nt:9" mwili wa nzi  
   1 "l2nt:9" mwili wa mama  
   1 "l2nt:9" mpira wa wavu  
   1 "l2nt:9" mnyoo wa filaria  
   1 "l2nt:9" mlo wa wazee  
   1 "l2nt:9" mkojo wa mama  
   1 "l2nt:9" mkao wa mtoto  
   1 "l2nt:9" minyoo ya 
strongyloides  
   1 "l2nt:9" minyoo ya filaria  
 
 
12A
 
   1 "l2nt:9" mimba za wasichana  
   1 "l2nt:9" milo ya watoto  
   1 "l2nt:9" mikono ya mtoto  
   1 "l2nt:9" miili ya watu  
   1 "l2nt:9" miili ya panya  
   1 "l2nt:9" miili ya paka  
   1 "l2nt:9" miili ya mbwa  
   1 "l2nt:9" miili ya binadamu  
   1 "l2nt:9" mifupa ya uti  
   1 "l2nt:9" mifupa ya paji  
   1 "l2nt:9" mifupa ya fuvu  
   1 "l2nt:9" mgonjwa ya 
mwanaume  
   1 "l2nt:9" mgonjwa wa pangusa  
   1 "l2nt:9" mganga wa wilaya  
   1 "l2nt:9" mfupa wa uti  
   1 "l2nt:9" mfupa wa paji  
   1 "l2nt:9" mfupa wa fuvu  
   1 "l2nt:9" mfumo wa 
utekelezaji  
   1 "l2nt:9" mfumo wa sheria  
   1 "l2nt:9" mfumo wa elimu  
   1 "l2nt:9" mfadhaiko wa 
kisaikolojia  
   1 "l2nt:9" mdomo wa mtoto  
   1 "l2nt:9" mbu wa anofelesi  
   1 "l2nt:9" mboga za kijani  
   1 "l2nt:9" maungo ya mtoto  
   1 "l2nt:9" maumivu ya kichwa  
   1 "l2nt:9" matunda ya rangi  
   1 "l2nt:9" matumbo ya 
binadamu  
1 "l2nt:9" matibabu ya 
nyongea  
   1 "l2nt:9" matibabu ya msaada  
   1 "l2nt:9" mapafu ya watoto  
   1 "l2nt:9" malaria ya msimu  
   1 "l2nt:9" malaria ya kichwa  
   1 "l2nt:9" malale ya ng'ombe  
   1 "l2nt:9" maji ya vuguvugu  
   1 "l2nt:9" maji ya mito  
   1 "l2nt:9" maji ya baharini  
   1 "l2nt:9" maji ya bahari  
   1 "l2nt:9" mafuta ya wanyama  
   1 "l2nt:9" mafuta ya taa  
   1 "l2nt:9" mafuta ya mimea  
   1 "l2nt:9" mafuta ya mahindi  
   1 "l2nt:9" madini ya 
potassium  
   1 "l2nt:9" madhara ya tatizo  
   1 "l2nt:9" mabega ya mtoto  
   1 "l2nt:9" mabaka ya rangi  
   1 "l2nt:9" kokwa za vijiyai  
   1 "l2nt:9" kliniki ya mama  
   1 "l2nt:9" kitovu cha mtoto  
   1 "l2nt:9" kitovu cha mama  
   1 "l2nt:9" kinyesi cha 
mwanamke  
   1 "l2nt:9" kinyesi cha mtoto  
   1 "l2nt:9" kinyesi cha baba  
   1 "l2nt:9" kilema cha mtoto  
   1 "l2nt:9" kifua cha mtoto  
   1 "l2nt:9" kidole cha shahada  
   1 "l2nt:9" kemikali za 
nyumbani  
   1 "l2nt:9" kaswende za awamu  
   1 "l2nt:9" kansa ya watoto  
   1 "l2nt:9" hospitali ya 
wilaya  
   1 "l2nt:9" hospitali ya bombo  
   1 "l2nt:9" homa ya uti  
   1 "l2nt:9" homa ya kipindi  
   1 "l2nt:9" homa ya filaria  
   1 "l2nt:9" dawa za vitamin  
   1 "l2nt:9" dawa za asili  
   1 "l2nt:9" dawa ya 
thiacetezone  
   1 "l2nt:9" dawa ya tetanus  
   1 "l2nt:9" dawa ya kinga  
   1 "l2nt:9" damu za wanyama  
   1 "l2nt:9" damu ya watu  
   1 "l2nt:9" damu ya mtoto  
   1 "l2nt:9" dalili za nyongea  
   1 "l2nt:9" dalili za mwanzoni  
   1 "l2nt:9" dalili za magonjwa  
   1 "l2nt:9" dalili ya awali  
   1 "l2nt:9" choo cha mtoto  
   1 "l2nt:9" choo cha mama  
   1 "l2nt:9" choo cha jumuia  
   1 "l2nt:9" chanjo ya msingi  
   1 "l2nt:9" chakula cha watu  
   1 "l2nt:9" chakula cha mtoto  
   1 "l2nt:9" bega la mtoto  
   1 "l2nt:9" afya za wazazi  
   1 "l2nt:9" afya za vijana  
   1 "l2nt:9" afya ya watoto  
   1 "l2nt:9" afya ya mtu  
   1 "l2nt:9" afya ya mazingira  
   1 "l2nt:9" afya ya familia 
 
HC-N + GEN-CON + ADV "l2nt:10" 
 
   2 "l2nt:10" kondo ya nyuma  
   1 "l2nt:10" zahanati ya karibu  
   1 "l2nt:10" viungo vya ndani  
   1 "l2nt:10" viungo vya kike  
   1 "l2nt:10" vimelea vya nje  
   1 "l2nt:10" usafi wa binafsi  
   1 "l2nt:10" mimba ya sasa  
   1 "l2nt:10" mdomo wa nje.  
   1 "l2nt:10" mdomo wa ndani  
   1 "l2nt:10" mbung'o wa kike  
   1 "l2nt:10" mbu wa kike  
   1 "l2nt:10" mbegu ya kiume  
   1 "l2nt:10" matibabu ya 
mara_moja  
1 "l2nt:10" malaria ya 
mara_kwa_mara  
   1 "l2nt:10" kliniki za nje  
   1 "l2nt:10" jinsia ya kike  
   1 "l2nt:10" jeraha la wazi  
   1 "l2nt:10" hospitali ya 
karibu  
 
 
 
12?
 
N + GEN-CON + HC-N "l2nt:11"  
 
 123 "l2nt:11" mji wa mimba  
  71 "l2nt:11" pango la nyonga  
  30 "l2nt:11" uzi wa kitovu  
  28 "l2nt:11" elimu ya afya  
  25 "l2nt:11" upungufu wa damu  
  16 "l2nt:11" mfuko wa maji  
  16 "l2nt:11" huduma za afya  
  14 "l2nt:11" huduma ya afya  
  13 "l2nt:11" wizara ya afya  
  13 "l2nt:11" sehemu za siri  
  13 "l2nt:11" magonjwa ya zinaa  
  12 "l2nt:11" sekta ya afya  
  12 "l2nt:11" njia ya hewa  
  11 "l2nt:11" magonjwa ya 
uasherati  
  10 "l2nt:11" uti wa mgongo  
  10 "l2nt:11" mafunzo ya afya  
   9 "l2nt:11" vyanzo vya maji  
   9 "l2nt:11" njia ya uzazi  
   9 "l2nt:11" kituo cha afya  
   8 "l2nt:11" njia ya mkojo  
   8 "l2nt:11" hali ya usafi  
   7 "l2nt:11" ukosefu wa chakula  
   7 "l2nt:11" shirika la afya  
   7 "l2nt:11" nyumba ya uzazi  
   7 "l2nt:11" matokeo ya utafiti  
   7 "l2nt:11" kitangulizi cha 
matako  
   7 "l2nt:11" bomba la hewa  
   6 "l2nt:11" vituo vya afya  
   6 "l2nt:11" mwendo wa damu  
   6 "l2nt:11" magonjwa ya minyoo  
   6 "l2nt:11" hali ya afya  
   5 "l2nt:11" watumishi wa afya  
   5 "l2nt:11" tao la mifupa  
   5 "l2nt:11" programu za chanjo  
   5 "l2nt:11" nyumonia ya tauni  
   5 "l2nt:11" mifuko ya mbegu  
   5 "l2nt:11" huduma za kliniki  
   5 "l2nt:11" hali ya uzazi  
   4 "l2nt:11" upana wa hanamu  
   4 "l2nt:11" ujenzi wa choo  
   4 "l2nt:11" miinuko ya ngozi  
   4 "l2nt:11" kiwango cha vifo  
   4 "l2nt:11" kilango cha uke  
   4 "l2nt:11" kifafa cha uzazi  
   4 "l2nt:11" jaribio la uzazi  
   4 "l2nt:11" huduma za mazoezi  
   3 "l2nt:11" utoaji wa dawa  
   3 "l2nt:11" umuhimu wa chanjo  
   3 "l2nt:11" sehemu ya kinena  
   3 "l2nt:11" njia ya chanjo  
   3 "l2nt:11" mwanya wa utumbo  
   3 "l2nt:11" matatizo ya afya  
   3 "l2nt:11" magonjwa ya polio  
   3 "l2nt:11" kitengo cha 
utafiti  
   3 "l2nt:11" huduma za uzazi  
   3 "l2nt:11" huduma za chanjo  
   2 "l2nt:11" wafanyakazi wa 
afya  
   2 "l2nt:11" uvimbe wa mishipa  
   2 "l2nt:11" utumiaji wa vyoo  
   2 "l2nt:11" uso wa maji  
   2 "l2nt:11" urefu wa mwili  
   2 "l2nt:11" ulezi wa mapacha  
   2 "l2nt:11" uhaba wa chakula  
   2 "l2nt:11" uanzishaji wa 
kliniki  
2 "l2nt:11" uambukizo wa 
kitovu  
   2 "l2nt:11" takwimu za maradhi  
   2 "l2nt:11" shida ya njaa  
   2 "l2nt:11" rasi ya mfupa  
   2 "l2nt:11" programu ya lishe  
   2 "l2nt:11" pango la mifupa  
   2 "l2nt:11" ncha za vidole  
   2 "l2nt:11" mwanya wa mkojo  
   2 "l2nt:11" mradi wa lishe  
   2 "l2nt:11" mpango wa utafiti  
   2 "l2nt:11" michezo ya mwili  
   2 "l2nt:11" mazingira ya joto  
   2 "l2nt:11" mazao ya chakula  
   2 "l2nt:11" matumizi ya maji  
   2 "l2nt:11" mahitaji ya afya  
   2 "l2nt:11" mafunzo ya utafiti  
   2 "l2nt:11" maendeleo ya uzazi  
   2 "l2nt:11" mabadiliko ya 
kimwili  
   2 "l2nt:11" kundi la kisonono  
   2 "l2nt:11" kituo cha chanjo  
   2 "l2nt:11" kanuni za usafi  
   2 "l2nt:11" jointi za mifupa  
   2 "l2nt:11" idara ya ustawi  
   2 "l2nt:11" hali ya mgonjwa  
   2 "l2nt:11" eneo la tumbo  
   2 "l2nt:11" chama cha uzazi  
   2 "l2nt:11" bomba la sindano  
   2 "l2nt:11" athari za ugonjwa  
   1 "l2nt:11" zao la mizizi  
   1 "l2nt:11" wimbo wa afya  
   1 "l2nt:11" waziri wa afya  
   1 "l2nt:11" wataalamu wa afya  
   1 "l2nt:11" wataalam wa 
mazoezi  
   1 "l2nt:11" wataalam wa afya  
   1 "l2nt:11" wastani wa mayai  
   1 "l2nt:11" wanakamati wa afya  
   1 "l2nt:11" wafanyakazi wa 
hospitali  
   1 "l2nt:11" vyombo vya chakula  
   1 "l2nt:11" viwango vya vifo  
   1 "l2nt:11" vitambaa vya 
mikononi  
   1 "l2nt:11" vitabu vya afya  
   1 "l2nt:11" vipindi vya afya  
   1 "l2nt:11" vipande vya shashi  
   1 "l2nt:11" vipande vya kondo  
   1 "l2nt:11" vilabu vya pombe  
   1 "l2nt:11" vikundi vya ustawi  
   1 "l2nt:11" vidokezo vya afya  
   1 "l2nt:11" uwezo wa vimelea  
   1 "l2nt:11" uvimbe wa tezi  
   1 "l2nt:11" uvimbe wa ngozi  
   1 "l2nt:11" uvimbe wa miguu  
   1 "l2nt:11" uvamizi wa viungo  
 
 
12@
 
   1 "l2nt:11" uvamizi wa 
viluwiluwi  
1 "l2nt:11" uvamizi wa 
majeraha  
   1 "l2nt:11" uvamizi wa damu  
   1 "l2nt:11" utupaji wa kinyesi  
   1 "l2nt:11" utumiaji wa mafuta  
   1 "l2nt:11" utumiaji wa dawa  
   1 "l2nt:11" utoaji wa matibabu  
   1 "l2nt:11" utoaji wa homoni  
   1 "l2nt:11" utoaji wa enema  
   1 "l2nt:11" utoaji wa afya  
   1 "l2nt:11" utengenezaji wa 
mbegu  
1 "l2nt:11" utayarishaji wa 
maziwa  
1 "l2nt:11" utayarishaji wa 
kliniki  
1 "l2nt:11" utayarishaji wa 
chakula  
   1 "l2nt:11" utawala wa afya  
   1 "l2nt:11" utaratibu wa 
kliniki  
1 "l2nt:11" utangulizi wa 
matako  
1 "l2nt:11" ushirikiano wa 
wagonjwa  
   1 "l2nt:11" usalama wa maji  
   1 "l2nt:11" usafishaji wa 
sindano  
   1 "l2nt:11" urefu wa sindano  
   1 "l2nt:11" upungufu wa vifo  
   1 "l2nt:11" upungufu wa uzazi  
   1 "l2nt:11" upungufu wa 
oksijeni  
   1 "l2nt:11" upungufu wa maji  
   1 "l2nt:11" upungufu wa asidi  
   1 "l2nt:11" upungafu wa damu  
   1 "l2nt:11" upoteaji wa maji  
   1 "l2nt:11" upoteaji wa damu  
   1 "l2nt:11" upatikanaji wa 
chakula  
   1 "l2nt:11" upana wa vidole  
   1 "l2nt:11" umuhimu wa sabuni  
   1 "l2nt:11" umuhimu wa maziwa  
   1 "l2nt:11" umri wa mgonjwa  
   1 "l2nt:11" umbo la mwili  
   1 "l2nt:11" umaarufu wa maziwa  
   1 "l2nt:11" ulinzi wa mwili  
   1 "l2nt:11" ulaji wa chakula  
   1 "l2nt:11" ukubwa wa mwili  
   1 "l2nt:11" ukubwa wa mimba  
   1 "l2nt:11" ukosefu wa damu  
   1 "l2nt:11" ukingo wa nywele  
   1 "l2nt:11" ukingo wa kiganja  
   1 "l2nt:11" ukali wa tauni  
   1 "l2nt:11" ukaguzi wa kondo  
   1 "l2nt:11" ujuzi wa dawa  
   1 "l2nt:11" ujenzi wa visima  
   1 "l2nt:11" uharibifu wa 
viungo  
   1 "l2nt:11" uharibifu wa tishu  
   1 "l2nt:11" uharibifu wa ngozi  
   1 "l2nt:11" uharibifu wa 
mshipa  
1 "l2nt:11" uharibifu wa 
mishipa  
1 "l2nt:11" uharibifu wa 
mifupa  
   1 "l2nt:11" uharibifu wa mfupa  
   1 "l2nt:11" uhaba wa nishati  
   1 "l2nt:11" ugunduzi wa 
vimelea  
   1 "l2nt:11" ufugaji wa nyuki  
   1 "l2nt:11" uendeshaji wa 
kliniki  
   1 "l2nt:11" uendeshaji wa afya  
   1 "l2nt:11" udumishaji wa afya  
   1 "l2nt:11" uchujaji wa maji  
   1 "l2nt:11" uchimbaji wa choo  
   1 "l2nt:11" uchambuzi wa 
ugonjwa  
   1 "l2nt:11" ubora wa maziwa  
   1 "l2nt:11" uangalizi wa 
daktari  
1 "l2nt:11" uambukizo wa 
ukimwi  
   1 "l2nt:11" tundu la choo  
   1 "l2nt:11" tofauti za minyoo  
   1 "l2nt:11" tendo la ngono  
   1 "l2nt:11" tatizo la minyoo  
   1 "l2nt:11" tatizo la maji  
   1 "l2nt:11" tatizo la lishe  
   1 "l2nt:11" tathmini ya afya  
   1 "l2nt:11" tarehe za chanjo  
   1 "l2nt:11" taratibu za afya  
   1 "l2nt:11" tando za ubongo  
   1 "l2nt:11" tamko la afya  
   1 "l2nt:11" tabia ya uchafu  
   1 "l2nt:11" taasisi za afya  
   1 "l2nt:11" taasisi ya utafiti  
   1 "l2nt:11" taarifa za 
wagonjwa  
   1 "l2nt:11" taarifa za chanjo  
   1 "l2nt:11" stoo ya chakula  
   1 "l2nt:11" sinia la sindano  
   1 "l2nt:11" siku za afya  
   1 "l2nt:11" shughuli za uzazi  
   1 "l2nt:11" shughuli za ukunga  
   1 "l2nt:11" shughuli za lishe  
   1 "l2nt:11" shingo ya uzazi  
   1 "l2nt:11" shimo la choo  
   1 "l2nt:11" sera za utafiti  
   1 "l2nt:11" sera ya usafi  
   1 "l2nt:11" sehemu za viungo  
   1 "l2nt:11" sehemu za pafu  
   1 "l2nt:11" sehemu ya mwili  
   1 "l2nt:11" sehemu ya mrija  
   1 "l2nt:11" sehemu ya mfupa  
   1 "l2nt:11" sehemu ya kondo  
   1 "l2nt:11" sehemu ya kiumbe  
   1 "l2nt:11" sehemu ya kifua  
   1 "l2nt:11" ripoti ya mganga  
   1 "l2nt:11" rekodi za 
hospitali  
   1 "l2nt:11" rasi ya nyonga  
   1 "l2nt:11" rangi ya ngozi  
   1 "l2nt:11" rangi ya maji  
   1 "l2nt:11" rangi ya krimu  
   1 "l2nt:11" programu ya chanjo  
 
 
129
 
   1 "l2nt:11" povu la sabuni  
   1 "l2nt:11" pingili za vidole  
   1 "l2nt:11" pingili za nyonga  
   1 "l2nt:11" pindo la makombe  
   1 "l2nt:11" pembe za mfupa  
   1 "l2nt:11" nyumba ya kliniki  
   1 "l2nt:11" nusu ya dawa  
   1 "l2nt:11" njia ya maji  
   1 "l2nt:11" njia ya chakula  
   1 "l2nt:11" njia ya viluwiluwi  
   1 "l2nt:11" njia ya vidonda  
   1 "l2nt:11" njia ya usafi  
   1 "l2nt:11" njia ya uchafu  
   1 "l2nt:11" njia ya sindano  
   1 "l2nt:11" njia ya ngono  
   1 "l2nt:11" njia ya mshtuko  
   1 "l2nt:11" njia ya mrija  
   1 "l2nt:11" njia ya mishipa  
   1 "l2nt:11" njia ya mazoezi  
   1 "l2nt:11" njia ya kinyesi  
   1 "l2nt:11" ncha ya sindano  
   1 "l2nt:11" ncha ya pafu  
   1 "l2nt:11" mzungako wa damu  
   1 "l2nt:11" mwanzo wa mimba  
   1 "l2nt:11" musuli wa tako  
   1 "l2nt:11" musuli wa msamba  
   1 "l2nt:11" muda wa matibabu  
   1 "l2nt:11" msimu wa machungwa  
   1 "l2nt:11" mshiko wa kidole  
   1 "l2nt:11" mshauri wa afya  
   1 "l2nt:11" msaada wa darubini  
   1 "l2nt:11" msaada wa daktari  
   1 "l2nt:11" mradi wa maji  
   1 "l2nt:11" mradi wa afya  
   1 "l2nt:11" mpasuko wa ngozi  
   1 "l2nt:11" mpango wa uzazi  
   1 "l2nt:11" miti ya matunda  
   1 "l2nt:11" mipangilio ya 
utafiti  
   1 "l2nt:11" mikunjo ya ngozi  
   1 "l2nt:11" mikakati ya uzazi  
   1 "l2nt:11" mifuko ya plastiki  
   1 "l2nt:11" mifano ya maradhi  
   1 "l2nt:11" miezi ya uzazi  
   1 "l2nt:11" mchanganyiko wa 
vyakula  
1 "l2nt:11" mchanganyiko wa 
viinilishe  
1 "l2nt:11" mchanganyiko wa 
viini  
1 "l2nt:11" mchanganyiko wa 
utomwili  
1 "l2nt:11" mchanganyiko wa 
maziwa  
1 "l2nt:11" mchanganyiko wa 
damu  
   1 "l2nt:11" mbinu za uzazi  
   1 "l2nt:11" mazoea ya chakula  
   1 "l2nt:11" mazingira ya 
kiafya  
1 "l2nt:11" mazingara ya 
kliniki  
1 "l2nt:11" matumizi ya 
vyakula  
1 "l2nt:11" matumizi ya 
utafiti  
1 "l2nt:11" matumizi ya 
kemikali  
   1 "l2nt:11" matumizi ya dawa  
   1 "l2nt:11" matokeo ya ulemavu  
   1 "l2nt:11" matayarisho ya 
chakula  
1 "l2nt:11" matatizo ya 
nishati  
   1 "l2nt:11" matatizo ya moyo  
   1 "l2nt:11" matatizo ya mimba  
   1 "l2nt:11" matatizo ya meno  
   1 "l2nt:11" matatizo ya 
malaria  
1 "l2nt:11" matatizo ya 
mahusiano  
   1 "l2nt:11" matatizo ya lishe  
   1 "l2nt:11" maswala ya afya  
   1 "l2nt:11" mashirika ya dini  
   1 "l2nt:11" mashambulizi ya 
vimelea  
1 "l2nt:11" mashambulio ya 
vimelea  
   1 "l2nt:11" mashamba ya ndizi  
   1 "l2nt:11" mambo ya afya  
   1 "l2nt:11" majani ya karoti  
   1 "l2nt:11" maisha ya wagonjwa  
   1 "l2nt:11" maisha ya viumbe  
   1 "l2nt:11" maisha ya mgonjwa  
   1 "l2nt:11" maisha ya mbu  
   1 "l2nt:11" maisha ya kichocho  
   1 "l2nt:11" maingiliano ya 
kinywani  
1 "l2nt:11" mahitaji ya 
kliniki  
   1 "l2nt:11" magonjwa ya ukungu  
   1 "l2nt:11" magonjwa ya surua  
   1 "l2nt:11" magonjwa ya macho  
   1 "l2nt:11" magonjwa ya 
kipindupindu  
   1 "l2nt:11" maganda ya viazi  
   1 "l2nt:11" maganda ya ndizi  
   1 "l2nt:11" mafanikio ya 
matibabu  
   1 "l2nt:11" mafanikio ya kinga  
   1 "l2nt:11" maeneo ya ugonjwa  
   1 "l2nt:11" maeneo ya nyonga  
   1 "l2nt:11" maeneo ya mwili  
   1 "l2nt:11" maeneo ya malaria  
   1 "l2nt:11" maeneo ya malale  
   1 "l2nt:11" maendeleo ya mwili  
   1 "l2nt:11" madimbwi ya maji  
   1 "l2nt:11" mabaki ya vyakula  
   1 "l2nt:11" mabadiliko ya 
ngozi  
1 "l2nt:11" mabadiliko ya 
mwili  
   1 "l2nt:11" likizo ya uzazi  
   1 "l2nt:11" lengo la zoezi  
   1 "l2nt:11" kuta za utumbo  
   1 "l2nt:11" kuta za uke  
   1 "l2nt:11" kunjo za ngozi  
   1 "l2nt:11" kundi la minyoo  
   1 "l2nt:11" kovu la chanjo  
 
 
130
 
   1 "l2nt:11" kondo la uzazi  
   1 "l2nt:11" klabu ya pombe  
   1 "l2nt:11" kiwango cha uzazi  
   1 "l2nt:11" kiwango cha 
utapiamlo  
   1 "l2nt:11" kiwango cha afya  
   1 "l2nt:11" kitangulizi cha 
bega  
   1 "l2nt:11" kitana cha nywele  
   1 "l2nt:11" kirija cha mayai  
   1 "l2nt:11" kifuakikuu cha 
mapafu  
   1 "l2nt:11" kifafa cha mimba  
   1 "l2nt:11" kichwa cha pini  
   1 "l2nt:11" karatasi za 
mgonjwa  
1 "l2nt:11" karatasi za 
kliniki  
1 "l2nt:11" karatasi ya 
plastiki  
   1 "l2nt:11" kadi za kliniki  
   1 "l2nt:11" kadi ya mgonjwa  
   1 "l2nt:11" jina la mgonjwa  
   1 "l2nt:11" jamii ya viumbe  
   1 "l2nt:11" jamii ya kupe  
   1 "l2nt:11" idara ya mazoezi  
   1 "l2nt:11" idara ya maji  
   1 "l2nt:11" idara ya afya  
   1 "l2nt:11" huduma za kinga  
   1 "l2nt:11" huduma ya mazoezi  
   1 "l2nt:11" huduma ya matunzo  
   1 "l2nt:11" hofu ya mimba  
   1 "l2nt:11" hatua za 
viluwiluwi  
   1 "l2nt:11" hatua za uzazi  
   1 "l2nt:11" hatua ya ugonjwa  
   1 "l2nt:11" hatua ya mshtuko  
   1 "l2nt:11" hatari za dawa  
   1 "l2nt:11" hatari ya vijidudu  
   1 "l2nt:11" hali ya viungo  
   1 "l2nt:11" hali ya utapiamlo  
   1 "l2nt:11" hali ya ukavu  
   1 "l2nt:11" hali ya nguvu  
   1 "l2nt:11" hali ya mango  
   1 "l2nt:11" haki ya afya  
   1 "l2nt:11" gharama ya maziwa  
   1 "l2nt:11" gesi za sumu  
   1 "l2nt:11" faragha ya choo  
   1 "l2nt:11" faida ya karantini  
   1 "l2nt:11" elimu ya viumbe  
   1 "l2nt:11" elimu ya lishe  
   1 "l2nt:11" chimbuko la 
vimelea  
   1 "l2nt:11" chimbuko la mayai  
   1 "l2nt:11" chimbuko la 
kichocho  
   1 "l2nt:11" chembe cha moyo  
   1 "l2nt:11" chanzo cha ugonjwa  
   1 "l2nt:11" chanzo cha maji  
   1 "l2nt:11" bakteria wa 
kipindupindu  
   1 "l2nt:11" athari ya ubongo  
   1 "l2nt:11" athari ya joto  
   1 "l2nt:11" athari ya homa  
   1 "l2nt:11" asili ya ugonjwa  
   1 "l2nt:11" asili wa mbu  
 
HC-V + GEN-CON + HC-N "l2vt:12"  
 
6 "l2vt:12" kuchanika kwa 
msamba  
   4 "l2vt:12" kuvimba kwa tezi  
   4 "l2vt:12" kuenea kwa ugonjwa  
   4 "l2vt:12" kuenea kwa 
kipindupindu  
   3 "l2vt:12" kuvimba kwa viungo  
   2 "l2vt:12" kuzaliwa kwa kondo  
   2 "l2vt:12" kuvimba kwa hasua  
   2 "l2vt:12" kukua kwa mwili  
   2 "l2vt:12" kukua kwa mimba  
   2 "l2vt:12" kuenea kwa ukimwi  
   1 "l2vt:12" kuziba kwa koo  
   1 "l2vt:12" kuziba kwa mrija  
   1 "l2vt:12" kuziba kwa mishipa  
   1 "l2vt:12" kuzaliana kwa 
vimelea  
1 "l2vt:12" kuzaliana kwa 
vijidudu  
   1 "l2vt:12" kuzaliana kwa mbu  
   1 "l2vt:12" kuzaana kwa 
konokono  
   1 "l2vt:12" kuvimba kwa tezi.  
   1 "l2vt:12" kuvimba kwa mwili  
   1 "l2vt:12" kuvimba kwa miguu  
   1 "l2vt:12" kuvimba kwa mguu  
   1 "l2vt:12" kuumizwa kwa 
kibofu  
   1 "l2vt:12" kuumia kwa mwili  
   1 "l2vt:12" kuuma kwa mitoki  
   1 "l2vt:12" kupungua kwa 
utapiamlo  
   1 "l2vt:12" kupooza kwa viungo  
   1 "l2vt:12" kupooza kwa misuli  
   1 "l2vt:12" kupooza kwa miguu  
   1 "l2vt:12" kupevuka kwa mimba  
   1 "l2vt:12" kunawa kwa sabuni  
   1 "l2vt:12" kulemaa kwa mdomo  
   1 "l2vt:12" kulegea kwa misuli  
   1 "l2vt:12" kukua kwa yai  
   1 "l2vt:12" kukua kwa misuli  
   1 "l2vt:12" kukaza kwa kano  
   1 "l2vt:12" kukandwa kwa maji  
   1 "l2vt:12" kuhara kwa ameba  
   1 "l2vt:12" kuenea kwa kipuku  
   1 "l2vt:12" kuauni kwa mpira  
 
HC-V + GEN-CON + N "l2vt:13"  
 
6 "l2vt:13" kuenea kwa 
magonjwa  
   5 "l2vt:13" kuzaliwa kwa mtoto  
   2 "l2vt:13" kuvimba kwa jointi  
 
 
131
 
   2 "l2vt:13" kuvimba kwa ini  
   2 "l2vt:13" kupumua kwa taabu  
   2 "l2vt:13" kukua kwa mtoto  
   2 "l2vt:13" kukua kwa akili  
   1 "l2vt:13" kuziba kwa virija  
   1 "l2vt:13" kuvimba kwa wengu  
   1 "l2vt:13" kuvimba kwa uso  
   1 "l2vt:13" kuumbuka kwa 
kichwa  
1 "l2vt:13" kutunza kwa 
uangalifu  
1 "l2vt:13" kutibu kwa 
penicillin  
1 "l2vt:13" kutibika kwa 
haraka  
   1 "l2vt:13" kupungua kwa watu  
   1 "l2vt:13" kupumua kwa mtoto  
   1 "l2vt:13" kupevuka kwa 
kijiyai  
   1 "l2vt:13" kuoza kwa majani  
   1 "l2vt:13" kukojoa kwa taabu  
   1 "l2vt:13" kuenea kwa 
matumizi  
   1 "l2vt:13" kuchoka kwa mama  
 
 
INF + GEN-CON + HC-N "l2vt:14"  
 
12 "l2vt:14" kuharibika kwa 
mimba  
   3 "l2vt:14" kukawia kwa uzazi  
   3 "l2vt:14" kubaki kwa kondo  
   2 "l2vt:14" kutoboka kwa 
kibofu  
2 "l2vt:14" kutangulia kwa 
kondo  
2 "l2vt:14" kuonekana kwa 
macho  
   2 "l2vt:14" kulisha kwa chupa  
   2 "l2vt:14" kukubalika kwa 
vimelea  
   1 "l2vt:14" kuzuka kwa vimelea  
   1 "l2vt:14" kuzuka kwa ugonjwa  
   1 "l2vt:14" kuzuka kwa 
pepopunda  
   1 "l2vt:14" kuzuka kwa kansa  
   1 "l2vt:14" kuvunjika kwa 
mgongo  
1 "l2vt:14" kutoweka kwa 
nywele  
1 "l2vt:14" kutoboka kwa 
utumbo  
   1 "l2vt:14" kutoboka kwa jino  
   1 "l2vt:14" kusiriba kwa 
udongo  
1 "l2vt:14" kusigana kwa 
utumbo  
1 "l2vt:14" kusawazika kwa 
tumbo  
1 "l2vt:14" kurudia kwa 
ugonjwa  
   1 "l2vt:14" kurudi kwa mganga  
   1 "l2vt:14" kupotea kwa maji  
   1 "l2vt:14" kupoa kwa mwili  
   1 "l2vt:14" kupapasika kwa 
utosi  
1 "l2vt:14" kupanda kwa 
shinikizo  
   1 "l2vt:14" kupanda kwa joto  
   1 "l2vt:14" kuongezeka kwa 
nguvu  
1 "l2vt:14" kuongezeka kwa 
mbung'o  
1 "l2vt:14" kuongezeka kwa 
joto  
   1 "l2vt:14" kula kwa mikono  
   1 "l2vt:14" kujaa kwa majimaji  
   1 "l2vt:14" kujaa kwa hewa  
   1 "l2vt:14" kuhema kwa mdomo  
   1 "l2vt:14" kubanwa kwa 
mishipa  
   1 "l2vt:14" kubanwa kwa mifupa  
   1 "l2vt:14" kubanduka kwa 
kondo  
   1 "l2vt:14" kuanza kwa hedhi  
   1 "l2vt:14" kuambata kwa kondo  
 
HC-N + PREP + HC-N "l2nt:15"  
 
   2 "l2nt:15" sugu kwa dawa  
   2 "l2nt:15" mayai hadi mbu  
   2 "l2nt:15" maji katika 
mishipa  
2 "l2nt:15" jeraha katika 
ubongo  
2 "l2nt:15" damu chini_ya 
ngozi  
1 "l2nt:15" vidonda ndani_ya 
uke  
1 "l2nt:15" vidonda katika 
kiungo  
   1 "l2nt:15" ute katika mkojo  
   1 "l2nt:15" ugonjwa katika 
damu  
   1 "l2nt:15" tauni katika mwili  
   1 "l2nt:15" mkojo katika 
kibofu  
1 "l2nt:15" minyoo kwenye 
darubini  
1 "l2nt:15" maumivu kwenye 
tezi  
1 "l2nt:15" maumivu kwenye 
nyonga  
1 "l2nt:15" maumivu katika 
nyonga  
1 "l2nt:15" matibabu kwa 
mgonjwa  
1 "l2nt:15" malengelenge 
katika kondo  
1 "l2nt:15" malaria katika 
viungo  
 
 
132
 
1 "l2nt:15" malale katika 
mwili  
1 "l2nt:15" madhara katika 
moyo  
   1 "l2nt:15" kupe mwenye ngozi  
   1 "l2nt:15" kupe mwenye gamba  
   1 "l2nt:15" jeraha katika 
ngozi  
1 "l2nt:15" dawa kwa_ajili_ya 
malengelenge  
1 "l2nt:15" chanjo dhidi_ya 
ukimwi  
1 "l2nt:15" chanjo dhidi_ya 
pepopunda  
   1 "l2nt:15" chakula kwa afya  
   1 "l2nt:15" antibodi dhidi_ya 
antijeni  
 
HC-V + PREP + HC-N "l2vt:18"  
 
  12 "l2vt:18" kupevuka kwa mimba  
   3 "l2vt:18" kuishi katika afya  
   2 "l2vt:18" kuzuia kwa chanjo  
   2 "l2vt:18" kuenea kwa 
kipindupindu  
1 "l2vt:18" kuzuilika kwa 
chanjo  
1 "l2vt:18" kuzuia kutoka_kwa 
damu  
1 "l2vt:18" kuzaliana 
ndani_ya vyoo  
1 "l2vt:18" kuzaliana 
ndani_ya jeraha  
1 "l2vt:18" kuzaliana kwa 
mainzi  
   1 "l2vt:18" kuzaana kwa mbu  
   1 "l2vt:18" kuvimba kwa chanjo  
   1 "l2vt:18" kutungwa kwa yai  
   1 "l2vt:18" kutunga kwa mimba  
   1 "l2vt:18" kutibiwa katika 
kliniki  
1 "l2vt:18" kusambaa kwa 
vijidudu  
1 "l2vt:18" kusambaa kwa 
kaswende  
   1 "l2vt:18" kupungua kwa uzito  
   1 "l2vt:18" kupooza kwa mikono  
   1 "l2vt:18" kupona kwa mitoki  
   1 "l2vt:18" kupevuka kwa yai  
   1 "l2vt:18" kuoza kwa jino  
   1 "l2vt:18" kuota kwa meno  
   1 "l2vt:18" kunawa kwa sabuni  
   1 "l2vt:18" kulegea kwa mikazo  
   1 "l2vt:18" kukua ndani_ya 
mwili  
   1 "l2vt:18" kukua kwa mimba  
   1 "l2vt:18" kukomaa kwa kifua  
   1 "l2vt:18" kukojoa katika 
maji  
1 "l2vt:18" kukojoa baada_ya 
uzazi  
1 "l2vt:18" kukakamaa kwa 
mishipa  
1 "l2vt:18" kuhara 
kwa_sababu_ya 
uchafu  
1 "l2vt:18" kugunduliwa kwa 
dawa  
1 "l2vt:18" kugundua kwa 
utafiti  
1 "l2vt:18" kueneza kwa 
uasherati  
   1 "l2vt:18" kuenea kwa sumu  
   1 "l2vt:18" kuenea katika 
viungo  
   1 "l2vt:18" kuenea katika damu  
   1 "l2vt:18" kuchoka kwa moyo  
 
 
INF + PREP + HC-N "l2vt:20"  
 
   3 "l2vt:20" kukawia kwa uzazi  
   3 "l2vt:20" kuharibika kwa 
mimba  
2 "l2vt:20" kutoka katika 
hospitali  
2 "l2vt:20" kuonekana kwa 
darubini  
   1 "l2vt:20" kuzuka kwa ugonjwa  
   1 "l2vt:20" kushambuliwa kwa 
mapafu  
1 "l2vt:20" kurekebishwa kwa 
operesheni  
1 "l2vt:20" kupitia katika 
unyeo  
1 "l2vt:20" kupitia katika 
kondo  
1 "l2vt:20" kupita katika 
nyonga  
1 "l2vt:20" kuongezeka kwa 
wagonjwa  
1 "l2vt:20" kuonekana kwa 
macho  
1 "l2vt:20" kuingiza ndani_ya 
uke  
1 "l2vt:20" kuingia katika 
damu  
1 "l2vt:20" kuhimili kwa 
shashi  
1 "l2vt:20" kufa 
kwa_sababu_ya 
ugonjwa  
   1 "l2vt:20" kufa kwa mimba  
   1 "l2vt:20" kueleza juu_ya 
dawa  
1 "l2vt:20" kuchovya katika 
maji  
   1 "l2vt:20" kubonyea kwa pua  
   1 "l2vt:20" kubanwa kwa 
mishipa  
   1 "l2vt:20" kubanwa kwa kibofu  
 
 
133
 
   1 "l2vt:20" kubaki kwa kondo     1 "l2vt:20" kuanza kwa mikazo 
 
HC-N + GEN-CON + INF  "l2nt:22" 
 
   6 "l2nt:22" mfupa wa kukalia  
   2 "l2nt:22" ugonjwa wa 
kuharisha  
   2 "l2nt:22" meno ya kudumu  
   2 "l2nt:22" hewa ya kutosha  
   2 "l2nt:22" hamu ya kula  
   1 "l2nt:22" uambukizo wa 
kudumu  
   1 "l2nt:22" mbegu za kuotesha  
   1 "l2nt:22" mazoezi ya kutosha  
   1 "l2nt:22" mafuta ya kupakaa  
   1 "l2nt:22" madhara ya kudumu  
   1 "l2nt:22" homa za 
kurudiarudia  
   1 "l2nt:22" dawa za kupakaa  
   1 "l2nt:22" dawa za kuchoma  
   1 "l2nt:22" dawa ya kupulizia  
   1 "l2nt:22" dawa ya kupakaa  
 
HC-N + HC-V  "l2nt:24"  
 
   1 "l2nt:24" ugonjwa kukomaa  
   1 "l2nt:24" homa kupungua  
   1 "l2nt:24" bandama kunenepa  
 
HC-N + INF  "l2nt:25" 
 
   2 "l2nt:25" mimba kutoka  
   1 "l2nt:25" tumbo kujaa  
   1 "l2nt:25" mimba kuharibika  
   1 "l2nt:25" macho kugeuka  
   1 "l2nt:25" kondo kutoka  
 
N + HC-V  "l2nt:26" 
 
   2 "l2nt:26" mtu kuumwa  
   2 "l2nt:26" mtoto kuzaliwa  
   2 "l2nt:26" mama kuzaa  
   2 "l2nt:26" mama kupasuliwa 
 
HC-N + POSS + HC-N  "l2nt:27" 
 
   2 "l2nt:27" mwili wenye afya  
   2 "l2nt:27" mgonjwa mwenye 
ukimwi  
   2 "l2nt:27" damu yenye vimelea  
   2 "l2nt:27" chakula chenye 
protini  
1 "l2nt:27" wagonjwa wenye 
virusi  
1 "l2nt:27" wagonjwa wenye 
tauni  
1 "l2nt:27" vyakula vyenye 
sukari  
1 "l2nt:27" vyakula vyenye 
chumvi  
   1 "l2nt:27" sindano zenye dawa  
   1 "l2nt:27" pafu zenye ugonjwa  
   1 "l2nt:27" mishipa wenye 
maumivu  
1 "l2nt:27" minyoo yenye 
madhara  
   1 "l2nt:27" mikazo yenye nguvu  
   1 "l2nt:27" mguu wenye kilema  
   1 "l2nt:27" mgonjwa mwenye 
kidonda  
   1 "l2nt:27" meno yenye afya  
   1 "l2nt:27" maziwa yenye maji  
   1 "l2nt:27" matunda yenye 
uchachu  
   1 "l2nt:27" maji yenye vimelea  
   1 "l2nt:27" maji yenye 
uvuguvugu  
1 "l2nt:27" maji yenye 
konokono  
1 "l2nt:27" kondo yenye 
ugonjwa  
1 "l2nt:27" kipele chenye 
maumivu  
   1 "l2nt:27" dutu zenye sumu  
   1 "l2nt:27" dawa zenye madini  
   1 "l2nt:27" dawa yenye madini
 
HC-N + POSS + N  "l2nt:28" 
 
2 "l2nt:28" uzazi wenye 
matatizo  
   2 "l2nt:28" pamba yenye spirit  
   1 "l2nt:28" pamba yenye savlon  
   1 "l2nt:28" nyama yenye ladha  
   1 "l2nt:28" mkojo wenye rangi  
   1 "l2nt:28" mkojo wenye 
acetone  
1 "l2nt:28" mgonjwa mwenye 
nyumonia  
1 "l2nt:28" maji yenye 
vuguvugu  
   1 "l2nt:28" dutu zenye hatari  
   1 "l2nt:28" dawa yenye 
potassium  
1 "l2nt:28" chupa zenye 
vifuniko  
   1 "l2nt:28" choo chenye bomba  
 
 
134
 
 
N + POSS + HC-N  "l2nt:29"  
 
4 "l2nt:29" maeneo yenye 
malaria  
3 "l2nt:29" wanawake wenye 
mimba  
3 "l2nt:29" mnyama mwenye 
kichaa  
   2 "l2nt:29" watu wenye kinga  
   2 "l2nt:29" nyumba yenye afya  
   2 "l2nt:29" mtoto mwenye afya  
   1 "l2nt:29" watu wenye virusi  
   1 "l2nt:29" watu wenye 
majeraha  
   1 "l2nt:29" watu wenye kifua  
   1 "l2nt:29" watoto wenye 
utapiamlo  
1 "l2nt:29" watoto wenye 
ukimwi  
1 "l2nt:29" wanyama wenye 
minyoo  
1 "l2nt:29" uvimbe wenye 
maumivu  
   1 "l2nt:29" taifa lenye afya  
   1 "l2nt:29" nchi zenye baridi  
   1 "l2nt:29" mzazi mwenye 
mapacha  
   1 "l2nt:29" mtu mwenye vimelea  
   1 "l2nt:29" mtu mwenye 
vijidudu  
   1 "l2nt:29" mtu mwenye upele  
   1 "l2nt:29" mtoto mwenye 
ugonjwa  
1 "l2nt:29" mtoto mwenye 
kilema  
   1 "l2nt:29" mama wenye mimba  
   1 "l2nt:29" mama mwenye kifua  
   1 "l2nt:29" maeneo yenye 
unyevunyevu  
   1 "l2nt:29" maeneo yenye  
   ugonjwa  
   1 "l2nt:29" madawa yenye sumu  
   1 "l2nt:29" eneo lenye ugonjwa  
   1 "l2nt:29" eneo lenye malaria  
   1 "l2nt:29" bwawa lenye 
kichocho  
1 "l2nt:29" akina_mama wenye 
mimba  
 
HC-V + ADV  "l2nt:30" 
 
   5 "l2nt:30" kutibiwa mapema  
   5 "l2nt:30" kukua vizuri  
   3 "l2nt:30" kunyonya sawasawa  
   2 "l2nt:30" kupasuka mapema  
   2 "l2nt:30" kunyonyesha 
mara_kwa_mara  
2 "l2nt:30" kukojoa 
mara_kwa_mara  
   1 "l2nt:30" kuzaa salama  
   1 "l2nt:30" kuumbuka ghafla  
   1 "l2nt:30" kuugua ghafla  
   1 "l2nt:30" kutunzwa vizuri  
   1 "l2nt:30" kutunza vizuri  
   1 "l2nt:30" kusukuma mapema  
   1 "l2nt:30" kusedeka kwa_mfano  
   1 "l2nt:30" kupumua vizuri  
   1 "l2nt:30" kupofuka taratibu  
   1 "l2nt:30" kuozwa mapema  
   1 "l2nt:30" kuoga vizuri  
   1 "l2nt:30" kuoga 
mara_kwa_mara  
   1 "l2nt:30" kuishi vizuri  
   1 "l2nt:30" kugundulika mapema  
   1 "l2nt:30" kuchunguza vizuri  
   1 "l2nt:30" kuchunguza 
kwa_makini  
   1 "l2nt:30" kuchanjwa tena 
 
HC-N + A-INFL + GEN-CON + N "l3nt:1" 
 
3 "l3nt:1" mganga mkuu wa 
wilaya  
1 "l3nt:1" vimelea vingi vya 
magonjwa  
1 "l3nt:1" vijidudu vingi 
vya magonjwa  
1 "l3nt:1" viini vingi vya 
magonjwa  
1 "l3nt:1" utosi mdogo wa 
nyuma  
1 "l3nt:1" mbu wazima wa 
anofelina  
1 "l3nt:1" maziwa mazito ya 
njano  
1 "l3nt:1" dalili kubwa za 
magonjwa  
1 "l3nt:1" dalili kubwa ya 
shankaroidi  
1 "l3nt:1" chakula kizuri 
cha sungura  
1 "l3nt:1" afya nzuri ya 
mtoto  
 
HC-N + A-INFL + GEN-CON + HC-N "l3nt:2" 
 
3 "l3nt:2" chembe nyekundu 
ya damu  
2 "l3nt:2" mishipa midogo ya 
damu  
1 "l3nt:2" ute mweupe wa 
majimaji  
1 "l3nt:2" ugonjwa mpya wa 
uasherati  
 
 
135
 
1 "l3nt:2" ugonjwa mkuu wa 
virusi  
1 "l3nt:2" ngozi nyororo ya 
kitambi  
   1 "l3nt:2" mfumo mkuu wa neva  
   1 "l3nt:2" damu nyingi ya 
hedhi  
1 "l3nt:2" dalili kuu za 
ukimwi  
1 "l3nt:2" dalili kubwa za 
ugonjwa  
1 "l3nt:2" dalili kubwa za 
polio  
1 "l3nt:2" dalili kubwa za 
kipindupindu  
1 "l3nt:2" dalili kubwa za 
homa  
1 "l3nt:2" dalili kubwa ya 
ugonjwa  
1 "l3nt:2" dalili kubwa ya 
kansa  
1 "l3nt:2" chembe nyekundu 
za damu  
 
N + A-INFL + GEN-CON + HC-N "l3nt:3" 
 
2 "l3nt:3" vyanzo vidogovidogo vya maji  
1 "l3nt:3" vyanzo vizuri vya utomwili  
1 "l3nt:3" vyanzo vizuri vya madini  
1 "l3nt:3" uwiano mzuri wa madini  
1 "l3nt:3" tatizo kubwa la kiafya  
1 "l3nt:3" sehemu nyeti za mwili  
1 "l3nt:3" njia mojawapo ya matibabu  
1 "l3nt:3" mazingira mazuri ya afya  
   1 "l3nt:3" matumizi mazuri ya choo  
   1 "l3nt:3" kiwango kikubwa cha viinilishe  
1 "l3nt:3" kiasi kikubwa cha utomwili  
1 "l3nt:3" kiasi kikubwa cha nishati  
1 "l3nt:3" kiasi kidogo cha maji  
1 "l3nt:3" huduma nzuri za afya  
1 "l3nt:3" hatari kubwa ya maambukizo  
1 "l3nt:3" gharama kubwa za matibabu  
1 "l3nt:3" adui mkubwa wa meno  
 
 HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N + GEN-CON + ADV "l3nt:7" 
 
1 "l3nt:7" viungo vya uzazi vya nje  
1 "l3nt:7" viungo vya uzazi vya ndani  
1 "l3nt:7" kombe la kiuno la kike 
 
HC-N + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + ADV "l3nt:8" 
 
1 "l3nt:8" usafi wa hali ya juu  
1 "l3nt:8" nguvu za asili za nje  
1 "l3nt:8" kliniki za watoto za nje 
 
N + GEN-CON + HC-N + GEN-CON + ADV "l3nt:9" 
 
3 "l3nt:9" pango la nyonga la kike  
1 "l3nt:9" vituo vya afya vya awali  
1 "l3nt:9" utengenezaji wa mbegu za kiume  
1 "l3nt:9" ukaguzi wa kondo ya nyuma  
1 "l3nt:9" pango la nyonga la kiume  
1 "l3nt:9" miinuko ya ngozi ya nje  
1 "l3nt:9" kituo cha afya cha karibu  
 
N + GEN-CON + HC-N + GEN-CON + N "l3nt:10" 
 
   6 "l3nt:10" huduma ya afya ya msingi  
   2 "l3nt:10" upungufu wa damu ya mama  
   2 "l3nt:10" rasi ya mfupa wa pingili  
   2 "l3nt:10" huduma za kliniki ya watoto  
   1 "l3nt:10" watumishi wa afya ya jamii  
   1 "l3nt:10" watumishi wa afya wa jumuia  
   1 "l3nt:10" vikwazo vya kliniki ya watoto  
   1 "l3nt:10" vikundi vya ustawi wa jamii  
 
 
13A
 
   1 "l3nt:10" vidokezo vya afya ya mama  
   1 "l3nt:10" uzi wa kitovu cha mtoto  
   1 "l3nt:10" uvimbe wa ngozi ya kichwa  
   1 "l3nt:10" utoaji wa matibabu ya shida  
   1 "l3nt:10" utayarishaji wa maziwa ya kopo  
   1 "l3nt:10" upungufu wa vifo vya watoto  
   1 "l3nt:10" upana wa vidole vya mkono  
   1 "l3nt:10" umuhimu wa maziwa ya mama  
   1 "l3nt:10" umaarufu wa maziwa ya mama  
   1 "l3nt:10" ukingo wa nywele za mtoto  
   1 "l3nt:10" ukingo wa kiganja cha mkono  
   1 "l3nt:10" uharibifu wa mishipa ya limfatiki  
   1 "l3nt:10" ubora wa maziwa ya mama  
   1 "l3nt:10" uambukizo wa kitovu cha mtoto  
   1 "l3nt:10" takwimu za maradhi ya msimu  
   1 "l3nt:10" siku za afya za kijiji  
   1 "l3nt:10" sehemu ya kifua cha nzi  
   1 "l3nt:10" rangi ya maji ya mchele  
   1 "l3nt:10" pango la nyonga ya mama  
   1 "l3nt:10" pango la nyonga la mama  
   1 "l3nt:10" mshauri wa afya wa kanda  
   1 "l3nt:10" matokeo ya ulemavu wa msingi  
   1 "l3nt:10" matokeo ya nguvu za asili  
   1 "l3nt:10" mafunzo ya afya ya jumla  
   1 "l3nt:10" kiwango cha vifo vya wanawake  
   1 "l3nt:10" karatasi za kliniki za watoto  
   1 "l3nt:10" huduma za uzazi wa mpango  
   1 "l3nt:10" huduma za kliniki za watoto  
   1 "l3nt:10" huduma za afya ya watoto  
   1 "l3nt:10" huduma za afya ya msingi  
   1 "l3nt:10" huduma ya afya ya mama  
   1 "l3nt:10" chimbuko la vimelea vya magonjwa  
   1 "l3nt:10" athari ya homa ya ini  
 
N + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + HC-N "l3nt:11" 
 
  27 "l3nt:11" shingo ya mji wa mimba  
   5 "l3nt:11" mlango wa pango la nyonga  
   4 "l3nt:11" uambukizo wa mji wa mimba  
   3 "l3nt:11" wafanyakazi wa sekta ya afya  
   2 "l3nt:11" wafanyakazi wa idara ya ustawi  
   2 "l3nt:11" uvungu wa pango la nyonga  
   2 "l3nt:11" utokeo wa pango la nyonga  
   2 "l3nt:11" somo la elimu ya afya  
   1 "l3nt:11" watumishi wa sekta ya afya  
   1 "l3nt:11" watu wa idara ya maji  
   1 "l3nt:11" watekelezaji wa sera ya usafi  
   1 "l3nt:11" walimu wa huduma za afya  
   1 "l3nt:11" wakufunzi wa mpango wa utafiti  
   1 "l3nt:11" wadudu wa jamii ya kupe  
   1 "l3nt:11" vipengele vya huduma ya afya  
   1 "l3nt:11" viongozi wa idara ya afya  
   1 "l3nt:11" vilengelenge vya sehemu za siri  
   1 "l3nt:11" uzuwio wa upungufu wa damu  
   1 "l3nt:11" uvimbe wa mifuko ya mbegu  
   1 "l3nt:11" utoaji wa huduma za afya  
   1 "l3nt:11" usimamiaji wa shughuli za lishe  
   1 "l3nt:11" upeo wa mradi wa maji  
   1 "l3nt:11" ukuta wa nyumba ya uzazi  
   1 "l3nt:11" ukubwa wa tatizo la minyoo  
   1 "l3nt:11" ukubwa wa pango la nyonga  
   1 "l3nt:11" uboreshaji wa hali ya usafi  
   1 "l3nt:11" uamuzi wa shirika la afya  
   1 "l3nt:11" tundu la bomba la hewa  
   1 "l3nt:11" tando za uti wa mgongo  
 
 
13?
 
   1 "l3nt:11" shughuli za mafunzo ya utafiti  
   1 "l3nt:11" robo ya urefu wa mwili  
   1 "l3nt:11" programu ya huduma ya afya  
   1 "l3nt:11" njia ya mafunzo ya afya  
   1 "l3nt:11" mstari wa kati wa pua  
   1 "l3nt:11" msingi wa pango la nyonga  
   1 "l3nt:11" mshikamano wa shirika la afya  
   1 "l3nt:11" msaada wa shirika la afya  
   1 "l3nt:11" mratibu wa mradi wa lishe  
   1 "l3nt:11" mratibu wa huduma za afya  
   1 "l3nt:11" mlango wa nyumba ya uzazi  
   1 "l3nt:11" mkutano wa shirika la afya  
   1 "l3nt:11" matumizi ya matokeo ya utafiti  
   1 "l3nt:11" matokeo ya mashambulio ya vimelea  
   1 "l3nt:11" majina ya magonjwa ya zinaa  
   1 "l3nt:11" majarida ya huduma ya afya  
   1 "l3nt:11" magonjwa ya njia ya hewa  
   1 "l3nt:11" magonjwa ya njia ya chakula  
   1 "l3nt:11" magonjwa ya kundi la kisonono  
   1 "l3nt:11" mafunzo ya wataalam wa mazoezi  
   1 "l3nt:11" mafunzo ya elimu ya lishe  
   1 "l3nt:11" mafanikio ya utaalam ya utafiti  
   1 "l3nt:11" mafanikio ya elimu ya afya  
   1 "l3nt:11" maeneo ya pango la nyonga  
   1 "l3nt:11" mabadiliko ya taratibu za afya  
   1 "l3nt:11" kozi ya mafunzo ya utafiti  
   1 "l3nt:11" kipindi cha redio cha afya  
   1 "l3nt:11" kampeni za elimu ya afya  
   1 "l3nt:11" ishara za upungufu wa damu  
   1 "l3nt:11" huduma za awali za tiba  
   1 "l3nt:11" hofu ya magonjwa ya zinaa  
   1 "l3nt:11" historia ya huduma za mazoezi  
   1 "l3nt:11" hatua ya mwisho ya ugonjwa  
   1 "l3nt:11" hatua ya mwanzo ya ugonjwa  
   1 "l3nt:11" hatua ya mwanzo ya homa  
   1 "l3nt:11" gharama ya ujenzi wa choo  
   1 "l3nt:11" athari za upungufu wa damu  
   1 "l3nt:11" athari za magonjwa ya uasherati  
 
N + GEN-CON + HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N "l3nt:12" 
 
   4 "l3nt:12" tao la mifupa ya kinena  
   3 "l3nt:12" huduma za mazoezi ya viungo  
   2 "l3nt:12" mifuko ya mbegu za uzazi  
   1 "l3nt:12" viwango vya vifo vya wajawazito  
   1 "l3nt:12" utoaji wa dawa za matibabu  
   1 "l3nt:12" utoaji wa dawa za malaria  
   1 "l3nt:12" uharibifu wa mfupa wa pua  
   1 "l3nt:12" ugunduzi wa vimelea vya ukimwi  
   1 "l3nt:12" tofauti za minyoo ya kichocho  
   1 "l3nt:12" tabia ya uchafu wa mwili  
   1 "l3nt:12" taasisi ya utafiti wa tiba  
   1 "l3nt:12" sehemu za viungo vya uzazi  
   1 "l3nt:12" pango la mifupa ya nyonga  
   1 "l3nt:12" njia ya uchafu wa mikono  
   1 "l3nt:12" njia ya mrija wa mpira  
   1 "l3nt:12" njia ya mishipa ya vena  
   1 "l3nt:12" mkusanyiko wa majimaji ya limfu  
   1 "l3nt:12" maisha ya wagonjwa wa ukimwi  
   1 "l3nt:12" idara ya mazoezi ya viungo  
   1 "l3nt:12" huduma za kinga ya maradhi  
   1 "l3nt:12" huduma ya mazoezi ya viungo  
   1 "l3nt:12" athari za ugonjwa wa ukimwi  
 
 
 
13@
 
 HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N + GEN-CON + N "l3nt:13" 
 
   3 "l3nt:13" mapigo ya moyo wa mtoto  
   2 "l3nt:13" vimelea vya homa ya vipindi  
   2 "l3nt:13" tauni ya tezi za limfatiki  
   2 "l3nt:13" majeraha ya mishipa ya fahamu  
   2 "l3nt:13" unyonyeshaji wa maziwa ya mama   
   1 "l3nt:13" vyakula vya protini ya wanyama  
   1 "l3nt:13" vidonge vya madini ya chuma  
   1 "l3nt:13" utafiti wa matibabu ya binaadamu  
   1 "l3nt:13" umbile la yai la kuku  
   1 "l3nt:13" upimaji wa uzito wa watoto  
   1 "l3nt:13" mwili wa viroboto vya panya  
   1 "l3nt:13" mishipa ya damu ya ini  
   1 "l3nt:13" minyoo ya safura ya mbwa  
   1 "l3nt:13" mifupa ya nyonga ya mama  
   1 "l3nt:13" mfumo wa damu wa binadamu  
   1 "l3nt:13" kimelea cha homa ya vipindi  
   1 "l3nt:13" dalili za ugonjwa wa toxacara  
   1 "l3nt:13" dalili za ugonjwa wa filaria  
   1 "l3nt:13" dalili za maradhi ya watoto  
 
HC-N + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + HC-N "l3nt:14" 
 
   8 "l3nt:14" mikazo ya mji wa mimba  
   3 "l3nt:14" nguvu ya mwendo wa damu  
   3 "l3nt:14" mfupa wa pingili za nyonga  
   2 "l3nt:14" uzazi wa kitangulizi cha matako  
   2 "l3nt:14" ngozi za mfuko wa maji  
   1 "l3nt:14" vimelea vya kundi la virusi  
   1 "l3nt:14" vimelea vya kundi la protozoa  
   1 "l3nt:14" vena ya uzi wa kitovu  
   1 "l3nt:14" ulegevu wa mji wa mimba  
   1 "l3nt:14" tiba ya magonjwa ya uasherati  
   1 "l3nt:14" mzunguko wa maisha ya minyoo  
   1 "l3nt:14" mishipa ya mji wa mimba  
   1 "l3nt:14" mfupa wa uti wa mgongo  
   1 "l3nt:14" maumivu ya njia ya mkojo  
   1 "l3nt:14" matunda ya rangi ya machungwa  
   1 "l3nt:14" matibabu ya upungufu wa damu  
   1 "l3nt:14" matibabu ya njia ya joto  
   1 "l3nt:14" madhara ya upungufu wa damu  
   1 "l3nt:14" madhara ya ukosefu wa chakula  
   1 "l3nt:14" madhara ya magonjwa ya minyoo  
   1 "l3nt:14" kliniki za chama cha uzazi  
   1 "l3nt:14" kiwiliwili cha mji wa mimba  
   1 "l3nt:14" kipimo cha wingi wa maziwa  
   1 "l3nt:14" kinga ya upungufu wa damu  
   1 "l3nt:14" homa ya uti wa mgongo  
   1 "l3nt:14" dalili za ukosefu wa chakula  
   1 "l3nt:14" dalili za mkereketo wa koo  
   1 "l3nt:14" dalili za magonjwa ya uasherati  
   1 "l3nt:14" dalili za awali za ugonjwa  
   1 "l3nt:14" dalili za awali za kisonono  
   1 "l3nt:14" dalili ya uvamizi wa ameba  
 
HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N "l3nt:15" 
 
   2 "l3nt:15" ugonjwa wa upofu wa macho  
   2 "l3nt:15" kiungo cha kombe la kiuno  
   2 "l3nt:15" kichocho cha mfumo wa mkojo  
   1 "l3nt:15" viroboto vya ugonjwa wa upofu  
   1 "l3nt:15" vipimo vya uchunguzi wa damu  
   1 "l3nt:15" vijidudu vya ugonjwa wa pepopunda  
   1 "l3nt:15" vijidudu vya ugonjwa wa malaria  
 
 
139
 
   1 "l3nt:15" vijidudu vya ugonjwa wa kaswende  
   1 "l3nt:15" upunguzaji wa vimelea vya malaria    
   1 "l3nt:15" utafiti wa dawa za tiba  
   1 "l3nt:15" umbile la mifupa ya nyonga  
   1 "l3nt:15" nguvu za kinga ya mwili  
   1 "l3nt:15" msukumo wa maji ya mimba  
   1 "l3nt:15" mifupa ya kombe la kiuno  
   1 "l3nt:15" mayai ya minyoo ya kichocho  
   1 "l3nt:15" kansa ya kibofu cha mkojo  
   1 "l3nt:15" dalili za ugonjwa wa malaria  
   1 "l3nt:15" dalili za ugonjwa wa homa  
   1 "l3nt:15" dalili za ugonjwa wa chirwa  
   1 "l3nt:15" dalili za kisonono cha koo  
 
HC-N + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + N "l3nt:16" 
 
   4 "l3nt:16" vimelea vya kundi la bakteria  
   3 "l3nt:16" ugonjwa wa watu wa umri  
   1 "l3nt:16" upimaji wa upana wa utokeo  
   1 "l3nt:16" ukuaji wa maendeleo ya mtoto  
   1 "l3nt:16" vyoo vya shimo vya umma  
   1 "l3nt:16" vimelea vya kundi la yeast  
   1 "l3nt:16" ngozi ya kichwa cha mtoto  
   1 "l3nt:16" mifupa ya paji la uso  
   1 "l3nt:16" afya za mamilioni ya watu  
 
HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N + PREP + HC-N "l3nt:17" 
 
   1 "l3nt:17" vimelea vya tauni katika mwili  
   1 "l3nt:17" vimelea vya malaria kwenye darubini  
   1 "l3nt:17" vimelea vya malaria katika viungo  
   1 "l3nt:17" vijidudu vya ugonjwa katika damu  
   1 "l3nt:17" sumu ya vimelea kwenye ubongo  
   1 "l3nt:17" mazoezi ya viungo kwenye hospitali  
   1 "l3nt:17" mayai ya minyoo kwenye darubini  
   1 "l3nt:17" kinga ya mwili dhidi_ya maradhi  
   1 "l3nt:17" dalili za jeraha katika ubongo  
 
HC-N + GEN-CON + N + PREP + HC-N "l3nt:18" 
 
   1 "l3nt:18" uzazi wa mpasuo katika mimba  
   1 "l3nt:18" homa ya vipindi katika mwili  
   1 "l3nt:18" dawa za kinga kwa ugonjwa  
   1 "l3nt:18" dawa za kinga kwa kipindupindu  
 
HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N + PREP + N "l3nt:19" 
 
   1 "l3nt:19" ugonjwa wa chirwa katika watoto  
   1 "l3nt:19" mfumo wa afya kwa ujumla  
   1 "l3nt:19" mfumo wa afya katika wizara  
   1 "l3nt:19" mazoezi ya viungo kwenye jamii  
   1 "l3nt:19" ambukizo la ugonjwa kwa watoto 
 
 N + GEN-CON + HC-N + PREP + HC-N "l3nt:21" 
 
   1 "l3nt:21" shughuli za uchanjaji katika kliniki  
   1 "l3nt:21" mkusanyiko wa damu chini_ya ngozi  
   1 "l3nt:21" mchanganyiko wa damu katika mkojo  
   1 "l3nt:21" mashambulizi ya vimelea katika mishipa  
   1 "l3nt:21" maisha ya kichocho katika maji  
   1 "l3nt:21" eneo la tumbo chini_ya kitovu  
   1 "l3nt:21" elimu ya afya dhidi_ya ukimwi 
 
 
 
140
 
N + GEN-CON + N + PREP + HC-N "l3nt:22" 
 
   1 "l3nt:22" shimo la takataka kwa_ajili_ya uchafu  
   1 "l3nt:22" matatizo ya usafiri kwa wagonjwa  
   1 "l3nt:22" maisha ya udowezi ndani_ya mwili  
   1 "l3nt:22" jukumu la wazazi katika afya  
   1 "l3nt:22" hatua za kinga dhidi_ya minyoo  
 
N + GEN-CON + HC-N + PREP + N "l3nt:23" 
 
   1 "l3nt:23" uvamizi wa ameba kwenye ini  
   1 "l3nt:23" upungufu wa damu kwa mama  
   1 "l3nt:23" umbo la mwili kwa jumla  
   1 "l3nt:23" ulinzi wa mwili dhidi_ya magonjwa  
   1 "l3nt:23" sekta ya afya kwenye jumuiya  
   1 "l3nt:23" programu za chanjo katika jumuiya  
   1 "l3nt:23" magonjwa ya zinaa kwa ujumla  
   1 "l3nt:23" mabadiliko ya kimwili kwa wasichana  
   1 "l3nt:23" huduma za afya kwa mtoto  
   1 "l3nt:23" huduma za afya kwa kina_mama  
 
HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-V + GEN-CON + N "l3nt:24" 
 
   1 "l3nt:24" ogani ya kufyonzea ya mdudu 
 
 HC-N + GEN-CON + INF + GEN-CON + HC-N "l3nt:26" 
 
   1 "l3nt:26" madhara ya kudumu ya ugonjwa  
 
N + GEN-CON + HC-V + GEN-CON + N "l3nt:28" 
 
   1 "l3nt:28" hatua ya kuzaliwa kwa mtoto  
   1 "l3nt:28" hali ya kuzuiwa kwa maendeleo  
 
N + GEN-CON + HC-V + GEN-CON + HC-N "l3nt:29" 
 
   1 "l3nt:29" njia ya upunguzaji wa vimelea  
   1 "l3nt:29" mafanikio ya kupungua kwa utapiamlo  
 
N + GEN-CON + INF + GEN-CON + HC-N "l3nt:30" 
 
   1 "l3nt:30" uharibifu wa kudumu wa viungo  
   1 "l3nt:30" tatizo la kutoboka kwa jino  
   1 "l3nt:30" mipango ya kudumu ya afya  
   1 "l3nt:30" mazalio ya kudumu ya mbu  
   1 "l3nt:30" historia ya kuharibika kwa mimba 
 
HC-N + GEN-CON + INF + HC-N "l3nt:31" 
 
   1 "l3nt:31" mirija ya kupitia mayai  
   1 "l3nt:31" hamu ya kula vyakula  
   1 "l3nt:31" dalili za kukosa maji 
 
HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-V + HC-N "l3nt:33" 
 
   1 "l3nt:33" ugonjwa wa kuhara damu  
   1 "l3nt:33" dawa ya kuchanja ndui 
 
N + GEN-CON + HC-V + HC-N "l3nt:35" 
 
   1 "l3nt:35" desturi ya kunawa mikono 
 
HC-N + GEN-CON + N + CC + N "l3nt:44"" 
 
   1 "l3nt:44"" vidonge vya sulphametrole na trimethoprim  
 
 
141
 
   1 "l3nt:44"" usafi wa watoto na mazingira  
   1 "l3nt:44"" usafi wa banda na vyombo  
   1 "l3nt:44"" miili ya binadamu na wanyama  
   1 "l3nt:44"" matumbo ya binadamu na wanyama  
   1 "l3nt:44"" mafuta ya wanyama na mimea  
   1 "l3nt:44"" kinyesi cha paka na mbwa  
 
HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N + CC + N "l3nt:45"" 
 
   1 "l3nt:45"" mnyoo ya filari na onchocerea  
   1 "l3nt:45"" kinga ya maradhi na matatizo  
   1 "l3nt:45"" kichocho cha tumbo na ini  
 
HC-N + GEN-CON + N + CC + HC-N "l3nt:46" 
 
   1 "l3nt:46" virusi vya papo na ukimwi  
   1 "l3nt:46" vioevu vya moto na mvuke  
   1 "l3nt:46" mboga za majani na matunda  
   1 "l3nt:46" mafuta ya uto na madini  
   1 "l3nt:46" homa ya ini na polio  
 
 
HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N + CC + HC-N "l3nt:47" 
 
   1 "l3nt:47" viinilishe vya utomwili na mafuta  
   1 "l3nt:47" vifereji vya mkojo na figo  
   1 "l3nt:47" uhusiano wa maji na afya  
   1 "l3nt:47" ugonjwa wa tauni na homa  
   1 "l3nt:47" maumivu ya viungo na misuli  
   1 "l3nt:47" mabaka ya ukoma na vidonda  
   1 "l3nt:47" maambukizo ya kibofu na figo  
   1 "l3nt:47" homa ya mbu na mimba  
   1 "l3nt:47" dawa za tiba na chanjo  
 
N + GEN-CON + HC-N + CC + HC-N "l3nt:48" 
 
   2 "l3nt:48" magonjwa ya polio na homa  
   2 "l3nt:48" elimu ya afya na kinga  
   1 "l3nt:48" uvamizi wa damu na viungo  
   1 "l3nt:48" sinia ya sindano na dawa  
   1 "l3nt:48" sinia la sindano na dawa  
   1 "l3nt:48" njia ya mkojo na uzazi  
   1 "l3nt:48" njia ya maji na chakula  
   1 "l3nt:48" magonjwa ya zinaa na ukimwi  
   1 "l3nt:48" magonjwa ya surua na tetanasi  
   1 "l3nt:48" hatua za viluwiluwi na mabuu  
   1 "l3nt:48" hali ya afya na nguvu  
 
 HC-N + GEN-CON + N + PREP + N "l3nt:54" 
 
   1 "l3nt:54" uzazi wa mpango kwenye kanisa  
   1 "l3nt:54" maziwa ya ng'ombe mwenye kifuakikuu  
   1 "l3nt:54" afya za watu kwa ujumla  
 
HC-N + GEN-CON + PREP + HC-N "l3nt:62" 
 
   2 "l3nt:62" vimelea vya ndani_ya mwili  
   1 "l3nt:62" kinyesi cha mwenye tegu  
   1 "l3nt:62" damu ya kwenye kibofu 
 
 N + GEN-CON + PREP + HC-N "l3nt:63" 
 
   1 "l3nt:63" sehemu ya ndani_ya uke  
   1 "l3nt:63" sehemu ya ndani_ya jino  
   1 "l3nt:63" sehemu ya juu_ya jino  
 
 
142
 
   1 "l3nt:63" sehemu ya chini_ya jino 
 
HC-N + PREP + N + GEN-CON + HC-N "l3nt:74" 
 
   2 "l3nt:74" kondo katika mji wa mimba  
   1 "l3nt:74" utafiti katika sekta ya afya  
   1 "l3nt:74" uhusiano katika uendeshaji wa afya  
   1 "l3nt:74" maumivu kwenye sehemu za siri  
   1 "l3nt:74" maumivu katika njia ya mkojo  
   1 "l3nt:74" maumivu katika mifuko ya mbegu  
   1 "l3nt:74" kidonda katika uti wa mgongo  
   1 "l3nt:74" kidonda katika sehemu ya mwili  
   1 "l3nt:74" damu katika mji wa mimba  
   1 "l3nt:74" afya kuhusu utupaji wa kinyesi  
   1 "l3nt:74" afya katika wizara ya afya  
   1 "l3nt:74" afya katika kituo cha afya  
 
HC-N + PREP + HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N "l3nt:75" 
 
   5 "l3nt:75" utafiti kuhusu mfumo wa afya  
   1 "l3nt:75" vidonda katika kiungo cha uzazi  
   1 "l3nt:75" utafiti katika mfumo wa afya  
   1 "l3nt:75" mfupa karibu_na fundo la mguu  
   1 "l3nt:75" maumivu kwenye tezi ya nyonga  
   1 "l3nt:75" malale katika mwili wa mbung'o  
   1 "l3nt:75" maji katika mishipa ya vena  
   1 "l3nt:75" jeraha katika ngozi ya msamba 
 
HC-N + PREP + HC-N + GEN-CON + N "l3nt:76" 
 
   1 "l3nt:76" vimelea katika mwili wa mdudu  
   1 "l3nt:76" jeraha katika ubongo wa mtoto  
   1 "l3nt:76" damu chini_ya ngozi ya kichwa  
 
N + PREP + N + GEN-CON + HC-N "l3nt:78" 
 
   4 "l3nt:78" mtoto katika pango la nyonga  
   2 "l3nt:78" matezi katika mji wa mimba  
   1 "l3nt:78" ukakamavu kwa njia ya mazoezi  
   1 "l3nt:78" uendeshaji katika sekta ya afya  
   1 "l3nt:78" mtoto katika hali ya afya  
   1 "l3nt:78" mama mwenye upungufu wa damu  
   1 "l3nt:78" malendalenda katika njia ya mkojo  
   1 "l3nt:78" mabadiliko katika takwimu za maradhi  
   1 "l3nt:78" kichwa katika pango la nyonga  
 
N + PREP + HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N "l3nt:79" 
 
   1 "l3nt:79" mwasho katika kiungo cha uzazi  
   1 "l3nt:79" mtoto katika tumbo la uzazi  
   1 "l3nt:79" mpasuko katika tishu za mwili  
   1 "l3nt:79" magonjwa katika miili ya viumbe  
   1 "l3nt:79" kazi katika mfumo wa afya  
 
N + PREP + HC-N + GEN-CON + N "l3nt:80" 
 
   1 "l3nt:80" udowezi ndani_ya mwili wa binadamu  
   1 "l3nt:80" salama kwa afya ya binadamu  
   1 "l3nt:80" mbwa mwenye kichaa cha mbwa  
   1 "l3nt:80" maisha kwenye mwili wa binadamu  
   1 "l3nt:80" kinywaji mbali_na maziwa ya mama  
   1 "l3nt:80" hatari kwa afya ya binadamu  
 
 
 
143
 
N + GEN-CON + ADV + GEN-CON + HC-N "l3nt:81" 
 
   3 "l3nt:81" kiwango cha juu cha uzazi  
   1 "l3nt:81" sehemu za juu za mikono  
   1 "l3nt:81" mfuniko wa nje wa miili  
   1 "l3nt:81" mashambulizi ya mara_kwa_mara ya malaria  
   1 "l3nt:81" kiwango cha chini cha vifo  
 
HC-N + GEN-CON + ADV + GEN-CON + HC-N "l3nt:82" 
    
   1 "l3nt:82" kipimo cha chini cha uzito  
 
N + POSS + HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N "l3nt:84" 
 
   2 "l3nt:84" watu wenye msongo wa pumzi  
   1 "l3nt:84" watu wenye vilema vya miguu  
   1 "l3nt:84" nchi zenye homa ya mbu  
   1 "l3nt:84" mtu mwenye vimelea vya ugonjwa  
   1 "l3nt:84" mama wenye mimba za mapacha  
 
N + POSS + HC-N + GEN-CON + N "l3nt:86" 
 
   3 "l3nt:86" mnyama mwenye kichaa cha mbwa  
   1 "l3nt:86" maeneo yenye malaria ya msimu  
 
HC-N + POSS + HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N "l3nt:87" 
 
   1 "l3nt:87" mgonjwa wenye virusi vya ukimwi  
   1 "l3nt:87" mgonjwa wenye tauni ya tezi  
   1 "l3nt:87" karoti zenye viini vya ugonjwa  
   1 "l3nt:87" damu yenye vimelea vya ukimwi  
 
HC-N + POSS + N + GEN-CON + HC-N "l3nt:88" 
 
   1 "l3nt:88" mgonjwa mwenye nyumonia ya tauni  
   1 "l3nt:88" choo chenye bomba la hewa 
 
HC-N + POSS + N + GEN-CON + N "l3nt:89" 
 
   1 "l3nt:89" minyoo yenye urefu wa wastani  
   1 "l3nt:89" choo  chenye umbo la  mstatili 
 
HC-N + POSS + HC-N + GEN-CON + N "l3nt:90" 
 
   1 "l3nt:90" vijidudu vyenye umbile la vistari  
   1 "l3nt:90" vijidudu vyenye umbile la vinywele  
   1 "l3nt:90" vijidudu vyenye umbile la nukta  
   1 "l3nt:90" maji yenye vimelea vya magonjwa  
   1 "l3nt:90" dawa zenye madini ya potassium  
 
N + GEN-CON + ORD + GEN-CON + HC-N "l3nt:92" 
   8 "l3nt:92" hatua ya pili ya uzazi  
   3 "l3nt:92" hatua ya kwanza ya uzazi  
   2 "l3nt:92" siku ya kwanza ya hedhi  
   1 "l3nt:92" wiki ya tatu ya ugonjwa  
   1 "l3nt:92" hatua ya tatu ya uzazi 
 
 HC-N + GEN-CON + ORD + GEN-CON + N "l3nt:93" 
 
   1 "l3nt:93" dalili ya kwanza ya tatizo 
 
HC-V + GEN-CON + HC-N + GEN-CON + ADV "l3nt:98" 
 
   2 "l3nt:98" kuzaliwa kwa kondo ya nyuma  
 
 
 
144
 
INF + GEN-CON + HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N "l3vt:100" 
 
   1 "l3vt:100" kuzuka kwa vimelea vya malaria  
   1 "l3vt:100" kupanda kwa shinikizo la damu  
   1 "l3vt:100" kubanwa kwa mishipa ya damu  
 
INF + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + HC-N "l3vt:101" 
 
   8 "l3vt:101" kutangulia kwa uzi wa kitovu  
   2 "l3vt:101" kubanwa kwa uzi wa kitovu  
   1 "l3vt:101" kuongezeka kwa umbo la mwili  
 
INF + GEN-CON + HC-N + GEN-CON + N "l3vt:102" 
 
   1 "l3vt:102" kuzuka kwa kansa ya shingo  
   1 "l3vt:102" kusawazika kwa tumbo la mama  
   1 "l3vt:102" kuondoshwa kwa vimelea vya magonjwa  
   1 "l3vt:102" kubanwa kwa mifupa ya fuvu  
 
HC-V + GEN-CON + HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N "l3vt:103" 
 
   1 "l3vt:103" kuzaliana kwa vimelea vya malale  
   1 "l3vt:103" kuvimba kwa tezi za limfu  
   1 "l3vt:103" kuumizwa kwa kibofu cha mkojo  
   1 "l3vt:103" kupungua kwa mzunguko wa damu  
   1 "l3vt:103" kuenea kwa ugonjwa wa upofu  
   1 "l3vt:103" kuenea kwa ugonjwa wa malaria  
 
HC-V + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + N "l3vt:104" 
 
   1 "l3vt:104" kuumbuka kwa kichwa cha mtoto  
   1 "l3vt:104" kuambukiza kwa njia ya mtu  
 
HC-V + GEN-CON + HC-N + GEN-CON + N "l3vt:105" 
 
     1 "l3vt:105" kuziba kwa mishipa ya limfatiki  
 
HC-V + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + HC-N "l3vt:106" 
 
   6 "l3vt:106" kuzuiwa kwa maendeleo ya uzazi  
   3 "l3vt:106" kupasuka kwa mfuko wa maji  
   2 "l3vt:106" kupasuka kwa mji wa mimba  
   1 "l3vt:106" utunzaji wa vyanzo vya maji  
   1 "l3vt:106" usambazaji wa matokeo ya utafiti  
   1 "l3vt:106" kuziba kwa virija vya mayai  
   1 "l3vt:106" kuziba kwa njia ya mkojo  
   1 "l3vt:106" kuvimba kwa mifuko ya mbegu  
   1 "l3vt:106" kukua kwa mazoea ya chakula  
   1 "l3vt:106" kuenea kwa matumizi ya dawa  
   1 "l3vt:106" kuenea kwa magonjwa ya zinaa  
   1 "l3vt:106" kuenea kwa magonjwa ya uasherati  
 
HC-V + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + INF "l3vt:107" 
 
   1 "l3vt:107" kueneza kwa njia ya kugusana  
 
HC-V + PREP + N  + GEN-CON + HC-N "l3vt:108" 
 
   3 "l3vt:108" kupasuka kwa mfuko wa maji  
   2 "l3vt:108" kuenea kwa magonjwa ya uasherati  
   1 "l3vt:108" kuzuiwa kwa maendeleo ya uzazi  
   1 "l3vt:108" kuzuia kwa njia ya chanjo  
   1 "l3vt:108" kuziba kwa njia ya mkojo  
   1 "l3vt:108" kutunga nje_ya nyumba ya uzazi  
   1 "l3vt:108" kusaidia katika programu za chanjo  
 
 
145
 
   1 "l3vt:108" kusaidia katika huduma za afya  
   1 "l3vt:108" kupungua kwa mji wa mimba  
   1 "l3vt:108" kuishi katika hali ya afya  
   1 "l3vt:108" kuenea kwa magonjwa ya zinaa  
   1 "l3vt:108" kuenea katika pango la nyonga 
 
HC-V + PREP + HC-N + GEN-CON + N "l3vt:109" 
 
   1 "l3vt:109" kuvimba kwa chanjo ya ndui  
 
HC-V + PREP + N + GEN-CON + N "l3vt:111" 
 
   1 "l3vt:111" kutibiwa kwa madawa ya kisasa  
   1 "l3vt:111" kukua kwa akili ya mtoto  
   1 "l3vt:111" kuenea kwa magonjwa ya uashebati 
 
HC-V + N + GEN-CON + HC-N "l3vt:115" 
 
   2 "l3vt:115" kuugua magonjwa ya zinaa 
 
HC-V + HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N "l3vt:116" 
 
   1 "l3vt:116" kudoea damu ya viumbe  
 
INF + N + GEN-CON + HC-N "l3vt:118" 
 
   1 "l3vt:118" kutatua tatizo la maji  
   1 "l3vt:118" kutatua matatizo ya lishe  
   1 "l3vt:118" kutatua matatizo ya kiafya  
   1 "l3vt:118" kulishwa mchanganyiko wa maziwa  
   1 "l3vt:118" kula mabaki ya vyakula  
   1 "l3vt:118" kujadili vipindi vya afya  
   1 "l3vt:118" kufuata kanuni za usafi  
   1 "l3vt:118" kufikia kiwango cha afya  
   1 "l3vt:118" kuelewa matumizi ya vyakula  
   1 "l3vt:118" kuelewa hali ya mgonjwa  
   1 "l3vt:118" kuchangia vifaa vya upasuaji  
   1 "l3vt:118" kuchangia huduma ya afya  
   1 "l3vt:118" kuchafua vyanzo vya maji  
 
INF + HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N "l3vt:119" 
 
   1 "l3vt:119" kupewa dawa za usingizi  
   1 "l3vt:119" kupewa dawa ya minyoo  
   1 "l3vt:119" kuepuka mimba za usichana 
 
INF + HC-N + GEN-CON + N "l3vt:120" 
 
   1 "l3vt:120" kupelekwa kliniki ya watoto  
   1 "l3vt:120" kupelekea maambukizo ya hatari  
   1 "l3vt:120" kula mboga za kijani  
   1 "l3vt:120" kubeba vijidudu vya magonjwa  
 
INF +  N + GEN-CON + HC-V "l3vt:122" 
 
   1 "l3vt:122" kujua tarehe ya kuzaliwa 
 
HC-V + N + GEN-CON + INF "l3vt:126" 
 
   1 "l3vt:126" kuota ndoto za kutisha  
 
INF + HC-N + LOC "l3vt:128" 
 
   5 "l3vt:128" kutoka uchafu ukeni  
   5 "l3vt:128" kutoka damu ukeni  
 
 
14A
 
   2 "l3vt:128" kukosa maji mwilini  
   1 "l3vt:128" kutoka usaha ukeni  
   1 "l3vt:128" kutoka uchafu puani  
   1 "l3vt:128" kutoka maji ukeni  
   1 "l3vt:128" kuingiza vijidudu majini 
 
HC-V + HC-N + LOC "l3vt:129" 
 
 1 "l3vt:129" kuota kuvu kinywani  
 
HC-N + A-INFL + GEN-CON + HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N "l4nt:1" 
 
   1 "l4nt:1" dalili kubwa za ugonjwa wa homa  
   1 "l4nt:1" dalili kubwa za homa ya matumbo 
 
INF + ADV + PREP + N + GEN-CON + HC-N "l4vt:127"   
 
   1 "l4vt:127" kutoka nje kwa mji wa mimba 
 
INF + GEN-CON + HC-N + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + HC-N  "l4vt:129"    
 
   1 "l4vt:129" kuzuka kwa kansa ya shingo ya uzazi  
   1 "l4vt:129" kuongezeka kwa nguvu ya mwendo wa damu 
 
INF + HC-N + PREP + HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N  "l4vt:148" 
 
   1 "l4vt:148" kusababisha vijidudu katika kibofu cha mkojo 
 
HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N + PREP + HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N "l4nt:16"  
 
  1 "l4nt:16" vimelea vya tauni katika mwili wa viroboto 
 
N + GEN-CON + HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N + GEN-CON + N "l4nt:168"       
 
   1 "l4nt:168" kanuni za usafi wa chakula cha mtoto  
 
HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N + PREP + N + GEN-CON + HC-N "l4nt:17" 
 
   3 "l4nt:17" viotea vya ngozi katika sehemu za siri  
   1 "l4nt:17" viotea vya ngozi kwenye sehemu za siri  
   1 "l4nt:17" mzunguko wa damu katika mji wa mimba  
   1 "l4nt:17" msongo wa pumzi kutokana_na upungufu wa oksijeni  
   1 "l4nt:17" mfumo wa afya katika wizara ya afya  
 
N + GEN-CON + HC-N + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + HC-N "l4nt:170"        
 
   1 "l4nt:170" rasi ya mfupa wa pingili za nyonga  
 
N + GEN-CON + HC-N + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + N "l4nt:171"        
 
   1 "l4nt:171" uvimbe wa ngozi ya kichwa cha mtoto  
 
N + GEN-CON + HC-N + PREP + HC-N + GEN-CON + HC-N "l4nt:178"        
 
   3 "l4nt:178" kitengo cha utafiti kuhusu mfumo wa afya  
   2 "l4nt:178" mafunzo ya utafiti kuhusu mfumo wa afya  
   1 "l4nt:178" sera za utafiti kuhusu mfumo wa afya  
   1 "l4nt:178" mpango wa utafiti kuhusu mfumo wa afya  
 
N + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + HC-N + N "l4nt:192" 
 
   1 "l4nt:192" uamuzi wa shirika la afya duniani  
   1 "l4nt:192" mshikamano wa shirika la afya duniani  
   1 "l4nt:192" msaada wa shirika la afya ulimwenguni  
   1 "l4nt:192" mratibu wa mradi wa lishe mkoani  
 
 
14?
 
   1 "l4nt:192" mkutano wa shirika la afya ulimwenguni 
 
N + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + N + HC-N "l4nt:193"          
 
   1 "l4nt:193" kifupisho cha ukosefu wa kinga mwilini 
 
N + GEN-CON + N + PREP + HC-N + GEN-CON + N "l4vt:199"          
 
   1 "l4nt:199" maisha ya udowezi ndani_ya mwili wa binadamu  
   1 "l4nt:199" jukumu la wazazi katika afya ya mtoto 
 
N + GEN-CON + N + PREP + N + GEN-CON + HC-N "l4vt:200"           
 
   2 "l4nt:200" kichwa cha mtoto katika pango la nyonga  
   1 "l4nt:200" mahudhurio ya watu katika taasisi za afya  
   1 "l4nt:200" dhima ya jumuiya katika programu za chanjo 
 
N + INF + PREP + HC-N + GEN-CON + N "l4vt:206"           
 
   1 "l4nt:206" oxygen kutoka katika damu ya mama  
 
HC-N + A-INFL + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + HC-N "l4nt:3" 
 
 1 "l4nt:3" mikazo dhaifu ya mji wa mimba  
 1 "l4nt:3" dalili kubwa ya athari za ugonjwa 
HC-N + GEN-CON + N + PREP + N + GEN-CON + HC-N "l4nt:48"  
 
   1 "l4nt:48" mishipa ya fahamu katika pango la nyonga  
 
HC-N + GEN-CON + N + PREP + N + GEN-CON + N "l4nt:49"  
 
   1 "l4nt:49" afya ya msingi katika ngazi ya wilaya  
 
N + GEN-CON + HC-N + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + N "l4vt:171" 
 
   2 "l4vt:71" kupasuka mapema kwa mfuko wa maji   
   1 "l4vt:74" kulegea kwa misuli ya mji wa mimba 
 
HC-V + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + HC-N "l4vt:80"  
 
   5 "l4vt:80" kufunguka kwa shingo ya mji wa mimba  
   1 "l4vt:80" kuchanika kwa shingo ya mji wa mimba 
 
HC-V + HC-N + PREP + HC-N + GEN-CON + N "l4vt:98"   
 
   1 "l4vt:98" kuoga mwili kwa maji ya vuguvugu  
 
 
14@
 
 
!22-).4V'X'
'
,@:;<>:9<;':;<7?'<;C6M;<;A'@D':G;';B:<>C:@6D'
'
 
Length 1 terms 
 
LT-N "l1nt" 
 436 "l1nt:1" fasihi  
 395 "l1nt:1" lugha  
 359 "l1nt:1" riwaya  
 286 "l1nt:1" mwandishi  
 269 "l1nt:1" tamthilia  
 228 "l1nt:1" maudhui  
 224 "l1nt:1" ushairi  
 212 "l1nt:1" hadithi  
 196 "l1nt:1" shairi  
 160 "l1nt:1" mhusika  
 141 "l1nt:1" tamthiliya  
 141 "l1nt:1" sanaa  
 140 "l1nt:1" nadharia  
 126 "l1nt:1" mshororo  
 106 "l1nt:1" ujumbe  
 106 "l1nt:1" fani  
 102 "l1nt:1" mizani  
  90 "l1nt:1" utamaduni  
  90 "l1nt:1" mtindo  
  82 "l1nt:1" ubeti  
  81 "l1nt:1" methali  
  75 "l1nt:1" ngano  
  74 "l1nt:1" falsafa  
  73 "l1nt:1" taswira  
  70 "l1nt:1" vichekesho  
  67 "l1nt:1" nyimbo  
  66 "l1nt:1" maandishi  
  65 "l1nt:1" utunzi  
  59 "l1nt:1" fasihi_simulizi  
  57 "l1nt:1" hisia  
  57 "l1nt:1" dhamira  
  56 "l1nt:1" wimbo  
  55 "l1nt:1" ngoma  
  54 "l1nt:1" dhana  
  52 "l1nt:1" mshairi  
  52 "l1nt:1" mchezo  
  51 "l1nt:1" jazanda  
  48 "l1nt:1" muktadha  
  47 "l1nt:1" mtunzi  
  47 "l1nt:1" drama  
  44 "l1nt:1" muundo  
  44 "l1nt:1" msimulizi  
  43 "l1nt:1" taashira  
  42 "l1nt:1" msimamo  
  40 "l1nt:1" sadfa  
  38 "l1nt:1" usimulizi  
  36 "l1nt:1" mtiririko  
  35 "l1nt:1" uandishi  
  34 "l1nt:1" mgogoro  
  34 "l1nt:1" hadhira  
  33 "l1nt:1" utanzu  
  33 "l1nt:1" uhusika  
  33 "l1nt:1" msanii  
  33 "l1nt:1" masimulizi  
  32 "l1nt:1" utungo  
  31 "l1nt:1" ubunifu  
  31 "l1nt:1" tamaduni  
  30 "l1nt:1" utenzi  
  29 "l1nt:1" utafiti  
  29 "l1nt:1" mtazamo  
  29 "l1nt:1" kilele  
  28 "l1nt:1" uhakiki  
  28 "l1nt:1" tajiriba  
  28 "l1nt:1" mandhari  
  27 "l1nt:1" usemi  
  27 "l1nt:1" kisa  
  24 "l1nt:1" urari  
  23 "l1nt:1" urasimi  
  23 "l1nt:1" mkondo  
  23 "l1nt:1" mdundo  
  20 "l1nt:1" mswada  
  19 "l1nt:1" mada  
  19 "l1nt:1" lahaja  
  18 "l1nt:1" tamathali  
  18 "l1nt:1" itikadi  
  17 "l1nt:1" kipawa  
  17 "l1nt:1" kaida  
  16 "l1nt:1" takriri  
  16 "l1nt:1" mhakiki  
  15 "l1nt:1" ubwege  
  15 "l1nt:1" tashihisi  
  15 "l1nt:1" taharuki  
  15 "l1nt:1" jadi  
  15 "l1nt:1" diwani  
  15 "l1nt:1" bahari  
  14 "l1nt:1" upeo  
  13 "l1nt:1" malenga  
  13 "l1nt:1" hulka  
  13 "l1nt:1" arudhi  
  12 "l1nt:1" utungaji  
  12 "l1nt:1" ufafanuzi  
  12 "l1nt:1" simulizi  
  11 "l1nt:1" upelelezi  
  11 "l1nt:1" umenke  
  11 "l1nt:1" uchambuzi  
  11 "l1nt:1" hekaya  
  11 "l1nt:1" fumbo  
  10 "l1nt:1" uwasilishaji  
  10 "l1nt:1" onyesho  
  10 "l1nt:1" kichekesho  
  10 "l1nt:1" fasihi_andishi  
  10 "l1nt:1" changamano  
   9 "l1nt:1" wasikilizaji  
   9 "l1nt:1" uyakinifu  
   9 "l1nt:1" ufasaha  
   9 "l1nt:1" nathari  
   9 "l1nt:1" mgongano  
   9 "l1nt:1" chimbuko  
   8 "l1nt:1" tahakiki  
   8 "l1nt:1" shujaa  
   8 "l1nt:1" nadhari  
 
 
149
 
   8 "l1nt:1" mila  
   7 "l1nt:1" uigizaji  
   7 "l1nt:1" tanakali  
   7 "l1nt:1" mwanatamthilia  
   7 "l1nt:1" mtazamaji  
   7 "l1nt:1" maono  
   7 "l1nt:1" mantiki  
   7 "l1nt:1" kibwagizo  
   6 "l1nt:1" usanifu  
   6 "l1nt:1" tarbia  
   6 "l1nt:1" ruwaza  
   6 "l1nt:1" mwanafasihi  
   6 "l1nt:1" mawaidha  
   6 "l1nt:1" kunga  
   6 "l1nt:1" kitendawili  
   6 "l1nt:1" kigezo  
   6 "l1nt:1" kasumba  
   6 "l1nt:1" karama  
   6 "l1nt:1" iktisadi  
   5 "l1nt:1" waigizaji  
   5 "l1nt:1" visasili  
   5 "l1nt:1" uwanda  
   5 "l1nt:1" takhmisa  
   5 "l1nt:1" taarabu  
   5 "l1nt:1" ngonjera  
   5 "l1nt:1" muwala  
   5 "l1nt:1" mtambaji  
   5 "l1nt:1" mtafaruku  
   5 "l1nt:1" matapo  
   5 "l1nt:1" mahadhi  
   5 "l1nt:1" lakabu  
   5 "l1nt:1" kejeli  
   5 "l1nt:1" desturi  
   4 "l1nt:1" ukasuku  
   4 "l1nt:1" ukale  
   4 "l1nt:1" uchanganuzi  
   4 "l1nt:1" uasili  
   4 "l1nt:1" tumbuizo  
   4 "l1nt:1" tasfida  
   4 "l1nt:1" taathira  
   4 "l1nt:1" nahau  
   4 "l1nt:1" mwimbaji  
   4 "l1nt:1" mvuto  
   4 "l1nt:1" muziki  
   4 "l1nt:1" mtazamo-kike  
   4 "l1nt:1" mawanda  
   4 "l1nt:1" mapingiti  
   4 "l1nt:1" malumbano  
   4 "l1nt:1" malimwengu  
   4 "l1nt:1" majigambo  
   4 "l1nt:1" kafara  
   4 "l1nt:1" dhima  
   4 "l1nt:1" ala  
   3 "l1nt:1" vumba  
   3 "l1nt:1" utopia  
   3 "l1nt:1" utambaji  
   3 "l1nt:1" ulimbwende  
   3 "l1nt:1" tanzia  
   3 "l1nt:1" tafakuri  
   3 "l1nt:1" mwanafalsafa  
   3 "l1nt:1" msemo  
   3 "l1nt:1" mguso  
   3 "l1nt:1" majibizano  
   3 "l1nt:1" maigizo  
   3 "l1nt:1" dhahania  
   3 "l1nt:1" amali  
   2 "l1nt:1" wasifu  
   2 "l1nt:1" uundaji  
   2 "l1nt:1" uumbaji  
   2 "l1nt:1" uthakili  
   2 "l1nt:1" utendi  
   2 "l1nt:1" ushujaa  
   2 "l1nt:1" ujumi  
   2 "l1nt:1" tamthilia-teuliwa  
   2 "l1nt:1" tamrini  
   2 "l1nt:1" ridhimu  
   2 "l1nt:1" ramli  
   2 "l1nt:1" ngomani  
   2 "l1nt:1" mviga  
   2 "l1nt:1" mtagusano  
   2 "l1nt:1" mori  
   2 "l1nt:1" mlingano  
   2 "l1nt:1" miigo  
   2 "l1nt:1" mchezoni  
   2 "l1nt:1" matini  
   2 "l1nt:1" mashabiki  
   2 "l1nt:1" mapigo  
   2 "l1nt:1" makala  
   2 "l1nt:1" makafara  
   2 "l1nt:1" mahubiri  
   2 "l1nt:1" lafudhi  
   2 "l1nt:1" kileleni  
   2 "l1nt:1" kikoa  
   2 "l1nt:1" kiimbo  
   2 "l1nt:1" balagha  
   1 "l1nt:1" zeze  
   1 "l1nt:1" wanachuoni  
   1 "l1nt:1" wachoraji  
   1 "l1nt:1" vioja  
   1 "l1nt:1" uumbaji  
   1 "l1nt:1" utumbuizo  
   1 "l1nt:1" ususi  
   1 "l1nt:1" usuli  
   1 "l1nt:1" upembuzi  
   1 "l1nt:1" unyago  
   1 "l1nt:1" umalenga  
   1 "l1nt:1" ulinganifu  
   1 "l1nt:1" ukomo  
   1 "l1nt:1" uhafidhina  
   1 "l1nt:1" ufasihi  
   1 "l1nt:1" uchapwa  
   1 "l1nt:1" uangavu  
   1 "l1nt:1" tendi  
   1 "l1nt:1" tawasifu  
   1 "l1nt:1" tashwishi  
   1 "l1nt:1" tapo  
   1 "l1nt:1" tamthilia-mwavuli  
   1 "l1nt:1" sitiari  
   1 "l1nt:1" shairi-huru  
   1 "l1nt:1" pungwa  
   1 "l1nt:1" pigo  
   1 "l1nt:1" mwanatamthiliya  
   1 "l1nt:1" mwanasanaa  
   1 "l1nt:1" mwanariwaya  
   1 "l1nt:1" mwanamapokeo  
   1 "l1nt:1" mwanagenzi  
   1 "l1nt:1" muundo-msingi  
   1 "l1nt:1" muhula  
   1 "l1nt:1" mtungaji  
   1 "l1nt:1" mtizamo  
 
 
150
 
   1 "l1nt:1" mtabiri  
   1 "l1nt:1" msuluhishi  
   1 "l1nt:1" msimuliaji  
   1 "l1nt:1" mshindo  
   1 "l1nt:1" mpambaji  
   1 "l1nt:1" mirindimo  
   1 "l1nt:1" masivina  
   1 "l1nt:1" mashairi-andishi  
   1 "l1nt:1" masaibu  
   1 "l1nt:1" mapitio  
   1 "l1nt:1" manju  
   1 "l1nt:1" lelemama  
   1 "l1nt:1" kutaharuki  
   1 "l1nt:1" kivumba  
   1 "l1nt:1" kitambo  
   1 "l1nt:1" kishujaa  
   1 "l1nt:1" kimila  
   1 "l1nt:1" kimantiki  
   1 "l1nt:1" kimahadhi  
   1 "l1nt:1" kimafumbo  
   1 "l1nt:1" kilinge  
   1 "l1nt:1" kijazanda  
   1 "l1nt:1" kihulka  
   1 "l1nt:1" kidokezo  
   1 "l1nt:1" kiamu  
   1 "l1nt:1" juzuu  
   1 "l1nt:1" jando  
   1 "l1nt:1" hadithi-pendezi  
   1 "l1nt:1" guni  
   1 "l1nt:1" filosofia  
   1 "l1nt:1" fanani  
   1 "l1nt:1" dibaji  
   1 "l1nt:1" changizi  
   1 "l1nt:1" chakacha  
   1 "l1nt:1" andiko  
 
LT-V "l1vt" 
 
  46 "l1vt:2" kutunga  
  32 "l1vt:2" kubuni  
  10 "l1vt:2" kusimulia  
   7 "l1vt:2" kuimba   
   5 "l1vt:2" kuiga  
   5 "l1vt:2" kuhakiki  
   5 "l1vt:1" kukejeli  
   2 "l1vt:2" kutamba  
   2 "l1vt:2" kusanii  
   2 "l1vt:2" kusanifu  
   2 "l1vt:2" kusadifu  
   2 "l1vt:2" kunukuu  
   2 "l1vt:2" kukariri  
   1 "l1vt:2" kusadifu  
   1 "l1vt:2" kutanabahi  
   1 "l1vt:2" kutabiri  
   1 "l1vt:2" kusaliti  
   1 "l1vt:2" kufunda  
   1 "l1vt:2" kufinyanga  
   1 "l1vt:2" kufariji  
   1 "l1vt:2" kusimulia
 
Length 2 terms 
 
LT-N + LT-N "l2nt:1" 
 
4 "l2nt:1" nadharia mtazamo-
kike  
   4 "l2nt:1" fasihi simulizi  
   3 "l2nt:1" mashairi simulizi  
   1 "l2nt:1" utambaji hadithi  
   1 "l2nt:1" utafiti nyimbo  
   1 "l2nt:1" utafiti mafumbo  
   1 "l2nt:1" taharuki nyimbo  
   1 "l2nt:1" shairi guni  
   1 "l2nt:1" sanaa andishi  
   1 "l2nt:1" riwaya changamano  
   1 "l2nt:1" mhusika msimulizi  
   1 "l2nt:1" maudhui changizi  
   1 "l2nt:1" fasihi changamano
 
LT-N + N "l2nt:2"  
 
   4 "l2nt:2" tamthilia toto  
   3 "l2nt:2" mhusika mkuu  
   2 "l2nt:2" watunzi chipukizi  
   2 "l2nt:2" utamaduni mseto  
   2 "l2nt:2" msimamo thabiti  
   2 "l2nt:2" mhusika msaidizi  
   1 "l2nt:2" wanafasihi 
nyanjani  
   1 "l2nt:2" wanachuoni mufti  
   1 "l2nt:2" wahusika duara  
   1 "l2nt:2" wahusika bapa-sugu  
   1 "l2nt:2" waandishi 
wanamapinduzi  
   1 "l2nt:2" waandishi wakongwe  
   1 "l2nt:2" waandishi 
chipukizi  
   1 "l2nt:2" utamaduni asili  
   1 "l2nt:2" utafiti nyanjani  
   1 "l2nt:2" ujumbe jumla  
   1 "l2nt:2" uigizaji jukwaani  
   1 "l2nt:2" taswira mfululizo  
   1 "l2nt:2" sanaa halali  
   1 "l2nt:2" ngano chapwa  
   1 "l2nt:2" mtunzi stadi  
   1 "l2nt:2" mtazamo tofauti  
   1 "l2nt:2" mshairi msifika  
   1 "l2nt:2" mizani nanenane  
   1 "l2nt:2" mitazamo tofauti  
   1 "l2nt:2" mikondo tofauti  
   1 "l2nt:2" mhusika mkwezwa  
   1 "l2nt:2" mhusika jumui  
   1 "l2nt:2" mhusika jina  
   1 "l2nt:2" mhusika duara  
   1 "l2nt:2" mhusika bwana  
   1 "l2nt:2" mhusika buruto  
   1 "l2nt:2" mhusika binadamu  
   1 "l2nt:2" mhusika abunuasi  
   1 "l2nt:2" maudhui haba  
   1 "l2nt:2" mashairi 
wanamuziki  
 
 
151
 
   1 "l2nt:2" lugha njema  
   1 "l2nt:2" lugha asili  
   1 "l2nt:2" kisa mwiso  
   1 "l2nt:2" kisa mchangamano  
   1 "l2nt:2" bahari tesi  
   1 "l2nt:2" bahari tesi  
 
N + LT-N "l2nt:4" 
 
   2 "l2nt:4" uchezaji ngoma  
   2 "l2nt:4" mtu shujaa  
   2 "l2nt:4" mpiga ramli  
   2 "l2nt:4" elimu lahaja  
   1 "l2nt:4" wasomi wanagenzi  
   1 "l2nt:4" wapelelezi 
mashujaa  
1 "l2nt:4" wanafunzi 
wasimulizi  
1 "l2nt:4" wachapishaji 
watunzi  
1 "l2nt:4" vipengele 
changamano  
   1 "l2nt:4" upigaji muziki  
   1 "l2nt:4" uonyeshaji 
tamthiliya  
   1 "l2nt:4" umuhimu kifalsafa  
   1 "l2nt:4" umma kifasihi  
   1 "l2nt:4" ukwasi riwaya  
   1 "l2nt:4" ufundishaji 
ushairi  
   1 "l2nt:4" ploti changamano  
   1 "l2nt:4" nguvu lugha  
   1 "l2nt:4" muhtasari ngano  
   1 "l2nt:4" mtetea utamaduni  
   1 "l2nt:4" msamiati 
kimuktadha  
   1 "l2nt:4" mcheza ngoma  
   1 "l2nt:4" matukio hadithini  
   1 "l2nt:4" kazi changamano  
 
LT-V + LT-N "l2vt:5" 
 
   4 "l2vt:5" kutunga tamthiliya  
   4 "l2vt:5" kusimulia hadithi  
   3 "l2vt:5" kutunga riwaya  
   3 "l2vt:5" kutunga mashairi  
   2 "l2vt:5" kutunga vichekesho  
   1 "l2vt:5" kutunga utenzi  
   1 "l2vt:5" kutunga shairi  
   1 "l2vt:5" kutunga sanaa  
   1 "l2vt:5" kutunga kichekesho  
   1 "l2vt:5" kutabiri migogoro  
   1 "l2vt:5" kuimba nyimbo  
   1 "l2vt:5" kuimba ngano  
   1 "l2vt:5" kuiga mitindo  
   1 "l2vt:5" kuhakiki 
tamthiliya  
   1 "l2vt:5" kuhakiki mchezo  
   1 "l2vt:5" kubuni wahusika 
 
LT-V + N "l2vt:6" 
 
   1 "l2vt:6" kutunga istilahi  
   1 "l2vt:6" kusimulia tabia  
   1 "l2vt:6" kusimulia maisha  
   1 "l2vt:6" kusanii kazi  
   1 "l2vt:6" kusanifu kazi  
   1 "l2vt:6" kunukuu kauli  
   1 "l2vt:6" kunukuu kalima  
   1 "l2vt:6" kukariri maadili  
   1 "l2vt:6" kuiga uzungu  
   1 "l2vt:6" kuiga tungo  
   1 "l2vt:6" kuiga tabia  
   1 "l2vt:6" kuhakiki kazi  
   1 "l2vt:6" kufinyanga 
mazingira  
   1 "l2vt:6" kubuni tatizo  
 
INF + LT-N "l2vt:7"  
 
   9 "l2vt:7" kuwasilisha ujumbe  
   8 "l2vt:7" kufundisha 
mashairi  
   8 "l2vt:7" kuandika riwaya  
   6 "l2vt:7" kufundisha 
tamthilia  
   6 "l2vt:7" kufundisha fasihi  
   6 "l2vt:7" kuendeleza maudhui  
   5 "l2vt:7" kukuza fasihi  
   5 "l2vt:7" kufundisha methali  
   5 "l2vt:7" kuandika 
tamthiliya  
   4 "l2vt:7" kuzingatia fani  
   4 "l2vt:7" kuwasilisha ujumbe  
   4 "l2vt:7" kutumia methali  
   4 "l2vt:7" kusoma shairi  
   4 "l2vt:7" kuandika hadithi  
   3 "l2vt:7" kutafsiri 
maandishi  
   3 "l2vt:7" kusoma riwaya  
   3 "l2vt:7" kuelewa maudhui  
   2 "l2vt:7" kuzingatia 
nadharia  
   2 "l2vt:7" kutoa ujumbe  
   2 "l2vt:7" kuteka hisia  
   2 "l2vt:7" kutafsiri fasihi  
   2 "l2vt:7" kupitia taswira  
   2 "l2vt:7" kukuza lugha  
   2 "l2vt:7" kujenga fasihi  
   2 "l2vt:7" kufurahia hadithi  
   2 "l2vt:7" kufundisha ushairi  
   2 "l2vt:7" kufundisha riwaya  
   2 "l2vt:7" kufundisha 
mshororo  
 
 
152
 
   2 "l2vt:7" kufundisha maudhui  
   2 "l2vt:7" kufundisha fani  
   2 "l2vt:7" kufufua kaida  
   2 "l2vt:7" kufanya utafiti  
   2 "l2vt:7" kuelezea dhana  
   2 "l2vt:7" kuelewa nadharia  
   2 "l2vt:7" kuchambua shairi  
   2 "l2vt:7" kuandika tamthilia  
   2 "l2vt:7" kuandika mashairi  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuzungumzia 
tamthilia  
1 "l2vt:7" kuzungumzia 
nadharia  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuzingatia ubunifu  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuzingatia 
tamathali  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuzingatia mhusika  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuzingatia mdundo  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuzingatia maudhui  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuzingatia 
majibizano  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuzingatia mada  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuzingatia hadithi  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuweka vidokezo  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuweka migongano  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuwasilisha ngano  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuvuta tafakuri  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuua utamaduni  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuua fasihi  
   1 "l2vt:7" kutwaa utamaduni  
   1 "l2vt:7" kutumika kijazanda  
   1 "l2vt:7" kutumia vipawa  
   1 "l2vt:7" kutumia mizani  
   1 "l2vt:7" kutumia mandhari  
   1 "l2vt:7" kutumia fani  
   1 "l2vt:7" kutoa tamthiliya  
   1 "l2vt:7" kutoa midundo  
   1 "l2vt:7" kutoa hisia  
   1 "l2vt:7" kutiana mori  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuteua maudhui  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuteua lugha  
   1 "l2vt:7" kutenganisha visa  
   1 "l2vt:7" kutegemea ubunifu  
   1 "l2vt:7" kutegemea muktadha  
   1 "l2vt:7" kutegemea itikadi  
   1 "l2vt:7" kutegemea dhamira  
   1 "l2vt:7" kutazama uigizaji  
   1 "l2vt:7" kutazama 
tamthiliya  
1 "l2vt:7" kutayarisha 
wasanii  
1 "l2vt:7" kutanzua 
kitendawili  
   1 "l2vt:7" kutalii fasihi  
   1 "l2vt:7" kutahini 
vitendawili  
   1 "l2vt:7" kutafiti fumbo  
   1 "l2vt:7" kustawisha 
utamaduni  
   1 "l2vt:7" kusoma tamthilia  
   1 "l2vt:7" kusoma mashairi  
   1 "l2vt:7" kusoma lugha  
   1 "l2vt:7" kusoma fasihi  
   1 "l2vt:7" kusikiliza hadithi  
   1 "l2vt:7" kusherehekea 
kilele  
1 "l2vt:7" kusheheneza 
taswira  
   1 "l2vt:7" kushadidia ujumbe  
   1 "l2vt:7" kusambaza mashairi  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuruhusu ubunifu  
   1 "l2vt:7" kurejelea shairi  
   1 "l2vt:7" kurejelea muktadha  
   1 "l2vt:7" kupuuza muundo  
   1 "l2vt:7" kupotosha fasihi  
   1 "l2vt:7" kupinga ushairi  
   1 "l2vt:7" kupendekeza 
tasfida  
   1 "l2vt:7" kupenda tamaduni  
   1 "l2vt:7" kupata maudhui  
   1 "l2vt:7" kupata kilele  
   1 "l2vt:7" kupata dhamira  
   1 "l2vt:7" kupanga ushairi  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuorodhesha 
vidokezo  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuonyesha vipawa  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuonyesha 
vichekesho  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuonyesha usanifu  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuonyesha 
tamthiliya  
1 "l2vt:7" kuonyesha 
migongano  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuondoa kasumba  
   1 "l2vt:7" kunajisi ushairi  
   1 "l2vt:7" kumwaya falsafa  
   1 "l2vt:7" kumulika maudhui  
   1 "l2vt:7" kukuza vichekesho  
   1 "l2vt:7" kukuza tamaduni  
   1 "l2vt:7" kukuza maudhui  
   1 "l2vt:7" kukuza kipawa  
   1 "l2vt:7" kukuza hisia  
   1 "l2vt:7" kukusanya ngano  
   1 "l2vt:7" kukosa muwala  
   1 "l2vt:7" kukosa msimamo  
   1 "l2vt:7" kukosa mantiki  
   1 "l2vt:7" kukopa arudhi  
   1 "l2vt:7" kukamilisha 
ubunifu  
1 "l2vt:7" kukamilisha 
tamthiliya  
1 "l2vt:7" kukamilisha 
dhamira  
   1 "l2vt:7" kukadiria taathira  
   1 "l2vt:7" kujengea maudhui  
   1 "l2vt:7" kujenga taswira  
   1 "l2vt:7" kujenga taharuki  
   1 "l2vt:7" kujenga shairi  
   1 "l2vt:7" kujenga riwaya  
   1 "l2vt:7" kujenga kaida  
   1 "l2vt:7" kujadili 
tamthiliya  
   1 "l2vt:7" kujadili sanaa  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuingiza drama  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuingilia 
tamthiliya  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuibuka maandishi  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuhozi methali  
 
 
153
 
   1 "l2vt:7" kuhifadhi 
fasihi_simulizi  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuhesabu takriri  
   1 "l2vt:7" kugusa hisia  
   1 "l2vt:7" kugawa vipawa  
   1 "l2vt:7" kufurahia lugha  
   1 "l2vt:7" kufupisha ujumbe  
   1 "l2vt:7" kufupisha matini  
   1 "l2vt:7" kufunza tamthilia  
   1 "l2vt:7" kufunza lugha  
   1 "l2vt:7" kufunza fani  
   1 "l2vt:7" kufundisha 
visasili  
   1 "l2vt:7" kufundisha taswira  
   1 "l2vt:7" kufundisha tanzu  
   1 "l2vt:7" kufundisha 
tamathali  
   1 "l2vt:7" kufundisha takriri  
   1 "l2vt:7" kufundisha nyimbo  
   1 "l2vt:7" kufundisha ngano  
   1 "l2vt:7" kufundisha nathari  
   1 "l2vt:7" kufundisha 
mishororo  
   1 "l2vt:7" kufumbua mafumbo  
   1 "l2vt:7" kufumbua fumbo  
   1 "l2vt:7" kufufua utamaduni  
   1 "l2vt:7" kufuata mkondo  
   1 "l2vt:7" kufua visa  
   1 "l2vt:7" kufisha fasihi  
   1 "l2vt:7" kufikia kilele  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuficha hisia  
   1 "l2vt:7" kufanya upelelezi  
   1 "l2vt:7" kufanikisha utunzi  
   1 "l2vt:7" kufanikisha sanaa  
   1 "l2vt:7" kufahamu mandhari  
   1 "l2vt:7" kufafanua dhana  
   1 "l2vt:7" kufafanua dhamira  
   1 "l2vt:7" kueneza nadharia  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuendesha drama  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuendeleza tanzu  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuendeleza sanaa  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuendeleza 
nadharia  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuendeleza lugha  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuendeleza hisia  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuendeleza fasihi  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuendeleza fani  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuendeleza dhana  
   1 "l2vt:7" kueleza tajiriba  
   1 "l2vt:7" kueleza hisia  
   1 "l2vt:7" kueleza falsafa  
   1 "l2vt:7" kueleza dhana  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuelewa utunzi  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuelewa utamaduni  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuelewa ushairi  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuelewa shairi  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuelewa muundo  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuelewa mashairi  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuelewa hisia  
   1 "l2vt:7" kudhihirisha 
maudhui  
   1 "l2vt:7" kudharau uasili  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuchukua msimamo  
   1 "l2vt:7" kucheza muziki  
   1 "l2vt:7" kucheza ala  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuchanganya lahaja  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuchagua migongano  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuchagua methali  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuchafua itikadi  
   1 "l2vt:7" kubeba maudhui  
   1 "l2vt:7" kubainisha mikondo  
   1 "l2vt:7" kubainisha maudhui  
   1 "l2vt:7" kubainisha falsafa  
   1 "l2vt:7" kubadilisha mtindo  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuathiri hisia  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuanzisha drama  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuandika drama  
   1 "l2vt:7" kuandika beti 
 
LT-N + GEN-CON + LT-N "l2nt:8" 
 
16 "l2nt:8" utunzi wa 
tamthiliya  
   8 "l2nt:8" tamathali za usemi  
   7 "l2nt:8" utanzu wa fasihi  
   7 "l2nt:8" mwandishi wa 
riwaya  
7 "l2nt:8" falsafa ya 
mwandishi  
   6 "l2nt:8" urari wa mizani  
   6 "l2nt:8" sanaa za maonyesho  
   6 "l2nt:8" lugha ya kishairi  
   5 "l2nt:8" uandishi wa riwaya  
   5 "l2nt:8" lugha ya kifasihi  
   4 "l2nt:8" ujumbe wa shairi  
   4 "l2nt:8" tamthiliya za 
drama  
   4 "l2nt:8" sanaa ya lugha  
   4 "l2nt:8" msimamo wa 
mwandishi  
   4 "l2nt:8" maudhui ya hadithi  
   3 "l2nt:8" utunzi wa riwaya  
   3 "l2nt:8" utanzu wa riwaya  
   3 "l2nt:8" usimulizi wa 
hadithi  
3 "l2nt:8" ujumbe wa 
mwandishi  
3 "l2nt:8" uandishi wa 
tamthiliya  
   3 "l2nt:8" nadharia ya fasihi  
   3 "l2nt:8" maudhui ya 
tamthilia  
   3 "l2nt:8" lugha ya fasihi  
   3 "l2nt:8" dhamira ya 
mwandishi  
   2 "l2nt:8" wimbo wa kejeli  
   2 "l2nt:8" watunzi wa 
tamthiliya  
2 "l2nt:8" waandishi wa 
riwaya  
2 "l2nt:8" utunzi wa 
vichekesho  
2 "l2nt:8" utunzi wa 
kichekesho  
   2 "l2nt:8" utungaji wa riwaya  
   2 "l2nt:8" utanzu wa ushairi  
 
 
154
 
   2 "l2nt:8" usimulizi wa ngano  
   2 "l2nt:8" upeo wa fasihi  
   2 "l2nt:8" uhakiki wa ushairi  
   2 "l2nt:8" tamthiliya za 
vichekesho  
   2 "l2nt:8" nadharia za fasihi  
   2 "l2nt:8" nadharia ya 
uyakinifu  
2 "l2nt:8" nadharia ya 
ushairi  
   2 "l2nt:8" nadharia ya ubwege  
   2 "l2nt:8" mwandishi wa 
mchezo  
   2 "l2nt:8" muundo wa ushairi  
   2 "l2nt:8" muundo wa 
tamthilia  
   2 "l2nt:8" muundo wa shairi  
   2 "l2nt:8" muktadha wa 
tamthilia  
   2 "l2nt:8" mtindo wa sadfa  
   2 "l2nt:8" mtindo wa ngano  
   2 "l2nt:8" mtindo wa methali  
   2 "l2nt:8" mtazamo wa mtunzi  
   2 "l2nt:8" mshororo wa shairi  
   2 "l2nt:8" mkondo wa hadithi  
   2 "l2nt:8" maudhui ya shairi  
   2 "l2nt:8" maudhui ya 
mwandishi  
   2 "l2nt:8" mashairi ya kijadi  
   2 "l2nt:8" lugha ya ushairi  
   2 "l2nt:8" lugha ya nathari  
   2 "l2nt:8" fasihi ya lugha  
   2 "l2nt:8" dhana ya fasihi  
   2 "l2nt:8" dhamira ya shairi  
   1 "l2nt:8" wimbo wa hadithini  
   1 "l2nt:8" watunzi wa 
vichekesho  
   1 "l2nt:8" watunzi wa fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:8" wasimulizi wa 
hadithi  
   1 "l2nt:8" wasanii wa fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:8" wahusika wa 
tamthilia  
   1 "l2nt:8" wahusika wa riwaya  
   1 "l2nt:8" wahusika wa 
kidhahania  
1 "l2nt:8" wahusika wa 
hadithi  
1 "l2nt:8" wahusika wa 
fasihi_simulizi  
1 "l2nt:8" vidokezo vya 
kitamthiliya  
1 "l2nt:8" uwasilishaji wa 
ujumbe  
1 "l2nt:8" uwasilishaji wa 
tajiriba  
1 "l2nt:8" uwasilishaji wa 
sanaa  
   1 "l2nt:8" uwanda wa utafiti  
   1 "l2nt:8" utunzi wa ushairi  
   1 "l2nt:8" utunzi wa sanaa  
   1 "l2nt:8" utungo wa 
mishororo  
   1 "l2nt:8" utungo wa kishairi  
   1 "l2nt:8" utungo wa drama  
   1 "l2nt:8" utungaji wa 
mashairi  
   1 "l2nt:8" utungaji wa fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:8" utambaji wa fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:8" utamaduni wa 
mwandishi  
   1 "l2nt:8" utafiti wa fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:8" usimulizi wa 
mwandishi  
1 "l2nt:8" usimulizi wa 
kinathari  
   1 "l2nt:8" urasimi wa fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:8" upeo wa ushairi  
   1 "l2nt:8" upeo wa riwaya  
   1 "l2nt:8" ulimbwende wa 
tamthilia  
   1 "l2nt:8" ujumbe wa ngano  
   1 "l2nt:8" ujumbe wa mshairi  
   1 "l2nt:8" ujumbe wa hadithi  
   1 "l2nt:8" uhusika wa 
wahusika  
1 "l2nt:8" uhusika wa 
tamthilia  
   1 "l2nt:8" uhusika wa mhusika  
   1 "l2nt:8" uhakiki wa 
tamthilia  
   1 "l2nt:8" uhakiki wa riwaya  
   1 "l2nt:8" uhakiki wa 
mashairi  
1 "l2nt:8" uhakiki wa 
kimuundo  
1 "l2nt:8" uhakiki wa 
kimtindo  
1 "l2nt:8" uhakiki wa 
kifasihi  
   1 "l2nt:8" uhakiki wa fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:8" ufasihi wa methali  
   1 "l2nt:8" ufasaha wa lugha  
   1 "l2nt:8" ufafanuzi wa 
wanagenzi  
   1 "l2nt:8" ufafanuzi wa lugha  
   1 "l2nt:8" uchanganuzi wa 
shairi  
   1 "l2nt:8" ubunifu wa lugha  
   1 "l2nt:8" ubeti wa utenzi  
   1 "l2nt:8" uandishi wa mswada  
   1 "l2nt:8" uandishi wa 
mashairi  
   1 "l2nt:8" tanzu za ushairi  
   1 "l2nt:8" tanzia ya lugha  
   1 "l2nt:8" tamthiliya ya 
drama  
   1 "l2nt:8" tamathali za semi  
   1 "l2nt:8" tamathali za lugha  
   1 "l2nt:8" tajiriba ya 
ushairi  
1 "l2nt:8" taashira ya 
utamaduni  
   1 "l2nt:8" taashira ya ngoma  
   1 "l2nt:8" taashira ya 
migongano  
1 "l2nt:8" taashira ya 
migogoro  
   1 "l2nt:8" shairi la tarbia  
 
 
155
 
   1 "l2nt:8" sanaa ya 
vitendawili  
   1 "l2nt:8" sanaa ya ushairi  
   1 "l2nt:8" sanaa ya tanzu  
   1 "l2nt:8" sanaa ya nathari  
   1 "l2nt:8" sanaa ya maonyesho  
   1 "l2nt:8" sanaa ya fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:8" riwaya za 
upelelezi  
   1 "l2nt:8" riwaya ya shujaa  
   1 "l2nt:8" riwaya ya mtunzi  
   1 "l2nt:8" nyimbo za taarabu  
   1 "l2nt:8" nyimbo za ngomani  
   1 "l2nt:8" ngoma za kijadi  
   1 "l2nt:8" ngano za 
kisimulizi  
1 "l2nt:8" ngano za 
fasihi_simulizi  
   1 "l2nt:8" nadharia ya utanzu  
   1 "l2nt:8" nadharia ya 
urasimi  
1 "l2nt:8" nadharia ya 
uhakiki  
1 "l2nt:8" mwimbaji wa 
taarabu  
1 "l2nt:8" mwandishi wa 
tamthiliya  
1 "l2nt:8" mwandishi wa 
tamthilia  
1 "l2nt:8" muundo wa 
usimulizi  
   1 "l2nt:8" muktadha wa utunzi  
   1 "l2nt:8" muktadha wa utungo  
   1 "l2nt:8" muktadha wa shairi  
   1 "l2nt:8" muktadha wa 
kitamaduni  
1 "l2nt:8" muktadha wa 
iktisadi  
1 "l2nt:8" muktadha wa 
hadithi  
1 "l2nt:8" mtunzi wa 
vichekesho  
1 "l2nt:8" mtiririko wa 
hadithi  
   1 "l2nt:8" mtindo wa mashairi  
   1 "l2nt:8" mtindo wa 
kimafumbo  
   1 "l2nt:8" mtindo wa jadi  
   1 "l2nt:8" mtazamo wa watunzi  
   1 "l2nt:8" mtazamo wa 
mwandishi  
   1 "l2nt:8" msimulizi wa kisa  
   1 "l2nt:8" msimulizi wa 
hadithi  
1 "l2nt:8" msimamo wa 
kinadharia  
   1 "l2nt:8" mkondo wa ngano  
   1 "l2nt:8" mkondo wa mizani  
   1 "l2nt:8" mizani ya fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:8" mitindo ya 
uandishi  
1 "l2nt:8" misimamo ya 
wahusika  
1 "l2nt:8" mishororo ya 
mashairi  
   1 "l2nt:8" mikondo ya ubunifu  
   1 "l2nt:8" midundo ya ngoma  
   1 "l2nt:8" michezo ya 
washairi  
1 "l2nt:8" mhusika wa 
mchezoni  
   1 "l2nt:8" mhakiki wa ushairi  
   1 "l2nt:8" mhakiki wa 
tamthilia  
   1 "l2nt:8" mdundo wa ushairi  
   1 "l2nt:8" mdundo wa shairi  
   1 "l2nt:8" mdundo wa muziki  
   1 "l2nt:8" mawaidha ya 
msimulizi  
1 "l2nt:8" maudhui ya 
vichekesho  
   1 "l2nt:8" maudhui ya ushairi  
   1 "l2nt:8" maudhui ya tanzu  
   1 "l2nt:8" maudhui ya riwaya  
   1 "l2nt:8" maudhui ya ngano  
   1 "l2nt:8" maudhui ya 
kichekesho  
   1 "l2nt:8" maudhui ya fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:8" masimulizi ya 
ngoma  
1 "l2nt:8" masimulizi ya 
mwandishi  
1 "l2nt:8" masimulizi ya 
mhusika  
1 "l2nt:8" masimulizi ya 
hadithi  
1 "l2nt:8" mashairi ya 
masimulizi  
   1 "l2nt:8" mashairi ya jadi  
   1 "l2nt:8" majibizano ya 
kishairi  
   1 "l2nt:8" mahadhi ya wimbo  
   1 "l2nt:8" maandishi ya sanaa  
   1 "l2nt:8" maandishi ya 
nathari  
1 "l2nt:8" maandishi ya 
mwandishi  
1 "l2nt:8" maandishi ya 
kinathari  
1 "l2nt:8" lugha ya 
tamthiliya  
   1 "l2nt:8" lugha ya sanaa  
   1 "l2nt:8" lugha ya riwaya  
   1 "l2nt:8" lugha ya mhusika  
   1 "l2nt:8" lahaja ya ushairi  
   1 "l2nt:8" kunga za utungaji  
   1 "l2nt:8" kunga za ushairi  
   1 "l2nt:8" kilele cha ubunifu  
   1 "l2nt:8" kilele cha 
tamthilia  
   1 "l2nt:8" kilele cha mchezo  
   1 "l2nt:8" kilele cha hadithi  
   1 "l2nt:8" kilele cha falsafa  
   1 "l2nt:8" kiimbo cha lugha  
   1 "l2nt:8" kigezo cha uhusika  
   1 "l2nt:8" jazanda ya ubwege  
   1 "l2nt:8" jazanda ya 
iktisadi  
1 "l2nt:8" itikadi za 
kinadharia  
 
 
15A
 
   1 "l2nt:8" hulka za mhusika  
   1 "l2nt:8" hulka ya ushairi  
   1 "l2nt:8" hulka ya mhusika  
   1 "l2nt:8" hisia za hadhira  
   1 "l2nt:8" hadhira ya 
mwandishi  
1 "l2nt:8" hadhira ya 
fasihi_simulizi  
1 "l2nt:8" fasihi ya 
kinathari  
   1 "l2nt:8" fani za sanaa  
   1 "l2nt:8" fani ya ushairi  
   1 "l2nt:8" fani ya sanaa  
   1 "l2nt:8" fani ya fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:8" falsafa ya mhakiki  
   1 "l2nt:8" dhana ya tamthilia  
   1 "l2nt:8" dhana ya shairi  
   1 "l2nt:8" dhamira za 
mwandishi  
1 "l2nt:8" dhamira ya 
tamthiliya  
   1 "l2nt:8" dhamira ya riwaya  
   1 "l2nt:8" dhamira ya hekaya  
   1 "l2nt:8" chimbuko la 
vitendawili  
   1 "l2nt:8" chimbuko la riwaya  
   1 "l2nt:8" chimbuko la fasihi  
 
 
15?
 
LT-N + GEN-CON + N "l2nt:9"  
 
  21 "l2nt:9" fasihi ya kiswahili  
  17 "l2nt:9" ushairi wa kiswahili  
  13 "l2nt:9" riwaya ya kiswahili  
   7 "l2nt:9" mashairi ya kiswahili  
   5 "l2nt:9" tanakali za sauti  
   5 "l2nt:9" shairi la kiswahili  
   5 "l2nt:9" ngoma ya ng'wanamalundi  
   5 "l2nt:9" mshororo wa mwisho  
   5 "l2nt:9" mashairi ya kisasa  
   5 "l2nt:9" lugha ya mkato  
   4 "l2nt:9" wimbo wa mtoto  
   4 "l2nt:9" tamthilia ya kibwege  
   4 "l2nt:9" mtiririko wa vituko  
   3 "l2nt:9" wasanii wa kibwege  
   3 "l2nt:9" utamaduni wa jamii  
   3 "l2nt:9" ufasaha wa maneno  
   3 "l2nt:9" tamthilia ya kilio  
   3 "l2nt:9" sanaa ya kibwege  
   3 "l2nt:9" nadharia ya utabia  
   3 "l2nt:9" nadharia ya kihafidhina  
   3 "l2nt:9" muktadha wa matumizi  
   3 "l2nt:9" muktadha wa jamii  
   3 "l2nt:9" mashairi ya kimapokeo  
   3 "l2nt:9" falsafa ya kijumla  
   2 "l2nt:9" wimbo wa taifa  
   2 "l2nt:9" utungaji wa kazi  
   2 "l2nt:9" utamaduni wa watu  
   2 "l2nt:9" utamaduni wa tanzania  
   2 "l2nt:9" utamaduni wa binadamu  
   2 "l2nt:9" ubeti wa mwisho  
   2 "l2nt:9" uandishi wa kiswahili  
   2 "l2nt:9" taswira ya mtu  
   2 "l2nt:9" tamthilia ya kiswahili  
   2 "l2nt:9" tamthilia ya kiafrika  
   2 "l2nt:9" tajiriba za jamii  
   2 "l2nt:9" tajiriba za binadamu  
   2 "l2nt:9" taashira ya kifo  
   2 "l2nt:9" riwaya za kiswahili  
   2 "l2nt:9" riwaya ya kisasa  
   2 "l2nt:9" nadharia ya udhanaishi  
   2 "l2nt:9" nadharia ya kimaendeleo  
   2 "l2nt:9" mwandishi wa kiswahili  
   2 "l2nt:9" muundo wa jamii  
   2 "l2nt:9" muktadha wa kijamii  
   2 "l2nt:9" mtiririko wa vitendo  
   2 "l2nt:9" mtindo wa kitendawili  
   2 "l2nt:9" mtazamo wa kimagharibi  
   2 "l2nt:9" mshairi wa kiswahili  
   2 "l2nt:9" mhusika wa miraba  
   2 "l2nt:9" lugha za uzunguni  
   2 "l2nt:9" lugha za kiasili  
   2 "l2nt:9" lugha ya taifa  
   2 "l2nt:9" kaida za tungo  
   2 "l2nt:9" fasihi ya nchi  
   2 "l2nt:9" fasihi ya kizungu  
   2 "l2nt:9" falsafa ya udhanifu  
   2 "l2nt:9" falsafa ya kiufundi  
   2 "l2nt:9" drama ya wageni  
   2 "l2nt:9" dhana ya maisha  
   1 "l2nt:9" wimbo wa ushindi  
   1 "l2nt:9" wimbo wa uhusiano  
 
 
15@
 
   1 "l2nt:9" wimbo wa tamati  
   1 "l2nt:9" wimbo wa ndege  
   1 "l2nt:9" wimbo wa matumaini  
   1 "l2nt:9" wimbo wa kimapinduzi  
   1 "l2nt:9" wimbo wa kifo.  
   1 "l2nt:9" wimbo wa fahari  
   1 "l2nt:9" wasifu wa mtu  
   1 "l2nt:9" washairi wa kiswahili  
   1 "l2nt:9" washairi wa kisasa  
   1 "l2nt:9" washairi wa kimapokeo  
   1 "l2nt:9" washairi wa jamii  
   1 "l2nt:9" wanafasihi wa mataifa  
   1 "l2nt:9" wanafasihi wa kizungu  
   1 "l2nt:9" wahusika wa tabaka  
   1 "l2nt:9" wahusika wa mraba  
   1 "l2nt:9" wahusika wa mjini  
   1 "l2nt:9" wahusika wa kihalisia  
   1 "l2nt:9" wahusika wa kibwege  
   1 "l2nt:9" wahusika wa historia  
   1 "l2nt:9" wahakiki wa kiswahili  
   1 "l2nt:9" waandishi wa kiswahili  
   1 "l2nt:9" waandishi wa kibwege  
   1 "l2nt:9" waandishi wa kiafrika  
   1 "l2nt:9" vitendawili vya mtihani  
   1 "l2nt:9" vitendawili vya jamii  
   1 "l2nt:9" visa vya kihistoria  
   1 "l2nt:9" uyakinifu wa mambo  
   1 "l2nt:9" uwasilishaji wa kauli  
   1 "l2nt:9" uundaji wa matabaka  
   1 "l2nt:9" uundaji wa jamii  
   1 "l2nt:9" utunzi wa kiswahili  
   1 "l2nt:9" utungaji wa kiswahili  
   1 "l2nt:9" uthakili wa mfumo  
   1 "l2nt:9" utenzi wa kiarabu  
   1 "l2nt:9" utamaduni wa uzungu-ubepari  
   1 "l2nt:9" utamaduni wa nchi  
   1 "l2nt:9" utamaduni wa mjini  
   1 "l2nt:9" utamaduni wa mabwana  
   1 "l2nt:9" utamaduni wa kizungu  
   1 "l2nt:9" utamaduni wa kimwambao  
   1 "l2nt:9" utamaduni wa kikatikati  
   1 "l2nt:9" utamaduni wa kiasili  
   1 "l2nt:9" utamaduni wa binaadamu  
   1 "l2nt:9" usimulizi wa matukio  
   1 "l2nt:9" ushairi wa mapokeo  
   1 "l2nt:9" ushairi wa kimapokezi  
   1 "l2nt:9" ushairi wa kihistoria  
   1 "l2nt:9" ushairi wa jamii  
   1 "l2nt:9" usanifu wa tungo  
   1 "l2nt:9" urasimi wa kiswahili  
   1 "l2nt:9" urasimi wa jamii  
   1 "l2nt:9" upeo wa matamanio  
   1 "l2nt:9" upeo wa maendeleo  
   1 "l2nt:9" ulimbwende wa vitushi  
   1 "l2nt:9" ukomo wa uwezo  
   1 "l2nt:9" ujumi wa kazi  
   1 "l2nt:9" ujumbe wa jumla  
   1 "l2nt:9" uhakiki wa jumuiya  
   1 "l2nt:9" ufafanuzi wa wataalamu  
   1 "l2nt:9" ufafanuzi wa matini  
   1 "l2nt:9" uchambuzi wa maisha  
   1 "l2nt:9" uchambuzi wa kitarakimu  
   1 "l2nt:9" uchambuzi wa kimaelezo  
 
 
159
 
   1 "l2nt:9" ubunifu wa mwanafunzi  
   1 "l2nt:9" uandishi wa vitabu  
   1 "l2nt:9" uandishi wa tanzania  
   1 "l2nt:9" uandishi wa magazeti  
   1 "l2nt:9" tenzi za kiarabu  
   1 "l2nt:9" taswira ya mkombozi  
   1 "l2nt:9" taswira ya maisha  
   1 "l2nt:9" taswira ya kitu  
   1 "l2nt:9" tapo la wanamabadiliko  
   1 "l2nt:9" tanzu za mwanzo  
   1 "l2nt:9" tamthiliya za redio  
   1 "l2nt:9" tamthiliya za kiswahili  
   1 "l2nt:9" tamthiliya za kiingereza  
   1 "l2nt:9" tamthiliya ya redio  
   1 "l2nt:9" tamthilia za kiswahili  
   1 "l2nt:9" tamthilia za kibwege  
   1 "l2nt:9" tamthilia za kiafrika  
   1 "l2nt:9" tamthilia ya kimajaribio  
   1 "l2nt:9" tamthilia ya kigiriki  
   1 "l2nt:9" tamaduni za watu  
   1 "l2nt:9" tamaduni za nchi  
   1 "l2nt:9" tamaduni za kizungu  
   1 "l2nt:9" tamaduni za binadamu  
   1 "l2nt:9" tahakiki ya kauli  
   1 "l2nt:9" tafakuri ya hisi  
   1 "l2nt:9" taashira za kimazingira  
   1 "l2nt:9" taashira za kikati  
   1 "l2nt:9" taashira ya takilifu  
   1 "l2nt:9" taashira ya safari  
   1 "l2nt:9" taashira ya nchi  
   1 "l2nt:9" taashira ya mzinga  
   1 "l2nt:9" taashira ya mizoga  
   1 "l2nt:9" taashira ya matumizi  
   1 "l2nt:9" taashira ya maangamizi  
   1 "l2nt:9" taashira ya jipu  
   1 "l2nt:9" taashira ya chombo  
   1 "l2nt:9" simulizi za kiafrika  
   1 "l2nt:9" shairi la kimapokeo  
   1 "l2nt:9" sanaa za watu  
   1 "l2nt:9" sadfa ya mwisho  
   1 "l2nt:9" riwaya za kiingereza  
   1 "l2nt:9" riwaya za dunia  
   1 "l2nt:9" nyimbo za makabila  
   1 "l2nt:9" ngoma za kiafrika  
   1 "l2nt:9" ngoma ya utawala  
   1 "l2nt:9" ngoma ya misituni  
   1 "l2nt:9" nadharia za maisha  
   1 "l2nt:9" nadharia za elimu  
   1 "l2nt:9" nadharia ya udenguzi  
   1 "l2nt:9" nadharia ya kimapinduzi  
   1 "l2nt:9" nadharia ya kijamii  
   1 "l2nt:9" nadharia ya kibwege  
   1 "l2nt:9" nadharia ya kibinafsi  
   1 "l2nt:9" nadharia ya jumuiya  
   1 "l2nt:9" nadharia ya elimu  
   1 "l2nt:9" nadhari ya msomaji  
   1 "l2nt:9" mwandishi wa kimapinduzi  
   1 "l2nt:9" mwanafalsafa wa kifaransa  
   1 "l2nt:9" muundo wa tungo  
   1 "l2nt:9" muundo wa sentensi  
   1 "l2nt:9" muundo wa maana  
   1 "l2nt:9" muundo wa kisemantiki  
   1 "l2nt:9" muundo wa kimapokezi  
 
 
1A0
 
   1 "l2nt:9" muktadha wa vijijini  
   1 "l2nt:9" muktadha wa usomaji  
   1 "l2nt:9" muktadha wa kazi  
   1 "l2nt:9" mtiririko wa mawazo  
   1 "l2nt:9" mtiririko wa maneno  
   1 "l2nt:9" mtiririko wa maelezo  
   1 "l2nt:9" mtindo wa kizungu  
   1 "l2nt:9" mtindo wa kingano  
   1 "l2nt:9" mtindo wa kimapokezi  
   1 "l2nt:9" mtazamo wa wasomi  
   1 "l2nt:9" mtazamo wa udhanaishi  
   1 "l2nt:9" mtazamo wa kirasimi  
   1 "l2nt:9" msimamo wa mawazo  
   1 "l2nt:9" msemo wa kiingereza  
   1 "l2nt:9" mpambaji wa jukwaa  
   1 "l2nt:9" mori wa kimapinduzi  
   1 "l2nt:9" mlingano wa sauti  
   1 "l2nt:9" mkondo wa uzuri  
   1 "l2nt:9" mkondo wa ubaya  
   1 "l2nt:9" miziki ya kizungu  
   1 "l2nt:9" mizani za kiswahili  
   1 "l2nt:9" mizani ya uelewa  
   1 "l2nt:9" mizani ya sauti  
   1 "l2nt:9" mizani ya mwisho  
   1 "l2nt:9" mizani ya kisayansi  
   1 "l2nt:9" mizani ya kihalisia  
   1 "l2nt:9" mitindo ya kikale  
   1 "l2nt:9" mitindo ya binadamu  
   1 "l2nt:9" mila ya kiafrika  
   1 "l2nt:9" mikondo ya mikosi  
   1 "l2nt:9" mhusika wa kisaikolojia  
   1 "l2nt:9" mhusika wa kimapinduzi  
   1 "l2nt:9" mhakiki wa kirusi  
   1 "l2nt:9" methali za kikati  
   1 "l2nt:9" methali ya kiswahili  
   1 "l2nt:9" mdundo wa makelele  
   1 "l2nt:9" mchezo wa redio  
   1 "l2nt:9" mawanda ya elimu  
   1 "l2nt:9" mawaidha ya kiuongozi  
   1 "l2nt:9" maudhui za ugandamizaji  
   1 "l2nt:9" maudhui ya ukombozi  
   1 "l2nt:9" maudhui ya kisiasa  
   1 "l2nt:9" maudhui ya dini  
   1 "l2nt:9" masimulizi ya vijana  
   1 "l2nt:9" masimulizi ya mdomo  
   1 "l2nt:9" mashujaa wa kitaifa  
   1 "l2nt:9" mashujaa wa kijamii  
   1 "l2nt:9" mashairi ya kirasmi  
   1 "l2nt:9" mashairi ya kimapokezi  
   1 "l2nt:9" mashairi ya kimapokea  
   1 "l2nt:9" mashairi ya jamii  
   1 "l2nt:9" mapigo ya zana  
   1 "l2nt:9" mandhari ya kitajiri  
   1 "l2nt:9" mandhari ya kimaskini  
   1 "l2nt:9" mandhari ya dunia  
   1 "l2nt:9" maigizo ya maisha  
   1 "l2nt:9" mada ya ubaguzi  
   1 "l2nt:9" mada ya mapenzi  
   1 "l2nt:9" maandishi ya taaluma  
   1 "l2nt:9" maandishi ya kimagharibi  
   1 "l2nt:9" lugha za kimagharibi  
   1 "l2nt:9" lugha za kikoloni  
   1 "l2nt:9" lugha ya mkoloni  
 
 
1A1
 
   1 "l2nt:9" lugha ya kizungu  
   1 "l2nt:9" lugha ya kisasa  
   1 "l2nt:9" lugha ya hadhi  
   1 "l2nt:9" lahaja ya kimvita  
   1 "l2nt:9" lahaja ya kikae  
   1 "l2nt:9" kunga za uandikaji  
   1 "l2nt:9" kisa cha omari  
   1 "l2nt:9" kisa cha nyongo  
   1 "l2nt:9" kisa cha mwana  
   1 "l2nt:9" kisa cha chuki  
   1 "l2nt:9" kipawa cha mtu  
   1 "l2nt:9" kilele cha mapinduzi  
   1 "l2nt:9" kilele cha maisha  
   1 "l2nt:9" kilele cha maasi  
   1 "l2nt:9" kilele cha anasa  
   1 "l2nt:9" kasumba ya tabia  
   1 "l2nt:9" kaida za kimapokezi  
   1 "l2nt:9" kaida ya mtu  
   1 "l2nt:9" kaida ya maumbile  
   1 "l2nt:9" jazanda ya ukanganyifu  
   1 "l2nt:9" jazanda ya uchawi  
   1 "l2nt:9" jazanda ya mvua  
   1 "l2nt:9" jazanda ya mbinu  
   1 "l2nt:9" jazanda ya matumizi  
   1 "l2nt:9" jazanda ya matumaini  
   1 "l2nt:9" jadi ya kimaskini  
   1 "l2nt:9" itikadi za dini  
   1 "l2nt:9" itikadi ya mtu  
   1 "l2nt:9" hulka za binadamu  
   1 "l2nt:9" hisia za wanyama  
   1 "l2nt:9" hisia za wakoloni  
   1 "l2nt:9" hisia za msomaji  
   1 "l2nt:9" hisia za kibinadamu  
   1 "l2nt:9" hisia za huruma  
   1 "l2nt:9" hisia ya utumwa  
   1 "l2nt:9" fasihi ya tanzania  
   1 "l2nt:9" fasihi ya mababu  
   1 "l2nt:9" fasihi ya kisasa  
   1 "l2nt:9" fasihi ya kirasimi  
   1 "l2nt:9" fasihi ya kimagharibi  
   1 "l2nt:9" fasihi ya kikati  
   1 "l2nt:9" fasihi ya kiingereza  
   1 "l2nt:9" fasihi ya kidhanaishi  
   1 "l2nt:9" fasihi ya kiarabu  
   1 "l2nt:9" fasihi ya kiafrika  
   1 "l2nt:9" fasihi ya awali  
   1 "l2nt:9" falsafa ya utu  
   1 "l2nt:9" falsafa ya plato  
   1 "l2nt:9" dhana za maisha  
   1 "l2nt:9" dhana za maana  
   1 "l2nt:9" dhana ya utenganishaji  
   1 "l2nt:9" arudhi ya kiswahili  
   1 "l2nt:9" arudhi ya kiarabu  
   1 "l2nt:9" amali ya jamii  
 
LT-N + GEN-CON + ADV "l2nt:10" 
 
   2 "l2nt:10" ushairi wa leo  
   1 "l2nt:10" ushairi wa sasa  
   1 "l2nt:10" ujumbe wa ndani  
   1 "l2nt:10" uandishi wa moja_kwa_moja  
   1 "l2nt:10" tajiriba za hali  
   1 "l2nt:10" riwaya za awali  
 
 
1A2
 
   1 "l2nt:10" nyimbo za kila_siku  
   1 "l2nt:10" mtiririko wa moja_kwa_moja  
   1 "l2nt:10" mtindo wa siku_hizi  
   1 "l2nt:10" msimamo wa karibu  
   1 "l2nt:10" mhusika wa kike  
   1 "l2nt:10" mashairi ya zamani  
   1 "l2nt:10" lugha ya kila_siku  
   1 "l2nt:10" fasihi ya kike  
   1 "l2nt:10" fasihi ya kesho  
 
N + GEN-CON + LT-N "l2nt:11"  
 
  37 "l2nt:11" kazi ya fasihi  
  26 "l2nt:11" matumizi ya lugha  
  16 "l2nt:11" kazi ya sanaa  
  12 "l2nt:11" vipengele vya fani  
   8 "l2nt:11" mwisho wa hadithi  
   7 "l2nt:11" ufundishaji wa fasihi  
   7 "l2nt:11" maana ya shairi  
   7 "l2nt:11" jamii ya riwayani  
   4 "l2nt:11" uonyeshaji wa tamthiliya  
   4 "l2nt:11" somo la fasihi  
   4 "l2nt:11" mbinu za uandishi  
   4 "l2nt:11" kazi za fasihi  
   3 "l2nt:11" vipengele vya fasihi  
   3 "l2nt:11" umuhimu wa fasihi  
   3 "l2nt:11" ukuzaji wa fasihi  
   3 "l2nt:11" ujuzi wa utunzi  
   3 "l2nt:11" ufundishaji wa ushairi  
   3 "l2nt:11" tafsiri za fasihi  
   3 "l2nt:11" mwisho wa tamthilia  
   3 "l2nt:11" mwisho wa riwaya  
   3 "l2nt:11" mwalimu wa fasihi  
   3 "l2nt:11" msingi wa tamthilia  
   3 "l2nt:11" msingi wa nadharia  
   3 "l2nt:11" msingi wa mashairi  
   3 "l2nt:11" maoni ya mwandishi  
   3 "l2nt:11" maelezo ya mwandishi  
   3 "l2nt:11" kipindi cha urasimi  
   3 "l2nt:11" historia ya riwaya  
   3 "l2nt:11" akili ya mhusika  
   2 "l2nt:11" vitushi vya hadithi  
   2 "l2nt:11" vitabu vya fasihi  
   2 "l2nt:11" vipengele vya kifasihi  
   2 "l2nt:11" vipande vya mishororo  
   2 "l2nt:11" uzuri wa nadharia  
   2 "l2nt:11" uzuri wa lugha  
   2 "l2nt:11" uwezo wa mwandishi  
   2 "l2nt:11" utumiaji wa lugha  
   2 "l2nt:11" umbo la shairi  
   2 "l2nt:11" umbo la riwaya  
   2 "l2nt:11" ulimwengu wa tamthilia  
   2 "l2nt:11" ukweli wa methali  
   2 "l2nt:11" ukuzaji wa lugha  
   2 "l2nt:11" ukosefu wa mantiki  
   2 "l2nt:11" ufundishaji wa tamthilia  
   2 "l2nt:11" ufundishaji wa riwaya  
   2 "l2nt:11" uendelezaji wa maudhui  
   2 "l2nt:11" uelewaji wa shairi  
   2 "l2nt:11" uelewaji wa fasihi  
   2 "l2nt:11" ubingwa wa lugha  
   2 "l2nt:11" tatizo la mwandishi  
   2 "l2nt:11" tabia za wahusika  
 
 
1A3
 
   2 "l2nt:11" somo la fasihi_simulizi  
   2 "l2nt:11" mwanzo wa hadithi  
   2 "l2nt:11" mwalimu wa ushairi  
   2 "l2nt:11" msamiati wa lugha  
   2 "l2nt:11" mgongo wa ushairi  
   2 "l2nt:11" mfano wa shairi  
   2 "l2nt:11" mfano wa mhusika  
   2 "l2nt:11" mawazo ya hadhira  
   2 "l2nt:11" matumizi ya methali  
   2 "l2nt:11" matendo ya wahusika  
   2 "l2nt:11" matatizo ya utunzi  
   2 "l2nt:11" maoni ya wanafalsafa  
   2 "l2nt:11" lengo la shairi  
   2 "l2nt:11" kikundi cha drama  
   2 "l2nt:11" kijelezi cha ushairi  
   2 "l2nt:11" kijelezi cha dhana  
   2 "l2nt:11" kiini cha tamthiliya  
   2 "l2nt:11" jukumu la mhakiki  
   2 "l2nt:11" jukumu la fasihi  
   2 "l2nt:11" jina la utungo  
   2 "l2nt:11" ishara ya utamaduni  
   2 "l2nt:11" imani za jadi  
   2 "l2nt:11" funzo la hadithi  
   2 "l2nt:11" fikira ya kishairi  
   2 "l2nt:11" dosari ya nadharia  
   2 "l2nt:11" chombo cha fasihi  
   2 "l2nt:11" asili ya ushairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" wizara ya utamaduni  
   1 "l2nt:11" weledi wa mhusika  
   1 "l2nt:11" watetezi wa mashairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" watazamaji wa uigizaji  
   1 "l2nt:11" wasomaji wa hadithi  
   1 "l2nt:11" wapenzi wa fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:11" wanamapokezi wa ushairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" wakongwe wa fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:11" waigaji wa watunzi  
   1 "l2nt:11" waasisi wa nadharia  
   1 "l2nt:11" vizingiti vya kimila  
   1 "l2nt:11" viwango vya maudhui  
   1 "l2nt:11" viumbe wa sanaa  
   1 "l2nt:11" viumbe wa hadithini  
   1 "l2nt:11" viumbe vya hadithini  
   1 "l2nt:11" vitushi vya riwaya  
   1 "l2nt:11" vitushi vya kisa  
   1 "l2nt:11" vitendo vya wahusika  
   1 "l2nt:11" vitendo vya mhusika  
   1 "l2nt:11" vipengele vya tamthiliya  
   1 "l2nt:11" vipengele vya kisanaa  
   1 "l2nt:11" vipengele vya kidhahania  
   1 "l2nt:11" vipengele vya hadithi  
   1 "l2nt:11" vipande vya lugha  
   1 "l2nt:11" uzoefu wa masimulizi  
   1 "l2nt:11" uzito wa sadfa  
   1 "l2nt:11" uzito wa amali  
   1 "l2nt:11" uzingatifu wa lugha  
   1 "l2nt:11" uwezo wa utunzi  
   1 "l2nt:11" uwezo wa uhakiki  
   1 "l2nt:11" uwezo wa uchambuzi  
   1 "l2nt:11" uwezo wa sanaa  
   1 "l2nt:11" uwezo wa fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:11" uwanja wa riwaya  
   1 "l2nt:11" uwanja wa masimulizi  
   1 "l2nt:11" uvunjaji wa kaida  
 
 
1A4
 
   1 "l2nt:11" utumizi wa taswira  
   1 "l2nt:11" utumizi wa mizani  
   1 "l2nt:11" utumizi wa methali  
   1 "l2nt:11" utumizi wa lahaja  
   1 "l2nt:11" uthabiti wa tamaduni  
   1 "l2nt:11" uteuzi wa lugha  
   1 "l2nt:11" uteule wa dhamira  
   1 "l2nt:11" uteteaji wa ushairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" utendaji wa utungo  
   1 "l2nt:11" utendaji wa mashairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" utelezi wa nadharia  
   1 "l2nt:11" utekwaji wa hisia  
   1 "l2nt:11" utasa wa fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:11" utaratibu wa wahusika  
   1 "l2nt:11" utaratibu wa kimaandishi  
   1 "l2nt:11" utaratibu wa hadithi  
   1 "l2nt:11" utamu wa ushairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" utambuzi wa vipawa  
   1 "l2nt:11" usuhubiano wa visa  
   1 "l2nt:11" usomaji wa mashairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" usahili wa lugha  
   1 "l2nt:11" urefu wa mshororo  
   1 "l2nt:11" uonyeshaji wa drama  
   1 "l2nt:11" unakidi wa lugha  
   1 "l2nt:11" umuhimu wa waandishi  
   1 "l2nt:11" umuhimu wa taswira  
   1 "l2nt:11" umuhimu wa nadharia  
   1 "l2nt:11" umuhimu wa mtindo  
   1 "l2nt:11" umuhimu wa maudhui  
   1 "l2nt:11" umuhimu wa drama  
   1 "l2nt:11" umri wa wahusika  
   1 "l2nt:11" umbuji wa msanii  
   1 "l2nt:11" umbo la utungo  
   1 "l2nt:11" umbo la kisanaa  
   1 "l2nt:11" umbo la hadithi  
   1 "l2nt:11" umalizaji wa tamthilia  
   1 "l2nt:11" ulimwengu wa riwaya  
   1 "l2nt:11" ulimwengu wa fasihi_simulizi  
   1 "l2nt:11" ulimi wa mashairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" ulengaji wa wahusika  
   1 "l2nt:11" ulazimishaji wa lugha  
   1 "l2nt:11" ukweli wa usemi  
   1 "l2nt:11" ukwasi wa ushairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" ukwasi wa maudhui  
   1 "l2nt:11" ukwasi wa lugha  
   1 "l2nt:11" ukuzaji wa fasihi_andishi  
   1 "l2nt:11" ukuta wa ukale  
   1 "l2nt:11" ukumbukaji wa mashairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" ukiukaji wa kaida  
   1 "l2nt:11" ukinzani wa lugha  
   1 "l2nt:11" ukinzani wa fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:11" ukati wa hadithi  
   1 "l2nt:11" ukanganyifu wa lugha  
   1 "l2nt:11" ukamilifu wa mchezo  
   1 "l2nt:11" ujuzi wa taswira  
   1 "l2nt:11" ujuzi wa mtunzi  
   1 "l2nt:11" ujuzi wa lugha  
   1 "l2nt:11" ujenzi wa wahusika  
   1 "l2nt:11" ujenzi wa utamaduni  
   1 "l2nt:11" ujenzi wa uhusika  
   1 "l2nt:11" ujenzi wa dhamira  
   1 "l2nt:11" ujengaji wa maudhui  
   1 "l2nt:11" ujelezi wa dhana  
 
 
1A5
 
   1 "l2nt:11" ujanja wa mhusika  
   1 "l2nt:11" uhodari wa masimulizi  
   1 "l2nt:11" ufupi wa maonyesho  
   1 "l2nt:11" ufundishaji wa mashairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" ufundi wa lugha  
   1 "l2nt:11" ufundi wa kisanaa  
   1 "l2nt:11" ufumbuzi wa ujumbe  
   1 "l2nt:11" ufumbuzi wa taswira  
   1 "l2nt:11" ufumbuzi wa mafumbo  
   1 "l2nt:11" ufinyanzi wa lugha  
   1 "l2nt:11" ufichuaji wa ujumi  
   1 "l2nt:11" ufanano wa mashairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" uenezaji wa falsafa  
   1 "l2nt:11" uendelezi wa maudhui  
   1 "l2nt:11" uendelezaji wa wahusika  
   1 "l2nt:11" uendelezaji wa tanzu  
   1 "l2nt:11" uelimishaji wa fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:11" uelezaji wa dhana  
   1 "l2nt:11" uelewekaji wa maudhui  
   1 "l2nt:11" uelewa wa lugha  
   1 "l2nt:11" uchawi wa mwandishi  
   1 "l2nt:11" uchaguzi wa maudhui  
   1 "l2nt:11" ubingwa wa utunzi  
   1 "l2nt:11" ubingwa wa mwandishi  
   1 "l2nt:11" uandisbi wa mswada  
   1 "l2nt:11" uafaka wa waigizaji  
   1 "l2nt:11" tungo za washairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" tungo za mwandishi  
   1 "l2nt:11" tungo za mizani  
   1 "l2nt:11" tungo za kijadi  
   1 "l2nt:11" tungo za fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:11" tukio la tajiriba  
   1 "l2nt:11" tokeo la mgongano  
   1 "l2nt:11" tofauti ya mashairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" tatizo la nahau  
   1 "l2nt:11" tatizo la lugha  
   1 "l2nt:11" tasnifu ya tamthilia  
   1 "l2nt:11" taratibu za muundo  
   1 "l2nt:11" tafsiri za lugha  
   1 "l2nt:11" tafsiri ya utungo  
   1 "l2nt:11" tafsiri ya ubeti  
   1 "l2nt:11" tafsiri ya shairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" tafsiri ya msimamo  
   1 "l2nt:11" tafsiri ya kisa  
   1 "l2nt:11" tafrija ya hadithi-pendezi  
   1 "l2nt:11" tabia za kisanaa  
   1 "l2nt:11" tabia ya utungaji  
   1 "l2nt:11" tabia ya upembuzi  
   1 "l2nt:11" swala la utamaduni  
   1 "l2nt:11" swala la mgogoro  
   1 "l2nt:11" swala la fani  
   1 "l2nt:11" sura ya vichekesho  
   1 "l2nt:11" silisili za mizani  
   1 "l2nt:11" silisili za mila  
   1 "l2nt:11" sifa za wahusika  
   1 "l2nt:11" sifa za utenzi  
   1 "l2nt:11" sifa za urasimi  
   1 "l2nt:11" shina la utamaduni  
   1 "l2nt:11" sheria za utunzi  
   1 "l2nt:11" sheria za mishororo  
   1 "l2nt:11" sheria ya iktisadi  
   1 "l2nt:11" sherehe za kitamaduni  
   1 "l2nt:11" sherehe za jando  
 
 
1AA
 
   1 "l2nt:11" shabaha ya shairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" shabaha ya riwaya  
   1 "l2nt:11" sehemu ya utamaduni  
   1 "l2nt:11" sehemu ya tamthilia  
   1 "l2nt:11" sehemu ya muundo  
   1 "l2nt:11" sehemu ya mchezo  
   1 "l2nt:11" sehemu ya maudhui  
   1 "l2nt:11" sehemu ya lugha  
   1 "l2nt:11" sehemu ya fani  
   1 "l2nt:11" sauti ya uwasilishaji  
   1 "l2nt:11" sauti ya shairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" pingu za utamaduni  
   1 "l2nt:11" nyenzo ya uandishi  
   1 "l2nt:11" nyayo za tamthiliya  
   1 "l2nt:11" nusu ya riwaya  
   1 "l2nt:11" njia za usimulizi  
   1 "l2nt:11" njia ya ushairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" njia ya usanifu  
   1 "l2nt:11" njia ya nyimbo  
   1 "l2nt:11" njia ya mvuto  
   1 "l2nt:11" njia ya mashairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" njia ya mafumbo  
   1 "l2nt:11" njia ya maandishi  
   1 "l2nt:11" njia ya kishairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" nguzo za riwaya  
   1 "l2nt:11" nguzo za muundo  
   1 "l2nt:11" nguvu za taswira  
   1 "l2nt:11" nchi ya riwayani  
   1 "l2nt:11" nafsi za hadhira  
   1 "l2nt:11" nafsi ya mwandishi  
   1 "l2nt:11" nafsi ya hadhira  
   1 "l2nt:11" nafasi ya wasanii  
   1 "l2nt:11" nafasi ya msimuliaji  
   1 "l2nt:11" nafasi ya mhusika  
   1 "l2nt:11" nafasi ya fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:11" mwisho wa ubeti  
   1 "l2nt:11" mwisho wa shairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" mwisho wa mshairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" mwisho wa kisa  
   1 "l2nt:11" mwisho la mshororo  
   1 "l2nt:11" mwisho cha fani  
   1 "l2nt:11" mweledi wa lugha  
   1 "l2nt:11" mweledi wa fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:11" mwavuli wa tamthilia  
   1 "l2nt:11" mwasilishaji wa hisia  
   1 "l2nt:11" mwanzo wa tajiriba  
   1 "l2nt:11" mwanzo wa riwaya  
   1 "l2nt:11" mwanzo wa mishororo  
   1 "l2nt:11" mwanzo wa maudhui  
   1 "l2nt:11" mwanafunzi wa fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:11" mwalimu wa tamthilia  
   1 "l2nt:11" mwalimu wa lugha  
   1 "l2nt:11" muhtasari wa ushairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" muhtasari wa masimulizi  
   1 "l2nt:11" muhtasari wa falsafa  
   1 "l2nt:11" mtirikio wa hadithi  
   1 "l2nt:11" mtawala wa hadithini  
   1 "l2nt:11" mstari wa maandishi  
   1 "l2nt:11" msomaji wa riwaya  
   1 "l2nt:11" msingi wa urasimi  
   1 "l2nt:11" msingi wa riwaya  
   1 "l2nt:11" msingi wa itikadi  
   1 "l2nt:11" mseto wa ngano  
 
 
1A?
 
   1 "l2nt:11" mseto wa mila  
   1 "l2nt:11" msamiati wa shairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" mpangilio wa tamthilia  
   1 "l2nt:11" mpangilio wa lugha  
   1 "l2nt:11" mkururo wa vichekesho  
   1 "l2nt:11" mkurugenzi wa maigizo  
   1 "l2nt:11" mkabala wa uyakinifu  
   1 "l2nt:11" mjadala wa wahusika  
   1 "l2nt:11" mizizi ya lugha  
   1 "l2nt:11" mivutano ya kiiktisadi  
   1 "l2nt:11" miundo ya tamthilia  
   1 "l2nt:11" mitihani ya vitendawili  
   1 "l2nt:11" misukumo ya migongano  
   1 "l2nt:11" mistari ya ubeti  
   1 "l2nt:11" misingi-teule ya kishairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" misingi ya utamaduni  
   1 "l2nt:11" misingi ya ushairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" misingi ya ukale  
   1 "l2nt:11" misingi ya sanaa  
   1 "l2nt:11" misingi ya mwandishi  
   1 "l2nt:11" misingi ya fasihi_simulizi  
   1 "l2nt:11" mipaka ya utamaduni  
   1 "l2nt:11" mipaka ya ushairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" mipaka ya tamaduni  
   1 "l2nt:11" mipaka ya tajiriba  
   1 "l2nt:11" mipaka ya riwaya  
   1 "l2nt:11" mipaka wa mashairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" mifupa ya hadithi  
   1 "l2nt:11" mifano ya uhakiki  
   1 "l2nt:11" mifano ya tahakiki  
   1 "l2nt:11" mifano ya ngano  
   1 "l2nt:11" mienendo ya wahusika  
   1 "l2nt:11" mhimili wa maudhui  
   1 "l2nt:11" mfumo wa iktisadi  
   1 "l2nt:11" mfumko wa dhana  
   1 "l2nt:11" mfuasi wa lugha  
   1 "l2nt:11" mfano wa utenzi  
   1 "l2nt:11" mfano wa sanaa  
   1 "l2nt:11" mfano wa riwaya  
   1 "l2nt:11" mfano wa ngonjera  
   1 "l2nt:11" mfano wa fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:11" mbinu za utambaji  
   1 "l2nt:11" mbinu za kifasihi  
   1 "l2nt:11" mbinu ya vichekesho  
   1 "l2nt:11" mbinu ya utunzi  
   1 "l2nt:11" mbinu ya kisanaa  
   1 "l2nt:11" mbadiliko wa hadithi  
   1 "l2nt:11" mazungumzo ya kitamthilia  
   1 "l2nt:11" mazingira ya ubunifu  
   1 "l2nt:11" mazingira ya msanii  
   1 "l2nt:11" mawazo ya mwandishi  
   1 "l2nt:11" mawazo ya mtunzi  
   1 "l2nt:11" mawazo ya kishairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" maumivu ya kifalsafa  
   1 "l2nt:11" matumizi ya usanifu  
   1 "l2nt:11" matumizi ya tamathali  
   1 "l2nt:11" matumizi ya taashira  
   1 "l2nt:11" matumizi ya kaida  
   1 "l2nt:11" matumizi ya jazanda  
   1 "l2nt:11" matatizo ya watunzi  
   1 "l2nt:11" masomo ya fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:11" mashiko ya falsafa  
   1 "l2nt:11" mashaka ya lugha  
 
 
1A@
 
   1 "l2nt:11" mapokezi ya hadhira  
   1 "l2nt:11" mapato ya wasimulizi  
   1 "l2nt:11" maoni ya wanamapokeo  
   1 "l2nt:11" maneno ya nyimbo  
   1 "l2nt:11" maneno ya mashairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" maneno ya lugha  
   1 "l2nt:11" maneno ya kilahaja  
   1 "l2nt:11" mambo ya mila  
   1 "l2nt:11" mambo ya kijadi  
   1 "l2nt:11" mama wa nadharia  
   1 "l2nt:11" malengo ya miviga  
   1 "l2nt:11" malengo ya hadithi  
   1 "l2nt:11" majitapo ya wahusika  
   1 "l2nt:11" majibu ya vitendawili  
   1 "l2nt:11" maisha ya wahusika  
   1 "l2nt:11" mahitimisho ya maono  
   1 "l2nt:11" mahitaji ya ushairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" mafunzo ya ngano  
   1 "l2nt:11" mafunzo ya hadithi  
   1 "l2nt:11" mafundi wa nadharia  
   1 "l2nt:11" maendeleo ya mchezo  
   1 "l2nt:11" maelezo ya taashira  
   1 "l2nt:11" maelezo ya mtindo  
   1 "l2nt:11" maelezo ya msanii  
   1 "l2nt:11" maelezo ya kidhahania  
   1 "l2nt:11" maelezo ya jazanda  
   1 "l2nt:11" madhumuni ya vichekesho  
   1 "l2nt:11" madhumuni ya msanii  
   1 "l2nt:11" madhumuni ya drama  
   1 "l2nt:11" mabongo ya wasikilizaji  
   1 "l2nt:11" mabadiliko ya sanaa  
   1 "l2nt:11" mabadiliko ya mhusika  
   1 "l2nt:11" maana ya ushairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" maana ya usanifu  
   1 "l2nt:11" maana ya tamthiliya  
   1 "l2nt:11" maana ya riwaya  
   1 "l2nt:11" maana ya methali  
   1 "l2nt:11" maana ya maudhui  
   1 "l2nt:11" maana ya fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:11" maana ya falsafa  
   1 "l2nt:11" maadui wa lugha  
   1 "l2nt:11" lengo la waandishi  
   1 "l2nt:11" lengo la vichekesho  
   1 "l2nt:11" lengo la sanaa  
   1 "l2nt:11" lengo la mizani  
   1 "l2nt:11" lengo la miviga  
   1 "l2nt:11" lengo la mapitio  
   1 "l2nt:11" lengo la fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:11" kurunzi ya wahusika  
   1 "l2nt:11" kurunzi ya msimulizi  
   1 "l2nt:11" kongamano la ubunifu  
   1 "l2nt:11" kongamano la fani  
   1 "l2nt:11" kizingiti cha mhusika  
   1 "l2nt:11" kiwango cha usanifu  
   1 "l2nt:11" kiwango cha ubunifu  
   1 "l2nt:11" kiwango cha kisanaa  
   1 "l2nt:11" kiwango cha fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:11" kiwango cha fani  
   1 "l2nt:11" kitabu cha fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:11" kipengele cha hadithi  
   1 "l2nt:11" kipengele cha fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:11" kipengele cha fani  
   1 "l2nt:11" kijelezi cha utanzu  
 
 
1A9
 
   1 "l2nt:11" kijelezi cha tashihisi  
   1 "l2nt:11" kifungu cha utungo  
   1 "l2nt:11" kielelezo cha mtunzi  
   1 "l2nt:11" kianzio cha mshororo  
   1 "l2nt:11" kazi za wasanii  
   1 "l2nt:11" kazi za mshairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" kazi za kisanaa  
   1 "l2nt:11" kazi ya ubunifu  
   1 "l2nt:11" kazi ya uandishi  
   1 "l2nt:11" kazi ya tamthilia  
   1 "l2nt:11" kazi ya mwandishi  
   1 "l2nt:11" kazi ya kisanaa  
   1 "l2nt:11" kazi ya kifasihi  
   1 "l2nt:11" kauli za lahaja  
   1 "l2nt:11" kauli ya mwandishi  
   1 "l2nt:11" kasoro ya msemo  
   1 "l2nt:11" kanuni za ushairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" kanuni za kishairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" kanuni za kijadi  
   1 "l2nt:11" jumbe za riwaya  
   1 "l2nt:11" jumbe za ngano  
   1 "l2nt:11" jukwaa la tamthilia  
   1 "l2nt:11" jukwaa la michezo  
   1 "l2nt:11" jukwaa la mguso  
   1 "l2nt:11" jukumu la mshairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" juhudi ya mwandishi  
   1 "l2nt:11" jina la lakabu  
   1 "l2nt:11" jamii ya hadithini  
   1 "l2nt:11" ithibati ya mtafaruku  
   1 "l2nt:11" imani za kitamaduni  
   1 "l2nt:11" imani za kijadi  
   1 "l2nt:11" imani ya uyakinifu  
   1 "l2nt:11" imani ya kifalsafa  
   1 "l2nt:11" idara ya sanaa  
   1 "l2nt:11" historia za ushairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" historia za lugha  
   1 "l2nt:11" historia ya tamthiliya  
   1 "l2nt:11" historia ya fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:11" historia ya drama  
   1 "l2nt:11" heshima ya lugha  
   1 "l2nt:11" heba ya mwandishi  
   1 "l2nt:11" hatua za uchambuzi  
   1 "l2nt:11" hatua za uandishi  
   1 "l2nt:11" hatima ya kilele  
   1 "l2nt:11" hali ya ubwege  
   1 "l2nt:11" hali ya migogoro  
   1 "l2nt:11" hali ya fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:11" haja ya mwandishi  
   1 "l2nt:11" hadhari ya lugha  
   1 "l2nt:11" gogo la hadithi  
   1 "l2nt:11" funzo la hekaya  
   1 "l2nt:11" fikra ya kishairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" fikra ya kidhahania  
   1 "l2nt:11" eneo la usimulizi  
   1 "l2nt:11" eneo la masimulizi  
   1 "l2nt:11" elimu ya kijadi  
   1 "l2nt:11" dunia ya lugha  
   1 "l2nt:11" dira ya mwandishi  
   1 "l2nt:11" darasa la riwaya  
   1 "l2nt:11" darasa la miviga  
   1 "l2nt:11" darasa la mashairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" darasa la lugha  
   1 "l2nt:11" darasa la fasihi_simulizi  
 
 
1?0
 
   1 "l2nt:11" darasa la fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:11" dai la washairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" chemichemi ya fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:11" chemichemi ya dhana  
   1 "l2nt:11" chembe ya fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:11" chanzo cha fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:11" bwawa la fasihi_simulizi  
   1 "l2nt:11" busara ya methali  
   1 "l2nt:11" bingwa wa lugha  
   1 "l2nt:11" azma ya washairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" athari za utamaduni  
   1 "l2nt:11" athari ya nadharia  
   1 "l2nt:11" athari ya lugha  
   1 "l2nt:11" athari ya fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:11" asilimia ya ubunifu  
   1 "l2nt:11" asili ya utumbuizo  
   1 "l2nt:11" asili ya mashairi  
   1 "l2nt:11" akilini mwa wasikilizaji  
   1 "l2nt:11" akili za wasikilizaji  
   1 "l2nt:11" akili ya mwandishi  
   1 "l2nt:11" ainaaina za uhusika  
   1 "l2nt:11" ainaaina ya lugha  
   1 "l2nt:11" adhama ya lugha  
   1 "l2nt:11" adabu ya lugha 
 
LT-V + GEN-CON + LT-N "l2vt:12" 
 
   1 "l2vt:12" kuimba kwa mdundo  
 
INF + GEN-CON + LT-N "l2vt:14"  
 
   2 "l2vt:14" kueleweka kwa maudhui  
   1 "l2vt:14" kutiririka kwa muwala  
   1 "l2vt:14" kutamalaki kwa utamaduni  
   1 "l2vt:14" kupitia kwa msimulizi  
   1 "l2vt:14" kupitia kwa mhusika  
   1 "l2vt:14" kunena kwa lugha  
   1 "l2vt:14" kukua kwa fasihi  
   1 "l2vt:14" kukomaa kwa washairi  
   1 "l2vt:14" kuimbika kwa shairi  
   1 "l2vt:14" kuibuka kwa ushairi  
   1 "l2vt:14" kuendelea kwa sanaa  
   1 "l2vt:14" kuelezea kwa uyakinifu  
   1 "l2vt:14" kubuniwa kwa lugha  
   1 "l2vt:14" kubadilikabadilika kwa lugha  
   1 "l2vt:14" kubadilika kwa ushairi  
   1 "l2vt:14" kubadilika kwa mhusika  
 
LT-N + PREP + LT-N "l2nt:15"  
 
   4 "l2nt:15" mshororo baada_ya mshororo  
   3 "l2nt:15" tamthilia katika tamthilia  
   2 "l2nt:15" ubeti kwa ubeti  
   2 "l2nt:15" tamthilia ndani_ya tamthilia  
   2 "l2nt:15" msimulizi katika riwaya  
   2 "l2nt:15" lugha bila fasihi  
   2 "l2nt:15" fani katika ngano  
   1 "l2nt:15" utunzi katika lugha  
   1 "l2nt:15" usimulizi katika ngano  
   1 "l2nt:15" ushairi ndani_ya tamthilia  
   1 "l2nt:15" upelelezi katika fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:15" umalenga katika ushairi  
   1 "l2nt:15" ujumbe katika ngano  
 
 
1?1
 
   1 "l2nt:15" uhusika katika riwaya  
   1 "l2nt:15" shairi katika hadithi  
   1 "l2nt:15" semi katika shairi  
   1 "l2nt:15" riwayani katika mafumbo  
   1 "l2nt:15" mwandishi hadi mwandishi  
   1 "l2nt:15" mtiririko katika tamthilia  
   1 "l2nt:15" mtindo katika ushairi  
   1 "l2nt:15" msimulizi pamoja_na wasikilizaji  
   1 "l2nt:15" msimulizi katika ngano  
   1 "l2nt:15" mshororo kwa mshororo  
   1 "l2nt:15" mizani katika mashairi  
   1 "l2nt:15" mishororo katika mashairi  
   1 "l2nt:15" mhusika katika tamthilia  
   1 "l2nt:15" mhusika katika riwaya  
   1 "l2nt:15" mhusika katika hadithi  
   1 "l2nt:15" mgogoro katika ushairi  
   1 "l2nt:15" methali katika uandishi  
   1 "l2nt:15" mchezo ndani_ya mchezo  
   1 "l2nt:15" majigambo katika utunzi  
   1 "l2nt:15" lugha katika shairi  
   1 "l2nt:15" fasihi katika utamaduni  
   1 "l2nt:15" fasihi katika usemi  
   1 "l2nt:15" fani katika tamthilia  
   1 "l2nt:15" fani katika fasihi_simulizi  
 
N + PREP + LT-N "l2nt:16" 
 
   2 "l2nt:16" kitendo katika tamthiliya  
   1 "l2nt:16" wanafunzi katika vitendawili  
   1 "l2nt:16" walibora katika riwaya  
   1 "l2nt:16" wakwasi katika riwaya  
   1 "l2nt:16" vimelea katika tamthilia  
   1 "l2nt:16" vijitamthilia ndani_ya tamthilia-mwavuli  
   1 "l2nt:16" urogi katika tamthilia  
   1 "l2nt:16" upya katika fani  
   1 "l2nt:16" ugeni katika ushairi  
   1 "l2nt:16" udhaifu kwa_ajili_ya umenke  
   1 "l2nt:16" uchunguzi katika ushairi  
   1 "l2nt:16" uchawi katika tamthilia  
   1 "l2nt:16" ubarakala katika riwaya  
   1 "l2nt:16" tofauti katika shairi  
   1 "l2nt:16" tofauti kati_ya vichekesho  
   1 "l2nt:16" tofauti baina_ya riwaya  
   1 "l2nt:16" neno katika shairi  
   1 "l2nt:16" mwelekeo kuhusu maudhui  
   1 "l2nt:16" mwangaza kuhusu hulka  
   1 "l2nt:16" mwanga kuhusu dhamira  
   1 "l2nt:16" mvutano baina_ya utamaduni  
   1 "l2nt:16" mushkili katika urari  
   1 "l2nt:16" msikilizaji katika masimulizi  
   1 "l2nt:16" mshiriki katika kichekesho  
   1 "l2nt:16" mpango katika ubeti  
   1 "l2nt:16" mpaka baina_ya visa  
   1 "l2nt:16" mitihani katika vitendawili  
   1 "l2nt:16" mazungumzo katika uandishi  
   1 "l2nt:16" mawasiliano katika sanaa  
   1 "l2nt:16" matukio katika hadithi  
   1 "l2nt:16" maneno nje_ya muktadha  
   1 "l2nt:16" maneno katika mishororo  
   1 "l2nt:16" mambo katika tamthilia  
   1 "l2nt:16" majivuno katika riwaya  
   1 "l2nt:16" majadiliano baada_ya uwasilishaji  
   1 "l2nt:16" maingiliano baina_ya nadharia  
 
 
1?2
 
   1 "l2nt:16" maingiliano baina_ya wahusika  
   1 "l2nt:16" maingiliano baina_ya mada  
   1 "l2nt:16" maelezo katika uandishi  
   1 "l2nt:16" maelezo katika fasihi  
   1 "l2nt:16" mabadiliko katika maudhui  
   1 "l2nt:16" maana kutokana_na muktadha  
   1 "l2nt:16" ukale katika tamthilia  
   1 "l2nt:16" kasi katika masimulizi  
   1 "l2nt:16" chuku katika masimulizi  
 
LT-N + PREP + N "l2nt:17"  
 
   2 "l2nt:17" muundo katika kazi  
   1 "l2nt:17" ushairi katika mataifa  
   1 "l2nt:17" ujumbe kuhusu matukio  
   1 "l2nt:17" ujumbe katika kazi  
   1 "l2nt:17" uandishi katika shule  
   1 "l2nt:17" uandishi bila vitendo  
   1 "l2nt:17" tamthiliya katika nchi  
   1 "l2nt:17" tamthiliya katika mapana  
   1 "l2nt:17" tamthilia kuhusu mivutano  
   1 "l2nt:17" taathira kwa wanajamii  
   1 "l2nt:17" shairi katika upana  
   1 "l2nt:17" sanaa kwa ujumla  
   1 "l2nt:17" riwaya katika vitabu  
   1 "l2nt:17" nadharia kwa jumla  
   1 "l2nt:17" mwandishi katika ubunaji  
   1 "l2nt:17" mtafaruku katika jamii  
   1 "l2nt:17" mtafaruku baina_ya vijana  
   1 "l2nt:17" miviga katika jamii  
   1 "l2nt:17" migongano katika matendo  
   1 "l2nt:17" mguso kwa jamii  
   1 "l2nt:17" mgogoro baina_ya binadamu  
   1 "l2nt:17" mchezo baina_ya binadamu  
   1 "l2nt:17" mashairi katika mataifa  
   1 "l2nt:17" majibizano katika mazungumzo  
   1 "l2nt:17" itikadi katika uelezaji  
 
 
 
 
1?3
 
INF + PREP + LT-N "l2vt:20"  
 
   1 "l2vt:20" kuzungumza kuhusu ubwege  
   1 "l2vt:20" kutofautiana katika lafudhi  
   1 "l2vt:20" kutendeka mbele_ya hadhira  
   1 "l2vt:20" kutambulikana kwa_sababu_ya ukale  
   1 "l2vt:20" kusema katika riwaya  
   1 "l2vt:20" kurudi katika uasili  
   1 "l2vt:20" kuonyesha katika onyesho  
   1 "l2vt:20" kukua kwa fasihi  
   1 "l2vt:20" kukamilika kwa maudhui  
   1 "l2vt:20" kujulikana kwa lakabu  
   1 "l2vt:20" kujibizana kuhusu mashairi  
   1 "l2vt:20" kujadili kuhusu jazanda  
 
LT-N + GEN-CON + INF "l2nt:22" 
 
   5 "l2nt:22" mchezo wa kuigiza  
   2 "l2nt:22" hadithi ya kupendeza  
   1 "l2nt:22" wimbo wa kusifu  
   1 "l2nt:22" wahusika wa kuaminika  
   1 "l2nt:22" utungo wa kushajiishana  
   1 "l2nt:22" uhusika wa kuaminika  
   1 "l2nt:22" taswira ya kuogofya  
   1 "l2nt:22" sanaa ya kuchora  
   1 "l2nt:22" muktadha wa kuchongwa  
   1 "l2nt:22" michezo ya kuigiza  
   1 "l2nt:22" mahadhi ya kutilika  
   1 "l2nt:22" hadithi ya kusikitisha  
   1 "l2nt:22" dhana ya kustaladhi  
   1 "l2nt:22" dhamira za kupotoka  
   1 "l2nt:22" desturi ya kubadilika  
 
N + GEN-CON + LT-V "l2nt:23" 
 
   7 "l2nt:23" sheria za kutunga  
   3 "l2nt:23" uhuru wa kutunga  
   2 "l2nt:23" mbinu za kutunga  
   2 "l2nt:23" kazi ya kubuni  
   1 "l2nt:23" ujuzi wa kutunga  
   1 "l2nt:23" mighani ya kubuni  
   1 "l2nt:23" mbinu ya kutunga  
   1 "l2nt:23" matendo ya kutunga  
   1 "l2nt:23" kiumbe wa kubuni  
   1 "l2nt:23" kipaji cha kubuni  
 
LT-N + POSS + LT-N "l2nt:27" 
 
   1 "l2nt:27" utungo wenye maudhui  
   1 "l2nt:27" ushairi wenye mizani  
   1 "l2nt:27" nadharia yenye uyakinifu  
   1 "l2nt:27" mhusika mwenye upeo  
   1 "l2nt:27" mchezo wenye mtiririko  
   1 "l2nt:27" maandishi yenye maudhui  
   1 "l2nt:27" lugha yenye taswira  
   1 "l2nt:27" lugha yenye mdundo  
   1 "l2nt:27" hadithi yenye mtiririko  
 
LT-N + POSS + N "l2nt:28" 
 
   1 "l2nt:28" wahusika wenye udhaifu  
   1 "l2nt:28" wahusika wenye nafsi  
   1 "l2nt:28" wahusika wake maneno  
 
 
1?4
 
   1 "l2nt:28" ushairi wenye kanuni  
   1 "l2nt:28" nyimbo zenye mistari  
   1 "l2nt:28" mtiririko wenye mzuano  
   1 "l2nt:28" msimamo wenye mashiko  
   1 "l2nt:28" mhusika mwenye akili  
   1 "l2nt:28" maudhui yenye umuhimu  
   1 "l2nt:28" mashairi yenye vipokeo  
   1 "l2nt:28" lugha zenye majukumu  
   1 "l2nt:28" hadithi yenye mchangamano  
   1 "l2nt:28" fumbo lenye maana  
   1 "l2nt:28" fasihi yenye maana  
 
N + POSS + LT-N "l2nt:29"  
 
   1 "l2nt:29" wanawake wenye itikadi  
   1 "l2nt:29" wanaume wenye itikadi  
   1 "l2nt:29" umbo lenye mizani  
   1 "l2nt:29" mtu mwenye msimamo  
   1 "l2nt:29" mbinu zenye mantiki  
   1 "l2nt:29" kazi yenye taharuki  
   1 "l2nt:29" kawafi zenye mizani  
   1 "l2nt:29" binadamu mwenye ubunifu  
 
LT-V + ADV "l2nt:30" 
 
   1 "l2nt:30" kutunga hapo_kwa_hapo  
   1 "l2nt:30" kuimba pamoja  
 
Length 3 terms 
 
LT-N + A-INFL + GEN-CON + N "l3nt:1" 
 
   1 "l3nt:1" visa virefu vya kihistoria  
   1 "l3nt:1" muundo mzima wa matini  
   1 "l3nt:1" muktadha mpana wa uimbaji  
   1 "l3nt:1" kigezo kikuu cha uenyeji  
   1 "l3nt:1" fasihi mpya ya kiswahili  
 
LT-N + A-INFL + GEN-CON + LT-N "l3nt:2" 
 
   1 "l3nt:2" utanzu mmojawapo wa fasihi  
   1 "l3nt:2" ushairi teule wa nyimbo  
   1 "l3nt:2" taswira pana ya shairi  
   1 "l3nt:2" riwaya nzuri za waandishi  
   1 "l3nt:2" muundo mzima wa utunzi  
   1 "l3nt:2" falsafa pana ya mwandishi  
   1 "l3nt:2" dhana kuu ya fasihi  
   1 "l3nt:2" dhamira kuu ya ngano  
   1 "l3nt:2" dhamira kuu ya mwandishi  
 
 N + A-INFL + GEN-CON + LT-N "l3nt:3" 
 
   1 "l3nt:3" vipengele vikuu vya fani  
   1 "l3nt:3" umilisi mkubwa wa lugha  
   1 "l3nt:3" umbo zima la riwaya  
   1 "l3nt:3" ufundishaji mwema wa fasihi  
   1 "l3nt:3" tasnifu kuu ya sanaa  
   1 "l3nt:3" sifa kuu za fasihi  
   1 "l3nt:3" sifa kubwa ya ushairi  
   1 "l3nt:3" nyenzo kuu za usimulizi  
   1 "l3nt:3" misingi mipya ya upelelezi  
   1 "l3nt:3" mihimili mikuu ya tamthilia  
   1 "l3nt:3" matumizi mapevu ya lugha  
 
 
1?5
 
   1 "l3nt:3" lengo kuu la mwandishi  
   1 "l3nt:3" kazi nzuri ya sanaa  
   1 "l3nt:3" kazi nzima ya fasihi  
   1 "l3nt:3" historia fupi ya riwaya  
 
LT-N + GEN-CON + LT-N + GEN-CON + ADV "l3nt:7" 
 
   1 "l3nt:7" utunzi wa tamthiliya wa hapo_kwa_hapo 
 
 LT-N + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + ADV "l3nt:8" 
 
   2 "l3nt:8" taharuki ya hali ya juu  
   1 "l3nt:8" ubunifu wa hali ya juu  
   1 "l3nt:8" mizani za kiswahili cha leo 
 
 N + GEN-CON + LT-N + GEN-CON + ADV "l3nt:9" 
 
   1 "l3nt:9" waigaji wa watunzi wa zamani  
   1 "l3nt:9" hali ya migogoro ya leo 
 
N + GEN-CON + LT-N + GEN-CON + N "l3nt:10"  
 
  2 "l3nt:10" ufundishaji wa ushairi wa kiswahili  
   2 "l3nt:10" historia ya riwaya ya kiswahili  
   1 "l3nt:10" wizara ya utamaduni wa taifa  
   1 "l3nt:10" wanamapokezi wa ushairi wa kiswahili  
   1 "l3nt:10" uzito wa amali za jamii  
   1 "l3nt:10" uthabiti wa tamaduni za kiafrika  
   1 "l3nt:10" uteteaji wa ushairi wa kimapinduzi  
   1 "l3nt:10" ulazimishaji wa lugha za kimagharibi  
   1 "l3nt:10" ukuzaji wa lugha ya kiswahili  
   1 "l3nt:10" ukuzaji wa fasihi ya kiswahili  
   1 "l3nt:10" ufundishaji wa riwaya ya kiswahili  
   1 "l3nt:10" ufundi wa lugha ya mkato  
   1 "l3nt:10" ufichuaji wa ujumi wa kazi  
   1 "l3nt:10" uenezaji wa falsafa ya ujamaa  
   1 "l3nt:10" uendelezaji wa tanzu za fasihi-andishi  
   1 "l3nt:10" uchunguzi wa ushairi wa kiswahili  
   1 "l3nt:10" ubingwa wa lugha ya kiswahili  
   1 "l3nt:10" tafsiri ya utungo wa kiarabu  
   1 "l3nt:10" shina la utamaduni wa kiafrika  
   1 "l3nt:10" sherehe za kitamaduni za jamii  
   1 "l3nt:10" sehemu ya utamaduni wa jamii  
   1 "l3nt:10" ploti ya tamthilia ya kibwege  
   1 "l3nt:10" mweledi wa lugha ya kiswahili  
   1 "l3nt:10" mwalimu wa lugha ya kiswahili  
   1 "l3nt:10" msingi wa riwaya ya kisasa  
   1 "l3nt:10" msamiati wa lugha ya kiswahili  
   1 "l3nt:10" mpangilio wa lugha ya mkato  
   1 "l3nt:10" mkururo wa vichekesho vya maskani  
   1 "l3nt:10" miundo ya tamthilia za mataifa  
   1 "l3nt:10" misingi ya utamaduni wa kizungu  
   1 "l3nt:10" mhimili wa maudhui ya elimu  
   1 "l3nt:10" maelezo ya taashira ya mzinga  
   1 "l3nt:10" maana ya usanifu wa kazi  
   1 "l3nt:10" maana ya shairi la kiswahili  
   1 "l3nt:10" maana ya falsafa ya kijumla  
   1 "l3nt:10" lengo la waandishi wa kibwege  
   1 "l3nt:10" kitabu cha fasihi ya kiswahili  
   1 "l3nt:10" kielelezo cha mtunzi wa kisasa  
   1 "l3nt:10" kazi ya tamthilia ya kigiriki  
   1 "l3nt:10" kazi ya sanaa ya kirasimi  
   1 "l3nt:10" kanuni za ushairi wa kiswahili  
 
 
1?A
 
   1 "l3nt:10" jukumu la mshairi wa kiswahili  
   1 "l3nt:10" ishara ya utamaduni wa kizungu  
   1 "l3nt:10" imani ya uyakinifu wa kijamii  
   1 "l3nt:10" historia ya fasihi ya kiswahili  
   1 "l3nt:10" dosari ya nadharia ya utabia  
   1 "l3nt:10" dosari ya nadharia ya kihafidhina  
   1 "l3nt:10" bingwa wa lugha ya kiswahili  
   1 "l3nt:10" athari ya lugha ya kiingereza  
   1 "l3nt:10" asili ya ushairi wa kiswahili  
   1 "l3nt:10" asili ya mashairi ya kiswahili 
 
 N + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + LT-N "l3nt:11" 
 
   2 "l3nt:11" uti wa mgongo wa ushairi  
   1 "l3nt:11" watungaji wa kazi za sanaa  
   1 "l3nt:11" wakusanyaji wa kazi za mshairi  
   1 "l3nt:11" uti wa mgongo wa uhakiki  
   1 "l3nt:11" uti wa mgongo wa tamthilia  
   1 "l3nt:11" uti wa mgongo wa fasihi_simulizi  
   1 "l3nt:11" uti wa mgongo wa fasihi  
   1 "l3nt:11" usambazaji wa ujuzi wa utunzi  
   1 "l3nt:11" upevu wa tungo za kijadi  
   1 "l3nt:11" upana wa kazi ya fasihi  
   1 "l3nt:11" unakidi wa kazi za sanaa  
   1 "l3nt:11" ukuzaji wa kazi ya sanaa  
   1 "l3nt:11" ujuzi wa mbinu za uandishi  
   1 "l3nt:11" ubaya wa tabia za wahusika  
   1 "l3nt:11" sura ya mwanzo ya riwaya  
   1 "l3nt:11" sifa za ajabu za sanaa  
   1 "l3nt:11" shabaha ya kazi ya fasihi  
   1 "l3nt:11" picha ya jumla ya shairi  
   1 "l3nt:11" nguvu za mbinu za kifasihi  
   1 "l3nt:11" mwisho wa kazi ya fasihi  
   1 "l3nt:11" muhtasari wa tasnifu ya tamthilia  
   1 "l3nt:11" msomaji wa kazi ya fasihi  
   1 "l3nt:11" msingi wa ujenzi wa utamaduni  
   1 "l3nt:11" msikilizaji wa kazi ya fasihi  
   1 "l3nt:11" mshehenezo wa vipengele vya kifasihi  
   1 "l3nt:11" mpangilio wa mistari ya ubeti  
   1 "l3nt:11" misingi ya kazi za sanaa  
   1 "l3nt:11" mchango wa kazi za fasihi  
   1 "l3nt:11" mazingira ya mseto wa mila  
   1 "l3nt:11" malengo ya imani za jadi  
   1 "l3nt:11" malengo ya elimu ya kijadi  
   1 "l3nt:11" mabadiliko ya umbo la shairi  
   1 "l3nt:11" maana ya matumizi ya lugha  
   1 "l3nt:11" maadili ya wakongwe wa fasihi  
   1 "l3nt:11" kiwakilishi cha imani za kijadi  
   1 "l3nt:11" kivuli cha mwavuli wa tamthilia  
   1 "l3nt:11" kitovu cha kazi ya sanaa  
   1 "l3nt:11" kipindi cha utasa wa fasihi  
   1 "l3nt:11" anwani ya kazi ya fasihi  
 
 N + GEN-CON + LT-N + GEN-CON + LT-N "l3nt:12" 
 
   1 "l3nt:12" uvunjaji wa kaida za lugha  
   1 "l3nt:12" ujuzi wa utunzi wa tamthiliya  
   1 "l3nt:12" ubingwa wa lugha wa msimulizi  
   1 "l3nt:12" sheria za utunzi wa mashairi  
   1 "l3nt:12" mwanzo wa mishororo ya ubeti  
   1 "l3nt:12" msingi wa urasimi wa ushairi  
   1 "l3nt:12" mjadala wa wahusika wa riwaya  
   1 "l3nt:12" mifano ya uhakiki wa tamthilia  
 
 
1??
 
   1 "l3nt:12" mbinu za uandishi wa tamthiliya  
   1 "l3nt:12" mbinu za uandishi wa riwaya  
   1 "l3nt:12" kipindi cha urasimi wa fasihi  
   1 "l3nt:12" kijelezi cha utanzu wa sanaa  
   1 "l3nt:12" kijelezi cha dhana ya ushairi  
   1 "l3nt:12" kijelezi cha dhana ya ubwege  
   1 "l3nt:12" kazi ya uandishi wa riwaya  
   1 "l3nt:12" kanuni za kijadi za utunzi  
   1 "l3nt:12" hatua za uandishi wa riwaya  
 
LT-N + GEN-CON + LT-N + GEN-CON + N "l3nt:13" 
 
   2 "l3nt:13" nadharia ya uyakinifu wa kijamii  
   1 "l3nt:13" wahusika wa tamthilia za kibwege  
   1 "l3nt:13" utunzi wa ushairi wa kiswahili  
   1 "l3nt:13" utunzi wa mashairi ya kiswahili  
   1 "l3nt:13" utungaji wa fasihi ya kiswahili  
   1 "l3nt:13" urasimi wa fasihi ya kiswahili  
   1 "l3nt:13" uhakiki wa ushairi wa kiswahili  
   1 "l3nt:13" taashira ya utamaduni wa kizungu  
   1 "l3nt:13" taashira ya migogoro ya kisiasa  
   1 "l3nt:13" sanaa ya ushairi wa kiswahili  
   1 "l3nt:13" muundo wa ushairi wa kiswahili  
   1 "l3nt:13" muundo wa tamthilia ya kigiriki  
   1 "l3nt:13" mhakiki wa tamthilia ya kiswahili  
   1 "l3nt:13" masimulizi ya ngoma za kiasili  
   1 "l3nt:13" lugha ya sanaa ya kibwege  
   1 "l3nt:13" fasihi_andishi ya lugha ya kiswahili  
   1 "l3nt:13" fasihi ya lugha ya taifa  
   1 "l3nt:13" chimbuko la riwaya ya kiswahili  
 
 LT-N + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + LT-N "l3nt:14" 
 
   1 "l3nt:14" wahusika wa kazi ya fasihi  
   1 "l3nt:14" waandishi wa kazi ya sanaa  
   1 "l3nt:14" utunzi wa tungo za vichekesho  
   1 "l3nt:14" utungaji wa kazi ya sanaa  
   1 "l3nt:14" utungaji wa kazi ya fasihi  
   1 "l3nt:14" uandishi wa vitabu vya fasihi  
   1 "l3nt:14" mtindo wa kazi ya sanaa  
   1 "l3nt:14" kaida za kimapokezi za utunzi  
   1 "l3nt:14" dhamira ya kazi ya fasihi  
 
LT-N + GEN-CON + LT-N + GEN-CON + LT-N "l3nt:15" 
 
   2 "l3nt:15" utunzi wa tamthiliya za drama  
   1 "l3nt:15" taashira ya migongano ya kitamaduni  
   1 "l3nt:15" mtazamo wa watunzi wa vichekesho  
   1 "l3nt:15" mshororo wa shairi la tarbia  
   1 "l3nt:15" mkondo wa ngano za fasihi_simulizi  
   1 "l3nt:15" maandishi ya sanaa za maonyesho  
   1 "l3nt:15" fani za sanaa za maonyesho  
 
LT-N + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + N "l3nt:16" 
 
   2 "l3nt:16"  utenzi wa vita vya maumau  
   1 "l3nt:16" wahusika wa tabaka la kibepari  
   1 "l3nt:16" waandishi wa nchi za ulaya  
   1 "l3nt:16" uwasilishaji wa kauli za kikoloni  
   1 "l3nt:16" uthakili wa mfumo wa uongozi  
   1 "l3nt:16" utamaduni wa nchi za kimagharibi  
   1 "l3nt:16" utamaduni wa kiasili wa afrika  
   1 "l3nt:16" usanifu wa tungo za kiswahili  
 
 
1?@
 
   1 "l3nt:16" urasimi wa jamii za kigiriki  
   1 "l3nt:16" upeo wa matamanio ya maisha  
   1 "l3nt:16" uhakiki wa jumuiya ya madola  
   1 "l3nt:16" uchambuzi wa maisha ya jamii  
   1 "l3nt:16" ubwege wa maisha ya binadamu  
   1 "l3nt:16" ubwege wa bara la afrika  
   1 "l3nt:16" tamthilia ya kiswahili ya kisasa  
   1 "l3nt:16" tahakiki ya kauli ya kikoloni  
   1 "l3nt:16"" taashira ya mzinga wa nyuki  
   1 "l3nt:16" riwaya ya kiswahili ya kisasa  
   1 "l3nt:16" riwaya ya kiswahili ya awali  
   1 "l3nt:16" riwaya ya kisasa ya kiswahili  
   1 "l3nt:16" nadharia za kimsingi za elimu  
   1 "l3nt:16" mlingano wa sauti za herufi  
   1 "l3nt:16" mitindo ya maisha ya binadamu  
   1 "l3nt:16" mitindo ya binadamu ya ubwanyenye  
   1 "l3nt:16" mada ya mapenzi ya kidungu  
   1 "l3nt:16" maandishi ya kimagharibi ya udhanaishi  
   1 "l3nt:16" kisa cha mwana wa mfalme  
   1 "l3nt:16" jazanda ya ukanganyifu wa jamii  
   1 "l3nt:16" jazanda ya mbinu za kidhalimu  
   1 "l3nt:16" jazanda ya matumizi ya nguvu  
   1 "l3nt:16" hadithi ya kaizari ya kihistoria  
   1 "l3nt:16" dhana za maisha ya binadamu 
 
LT-N + GEN-CON + LT-N + PREP + LT-N "l3nt:17" 
 
   1 "l3nt:17" uhusika wa wahusika katika riwaya  
   1 "l3nt:17" taashira ya ngoma katika tamthilia  
   1 "l3nt:17" riwaya za upelelezi katika fasihi  
   1 "l3nt:17" nadharia ya ubwege katika sanaa  
   1 "l3nt:17" mtazamo wa mtunzi kuhusu dhamira  
   1 "l3nt:17" msimamo wa mwandishi kuhusu dhamira  
   1 "l3nt:17" falsafa ya mwandishi katika riwaya 
 
LT-N + GEN-CON + N + PREP + LT-N "l3nt:18" 
 
   1 "l3nt:18" uyakinifu wa mambo katika muktadha  
   1 "l3nt:18" taashira za kikati katika riwaya  
   1 "l3nt:18" sadfa ya mwisho katika hadithi  
   1 "l3nt:18" riwaya za kiswahili katika fasihi   
   1 "l3nt:18" fasihi ya kiswahili kwa maandishi 
 
LT-N + GEN-CON + LT-N + PREP + N "l3nt:19" 
 
   1 "l3nt:19" uwasilishaji wa ujumbe kwa maneno  
   1 "l3nt:19" utunzi wa tamthiliya kwa jumla  
   1 "l3nt:19" sanaa za maonyesho kwa jumla  
   1 "l3nt:19" mtazamo wa mwandishi kuhusu migaragazo  
   1 "l3nt:19" falsafa ya mwandishi kwa jumla  
 
N + GEN-CON + LT-N + PREP + LT-N "l3nt:21" 
 
   1 "l3nt:21" vipengele vya fani katika riwaya  
   1 "l3nt:21" umuhimu wa taswira katika fasihi  
   1 "l3nt:21" umuhimu wa fasihi katika utamaduni  
   1 "l3nt:21" ufumbuzi wa ujumbe katika mashairi  
   1 "l3nt:21" ubingwa wa mwandishi katika lugha  
   1 "l3nt:21" tafsiri ya ubeti kwa ubeti  
   1 "l3nt:21" matumizi ya lugha kwa ufasaha  
   1 "l3nt:21" maana ya riwaya katika fasihi  
 
 
 
1?9
 
N + GEN-CON + N + PREP + LT-N "l3nt:22" 
 
   1 "l3nt:22" visimamizi vya nafsi katika shairi  
   1 "l3nt:22" ugumu wa mawasiliano katika sanaa  
   1 "l3nt:22" swali la kimsingi katika nadharia  
   1 "l3nt:22" sura ya kitanzania kwa_upande_wa maudhui  
   1 "l3nt:22" mpangilio wa maneno katika mishororo  
   1 "l3nt:22" mbinu za kiisimu katika uhakiki  
   1 "l3nt:22" matokeo ya mitihani katika vitendawili  
   1 "l3nt:22" masharti ya lazima kwa ushairi  
   1 "l3nt:22" maana ya maneno nje_ya muktadha  
   1 "l3nt:22" imani za kikale katika tamthilia  
 
N + GEN-CON + LT-N + PREP + N "l3nt:23" 
 
   2 "l3nt:23" maana ya shairi kwa jumla  
   1 "l3nt:23" ufundishaji wa fasihi katika shule  
   1 "l3nt:23" nafasi ya fasihi katika jamii  
   1 "l3nt:23" maumivu ya kifalsafa kuhusu maisha  
   1 "l3nt:23" matumizi ya lugha kwa mchujo  
   1 "l3nt:23" jukumu la fasihi kwa jamii  
   1 "l3nt:23" jukumu la fasihi katika maisha  
   1 "l3nt:23" historia ya drama kwa ufupi  
 
LT-N + GEN-CON + INF + GEN-CON + N "l3nt:27" 
 
   1 "l3nt:27" taswira ya kuogofya ya damu  
   1 "l3nt:27" dhamira za kupotoka kwa vijana 
 
N + GEN-CON + INF + GEN-CON + LT-N "l3nt:30" 
 
   1 "l3nt:30" sifa ya kuimbika kwa shairi  
   1 "l3nt:30" lengo la kueleweka kwa maudhui  
   1 "l3nt:30" jukwaa la kuelezea kwa uyakinifu 
 
 LT-N + GEN-CON + INF + LT-N "l3nt:31" 
 
   1 "l3nt:31" utunzi wa kutumia vichekesho  
   1 "l3nt:31" utamaduni wa kuandikia tamthilia  
   1 "l3nt:31" mtindo wa kuwasilishia hadithi  
   1 "l3nt:31" kipawa cha kuchuja maono 
 
 LT-N + GEN-CON + INF + N "l3nt:32" 
 
   1 "l3nt:32" wimbo wa kusifu ulafi  
   1 "l3nt:32" mtindo wa kutumia picha  
   1 "l3nt:32" desturi ya kubadilika kitabia 
 
 LT-N + GEN-CON + LT-V + LT-N "l3nt:33" 
 
   1 "l3nt:33" mtindo wa kusimulia hadithi 
 
 LT-N + GEN-CON + LT-V + N "l3nt:34" 
 
   1 "l3nt:34" mandhari ya kubuni tatizo 
 
 N + GEN-CON + LT-V + LT-N "l3nt:35" 
 
   6 "l3nt:35" sheria za kutunga mashairi  
   1 "l3nt:35" ujuzi wa kutunga tamthiliya  
   1 "l3nt:35" mbinu za kutunga tamthiliya  
   1 "l3nt:35" mbinu za kutunga mashairi  
 
 
 
1@0
 
N + GEN-CON + LT-V + N "l3nt:36" 
 
   1 "l3nt:36" njia ya kuiga wajuzi 
 
 N + GEN-CON + INF + LT-N "l3nt:37" 
 
   1 "l3nt:37" wajibu wa kukuza fasihi  
   1 "l3nt:37" uwezo wa kufumbua fumbo  
   1 "l3nt:37" uwezo wa kufua visa  
   1 "l3nt:37" ustadi wa kucheza ala  
   1 "l3nt:37" ujasiri wa kujaribu maudhui  
   1 "l3nt:37" ubingwa wa kuandika mashairi  
   1 "l3nt:37" njia ya kuwasilishia ujumbe  
   1 "l3nt:37" njia ya kufundisha methali  
   1 "l3nt:37" mwito wa kukuza lugha  
   1 "l3nt:37" mwito wa kufufua tamaduni  
   1 "l3nt:37" mbinu za kufundishia tamthilia  
   1 "l3nt:37" mbinu ya kufafanua dhamira  
   1 "l3nt:37" matayarisho ya kufundisha mashairi  
   1 "l3nt:37" majazi ya kuendeleza maudhui  
   1 "l3nt:37" mahitaji ya kutafsiri maandishi  
   1 "l3nt:37" maelezo ya kufundisha mshororo  
   1 "l3nt:37" lengo la kushadidia ujumbe  
   1 "l3nt:37" lengo la kukamilisha dhamira  
   1 "l3nt:37" lengo la kufundisha fasihi  
   1 "l3nt:37" kusudi la kumulikia maudhui  
   1 "l3nt:37" kipindi cha kuondoa kasumba  
   1 "l3nt:37" kazi ya kutafiti fumbo  
   1 "l3nt:37" juhudi ya kuelewa muundo  
   1 "l3nt:37" hoja ya kupinga ushairi  
 
LT-N + GEN-CON + N + CC + N "l3nt:44" 
 
   2 "l3nt:44" utenzi wa adamu na hawa  
   1 "l3nt:44" uchambuzi wa kimaelezo na kitarakimu  
   1 "l3nt:44" tamthiliya za redio na televisheni  
   1 "l3nt:44" riwaya za kiingereza na kiswahili  
   1 "l3nt:44" mizani ya kur'ani na biblia  
   1 "l3nt:44" mgongano wa mnyanyasaji na mnyanyaswaji  
   1 "l3nt:44" maudhui ya kisiasa na kiijitimai  
   1 "l3nt:44" lugha ya kiarabu na kur'ani  
   1 "l3nt:44" falsafa ya plato na aristotle  
   1 "l3nt:44" dhana ya utenganishaji na upembuaji  
   1 "l3nt:44" chimbuko la ubaguzi na unyonyaji 
  
LT-N + GEN-CON + N + CC + LT-N "l3nt:46" 
 
   2 "l3nt:46" lugha ya kiingereza na fasihi  
   1 "l3nt:46" nadharia za elimu na fasihi  
   1 "l3nt:46" nadharia ya kihafidhina na fasihi  
   1 "l3nt:46" lugha za kiasili na fasihi  
 
LT-N + GEN-CON + LT-N + CC + LT-N "l3nt:47" 
 
   2 "l3nt:47" utunzi wa riwaya na hadithi  
   1 "l3nt:47" ujumbe wa mwandishi na mhusika  
   1 "l3nt:47" mwandishi wa riwaya na hadithi  
 
N + GEN-CON + LT-N + CC + LT-N "l3nt:48" 
 
   1 "l3nt:48" vizingiti vya kimila na kitamaduni  
   1 "l3nt:48" viwango vya maudhui na fani  
   1 "l3nt:48" vipengele vya kisanaa na kimuundo  
 
 
1@1
 
   1 "l3nt:48" umuhimu wa drama au vichekesho  
   1 "l3nt:48" ujengaji wa maudhui na dhamira  
   1 "l3nt:48" uendelezi wa maudhui na dhamira  
   1 "l3nt:48" ubingwa wa utunzi na uandishi  
   1 "l3nt:48" sherehe za jando na unyago  
   1 "l3nt:48" njia ya nyimbo na mashairi  
   1 "l3nt:48" historia ya riwaya na hadithi  
   1 "l3nt:48" heshima ya lugha na fasihi 
  
LT-N + GEN-CON + N + LT-V "l3nt:49" 
 
   1 "l3nt:49" lugha ya kiswahili sanifu   
 
 LT-N + GEN-CON + N + PREP + N "l3nt:54" 
 
   1 "l3nt:54" visa vya chaka katika historia  
   1 "l3nt:54" ujumbe wa jumla kuhusu matukio  
   1 "l3nt:54" tenzi za kiarabu kwa kiswahili  
   1 "l3nt:54" taswira ya maisha baada_ya udhalimu  
   1 "l3nt:54" nadharia ya utabia katika elimu  
   1 "l3nt:54" hisia za huruma kwa wasomaji  
   1 "l3nt:54" dhana ya moto kwa moto  
   1 "l3nt:54" dhana ya maskani katika taifa  
   1 "l3nt:54" dhana ya maisha baada_ya kifo  
 
LT-N + GEN-CON + PREP + N "l3nt:61" 
 
   1 "l3nt:61" vichekesho vya baada_ya azimio  
   1 "l3nt:61" fasihi ya kabla_ya uhuru 
 
 N + GEN-CON + PREP + LT-N "l3nt:63" 
 
   1 "l3nt:63" fikira ya ndani_ya mchezo 
 
 LT-N + N + GEN-CON + N "l3nt:64" 
 
   2 "l3nt:64" wanafalsafa waanzilishi wa siasa  
   1 "l3nt:64" utamaduni asili wa kiafrika  
   1 "l3nt:64" lugha asili za kiafrika  
 
LT-N + LT-N + GEN-CON + N "l3nt:66" 
 
   1 "l3nt:66" shairi guni la kiswahili  
 
N + N + GEN-CON + LT-N "l3nt:69" 
 
   1 "l3nt:69" vitabu mwafaka vya fasihi  
   1 "l3nt:69" uwasilishi habari wa lugha  
   1 "l3nt:69" utoaji muhtasari wa masimulizi  
   1 "l3nt:69" mwalimu mweledi wa fasihi  
   1 "l3nt:69" mshika kioo wa hadithi  
   1 "l3nt:69" matumizi ainaaina ya lugha  
   1 "l3nt:69" maelezo mafupimafupi ya mshairi  
   1 "l3nt:69" jicho zowefu la mwandishi  
 
N + LT-N + GEN-CON + LT-N "l3nt:70" 
 
   1 "l3nt:70" vipengele changamano vya fani  
 
N + POSS + LT-N + CARD "l3nt:72" 
 
   1 "l3nt:72" kawafi zenye mizani sita  
 
 
 
1@2
 
LT-N + POSS + N + CARD "l3nt:73" 
 
   1 "l3nt:73" wahusika wenye nafsi moja  
   1 "l3nt:73" utungo wenye vipande vitatu 
 
 LT-N + PREP + N + GEN-CON + LT-N "l3nt:74" 
 
   1 "l3nt:74" ujumbe kwa njia ya methali  
   1 "l3nt:74" muundo katika kazi ya fasihi 
  
LT-N + PREP + LT-N + GEN-CON + LT-N "l3nt:75" 
 
   1 "l3nt:75" umalenga katika ushairi wa taarabu  
   1 "l3nt:75" majigambo katika utunzi wa tamthiliya  
 
LT-N + PREP + LT-N + GEN-CON + N "l3nt:76" 
 
   1 "l3nt:76" utunzi katika lugha ya kiswahili  
   1 "l3nt:76" fasihi katika utamaduni wa tanzania 
 
 N + PREP + N + GEN-CON + LT-N "l3nt:78" 
 
   1 "l3nt:78" tungo katika kiwango cha usanifu  
   1 "l3nt:78" picha katika akili za wasikilizaji  
   1 "l3nt:78" mweledi katika ufumbuzi wa mafumbo  
   1 "l3nt:78" mwanzo hadi mwisho wa tamthilia  
   1 "l3nt:78" mwanzo hadi mwisho wa riwaya  
   1 "l3nt:78" mwanzo hadi mwisho wa hadithi  
   1 "l3nt:78" mwalimu katika darasa la mashairi  
   1 "l3nt:78" mabishano kati_ya watetezi wa mashairi  
   1 "l3nt:78" maana katika umbo la hadithi  
   1 "l3nt:78" athari katika ujenzi wa uhusika 
 
 N + PREP + LT-N + GEN-CON + LT-N "l3nt:79" 
 
   1 "l3nt:79" upya katika fani ya tamthiliya  
   1 "l3nt:79" msikilizaji katika masimulizi ya ngano  
   1 "l3nt:79" mabadiliko katika maudhui ya tamthiliya  
   1 "l3nt:79" athari katika utunzi wa tamthiliya 
 
 N + PREP + LT-N + GEN-CON + N "l3nt:80" 
 
   1 "l3nt:80" ugeni katika ushairi wa kiswahili  
   1 "l3nt:80" uchunguzi katika ushairi wa kiswahili  
   1 "l3nt:80" mazungumzo katika uandishi wa kiswahili  
   1 "l3nt:80" maelezo katika uandishi wa kiswahili  
   1 "l3nt:80" maelezo katika fasihi ya kiswahili  
 
N + GEN-CON + ADV + GEN-CON + LT-N "l3nt:81" 
 
   1 "l3nt:81" maana ya juujuu ya shairi  
   1 "l3nt:81" kiwango cha juu cha lugha 
 
LT-N + GEN-CON + ADV + GEN-CON + LT-N "l3nt:82" 
 
   1 "l3nt:82" ujumbe wa ndani wa mwandishi 
 
 N + POSS + LT-N + GEN-CON + LT-N "l3nt:84" 
 
   1 "l3nt:84" wanawake wenye itikadi za kijadi 
 
 
 
1@3
 
 N + POSS + LT-N + GEN-CON + N "l3nt:86" 
 
   1 "l3nt:86" wanaume wenye itikadi ya kimaendeleo  
 
LT-N + POSS + LT-N + GEN-CON + LT-N "l3nt:87" 
 
   1 "l3nt:87" maandishi yenye maudhui ya upelelezi 
 
 LT-N + POSS + N + GEN-CON + N "l3nt:89" 
 
   1 "l3nt:89" maonyesho yenye asili ya nchi 
 
 LT-N + POSS + LT-N + GEN-CON + N "l3nt:90" 
 
   1 "l3nt:90" mhusika mwenye upeo wa mawazo 
  
N + GEN-CON + ORD + GEN-CON + LT-N "l3nt:91" 
 
   1 "l3nt:91" sura ya kwanza ya riwaya  
   1 "l3nt:91" sehemu ya kwanza ya mashairi  
   1 "l3nt:91" herufi za kwanza za mishororo 
 
 LT-N + GEN-CON + ORD + GEN-CON + LT-N "l3nt:92" 
 
   1 "l3nt:92" waandishi wa kwanza wa mashairi 
 
 LT-N + GEN-CON + ORD + GEN-CON + N "l3nt:93" 
 
   1 "l3nt:93" riwaya ya kwanza ya kiswahili  
   1 "l3nt:93" lugha ya kwanza ya mfasiri  
 
 INF + GEN-CON + LT-N + GEN-CON + LT-N "l3vt:100" 
 
   1 "l3vt:100" kupitia kwa uhusika wa mhusika  
 
INF + GEN-CON + LT-N + GEN-CON + N "l3vt:102" 
 
   1 "l3vt:102" kutamalaki kwa utamaduni wa kimagharibi  
   1 "l3vt:102" kuibuka kwa ushairi wa kisasa  
   1 "l3vt:102" kubadilika kwa ushairi wa kiswahili 
 
LT-V + N + PREP + N "l3vt:117" 
 
   1 "l3vt:117" kusimulia maisha katika mapana  
 
LT-V + LT-N + PREP + N "l3vt:118" 
 
   1 "l3vt:118" kusimulia hadithi kwa mpango  
 
INF + LT-N + PREP + LT-N "l3vt:119" 
 
   1 "l3vt:119" kupeleka tamthilia kwenye kilele  
   1 "l3vt:119" kuandika tamthiliya kutokana_na kichekesho 
 
INF + N + PREP + LT-N "l3vt:120" 
 
   1 "l3vt:120" kuwasilisha wazo kwa hadhira  
   1 "l3vt:120" kutahini wanafunzi katika vitendawili  
   1 "l3vt:120" kupiga chuku katika masimulizi  
   1 "l3vt:120" kupata mafunzo kutokana_na tajiriba  
   1 "l3vt:120" kupata maana kutokana_na muktadha  
   1 "l3vt:120" kupanga vitushi kwa mtiririko  
   1 "l3vt:120" kuleta mushkili katika urari  
 
 
1@4
 
   1 "l3vt:120" kudhihirika bayana katika riwaya  
 
INF + LT-N + PREP + N "l3vt:121" 
 
   1 "l3vt:121" kuwasilishia ujumbe katika kazi  
   1 "l3vt:121" kuwasilisha ngano katika darasa  
   1 "l3vt:121" kutazama shairi katika ujumla  
   1 "l3vt:121" kuhifadhi fasihi_simulizi katika vitabu  
   1 "l3vt:121" kuanzisha drama katika shule  
   1 "l3vt:121" kuandika riwaya kwa_ajili_ya watoto 
 
 LT-V + N + GEN-CON + LT-N "l3vt:122" 
 
   1 "l3vt:122" kutunga kazi ya sanaa  
   1 "l3vt:122" kuhakiki kazi ya fasihi 
 
 LT-V + N + GEN-CON + N "l3vt:124" 
 
   1 "l3vt:124" kuiga tungo za watangulizi 
 
 INF + N + GEN-CON + LT-N "l3vt:125" 
 
   1 "l3vt:125" kuzingatia matumizi ya lugha  
   1 "l3vt:125" kuzingatia maana ya maudhui  
   1 "l3vt:125" kuvuka mipaka ya tamaduni  
   1 "l3vt:125" kutumia nyenzo ya uandishi  
   1 "l3vt:125" kutumia mbinu ya vichekesho  
   1 "l3vt:125" kutoa mawazo ya kishairi  
   1 "l3vt:125" kutegemea vitendo vya wahusika  
   1 "l3vt:125" kutegemea nguvu za taswira  
   1 "l3vt:125" kutazama matatizo ya watunzi  
   1 "l3vt:125" kutambua umuhimu wa fasihi  
   1 "l3vt:125" kutafuta umbo la riwaya  
   1 "l3vt:125" kusikiliza kazi ya fasihi  
   1 "l3vt:125" kusaili ukosefu wa mantiki  
   1 "l3vt:125" kupuuza umuhimu wa maudhui  
   1 "l3vt:125" kupotosha lengo la sanaa  
   1 "l3vt:125" kupanua kiwango cha fasihi  
   1 "l3vt:125" kuonyesha ukweli wa methali  
   1 "l3vt:125" kuonyesha ukosefu wa mantiki  
   1 "l3vt:125" kuongelea matatizo ya utunzi  
   1 "l3vt:125" kukuza msamiati wa lugha  
   1 "l3vt:125" kukidhisha misingi-teule ya kishairi  
   1 "l3vt:125" kukabili kazi ya fasihi  
   1 "l3vt:125" kujua mawazo ya hadhira  
   1 "l3vt:125" kuhukumu kazi ya fasihi  
   1 "l3vt:125" kufupisha kazi ya fasihi  
   1 "l3vt:125" kufundisha mbinu ya utunzi  
   1 "l3vt:125" kufundisha matumizi ya lugha  
   1 "l3vt:125" kufundisha maneno ya kilahaja  
   1 "l3vt:125" kufuata taratibu za muundo  
   1 "l3vt:125" kufuata fikira ya kishairi  
   1 "l3vt:125" kufaulisha kazi ya fasihi  
   1 "l3vt:125" kufahamu kijelezi cha tashihisi  
   1 "l3vt:125" kufafanua nguzo za muundo  
   1 "l3vt:125" kuepuka tabia za wahusika  
   1 "l3vt:125" kueneza utumizi wa methali  
   1 "l3vt:125" kueleza nafasi ya wasanii  
   1 "l3vt:125" kuelewa maana ya methali  
   1 "l3vt:125" kuchunguza matumizi ya lugha  
   1 "l3vt:125" kuchukua nafasi ya msimuliaji  
   1 "l3vt:125" kuchukua mkabala wa uyakinifu  
   1 "l3vt:125" kuchambua matumizi ya tamathali  
 
 
1@5
 
   1 "l3vt:125" kuchambua kazi ya fasihi  
   1 "l3vt:125" kubadili umbo la riwaya  
   1 "l3vt:125" kubadili sura ya vichekesho  
   1 "l3vt:125" kuashiria athari za utamaduni  
   1 "l3vt:125" kuandika kazi za kisanaa 
  
INF + LT-N + GEN-CON + LT-N "l3vt:126" 
 
   2 "l3vt:126" kuendeleza maudhui ya shairi  
   1 "l3nt:126" kuandiki tamthiliya ya drama  
 
INF + LT-N + GEN-CON + N "l3vt:127" 
 
   2 "l3vt:127" kukuza fasihi ya kiswahili  
   1 "l3vt:127" kuzingatia nadharia ya utabia  
   1 "l3vt:127" kuweka vidokezo vya jukwaa  
   1 "l3vt:127" kuwa mwandishi wa kiswahili  
   1 "l3vt:127" kutumia lugha ya muhtasari  
   1 "l3vt:127" kutumia lugha ya mchongaji  
   1 "l3vt:127" kutumia lugha ya kikoloni  
   1 "l3vt:127" kutiana mori wa kimapinduzi  
   1 "l3vt:127" kutegemea muktadha wa matumizi  
   1 "l3vt:127" kupitia taswira ya kitu  
   1 "l3vt:127" kupima ushairi wa kiswahili  
   1 "l3vt:127" kupata maudhui ya kazi  
   1 "l3vt:127" kuonyesha usanifu wa tungo  
   1 "l3vt:127" kukuza lugha za mataifa  
   1 "l3vt:127" kukadiria taathira ya maneno  
   1 "l3vt:127" kuhesabu takriri za vokali  
   1 "l3vt:127" kugusa hisia za msomaji  
   1 "l3vt:127" kufundisha shairi la kimapokeo  
   1 "l3vt:127" kuendeleza hisia za umoja  
   1 "l3vt:127" kuelezea tamthilia ya kigiriki  
   1 "l3vt:127" kuelezea tajiriba za binadamu  
   1 "l3vt:127" kueleza tajiriba za binadamu  
   1 "l3vt:127" kucheza muziki wa waltz  
   1 "l3vt:127" kucheza mchezo wa shetani  
   1 "l3vt:127" kuandika riwaya ya maana  
 
INF + LT-N + GEN-CON + INF "l3vt:128" 
 
   1 "l3vt:128" kutumia mtindo wa kufundisha  
   1 "l3vt:128" kutumia mtindo wa kueleza  
 
INF + LT-N + GEN-CON + LT-V "l3vt:130" 
 
   1 "l3vt:130" kuzingatia hadithi za kubuni  
   1 "l3vt:130" kutafsiri maandishi ya kutunga 
 
 INF + LT-N + LOC "l3vt:135" 
 
   1 "l3vt:135" kutumbukiza shairi hapa_na_pale  
   1 "l3vt:135" kufundisha ushairi darasani  
   1 "l3vt:135" kufundisha tamthilia darasani  
   1 "l3vt:135" kufundisha riwaya darasani  
   1 "l3vt:135" kufundisha fasihi darasani 
 
 INF + LT-N + N "l3vt:138" 
 
   1 "l3vt:138" kuwasilisha ujumbe kiubingwa  
   1 "l3vt:138" kutungia lugha istilahi  
   1 "l3vt:138" kukosa msimamo thabiti  
   1 "l3vt:138" kuchukua msimamo thabiti 
 
 
1@A
 
 
 INF + LT-N + LT-N "l3vt:139" 
 
   1 "l3vt:139" kufuata nadharia mtazamo-kike  
   1 "l3vt:139" kuchambua shairi mshororo 
 
INF + N + LT-N "l3vt:140"  
 
   2 "l3vt:140" kuelezea neno fasihi 
 
 LT-V + LT-N + N "l3vt:143" 
 
   1 "l3vt:143" kutunga vichekesho kiutendaji    
 
N + INF + PREP + N + GEN-CON + LT-N "l4nt:207"  
 
   1 "l4vt:207" watazamaji kuingizwa katika ulimwengu wa tamthilia  
 
Length 4 terms 
 
N + GEN-CON + N + PREP + N + GEN-CON + LT-N "l4nt:200"  
 
   1 "l4vt:200" uteuzi wa maneno kwa njia ya usanifu  
   1 "l4vt:200" udondoshaji wa silabi kwa lengo la mizani 
 
N + GEN-CON + N + PREP + LT-N + GEN-CON + N "l4nt:199"   
 
   1 "l4vt:199" maeneo ya afrika kabla_ya usuli wa ukoloni 
 
N + GEN-CON + N + PREP + LT-N + GEN-CON + LT-N "l4nt:198"  
 
   1 "l4vt:198" mbinu za kiisimu katika uhakiki wa fasihi  
 
N + GEN-CON + N + N + GEN-CON + LT-N "l4nt:197"  
 
   1 "l4vt:197" uteuzi wa vitabu mwafaka vya fasihi 
 
N + GEN-CON + N + LT-N + GEN-CON + LT-N "l4nt:194"   
 
   1 "l4vt:194" nia ya kuandiki tamthiliya ya drama 
 
N + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + LT-N + N "l4nt:192"   
 
   1 "l4vt:192" uti wa mgongo wa uhakiki baada-ukoloni 
 
N + GEN-CON + LT-N + PREP + N + GEN-CON + N "l4nt:180"   
 
   1 "l4vt:180" umuhimu wa fasihi katika elimu ya jamii  
   1 "l4vt:180" ufundishaji wa fasihi katika shule za mataifa  
   1 "l4vt:180" maumivu ya kifalsafa kuhusu maisha ya binadamu  
   1 "l4vt:180" jukumu la fasihi katika maisha ya binadamu 
 
N + GEN-CON + LT-N + PREP + N + GEN-CON + LT-N "l4nt:179"   
 
   1 "l4vt:179" ujuzi wa utunzi kutokana_na somo la fasihi  
 
N + GEN-CON + LT-N + PREP + LT-N + GEN-CON + LT-N "l4nt:178"  
 
   1 "l4vt:178" mbinu ya vichekesho kwa utunzi wa tamthiliya  
 
N + GEN-CON + LT-N + GEN-CON + N + N "l4nt:172"  
 
   1 "l4vt:172" kikundi cha drama cha tanzania film  
 
 
1@?
 
   1 "l4vt:172" kikundi cha drama cha tanganyika textile  
 
N + GEN-CON + LT-N + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + N "l4nt:171"  
 
   1 "l4vt:171" taratibu za muundo wa tungo za kiswahili  
   1 "l4vt:171" miundo ya tamthilia za mataifa ya kimagharibi  
   1 "l4vt:171" maelezo ya taashira ya mzinga wa nyuki 
 
N + GEN-CON + LT-N + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + LT-N "l4nt:170"   
 
   1 "l4vt:170" ufichuaji wa ujumi wa kazi ya sanaa  
   1 "l4vt:170" mbinu ya utunzi wa uonyeshaji wa tamthiliya  
   1 "l4vt:170" maana ya usanifu wa kazi ya fasihi  
 
N + GEN-CON + LT-N + GEN-CON + LT-N + GEN-CON + N "l4nt:168"  
 
   1 "l4vt:168" tofauti ya mashairi ya washairi wa mapote  
   1 "l4vt:168" sheria za utunzi wa mashairi ya kiswahili  
   1 "l4vt:168" nguzo za muundo wa ushairi wa kiswahili  
   1 "l4vt:168" msingi wa urasimi wa ushairi wa kiswahili  
   1 "l4vt:168" kipindi cha urasimi wa fasihi ya kiswahili  
   1 "l4vt:168" idara ya sanaa za maonyesho ya chuo  
 
INF + N + PREP + LT-N + GEN-CON + N "l4vt:164"  
 
   1 "l4vt:164" kupata maana kutokana_na muktadha wa matumizi 
 
INF + LT-N + PREP + N + GEN-CON + N "l4vt:154"   
 
   1 "l4vt:154" kuandika riwaya kwa_ajili_ya watoto wa shule 
 
INF + LT-N + PREP + N + GEN-CON + LT-N "l4vt:152"   
 
   1 "l4vt:152" kuandika tamthilia kwa njia ya ushairi  
 
INF + N + PREP + N + GEN-CON + LT-N "l4vt:120"  
 
   1 "l4vt:120" kuelimisha umma juu_ya umuhimu wa fasihi  
 
LT-N + GEN-CON + N + PREP + LT-N + GEN-CON + N "l4nt:47"  
 
   1 "l4nt:47" uyakinifu wa mambo katika muktadha wa jamii  
   1 "l4nt:47" riwaya za kiswahili katika fasihi ya kiswahili 
 
LT-N + GEN-CON + N + PREP + LT-N + GEN-CON + LT-N "l4nt:46"  
 
   1 "l4nt:46" lugha ya kiswahili katika upeo wa riwaya  
 
LT-N + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + N + N "l4nt:38" 
 
   1 "l4nt:38" mada ya mapenzi ya kidungu utu 
   1 "l4nt:3" dhana pevu ya uwezo wa sanaa 
 
LT-N + A-INFL + GEN-CON + N + GEN-CON + LT-N "l4nt:3"  
 
   1 "l4nt:10" kilele cha falsafa ya shaaban robert 
 
LT-N + A-INFL + GEN-CON + LT-N + GEN-CON + LT-N "l4nt:1"  
 
   1 "l4nt:1" muundo mzima wa utunzi wa kichekesho