ACTA SOCIETATIS PRO FAUNA ET FLORA FENNICA 57, 2-3 HELSINGFORSIÆ 1934 HELSINOFORSIAE 1934 EX OFFICINA TYPOGRAPHIC A F. TILGMANN Acta 5 7. N:o 2. Vainio, Edv. A., Lichenographia Fennica IV, Lecideales II 1—531 3. Linkola, K., Edvard August Vainio 1853—1929 1— 26 ACTA SOCIETATIS PRO FAUNA ET FLORA FENNICA,57, N:o2. LICHENOGRAPHIA FENNICA IV LECIDEALES II SCRIPSIT E D V. A. VAINIO POST MORTEM AUCTORIS MANDATU SOCIETATIS PRO FAUNA ET FLORA FENNICA OPUS RECENSUIT ET ABSOLVIT B. LYNGE, OSLO (CUM INDICE PARTIS II) HELSINGFORSIAE 1934 EX OFFICINA TYPOGRAPHICA F. TILGMANN PREFACE. During a long series of years the Finnish lichenologist Edv. A. Vainio published many masterly monographs on lichens from almost every part of the world. Towards the end of his life he again devoted his time to the lichens of his own country which had been the subject of his first publications. He planned a large »Lichenographia Fennica», in 7 volumes. As was to be expected from him, he started his work with the most difficult families, the Pyrenolichenes, including also some plants, intermediate between lichens and fungi (Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fenn., vol. 49, No. 2, 1921). Part II (1. c. vol.53, No. 1, 1922) comprised the Baeomyceae and a part of the Lecideales, ending with the genus Rhizocarpon. Part III (1. c. vol. 57, No. 1, 1927) comprises the Coniocarpeae. When Vainio died his manuscript for part IV was far advanced. The genera Catillaria, Diplophragmia and Seutula were quite ready for the printer. He had also written by far the greater part of the diagnoses of the genus Lecidea when death called him to rest. In reality it would not have required much time for him to com plete this important manuscript. The Board of the Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica found it necessary that part IV of the Lichenographia Fennica should be finished, and it gave the present writer the task of completing it. A task which was equally honourable as it was difficult. After much hesitation I ventured the attempt. I was fully aware that anything which I could do would be much inferior in value to Vainio's own work. But Vainio never hesitated to place his immense knowledge and his precious time at our disposal when wanted. And it was only natural that any one of the Scandinavian lichenologists would deeply feel his obligation when called upon to finish Vainio's posthumous work. A liberal grant from the Societas enabled me to spend about two months in Helsingfors and Äbo. It was my task there to com- 4 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. pare Vainio's manuscript with the Finnish collections, in order to find out the parts that were still lacking in the manuscript. A considerable number of species were found to be quite undescribed. The same was the case with several references to the Lichenes exsiccati, to literature, and to the distribution of some species. It was also necessary to have the plants to sight in order to write the Clavis specierum, which has been written by the editor. Vainio's diagnoses are broadly descriptive. Nothing could escape his eagle-eye. His observations were expressed in his wonted style, and written in a clear hand where no trace of his age was visible. The work would have been more uniform if I could have written my diagnoses in the same manner. But I have preferred to use my own style. Firstly insufficient knowledge of the Latin language prevented me from an imitation of his diagnoses. Secondly I felt it desirable to make the diagnoses a little more analytical and survey- able. I have, therefore, concentrated the descriptions and accentua ted the leading characters by spacious types. The subgenus Psora (Ach.) Th. Fr. was ready from Vainio's hand. All the diagnoses had been written, and the species arranged in definite order. The same was the case with the subgenus Prolo- blasienia (Zahlbr.) Vain., which Vainio included into the genus Lecidea. In Die naturlichen Pflanzenfam. Zahlbruckner regards this subgenus as a beginning Caloplaca, and I am inclined to be of the same opinion. But Vainio had not completed the arrangement of the species. There was no suggestion of the sections, and Vainio had not ex pressed his opinion on the subgenus Bialora. From some remarks in the manuscript I got the impression that Vainio's confidence in this subgenus had diminished. This is also in good accord with my own view, and I have simply united the two subgenera Eulecidea Th. Fr. and Bialora Fr., exclusive of Proloblastenia. I have tried to arrange the species in natural sections. AD unobjectionable arrangement can only be done by a scientist, who has penetrated into the subject such as Vainio himself had done Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 5 it. — My diagnoses of the sections are short, they are chiefly based on Th. M. Fries in Lichenographia Scandinavica. Th. Fries's subdivison of his subgenus Eulecidea is firstly based on the medullary reaction with J. This reaction is an excellent species character in the genus, and it certainly unites many related species into natural sections, e. g. the Lecidea alrobrunnea section. — But it seems to me that the species of this section are also related to the Lecidea fuscoaira section, on account of their conformable areolae and colour. I would have preferred to begin the work with species which have only a little developed thallus, e. g. the Lecidea sylvicola section. Such species might perhaps be regarded as related to the fungi. But in the manuscript Vainio had already given the sub genus Psora the first place, as a »subg. I». I am of opinion that this subgenus contains the species which have attained the highest development, perhaps a connecting link to the Cladoniaceae. If Vainio's arrangement is admitted there are two sections of the Eulecideae which are evidently related to the Psorae, viz. the Lecidea alrobrunnea and fuscoaira sections, containing species with an areolated thallus. I am not convinced that the positive reaction of the medulla with J really suggests an affinity between the sec tions, but it may be practical to unite such sections, until a better arrangement can be found. An areolated thallus is also seen in other sections, e. g. in the Lecidea leucophaea section. — The pycno- conidia are decisive for the distinction between that section and the following section Lecidea erythrophaea. Unfortunately fertile pycni- des are often lacking. — The apothecia of Lecidea Tornoensis agree well with some species of the Lecidea erylhrophaea section, but the species differs considerably in its remarkable spores. The habitus of the species of the Lecidea elabens section often agree well with the Lecidea xanlhococcae, but the pycnoconidia of the former section are long, in the latter they are short, as far as we know them. Otherwise these sections differ in the colour of the hypothecium, perhaps an overestimated character. Compare for instance the nearly related muscicolous Lecidea alpestris and crassipes sections. 6 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. I do not know whether a muscicolous habitat suggests a rela tion, it is perhaps not probable. But anyhow I have felt it con venient to unite such sections. It seems to me that the Lecidea coarciaia and rivulosa sections are very isolated in the genus. — There are also several other sec tions, the place of which can be much discussed. I have got the impression that an investigation of the excipulum might give us many valuable suggestions on the subdivision of the genus. But unfortunately we have no such investigation with this special aim in view. The importance for the specific descriptions of such characters as the spores (size, form, spore-wall), the hymenium (height, colours), the paraphyses (concrete or not, incrassated or not), and the hypothecium and excipulum will be acknowledged by every lichenologist. A Glavis specierum must be based on characters of that kind. But in a Glavis it is not always possible to unite all the species of the same section. A Clavis is analytical, a section is synthetical. The most unsatisfactory part of my work has been the prepara tion of the Lecidea elaeochroma section, and I am obliged to ask the indulgence of my colleagues for it. By far the greater part of the descriptions were ready from Vainio's hand, but some of them were still wanting. These descriptions could have been supplied without much difficulty if the plants had been definitely named. But it was evident from Vainio's manuscript, as well as from his her barium in Abo that he had not definitely made up his mind with respect to the nomenclature and the limitation of some of these very critical species. If I should have tried to clear up such diffi culties it would have necessitated a comprehensive and intense study of many types, several of which would not have been acces sible to me here. It would have been beyond an editorial task to travel to many museums to study them, and perhaps find them lacking, perhaps destroyed, or perhaps to be a mixtum of several types, now separated as distinct species. Nor am I convinced that a study of the oldest types can always be decisive. For instance: Acharius described his »Borrera tenella» Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 7 I wish to express my profound gratitude to many institutions and botanical friends for their valuable and much appreciated assistance. Firstly to the Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, and to its president, Professor Alvar Palmgren, who entrusted this honourable task to me, and also to the Botanical museums of Hel singfors and Äbo, which have promptly sent me their material for study and comparison. Further to Professor K. Linkola, Hel singfors, who has revised the spelling of several Finnish names and arranged them geographically, and to many Finnish and Swedish lichenologists, none mentioned, none forgotten, who have always unselfishly placed their knowledge at my disposal. The plates have been made and printed in Oslo. The photo- graphical work was done by Miss Lily Monsen, our University photographer, the clichees by A/S Cliche, and the printing by A. W. Brogger's printing office. Oslo, Pharmaceutical Institution, September 1932. B. L y n g e. in Lichen. Univers. (1810) p. 498. It is quite evident from his description that his species is a plant with ascendent, fornicated apices, accordingly Physcia ascendens Bitter. But in Acharii herb, in Helsingfors we find 6 plants named »Borrera tenella». Five of them are Physcia ascendens, as limited by Bitter, and one of them Physcia tenella, sensu Bitteri. Accordingly Acharius did not distin guish between these two species, as we now do. It seems to me that »Borrera tenella» in herb. Acharius should be regarded as the type of what we would now call a section, comprising Physcia ascendens and Physcia tenella, as limited by Bitter. But the types of these elementary species are Bitter's plants, now in Bremen. — With his keen sense of formal logic Vainio took the opposite view. In the herbarium of Helsingfors he intercalated the Physcia aseen- dens of Bitter under the name of Physcia tenella (Ach.) Vain. Trib. 15. Lecideales Vain. (Lichenographia Fennica II, Acta Soc. p. F. et FL Fenn. 53, N:o 1, 1922). Subtrib. 1. Cladonieae Vain. 1. Cladonia (Hill) Web.; spp. 1—43. p. 14—124, 2. Pilophoron (Tuck.) Nyi; sp. 1. p. 125—128. Subtrib. 2. Lecideaceae Vain. 1. Toninia (Mass.) Koerb.; spp. 1—3. p. 129—135. 2. Thalloedaema Mass.; spp. 1—4. p. 135—146. 3. Basidia De Not.; spp. 1—35. p. 146—227. 4. Bilimbia De Not.; spp. 1—23. p. 227—268. 5. Sporopodium Mont.; spp. 1—3. p. 268—276. 6. Rhizocarpon (Ram.) Th. Fr.; spp. 1—35. p. 276—380. Trib. 15. Lecideales Vain. (cont.) (Lichenographia Fennica IV, Acta Soc. p. F. et Fl. Fenn. 57, N:o 2, 1934). 7. Lecidea (Ach.) Th. Fr.; spp. 1—222. p. 9—419, 8. Catillaria (Ach.) Th. Fr.; spp. 1—29. p. 420—471. 9. Diplophragmia Vain.; sp. 1. p. 472—473. 10. Seutula Tul.; spp. 1—3. p. 473—478. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 9 7. Lecidea (Ach.) Th. Fr. Ach. Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 32 (em.), Lich. Lniv. (1810) p. 32 (em.), Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 11 (em.); Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 410; A. Zahlbr. Lichenes (1905) p. 130 in Engl, und Prantl Die natiirl. Pflanzenfam.; Vain. Lich. Ins. Philipp. IV (1923) p. 47, Lich. Fenn. II (1922) p. 129, Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 185 p.p. Thallus crustaceus, continuus vel rimosus vel areolatus vel squamosus vel plus minusve pulveraceus, areolae planae vel plus minusve convexae usque verrucosae. Thallus uni- formis vel in margine effiguratus, substrato hyphis hypothal- linis vel medullaribus adfixus, rhizinis destitutus, ecorticatus vel anguste corticatus, esorediatus vel rarius sorediatus. Go- nidia cystococcoidea aut pleurococcoidea et in cephalodiis raro evolutis cyanophycea. Apothecia rotundata vel mutua pressione interdum irre- gularia vel angulosa, sessilia vel immersa vel breviter stipi- tata. Perithecium proprium incoloratum vel coloratum vel carbonaceum, hyphis dense contextis formatum, thallo non vel in juventuti solum marginatum vel persistenter, sed im- perfecte marginatum. Discus laete coloratus vel obscuratus usque nigricans, nudus vel pruinosus. Hypothecium incolo ratum vel coloratum vel carbonaceum. Paraphyses indi- visae vel interdum ramosae, tenues, interdum in apice plus minusve incrassatae, concretae vel facile discretae. S pora e 8:nae vel rarissime 16:nae, simplices, incoloratae, parvae, ellipsoideae vel globosae vel ovoideae vel anguste ovales, rectae vel leviter curvatae, vulgo leptodermaticae, medio- cres aut parvae. Conidangia immersa, globosa, in vertice obscurata, conidia exobasidialia, solum in subgenere Protoblastenia endobasidialia, recta vel arcuata, anguste oblonga vel cylin- drica usque filiformia. Th. Fries writes (Lich. Scand. 1. c): »Thallus forma valde variabilis. Optime evolutus constitutus est e squamis crassis 1(1 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. vel membranaceis, adscendentibus, subtus strato corticali persistente vel dirupto evanescente tectis, infimum evolutio- nis graduni praebet thallus hypophloeodes, ex hyphis inter fibras ligneas cellulasque corticis serpentibus gonidiorumque glomerulis formatus, omnino absconditus vel in soredia pas sini efflorescens. Vulgo tamen est uniformiter verrucosus vel areolatus. Color admodum variabilis, hypothallus nunc distinctus, nunc (saepius) minus evidens.» And furthermore (I.e. p. 411): »Secundum dimensiones hoc in genere sporas ita designamus: sporae minutissimae sunt infra 6 JLL longae, minutae 6—10 ,u, mediocres 10—15 JLI, majusculae 15—20 ju, magnae 20—30 JU longae. Etiam majo- res dicuntur maximae.» (Literary references by Vainio, description compiled by B. Lynge after Th. Fries and Zahlbruckner, I.e.). CLAVIS SPECIERUM1). 1. Thallus squamulosus vel squamuloso-crustaceus, squamulis dis- cretis vel in crustam congestis connatisve (Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II p. 411) I. Psora (Hall.) Mass. p. 37. 1*. Thallus crustaceus, uniformis, continuus vel vulgo areolatus, interdum deficiens. 2. Apothecia acido chrysophanico colorata ideoque KOH laete roseo tincta II. Proloblaslenia (Zahlbr ) Vain. p. 60. 2*. Apothecia acido chrysophanico non colorata III. Eulecidea (Th. Fr.) Lynge (inch Bialora) p. 71. Subgen. I. Psora (Hall.) Mass. 1. Species lignicolae. 2. Apothecia atra. 3. Squamulae adscendentes, subtus sorediatae, CaCl202 superne rubescentes 6. L. scalaris Ach. p. 44. 3*. Squamulae adpressae, sorediis destitutae, CaCl202 non mutatae 7. L. Friesii Ach. p. 46. 2*. Apothecia rufa, squamulae adscendentes 8. L. cladonioides (Fr.) Th. Fr. p. 47. 1*. Species terricolae vel muscicolae. 2. Sporae 12:nae vel 16:nae 16. L. epiphaea Nyl. p. 58. 1) Auctore B. Lynge. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 11 2*. Sporae 8:nae. 3. Squamulae majores, 1—8 mm. latae. 4. Squamulae albidae vel glaucescentes 1. L. rubiformis Wbg. p. 37. 4*. Squamulae rubescentes 2. L. decipiens (Ehrh.) Ach. p. 39. 4**. Squamulae fuscescentes vel castaneae. 5. Squamulae contiguae, arete adnatae 10. L. demissa (Rutstr.) Ach. p. 49. 5*. Squamulae imbricatae, marginibus plus minusve liberae vel etiam adscendentes. 6. Squamulae castaneae, nitidae, apothecia globosa 3. L. globifera Ach. p. 41. 6*. Squamulae fuscescentes, opacae, apothecia planiuscula 4. L. lurida (Sw.) Ach. p. 42. 3*. Squamulae minores. 4. Thallus distincte squamulosus. 5. Squamulae totae adpressae, fere L. rubiformi deminuti aemu- lantes, paraphyses laxe cohaerentes 11. L. Silenti Vain. p. 52. 5*. Squamulae imbricatae, paraphyses arete cohaerentes 9. L. prasinolepis Nyl. p. 49. 4*. Thallus granuloso-squamulosus (vide etiam sub Eulecidea). 5. Thallus sat crassus, margo apotheciorum persistens, hymenium 70 ju9 paraphyses distincte capitatae, sporae late ellipsoideae, 12—17 x 7—9 ju 15. L. rufofusca (Anzi) Nyl. p. 57. 5*. Thallus tenuior (L. demissae deminutae aemulatur), margo apotheciorum demum evanescens, hymenium 50 ju, para physes apice leviter solum incrassatae, sporae anguste ellip soideae 17. L. turficola (Hellb.) Th. Fr. p. 59. 1**. Species saxicolae. 2. Squamae magnae, 2—4 mm., subplanae, livido-cinerascentes, apothecia aurantiaco-cinnamomea, paraphyses KOH intense violascenti-roseae 5. L. testacea (Hoffm.) Ach. p. 43. 2*. Squamulae multo minores, 0.3—2.o mm., gleboso-verrucosae, apothecia atra, paraphyses KOH non violascenti-roseae. 3. Sporae globosae, diam. 7—10 ju, apothecia plana, 0.5—1.2 mm., paraphyses laxissime cohaerentes, hymenium superne subsma- ragdulum, hypothecium obscure fuscum, thallus cinereo- vel rufescenti-fuscus 13. L. cinereorufa Schaer. p. 54. 3*. Sporae ellipsoideae, 9—13 x 4—6 //, apothecia (demum) con- vexa, paraphyses arete cohaerentes. 4. Apothecia minuta, 0.5—0.6 mm., paraphyses apice nigricanti- fuscae, hypothecium fusco-nigrum, thallus badius vel fusco- rufescens 12. L. fuliginosa Tayl. p. 53. 12 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. 4*. Apothecia 1 mm., hymenium superne cyanescens, hypo thecium incoloratum, thallus plus minusve obscure cinereus 14. L. rugifera Vain. p. 56. Subgen. IL Protoblastenia (Zahlbr.) Vain. 1. Species saxicolae. 2. Ad saxa calcarea. 3. Hypothecium rubricoso-fuscescens vel fusco-nigrum 24. L. fuscorubens Nyl. p. 69. 3*. Hypothecium pallidum 18. L. rupeslris (Scop.) Ach., for- mae saxicolae. p. 61. 2*. Ad saxa non calcarea. 3. Thallus sorediis sulphureis instructus 23. L. rubiginans (Nyl.) Magn. p. 68. 3*. Thallus sorediis destitutus. 4. Hymenium J levissime caerulescens, deinde vinose rubens, hypothecium KOH parum reagens 24. L. fuscorubens Nyl. p. 69. 4*. Hymenium J circa ascos caerulescit, ceterum non mutatur, hypothecium KOH solutionem violaceam effundit 20. L. rupeslris *Siebenhaariana (Kbr.) Th. Fr. p. 64. 1*. Species corticolae vel truncicolae. 2. Thallus CaCl202 rubescens, apothecia fusca vel fusco-rufescentia 22. L. quernea Ach. p. 67. 2*. Thallus CaCl202 immutatus, apothecia cinnabarina 21. L. cinnabarina Somrft. p. 65. 1**. Species terricolae 19. L. rupeslris *terricola (Anzi) Th. Fr. p. 64. Subgen. III. Eulecidea (Th. Fr.) Lynge Syn. Eulecidea Th. Fr; + Bialora (Fr.) Th. Fr. A. SPECIES SAXICOLAE. (species lignicolae vel corticolae p. 25, species muscieolae vel terri colae p. 32). 1. Medulla J caerulescens (medulla non caerulescens p. 14). 2. Medulla KOH mox vel e flavo rubescens. x) 3. Thallus cinerascens aut albidus, CaCl202 non tingitur 55. L. cyanea (Ach.) Vain. p. 119. 3*. Thallus flavescens, CaCl2Oa rubescens 57. L. Iheiodes Somrft. p. 133. *) Cfr. L. pseudopilati Vain. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 13 2*. Medulla KOH non rubescens. 3. Thallus hydrate ferrico tinctus. 4. Areolae crassae, verrucosae 52. L. silacea Ach. p. 115. 4*. Areolae sat tenues, planae 56. L. lapioida f. ochromeliza (Nyl.) Harm, et f. ochracea (Nyl.) Vain. p. 130 et 132. 3*. Thallus hydrate ferrico non tinctus, plus minusve intense fuscus. 4. Sporae latae, e. g. 9—11 tu crassae. 5. Sporae 18—25 fi longae, paraphyses laxe cohaerentes 48. L. athroocarpa Ach. p. 104. 5*. Sporae 12—16 tu longae, paraphyses arete cohaerentes 46. L. airoocarpoides Vain. p. 101. 4*. Sporae angustiores, vulgo circiter 4—7 [i crassae. 5. Paraphyses laxe cohaerentes, hypothecium fusco-nigrum 43. L. subcinerascens Nyl. p. 98. 5*. Paraphyses arete cohaerentes, areolae (rufo-) fuscescentes, saepe margine pallidiores. 6. Hypothecium fusco-nigrum 45. L. paupercula Th. Fr. p. 99. 6*. Hypothecium incoloratum vel pallide fuscescens. 7. Areolae crassae, convexae vel verrucosae 42. L. alrobrunnea (Ram.) Schaer. p. 96, 7*. Areolae tenuiores, planae 47. L. Helsingforsiensis Nyl. p. 102. 3**. Thallus hydrate ferrico non tinctus, albidus vel cinerascens. 4. Sporae majores, 14—20 x 8—12 /m. 5. Thallus passim parce sorediosus, apothecia pruinosa, plana, arete adpressa, hypothecium fusco-atrum 51. L. sorediza Nyl. p. 111. 5*. Thallus sorediis destitutus (cfr. etiam L. sorediza Nyl.). 6. Apothecia subimmersa, diu plana, hypothecium albidum, thallus albidus 53. L. rhagadiella (Nyl.) Th.Fr. p. 116. 6*. Apothecia adnata, convexa, hypothecium fusco-fuligineum, thallus cinereo-fuscescens 44. L. atrocervina Vain. p. 99. 4*. Sporae minores, circiter 6—10 x 4—6 tu. 5. Hypothecium (fusco-)nigrum. 6. Thallus tenuissimus, apothecia plana, hymenium angustum, circiter 50 ju 66. L. inops Th. Fr. p. 148. 6*. Thallus (vulgo) crassus, hymenium altum, circiter 100— 125 ju- 7. Hypothallus albidus, thallus albidus (—glaucescens), apo thecia saepe thallo subimmersa, plana, margine (interdum 14 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. etiam disco) plus minusve pruinosa, sporae ellipsoideae, 10—13 x 5—7 ju 50. L. speirea Ach. p. 108. 7*. Hypothallus ater, thallus caeruleo-cinereus, apothecia adpressa, magis convexa, nuda, sporae late ellipsoideae, 7—9 x 5—7 IA 49. L. confluens Fr. p. 106. 5*. Hypothecium non coloratum vel pallide fuscescens. 6. Sporae (saltern pro parte) subglobosae. 7. Areolae 0.3—0.8 mm., planae, apothecia inter areolas sita 58. L. Kiililensis Vain. p. 134. 7*. Areolae l.o—3.o mm., verrucosae, apothecia thallo im mersa 165. L. demolita Vain. p. 325. 6*. Sporae ellipsoideae. 7. Thallus bene evolutus. 8. Thallus verrucosus, medulla J leviter violascens, asci cylindrico-clavati, sporae 11—12 x 7—8 ju, epithecium violaceo-fuligineum 120. L. serenior Vain. p. 249. 8*. Thallus rimoso-areolatus, medulla J caerulescens, asci clavati, sporae (vulgo) angustiores, 4—6 //, epithecium nigricans aut olivaceo-nigricans 54. L. iessellaia Flk. p. 117. 7*. Thallus evanescens aut parcissime evolutus. 8. Perithecium in parte interiori KOH rubescens (ut in me dulla thallina L. cyaneae) 64. L. pseudopilaii Vain. p. 144. 8*. Perithecium KOH non rubescens. 56. L. lapioida f. ecrustacea Anzi p. 132 1*. Medulla J non caerulescens (medulla J caerulescens p. 12). 2. Medulla KOH rubescens. 3. Thallus sorediis instructus 90. L. Peisamoensis Räs. p. 208. 3*. Thallus sorediis destitutus. 4. Thallus rufescens vel flavido-stramineus, areolae 0.4—4.o mm., apothecia majora, 0.8—4.o mm., thallo immersa, immarginata. Cortex KOH rubescens 135. L. armeniaca (DC.) Fr. p. 281. 4*. Thallus cinerascens, areolae 0.2—1.5 mm., apothecia parva, 0.5—1.2 mm., thallo adnata, margine tenui nitido circumdata. Etiam medulla KOH rubescens 85. L. Lulensis (Hellb.) Stiz. p. 199. 2*. Medulla KOH non rubescens. 3. Thallus, saltern ab initio, parasiticus. 4. Thallus laevigatus, supra Lecanoram sordidam crescens 32. L. iniumescens (Flk.) Nyl. p. 84. 4*. Thallus granulato-furfuraceus 33. L. furvella Nyl. p. 86. 3*. Thallus ab initio autonomus. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 15 4. Thallus cephalodiis rufescentibus instructus. 5. Apothecia aspicilioidea, verrucis gibbosis centraliter immersa 69. L. pelobotryon (Wbg.) Somrft. p. 153. 5*. Apothecia lecideina, inter areolas sita. 6. Thallus crassus, apothecia 1 mm. superantia 68. L. eleyans (Th. Fr.) Vain. p. 151 6*. Thallus tenuior, apothecia diam. 0.5—l.o mm. 4*. Thallus cephalodiis destitutus 67. L. panaeola (Ach.) Vain. p. 150. 5. Thallus furfuraceo-isidiosus 33. L. furvella Nyl. p. 86 5*. Thallus (interdum inconspicue) sorediosus. 6. Thallus citrinus vel flavescens. 7. Thallus totus farinoso-sulphureus, discus apotheciorum luteus, hymenium 30 jui, sporae 3—7 x 1—3 ju 220. L. lucida Ach. p. 413. 7*. Thallus disperse sorediosus, discus livido-cinerascens, hy menium 50—70 JU, sporae 8—11 x 3—5 (—7) JU 218. L. orosthea Ach. p. 409 6*. Thallus cinerascens. 7. Hypothecium fusco-nigrum, sporae 17—30 x 9—12 ju 72. L. soredizodes (Nyl.) Vain. p. 169. 7*. Hypothecium pallidum. 8. Apothecia mollia, fusco-rufescentia, sporae 10—18 x 6—9 tu. 170. L. coarclaia *oblegens Th. Fr. p. 333. 8*. Apothecia atra, sporae minores. 9. Paraphyses laxe cohaerentes, sporae late ellipsoideae, 9—14 x 7—9/i 124. L. Luhankaensis Vain. p. 258. 9*. Paraphyses magis cohaerentes, sporae angustiores, 8-—-14 X 4—5 (—7) tu. 10. Thallus pallide cinerascens, saepe esorediosus, apothecia frequentia, rufofusca vel atra, hymenium superne ae- ruginosum, conidia longa, plus 10 fi 82. L. leucophaea (Flk.) Nyl. p. 192. 10*. Thallus fusco-cinerascens, distincte sorediosus, apothe cia rarissima, atra, hymenium superne fuscescens, conidia brevia, ca. 2 ju, 155. L. praeruptarum DR. et Magn. p. 131. 5** Thallus nec isidiosus nec sorediosus. 6. Hypothecium obscurum. (Hypothecium pallidum p. 20). 7. Apothecia minuta vel parva, diam. vulgo < 0.5 mm. (Apo thecia majora p. 18). 8. Paraphyses laxe cohaerentes. E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. 9. Asci cylindrici, sporae 9—12 x 5 ju, thallus cinereus. 10. Thallus crassus, areolae 0.2—0.5 mm. latae, epruinosae 118. L. cuculi Vain. p. 247. 10*. Thallus tenuis, areolae O.15—-0.35 mm. latae, subprui- nosae 121. L. lygaeiza Vain. p. 250. 9*. Asci clavati. 10. Hymenium 70—80 a altum, apothecia adnata, sporae 7—13(—16) x 5—Sju. 11. Thallus minute verruculosus, hypothallus indistinc- tus, sporae 7—13 x 5—8 ju 129. L. albidocinerella Vain. p. 266. 11*. Thallus areolatus, in hypothallo nigro innatus, spo rae 12—16 x 5—8 fi. 122. L. praenubila Nyl. p.251. 10*. Hymenium tenuius, 35—40 vel 60 ju, sporae minutae, 3—7 x 3—5 [A. 11. Apothecia thallo innata, thallus glauco-caeruleus 143. L. chalybeioides Nyl. p. 292. 11*. Apothecia thallo adnata, thallus cinereo-pallescens. 144. L. nugaria Nyl. p. 293. 8*. Paraphyses non laxe cohaerentes. 9. Thallus plus minusve distincte ferrugineus. 10. Hypothallus distinctus, thallus tenuis, discus concavus. hypothecium KOH purpurascens, sporae 11-14x6— 8 JU 77. L. Dicksonii (Gmel.) Ach. p. 184, 10*. Hypothallus indistinctus, thallus crassus, discus con- vexus, hypothecium KOH immutatum, sporae 10— 14 x 4—6/i 37. L. fuscoferruginea Vain. p. 9L 9*. Thallus non ferrugineus. 10. Apothecia gyrosa 29. L. fuscocinerea Nyl. p* 82. 10*. Apothecia non gyrosa. 11. Sporae maximae, > 20 /u longae. 12. Epithecium fuscescenti-nigricans 34. L. trochodes (Tayl.) Cromb. p. 87. 12*. Epithecium aeruginoso-nigricans 31. L. aviaria Vain. p. 84. 11*. Sporae mediocres, 10—20 jn longae. 12. Ad cementum vel saxa calcarea 150. L. polycocca Somrft. p. 301. 12*. Ad saxa non calcarea. 13. Hymenium 30—40 ju altum 139. L. pycnocarpa (Kbr.) Ohlert p 287. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 17 13*. Hymenium 70 (—90) altum. 14. Hymenium J persistenter caerulescens 180. L. Haemensis Vain. p. 354. 14*. Hymenium J e caeruleo intense vinosum 34. L. irochodes (Tayl.) Gromb. p. 87. 11**. Sporae parvae vel minutae, < 10 ju longae. 12. Sporae late ellipsoideae vel subglobosae. 13. Hymenium altum, 100 ju, superne fusco-fuligineum, sporae 7 x 4.5 ju, thallus incrassatus 30. L. somphoierella Vain. p. 83. 13*. Hymenium angustius, 40—60 ju, epithecium vel totum hymenium aeruginosum vel olivaceo-nigri- cans, sporae majores, 6—11 x 4.5—5 vel 8 ju. 14. Thallus areolato-diffractus, areolae planae, apothe cia opaca, immarginata. 15. Hypothallus conspicuus, epithecium aeruginoso- fuligineum. 16. Hypothecium fuscescens, thallus fuscescens 40. L. extenuala Nyl. p. 94. 16*. Hypothecium rubricoso-rufescens, thallus ob scure cinereus 39. L. Mosigii (Hepp) Anzi p. 93. 15*. Hypothallus indistinctus, epithecium suboli- vaceo-nigricans, thallus griseo-rufescens 41. L. Saiakuniensis Vain. p. 95. 14*. Thallus disperse verruculosus, albidus, apothecia nitida, marginata 146. L. Ivalensis Vain. p. 296. 12*. Sporae (saepe anguste) ellipsoideae vel oblongae. 13. Hypothecium aeruginoso-nigricans, hymenium te- nue, 25—40—50 ju, sporae parvae. 14. Thallus leprosus vel rimuloso-granulatus, virenti- vel alutaceo-albidus, sporae minutissimae, 5—8 x 1.5—2.5 ju 154. L. iuberculata Somrft p. 308. 14*. Thallus subverniceus, rimuloso-areolatus, cine- reo-fuscescens vel cinereo-fuligineum, sporae par vae, 7—10 x (2—) 3—3.5 ju 149. L. hypocyanea Vain. p. 300. 13*. Hypothecium non aeruginosum, sed rubricosum vel fuscescens vel fusco-nigrum. 14. Hypothecium KOH immutatum. 15. Apothecia minutissima, diam. O.15—O.35 mm. 148. L. lapillicola Vain. p. 299. 2 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. 15*. Apothecia diam. (vulgo) 0.4—0.8 mm. 16. Totum hymenium smaragdulum, apothecia ab initio convexa 147. L. syluicola Flot. p. 297. 16*. Hymenium (saltern superne) fuligineum. 17. Thallus tenuis, effusus, apothecia adnata 145. L. erratica Kbr. p. 294. 17*. Thallus pulchre rimoso-areolatus, apothecia saltern primum thallo immersa. 18. Areolae medio rufescenti-pallidae, apothecia persistente immersa, paraphyses tenuissimae, sat laxe cohaerentes 38. L. Keimioeensis Vain. p. 92. 18*. Areolae uniformiter fuscescentes aut obscure cinerascentes, opacae, discus apotheciorum demum prominens, paraphyses sat crassae, arcte cohaerentes 35. L. griseonigricans Vain. p. 89. 14*. Hypothecium KOH purpurascens vel rubricosum. 15. Epithecium aeruginosum. 16. Thallus evanescens 153. L. enterophaea Vain. p. 307. 16* Thallus minute areolatus, cinereus 36. L. plumbeoalra Vain. p. 90. 15*. Totum hymenium incoloratum, thallus non evanescens. 16. Apothecia subpruinosa, livida aut fuscescentia 186. L. bolryoides Nyl. p. 360. 16*. Apothecia nuda. 17. Apothecia fusco-nigricantia, hymenium 35—45 // altum, thallus verruculosus 187: L. laxula Nyl. p. 361. 17*. Apothecia rufescentia, hymenium 60—65 u altum, thallus sublaevigatus 185. L. poliodes Nyl. p. 359. 7*. Apothecia majora, diam. vulgo > 0.5 mm. (Apothecia minuta vel parva p. 15). 8. Thallus obscurus, fuscescens. 9. Thallus bene evolutus, areolatus, areolae planae. 10. Planta crassa, major, areolae usque ad 1—2.5 mm., apothecia usque ad 2 mm., sporae 10—16 x 5—7 ju. 11. Areolae (saepe pallide) fuscescentes, hypothallus ni gricans, bene evolutus 25. L. fuscoaira (L.) Ach. p. 72. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 19 11*. Areolae subferrugineo-fuscescentes, hypothallus in- distinctus 37. L. fuscoferruginea Vain. p. 91. 10*. Planta minor, areolae O.i—0.3 mm., apothecia 0.5— 0.8 mm., sporae 7—10 /u longae 35. L. griseonigricans Vain. p. 89. 9*. Thallus tenuis vel evanescens. 10. Thallus tenuis, epithecium fuscum, sporae 11—17 x 4.5—7 jm 28. L. rimiseda Nyl. p. 81. 10*. Thallus evanescens, epithecium cyanescens, sporae 7—12 x 2—3.5 ju 141. L. commaculans Nyl. p. 290. 8*. Thallus pallidus, albidus, cinerascens vel ochraceus. 9. Hymenium 50—70 ju. 10. Apothecia majora, 1—2.5 mm., parathecium extus fuli- gineo-violaceum, KOH distinctius violascens, sporae angustae, 6—11 x 2.5—3.5 ju 65. L. auriculala Th. Fr. p. 146. 10*. Apothecia minora, 0.4—0.8 mm. 11. Apothecia atro-purpurea, O.15—-0.5 mm., perithecium dilute vel intense violaceo-fuscescens, hymenium 55—60 ju altum, epithecium pallescens vel subrubri- cosum 181. L. delincia Nyl. p. 354. 11*. Apothecia nigra, 0.3—l.o mm, perithecium totum fusco-nigrum, hymenium 70 tu altum, epithecium olivaceo-nigricans 75. L. crusiulaia (Ach.) Vain. p. 176. 9*. Hymenium altum, ultra 80 ju, usque ad 125 ju. 10. Hypothecium KOH purpurascens 63. L. phylliscina Nyl. p. 144 10*. Hypothecium KOH immutatum. 11. Ad rupes calcem continentes. Thallus tenuiter rimoso- areolatus, apothecia 0.5—0.8 mm., asci evacuati trans- versim rugosi (KOH) 76. L. albosuffusa Th. Fr. p. 181. 11*. Ad rupes non calcareas. Asci evacuati non rugosi. 12. Apothecia parva vel mediocria, 0.5—l.o mm., arete adpressa vel subinnata, hymenium 70—100 ju, para physes in apice leviter solum incrassatae, sporae 12—18x6—8 ju 74. L. cinereoatra Ach. p. 172. 12*. Apothecia majora, 0.8—2.o (—3) mm., numquam subinnata, sporae majores. 13. Paraphyses in apice clavatae, hymenium 100—140 ju, thallus crassiusculus, ochraceus 73. L. flavocaerulescens (Hornem.) Ach. p. 170 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. 13*. Paraphyses in apice non incrassatae, thallus vulgo non ochraceus, vel in ff. L. sterizae tenuis, plus minusve ochraceus. 14. Hypothecium subhymeniale tenue, rufescens, prae- terea fusco-nigrum, hymenium 120—130 (—170) /u, thallus crassiusculus, caesio-albicans vel glaucescens 71. L. albocaerulescens (Wulf.) Flk. p. 167. 14*. Hypothecium subhymeniale tenue, albidum, prae- terea fusco-nigrum, thallus crassitudine valde varians, albidus vel cinerascens vel in ff. ochra ceus 70. L. sieriza (Ach.) Vain. p. 154. 6*. Hypothecium pallidum (Hypothecium obscurum p. 15). 7. Apothecia parva, vulgo < 0.4 mm., paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. 8. Epithecium fuscescens 140. L. amphoieroides Vain. p. 289. 8*. Epithecium sordide caeruleum vel subfuligineum. 9. Thallus sat crassus, verruculosus, fuscescens, sporae 9— 14 x 5—6 ju 142. L. melaphanoides Nyl. p. 291. 9*. Thallus tenuis. 10. Thallus albidus vel cinereus, hypothallus indistinctus. 11. Sporae minutae, 6—9 x 3 jn, apothecia 0.2—0.4 mm 152. L. lynceola Th. Fr. p. 307. 11*. Sporae mediocres, (7—) 9—15 x 3—4 JLI, apothecia usque ad O.s mm 151. L. conferenda Nyl. p. 302. 10*. Thallus obscure fuscescens, areolae hypothallo atro distincto impositae 40. L. extenuata Nyl. p. 94. 7*. Apothecia majora, vulgo > 0.4—0.5 mm. 8. Sporae late ellipsoideae (longitudo latitudinem vulgo non duplo superans). (Sporae ellipsoideae vel oblongae p. 22). 9. Paraphyses (in aqua) facillime liberae, in apice non incrassatae. 10. Asci cylindrici, epithecium violaceo-fuligineum. 11. Apothecia adnata, demum immarginata, verrucae thallinae O.15—0.4 mm., contiguae, medulla J -f- 119. L. somphotera Vain. p. 248. 11*. Apothecia primum innata, quasi margine proprio cincta, deinde elevata, verrucae thallinae 0.4—0.5 mm, supra hypothallum nigrum dispersae, medulla J vio- lacea 120. L. serenior Vain. p. 249. 10*. Asci plus minusve late clavati. 11. Ad rupes calcareas, hypothecium KOH purpurascens 126. L. subsequens Nyl. p.261. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 21 11*. Ad rupes non calcareas, hypothecium KOH non purpurascens. 12. Thallus partim in soredia fatiscens 124. L. Luhankaensis Vain. p. 258. 12*. Thallus sorediis destitutus. 13. Thallus evanescens vel tenuissimus, excipulum in parte interiori incoloratum 125. L. goniophila Flk. p. 258. 13*. Thallus melius evolutus, modice incrassatus aut sat crassus, excipulum vulgo magis obscuratum 123. L. siigmatea Ach. p. 252. 9*. Paraphyses (in aqua) non facillime liberae. 10. Sporae majores, 14—20 x 10—12 ju 91. L. superlala Vain. p. 209. 10*. Sporae minores, latitudinem 8 ii non superantes. 11. Paraphyses in apice non incrassatae, conidia 11—14 (—18) 12. Sporae late ellipsoideae, 9—12 x 5.5—6.5 ju, thallus albidus vel vulgo plus minusve sulphureus, farina- ceus, rimosus, haud areolatus 138. L. elafa Schaer. p. 286. 12*. Sporae crassiores, usque subglobosae, thallus im pure albidus, plus minusve distincte verrucoso- areolatus. 13. Epithecium cyanescens, sporae 7—13 x 5—6 (—8) ii, thallus vulgo crassus, verrucosus, KOH lutescens, addito CaCl202 lutescenti-fulvescens 127. L. subcongrua Vain. p. 263. 13*£ Epithecium fuscescens vel subincoloratum, sporae 9—15 x 7—8 /A, thallus evanescens vel tenuis, KOH et KOH + CaCl202 immutatus 128. L. alrosanguinea (Flk.) Vain. p. 265. 11*. Paraphyses in apice clavatae vel etiam capitatae, conidia breviora. 12. Apothecia nitida, valde convexa, hymenium superne smaragdulum vel nigricans, conidia 6—8 it. 13. Apothecia demum prominentia, areolae planae vel subplanae 134. L. subbullaia Vain. p. 280. 13*. Apothecia convexa, sed latere raro thallum super- antia, areolae convexae 133. L. aglaea Somrft p. 277. 12*. Apothecia opaca, plana vel planiuscula, hymenium superne fuscescens, conidia 3—4 ju. E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. 13. Thallus albescens vel pallide cinerascens. 14. Apothecia pruinosa 160. L. mollis *caesioalbescens (Magn.) p. 319. 14*. Apothecia epruinosa 161. L. asyndeta Nyl. p. 321. 13*. Thallus fuscescens vel obscure cinerascens. 14. Apothecia diu immersa, thallum aequantia, tenuiter marginata, thallus crassus, areolato- diffractus. 15. Apothecia parva, 0.5—l.o mm., crebra, saepe con- tigua, orbicularia vel mutua pressione angulosa, areolae verrucoso-rugosae 162. L. Helsinkiensis Vain. p. 322. 15*. Apothecia majora, 0.7—2.5 mm., magis dispersa, saepe irregulariter angulosa, areolae planae vel demum subconvexae, magis laevigatae 163. L. Kochiana Hepp p. 323. 14*. Apothecia (mox) emergentia, thallum superantia. 15. Thallus crassus, verrucoso-areolatus 164. L. Cacuminum Vain. p. 324. 15*. Thallus tenuis, minute areolatus, areolis planis, vel rimosus 16. Margo persistens vel subpersistens, apothecia 0.5 mm. 17. Thallus subtessellato-areolatus, areolae 0.5— l.o mm., pruinosae, apothecia minus arcte ad- pressa 159. L. mollis (Wbg.) Nyl. p. 317. 17*. Thallus magis irregulariter areolatus, areolae minores, epruinosae, apothecia arcte adnata 167. L. lygaeoplaca Vain. p. 327. 16*. Margo (vulgo mox) exclusus, apothecia minora, 0.4—0.6 (—0.7) mm. 17. Thallus pulchre minutissime areolatus, areo lae O.i—0.2 mm., tenuissimae, perithecium bene evolutum, apothecia sessilia 166. L. Hoglandica Nyl. p. 326. 17*. Thallus continuus, rimulosus, perithecium tenue, apothecia innata, sed thallum super antia 168. L. lygaea Ach. p. 328. 8*. Sporae ellipsoideae vel oblongae, longitudo latitudinem duplo vel magis superans (Sporae late ellipsoideae p. 20). 9. Sporae plus minusve fabaceae. 10. Thallus cinereus vel pallide murinus, apothecia late adnata 156. L. cyathoides Ach. p. 312. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 23 10*. Thallus cinereo-fuscescens, apothecia ab initio semi- immersa, demum late adnata 158. L. subrivulosa Vain. p. 316. 9*. Sporae ellipsoideae. 10. Paraphyses facillime liberae. 11. Asci cylindrici, thallus obscure cinerascens, areolatus, apothecia thallo plus minusve innata. 12. Epithecium caerulescenti-smaragdulum. 13. Sporae 14—16 x 6—8 ju 117. L. atrocinerea (Schaer.) Vain. p. 244. 13*. Sporae 10—12 x 5—6 ju 121. L. lygaeiza Vain. p. 250. 12*. Epithecium caerulescenti-violascens, sporae 10—12 (—16) x (5—) 6—8 ju 119. L. somphotera Vain. p. 248. 11*. Asci clavati, sporae minutae, subcylindricae, thallus citrinus, granulato-leprosus 220. L. lucida Ach. p. 413. 10*. Paraphyses non facillime liberae, vulgo arcte cohae rentes. 11. Thallus sulphureus vel virescenti-stramineus. 12. Apothecia thallum superantia, valde convexa, nitida, hypothallus ater, inter areolas albido-stramineas di stincte visus 134. L. subbullaia Vain. p. 280. 12*. Apothecia saltern ab initio immersa. 13. Thallus virescenti-stramineus, hypothallo atro di- stincto circumdatus, areolae subeffiguratae, apothe cia atra, nuda, epithecium caeruleo-fuligineum 78. L. luleoalra Nyl. p. 186. 13*. Thallus dilute sulphureus, hypothallus haud visus, areolae angulatae, arcte contiguae, apothecia li- vida, pruinosa, epithecium olivaceo-nigricans 219. L. sulphurea (Hoffm.) Ach. p. 411. 11*. Thallus fuscescens aut cinereo-fuscescens, areolae crassae vel crassiusculae. 12. Areolae planae, nitidae, squamaeformes, p.p. sub- dispersae, hymenium J caerulescens, superne KOH e rufescenti subrubricosum, conidia arcuata, 15—30 ju 26. L. deusta (Stenh.) Nyl. p. 78. 12*. Areolae convexae, magis contiguae. 13. Apothecia primum verruculis immersa, demum lecanorina, margo persistens, epithecium fuscum, hymenium J e caeruleo vinose fulvescens, superne KOH sordide purpurascens 83. L. tenebricans Nyl. p. 197. E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. 13*. Apothecia semiimmersa, hymenium J caerulescens. 14. Apothecia in areolis semiimmersa, demum arcte adnata, 1.3—2 mm., margo persistens, epithecium fuscescens, sporae p.p. leviter curvatae 158. L. subrivulosa Vain. p.316. 14*. Apothecia inter areolas sita, 0.7—l.o mm., margo demum exclusus, epithecium cyaneo-fuligineum 80. L. disiensa Vain. p 190. 11** Thallus cinereus vel albescens. 12. Perithecium in parte exteriore KOH solutionem violaceam vel rubricosam effundens. 13. Thallus tenuis vel fere obsoletus, perithecium KOH violaceum 62. L. Pilaii (Hepp) Kbr. p. 141. 13* Thallus crassus, verrucosus, perithecium KOH rubricosum 79. L. tumidior Nyl. p. 188. 12*. Perithecium KOH immutatum. 13. Sporae magnae vel majusculae, 11—20 (•—26) x 6—10 (—12) LI, apothecia mollia, rosea vel rulo- nigricantia, thallus CaCl202 rubescens. *) 14. Thallus areolato-diffractus 169. L. coarctata (Sm.) Nyl. p. 329. 14*. Thallus effusus, granulato-pulverulentus 170. L. coarctata *obiegens Th. Fr. p. 333. 13*. Sporae minores, vulgo circiter 8-—12 (—14) x (3—) 4—6 ii, apothecia firmiora, obscuriora, vulgo atra, thallus (tantum scimus) GaCl202 non rube scens. 14. Thallus incrassatus, nitidus, areolae supra hypo- thallum nigrum conspicuum dispersae vel conti guae, apothecia nitida, valde convexa, hymenium altissimum, usque ad 250 ii* 15. Thallus testaceus, KOH non reagens 137. L. testaceoatra Vain. p. 284. 15*. Thallus albidus aut stramineus, KOH dilute lutescens 136. L. leucomelaena Vain. p. 283. 14*. Thallus subopacus, hymenium multo angustius. 15. Thallus crassus aut sat crassus, distincte areo latus, areolae verrucosae vel convexae, interdum subdiscretae, subeffiguratae. ^6. Apothecia saltern ab initio thallo innata 84. L. submilvina Vain. p. 198. 16*. Apothecia thallo adnata. 2) Sec. Th. Fries Lich. Scand. p. 447: »paraphyses laxe cohaerentes» Acta Soeietatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 25 17. Areolae depresso-convexae, apothecia diu plana, margo subpersistens, discus rufo-fuscus vel ater 82. L. leucophaea (Flk.) Nyl. p. 192. 17*. Areolae magis convexae, etiam apothecia magis convexae, margo demum exclusus, dis cus ater 81. L. subdita Nyl. p. 191. 15*. Thallus tenuis, continuus vel rimoso-diffractus (areolae planae), vel evanescens. 16. Paraphyses apicem versus fuscae vel fuligineae. 17 Apothecia planiuscula, saltern ab initio prui- nosa, humida rufescentia, paraphyses non- nihil clavatae 59. L. lithophila Th. Fr. p 135. 17*. Apothecia dein convexa, epruinosa, atra vel obscure atro-purpurea, paraphyses fusco- capitatae 92. L. Aliensis Th. Fr. p. 210. 16*. Paraphyses apicem versus smaragdulae vel olivaceo-i'uligineae. 17. Sporae angustae, oblongae, 7—11 (—13) x 2.5—4 (—5) ii 60. L. enteromorpha (Flot.) Vain. p. 138. 17*. Sporae ellipsoideae, 10—12 (—14) x 5—7 tu 61. L. subplanala Vain. p. 141. B. SPECIES LIGNICOLAE VEL CORTICOLAE. (excl. Psora) (species saxicolae p. 12, species muscicolae p. 32). 1. Paraphyses facillime liberae, sporae late ellipsoideae, (7-—) 10— 16 x 6—9 it. 2. Thallus CaCl202 rubescens 131. L. olivacea (Hoffm.) Nyl. p. 271. 2*. Thallus GaCl202 non rubescens 130. L. euphorea (Flk.) Nyl. p. 267 1*. Paraphyses plus minusve cohaerentes. 2. Hypothecium obscurum. (hypothecium pallidum p 27.) 3. Granula caerulescentia vel violascentia paraphysibus immixta, apothecia diu plana, fusco-nigricantia, marginata, 0.5—1,5 mm., sporae 9—17 x 3.5—7 it 179. L. fusca (Schaer.) Th. Fr. p. 349. 3*. Hymenium granulis caeruleis destitutum. 4. Thallus ± sorediatus, apothecia parva, diam. ad 0.5, rarius usque ad 0.8 mm. E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. 5. Thallus obscurus, fusco-nigrescens, sporae latae, 8—16 x 6—7 ii 173. L. humosa (Ehrh.) Nyl. p. 337 5*. Thalluspallidus, albidus vel cinerascens. 6. Thallus crassiusculus, e granulis contextus, apothecia minuta, 0.2—0.4 mm., sporae 7—12 x 3—4.5 ii 171. L. boiryosa (Fr.) Nyl. p. 334. 6*. Thallus tenuis—tenuissimus. 7. Apothecia nigra, 0.2—0.5 mm., hypothecium et perithecium KOH rubricoso-rufescentia, sporae 5—7 x 2 11 115. L. Tianensis Vain. p. 242. 7*. Apothecia madefacta fusca (saltern juniora), 0.5—0.8 (—1) mm., hypothecium et perithecium KOH immu- tata, sporae 9—15 x 3—5 11 182. L. albofuscescens Nyl. p. 356 4*. Thallus esorediatus, sporae majusculae, 16—19 x 9—11 ii, apothecia 0.7—2.o mm 70. L. sleriza (Ach.) Vain. f. lignalilis (Nyl.) Vain. p. 161. 4**. Thallus esorediatus, sporae p.m.p. angustae, crassitudinem 5 LI non vel raro superantes, apothecia parva, vulgo <0.5 mm., interdum usque ad 0.8 mm. 5. Epithecium cyanescens vel violascens. 6. Apothecia (sub-) persistente marginata, diu plana, epi thecium KOH solutionem violaceam effundens, etiam cum hypothecio. 7. Thallus p.p. demum in soredia granulosa fatiscens 110. L. xanlhococca *sorophora Vain. p. 237. 7*. Thallus sorediis omnino destitutus 109. L. xanlhococca Somrft p. 235. 6*. Apothecia immarginata, (vulgo) mox convexa. 7. Hypothecium totum fusco-nigrum, sporae 5—11 x 2.5— 3.5 ju 116. L. paraclilica Nyl. p. 243. 7*. Hypothecium purpureo-fuligineum. 8. Epithecium fusco- subpurpureo-fuligineum, KOH parum mutatum, sporae 8—14 x 3—4 ju 112. L. enclitica Nyl. p. 239. 8*. Epithecium fuligineum, KOH fere immutatum aut sub- caeruJescenti-nigricans, sporae 5—7 x 3—4 ju 114. L. pithyophiloides Vain. p. 242. 5*. Epithecium fuscum vel decoloratum. 6. Apothecia atra. 7. Thallus granulosus, interdum pulveraceo-fatiscens. 8. Sporae latae, 8—16 x 6—7 11 173. L. humosa (Ehrh.) Nyl. p. 337. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 27 8*. Sporae angustiores. 9. Thallus crassiusculus, fuscescens, epithecium KOH -f-, sporae 7—13 x 3—4.5 ii 171. L. botryosa (Fr.) Nyl. p. 334. 9*. Thallus tenuis, albidus, epithecium KOH rubricoso- rufescens, sporae 5—7 x 2 ju 115. L. Tianensis Vain. p. 242. 7*. Thallus evanescens, omnino esorediatus. 8. Hypothecium KOH subrubricoso- vel subpurpureo-rufe- scens 111. L. consimilis Nyl. p. 238. 8*. Hypothecium KOH immutatum 113. L. plebeja Nyl. p. 240. 6*. Apothecia pallidiora (testacea vel cinerea vel fusceseentia). 7. Apothecia primum plana et margine subpersistenti circum- data, demum depresso-convexa. 8. Apothecia fusca vel fusco-nigricantia, nitida, hypothecium fusco-nigrum 182. L. albofuscescens Nyl. p. 356. 8*. Apothecia cinereo-pallida, haud nitida, hypothecium rubricoso-rufescens 183. L. albofuscescens * M uslialensis Vain. p. 357. 7*. Apothecia mox convexa. 8 Thallus evanescens, hypothecium J non caerulescens, sporae 6—8 x 3—4 ju, ad lignum pineum crescens 184. L. apochroeella Nyl. p. 358. 8*. Thallus distincte evolutus, hypothecium J ± intense caerulescens, sporae 8—11 x 2.5—3 ti. 9, Thallus tenuis, paraphyses in apice haud incrassatae, ad corticem Abietis 212. L. sphaeroidiza Vain. p. 399. 9*. Thallus modice incrassatus, paraphyses in apice incras satae, ad corticem Sorbi 213. L. sylveslris Vain. p. 400. 2*. Hypothecium pallidum (hypothecium obscurum p. 25). 3. Sporae 12:nae—16:nae usque ad 32:nae, apothecia livida vel rufescentia, thallus tenuis vel evanescens, ad cortices et ad lignum 101. L. lignaria (Kbr.) Nyl. p. 224. 3*. Sporae 8:nae. 4. Sporae magnae, late ellipsoideae, 16—24 x 10—16 ya, apothecia atrosanguinea, subglobosa 104. L. Tornoensis Nyl. p. 229. 4*. Sporae parvae, subglobosae, diam. vulgo 3—6 ju, vel late ellipsoideae. 5. Epithecium cyanescens, apothecia atra, plana, marginata, thallus sorediis destitutus. 6. Sporae globosae, diam. 4—b ju 108. L. infralapponica Vain. p. 234. 28 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. 6*. Sporae late ellipsoideae vel subglobosae, (5—) 7—9 x 5 (—6) ju 99. L. subfuscescens Vain. p. 222. 5*. Epithecium fuscescens vel rubricoso-fuscescens, apothecia fuscescentia, thallus sorediosus vel granuloso-leprosus. 6. Thallus fusco-nigricans. granulato-leprosus, apothecia mox convexa, sporae late ellipsoideae, 5—9 x 3—5 ju, vel sub globosae, diam. 3—5 ii 100. L. subhumida Vain. p. 223. 6*. Thallus cinereus, apothecia ab initio plana, deinde con vexa. 7. Sporae globosae, diam. 4—6 ti, discus obscure rufo-fuscus, margine pallidiore cinctus, thallus subeffusus, sorediosus. 86. L. Nylanderi (Anzi) Th. Fr. p.201. 7*. Sporae subglobosae vel late ellipsoideae, 9—16 x 6—7 ti, discus rufescens vel purpureus, margine concolori cinctus, thallus subdisperse granulatus, sorediose fatiscens 88. L. porphyrospora (Anzi) Th. Fr. p. 204. 4**. Sporae ellipsoideae, apud plures species anguste ellipsoideae. 5. Hymenium superne decoloratum vel dilute flavescens, apo thecia vulgo pallida, testacea, cinnamomea vel rufescentia, (cfr. tamen L. globularis *sphaerella). (hymenium superne evanescens vel fuligineum p. 30). 6. Thallus ± sorediosus, soredia tamen interdum valde incon- spicua. 7. Epithecium granulosum, KOH sese dissolvens, thallus substramineus vel impure albidus, discus mox convexus, lutescens vel lutescenti-pallidus. 8. Thallus verruculoso-inaequalis, granulis inconspicuis sore- diorum parce inspersus, ad cortices et ad lignum 217. L. symmicla Ach. p. 405. 8*. Thallus soraliis rotundatis, sat crebris instructus, demum late sorediosus, ad saepimentum ligneum 214. L. soraliaia Vain. p.401. 7*. Hymenium superne non granulosum, epithecium nullum, apothecia primum planiuscula, dein convexa vel sub- globosa, thallus crebre sorediosus 8. Hymenium altum, 130—150 ti, sporae 10—21 x 3—4.5 u, apothecia testaceo-rufescentia 215. L. epizanlhoidiza Nyl. p.401. 8*. Hymenium angustum, 45—70 ti, sporae 10—16 x 3.5— 4.5 ti, apothecia pallida, cinereo-albida 216. L. efflorescens (Hedl.) Vain. p. 403. 6*. Thallus esorediosus. 7 Epithecium granulosum, KOH sese dissolvens, paraphyses in apice non incrassatae. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 29 8. Sporae mediocres, ellipsoideae, 11—18 x 5—9 ii 98. L. phaeopelidna Vain. p. 221. 8*-. Sporae angustiores, crassitudine 5 ju non superantes. 9. Thallus tenuis, sed distincte evolutus, sporae 9 —17 x 4—5 LI, ad cortices et ad lignum, 10. Apothecia (sicca) pallida, flavida vel olivacea, diam. 0.5—l.o mm. 217. L. symmicia Ach. p. 405. 10*. Apothecia (sicca) obscuriora, subnigricantia, diam. 0.2—0.4 mm. 95 L. olivascens Th. Fr. p. 217. 9*. Thallus evanescens, sporae minores, ad lignum crescen- tes. 10. Apothecia minutissima. O.i—0.25 mm., discus ceraceo- flavidus, hymenium J intense et persistenter caeru lescens, sporae minutissimae, 3—8 x 1.5—1.7 ii 221. L. symmiclella Nyl. p. 415. 10*. Apothecia parva, 0.3—0.6 mm., discus pallide stra- mineus, hymenium J e caeruleo sordide violascit. sporae 8—9 x 3—4 ju 209. L. sapinea (Th. Fr.) Vain. p. 395. 7*. Hymenium superne non granulosum, epithecium nullum. 8. Paraphyses apice non vel levissime solum incrassatae. 9. Sporae minutae, 6—9 x 2—2.5 ii, hymenium J caerule scens, apothecia minuta, 0.2—0.4 mm., thallus tenuis vel evanescens, ad lignum crescens 210. L. cinereopallens Vain. p. 397. 9*. Sporae majores, 8—20 x 4—7 it, hymenium J e cae ruleo rubescens. 10. Apothecia majora, 0.7—l.o mm., testacea vel rufe- scentia, demum bene convexa, crusta verrucoso- inaequalis 203. L. vernalis (L.) Ach. p. 387. 10*. Apothecia minora, 0.2—0.5 mm. 11. Sporae 14—20 x 5—7 ii, p.p. uniseptatae, apothecia demum convexa, testaceo-rufescentia, supra muscos, corticem et lignum 204. L. subduplex Nyl. p. 389. 11*. Sporae 8—16 x 3.5—4, vel 5 LI, semper simplices, apothecia magis testacea. 12. Apothecia primum margine pallidiori satis distincto cincta, supra corticem arborum frondosarum crescens, rarius supra muscos 206. L. helvola "minor Nyl. p. 392. 12*. Apothecia magis convexa, margine mox excluso, ad corticem Abietis 205. L. helvola (Kbr.) Th. Fr. p. 390. 30 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. 8*. Paraphyses apice bene incrassatae, sporae interdum obsolete 1-septatae, apothecia minuta, 0.2—0.4 mm. 9. Apothecia albida vel roseo-albida (vel in herb, in aetate lutescenti-pallida), ad corticem arborum, praesertim Salicis 211. L. albohyalina Nyl. p. 397. 9*. Apothecia testaceo-rufescentia, ad corticem arborum 207. L. meiocarpa Nyl. p. 393. 9**. Apothecia e carneo-fuscidula rufo- vel nigricanti-fusca 208. L. sphaerella (Hedl.) Vain. p.394. 5* Hymenium superne coloratum, cyanescens vel fuligineum vel fuscescens (hymenium superne incoloratum vel dilute flavescens p 28). 6. Hymenium superne cyanescens vel cyanescenti-fuligineum (hymenium superne fuscescens vel nigrescens p. 31). 7. Thallus sorediosus. 8. Hypothallus nigricans bene evolutus, sporae 9—12 x 4—7 fx 87. L. pullata (Norm.) Th. Fr. p. 202. 8*. Hypothallus non visus, sporae minutissimae, 4—6 x 1 11 222. L. clavulifera Nyl. p.417 7*. Thallus sorediis destitutus. 8. Sporae ellipsoideae, 11—18 x 5—9 ju, excipulum viola- scens, apothecia 0.3—0.5 mm., thallus tenuis vel tenu- issimus. Ad corticem Salicis 98. L. phaeopelidna Vain.1) p. 221 8*. Sporae anguste oblongae, 3—4 11 crassae. 9. Apothecia non pure atra, sed magis livida vel caerule- scenti-atra vel fusco-atra (madefacta), sporae parvae, 6—13 x 3—4 ju, thallus tenuis vel obsoletus. 10. Hymenium 70—140 ju 97. L. atroviridis (Arn.) Th. Fr. p. 218. 10*. Hymenium 40—45 ju 94. L. iurgidula Fr. p. 214. 9*. Apothecia pure atra, hymenium 50—80 ju. 10. Apothecia minutissima, O.15—O.35 mm., opaca, crebra, convexa, hypothecium J caerulescens, inferne fulve- !) In his first diagnosis (Adj. Lich. Lapp. p. 99) Vainio described a dark epithecium: »sordide caerulescenti-olivaceum», and a violet excipulum: »violascens». When he reexamined the plant for this manu script he found an uncoloured epithecium and the excipulum »fulvo- fuscescens aut subviolascens». The editor examined an apothecium and found the colours, which Vainio has described in the present manuscript. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 31 scens, sporae parvae, 9—12 x 3—4 a. Thallus tenuis, KOH flavescens, in ligno 106. L. dolosula (Nyl.) Vain. p. 231 10*. Apothecia minuta, 0.2—0.5 mm., sat crebra, hypo thecium J caerulescens, superne cinerascens, inferne incoloratum, sporae parvae, 7—12x2—4 11, Thallus tenuissimus, KOH -=-, ad corticem Abietis 96. L. microsphaeroides Vain. p. 217. 10**. Apothecia parva, 0.4—0.6 mm., opaca, crebra, con vexa, hypothecium incolorato-pallidum, J inferne non reagens, sporae majores, 11—21 x 3—4.5 11. Thallus modice incrassatus, KOH flavescens, in ligno 105. L. Kolaensis Nyl. p. 230. 6*. Hymenium superne fuscescens vel fusco-nigrescens vel olivaceo-nigrescens (hymenium superne cyanescens p. 30). 7. Sporae p.p. leviter curvatae, saepe 1-septatae apparent, parvae, 8 x 3 ju, thallus olivaceo-cinerascens, sorediis mi- nutis, deinde confluentibus instructus, vulgo sterilis, ad cortices 157. L. Lighifoolii (Sm.) Ach. p. 315. 7*. Sporae rectae, (vulgo anguste) oblongo-ellipsoideae. 8. Apothecia rufescenti-purpurascentia, primum plana mar- ginata, deinde convexa. Species corticolae. 9. Epithecium fuscum vel rufescens, sporae 10—16 x 3—5 ju thallus albidus, subevanescens, sorediis destitutus 93. L. erythrophaea Flk. p. 212. 9*. Epithecium rubricoso-rufescens, sporae crassiores, 12— 18 x 6—7 JU, thallus tenuis, sed distinctus, granulis subdispersis, fusco-glaucescentibus, farinoso-dehiscen- tibus, formatus 88. L. porphyrospoda (Anzi) Th.Fr. p. 204. 8*. Apothecia olivacea vel olivaceo-nigricantia, subpersisten- ter plana et marginata, thallus CaCl202 rubescens, ad truncos putrescentes et carbonisatos. 9. Apothecia majora, usque ad 2 mm., livida vel olivaceo- nigricantia, sporae 8—16 x 4—7 ju, thallus leproso- fatiscens, vulgo ad terram inventa 174. L. granulosa (Ehrh.) Schaer. p. 340. 9*. Apothecia minora, ad 0.5 mm., nigricantia, sporae mi nores, 7—9 x 3—4.5 ju, thallus tenuior, granulosus, sorediis inconspicuis dispersis instructus, ad ligna truncosque vetustos vel carbonisatos 175. L. flexuosa (Fr.) Nyl. p. 343. 8**. Apothecia atra, rarius olivaceo- vel livido-atra, cito convexa, immarginata, sporae parvae, vulgo 6—12. rarius usque ad 17 x (2—) 3—5 (—6) ju. 32 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. 9. Apothecia majuscula, usque ad l.o mm., optime nitida, thallus bene evolutus, albidus, nitidus, granulato-verru- cosus, ad lignum vel truncos duriores 107. L. elabens Fr. p.232. 9*. Apothecia minuta, ad 0.5 mm., vulgo multo minores. 10. Sporae 12—17 x 4—5 ju, thallus mollis, verruculosus, cinereo-olivascens, CaCl202 rubescens, ad cortices cre scens 95. L. oliuascens Th. Fr. p. 217. 10*. Sporae minutae, thallus GaCl202 non rubescens, ad lignum vel ad cortices. 11. Thallus granulosus vel pulverulento-fatiscens 176. L. viridescens (Schrad.) Ach. p. 344. 11*. Thallus tenuissimus vel evanescens. 12. Apothecia minutissima, O.i—0.4 (—0.5) mm., basi plus minusve constricta, atra vel fusco-atra. 13. Paraphyses non incrassatae 102. L. globularis (Ach.) Nyl. p 225. 13* Paraphyses capitato-incrassatae 94. L. lurgidula Fr. p. 214. 12*. Apothecia 0.4—0.6 mm., olivaceo-nigricantia, hemi- sphaerica, sed basi non constricta, ligno arcte adpressa 89. L. hypopla Ach. p. 205. C. SPECIES MUSCICOLAE VEL TERRICOLAE. (excl. Psora) (Species saxicolae p. 12, species lignicolae vel corticolae p. 25.) 1 Apothecia ignota, thallus e granulis albidis, minutis contextus. {Crocynia neglecta (Nyl.) Hue p. 418.) 1*. Species fertiles. 2. Sporae 12:nae vel 16:nae. 3. Sporae globosae, diam. 5—6 ju (Biaiorella geophana f Nyl.) Vain. p. 364.) 3*. Sporae anguste ellipsoideae, 7—14 x 3—6 ii. 16. L. (Psora) epiphaea Nyl. p. 58. 2*. Sporae 8:nae. 3. Paraphyses facile discretae. 4. Sporae valde pachydermaticae, subglobosae vel subquadratae, 9—14 x 8—11 ii, hypothecium fusco-rubens 132. L. parasemella Nyl. p. 276. 4*. Sporae leptodermaticae. 5. Sporae late ellipsoideae, 7—16 x 7—8 ju, paraphyses apice parce incrassatae, hypothecium fulvo-rufescens, apothecia atra 131. L.oliuacea f Wulfenii (Hepp) Vain. p. 275. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 33 5*. Sporae ellipsoideae, 7—14 x 5—6 ju, paraphyses apice in crassatae, hypothecium pallidum, apothecia fusca aut sub- testaceo-rufescentia 103. L. phaeotera Nyl. p. 228. 3*. Paraphyses plus minusve concretae. 4. Species parasitica (in Diapensia lapponica), sporae 10—17 x 4—5 ju, hypothecium obscurum 189. L. Diapensiae Th. Fr. p. 363 4*. Species autonomae. 5. Hypothecium obscurum. 6. Granula caerulescentia vel violascentia paraphysibus immixta 179. L. fusca (Schaer.) Th. Fr. p. 349. 6*. Hymenium corpusculis caeruleis destitutum. 7. Thallus e verruculis elevatis isidiodeis contextus, albidus vel subcaesio-variegatus. 8. Sporae angustae, oblongae, 9—16 x 3—4 ju 192. L. ramulosa Th. Fr. p. 369. 8*. Sporae ellipsoideae, 9—16 x 5—8 ju 193. L. montanella Vain. p. 371. 7*. Thallus verruculis elevatis isidioideis destitutus. 8. Thallus crassus, granulatus, albidus vel pallidus. 9. Granulae thalli parvae, apothecia (humectata ± in atro- fuscescentem vergentia), satis dispersa, demum convexa, epithecium fuscum, paraphysum apices capitatae (KOH addito) 178. L. Berengeriana (Mass.) Th. Fr. p. 347. 9*. Granulae thalli majores, ca. 0.5 mm., subeffiguratae, apothecia conglomerate, mox convexa, atra, nitida, epithecium aeruginoso-fuligineum, paraphysum apices non incrassatae 194. L. assimilaia Nyl. p. 372. 8*. Thallus tenuissimus vel tenuis. 9. Apothecia basi constricta, deinde plus minusve elevata usque turbinato-stipitata, epithecium fuligineum. 10. Apothecia 0.2—0.4 mm., sessilia vel elevato-adnata, ab initio convexa, hypothecium KOH fuscescens. Thallus tenuissimus vel evanescens 191. L. verrucula (Norm.) Th. Fr. p. 368. 10*. Apothecia 0.3—0.7 mm., magis stipitata, ab initio planiuscula, hypothecium KOH deinde purpureo- subviolaceum. Thallus tenuis 190. L. crassipes (Th. Fr.) Nyl. p. 366. 9*. Apothecia basi non constricta, adpressa. 10. Sporae 8—17 x 4—8 ju, perithecium fusco-nigrum, etiam cum epithecio, apothecia minuta, (0.2—) 0.4— 0.6 mm., thallus fusco-nigricans. E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. 11. Thallus granulosus vel verruculosus 172. L. uliginosa (Fr.) Nyl. p. 335. 11* Thallus minute granulosus vel farinoso-leprosus 173. L. humosa (Ehrh.) Nyl. p. 337. 10*. Sporae 6—10 x 3—4 ti, apothecia 0.3—1 mm., thallus albidus. 11. Perithecium obscure rubricoso-rufescens, etiam cum epithecio et magna parte hypothecii 188. L. subflexuosa Vain. p. 362. 11*. Perithecium nigricans, etiam cum hypothecio, epi thecium fuligineum 195. L. morbifera Vain. p. 374. 5*. Hypothecium pallidum vel incoloratum. 6. Episporium crassum, sporae magnae, 16—24 x 10—16 ti 104. L. Tornoensis Nyl. p. 229. 6*. Episporium tenue, sporae minores, angustiores. 7. Apothecia pallida: testacea vel rufescentia vel cinna- momea. 8. Thallus crassus, e verruculis subcontiguis contextus 202» L. cuprea Somrft p. 386. 8*. Thallus tenuis, minute granulosus vel subeffusus. 9. Thallus sorediis farinosis numerosis crebris instructus (vulgo corticola) 215. L. epizanihoidiza Nyl. p.401. 9*. Thallus sorediis destitutus. 10. Apothecia minuta, 0.2—0.4 mm. (vulgo corticola) 206. L. helvola "minor Nyl. p. 392. 10*. Apothecia majora, 0.4—l.o mm. 11. Apothecia 0.4—0.5 mm., sporae p.p. uniseptatae (etiam ad cortices) 204. L. subduplex Nyl. p. 389. 11*. Apothecia 0.7—l.o mm., sporae semper indivisae (vulgo muscicola) 203. L. vernalis (L.) Ach. p. 387. 7*. Apothecia obscuriora: atra (interdum pruinosa) vel oli- vacea. 8. Epithecium aeruginosum, thallus pallidus, albidus vel pallide ochroleucus. 9. Sporae minutissimae, 4—6 xl//, thallus granuloso- fatiscens 222. L. clavulifera Nyl. p.417 9*. Sporae majores. 10 Sporae angustae, vulgo 3—4 ti latae, thallus crassus, granulato-diffractus. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 35 11. Hypothecium incoloratum, maculis dilute rubricosis passim instructum, parte inferiore dilute rubricosum, hyphae ibi KOH parum turgescentes 196. L alpeslris Somrft p. 376. 11*. Hypothecium p.p. subrubricosum, p.p. subalbidum, inferne aut medio subalbibum, hyphae ibi KOH bene turgescentes 197. L. sienoiera Nyl. p. 377. 10*. Sporae latiores, (4—) 5—9 (—10) // (cfr. tamen L. limosa f. albocincta Vain.: sp. 8—14 x 3—5 ju). 11. Sporae mediocres, 8—15 x 4—5 LI, apothecia nuda, thallus sat tenuis 198. L. limosa Ach. p. 379. 11* Sporae majores (vide infra), thallus optime globoso- granulatus. 12. Sporae 12—16 x 5—7 ju, apothecia vulgo caesio- pruinosa, thallus fuscescenti- aut albido-cinerascens 201. L. caesioalra Schaer. p. 384. 12*. Sporae 16—23 (—33) x 6—9 (—10) ju, thallus stramineus vel albido-flavescens. 13. Apothecia pulche caesio-pruinosa, hypothecium subaeruginosum vel subfuscescens 199. L. pallida Th. Fr. p. 382. 13*. Apothecia nuda, hypothecium superne caerule- scenti-pallidum 200. L. Dovrensis Nyl. p. 383. 8*. Epithecium fuscescens vel olivascens vel fusco-f uligineum. 9. Thallus GaCl202 rubescens, apothecia carneo-livida vel livido-nigricantia. 10. Apothecia majuscula, usque ad 2 mm., diu vel persi- stenter plana, olivacea vel nigricantia 174. L. granulosa (Ehrh.) Schaer. p. 340. 10*. Apothecia parva, 0.*—0.7 mm., mox convexa, atra 176. L. viridescens (Schrad.) Ach. p. 344. 9*. Thallus CaCl202 non rubescens. 10. Thallus leproso-gelatinosus, effusus, vireseenti-cinera- scens, apothecia nigricanti-olivacea, 0.5—0.8 mm., sporae 7—9 x 4—5 ju 111. L. gelatinosa Flk. p. 345. 10*. Thallus areolatus vel verrucosus, non leprosus. 11. Sporae crassae, 13—18 x 7—9 ju, paraphyses distincte capitatae (sec. Th. Fr.), hymenium J caerulescens, inter ascos demum fulvescens 15. L. (Psora) rufofusca (Anzi) Nyl. p. 57. 11*. Sporae angustiores, 9—16 x 4—6 ii, paraphyses apice non incrassatae vel leviter clavatae, totum hymenium J persistenter caerulescens. E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. 12. Sporae parvae, 6—10 x 3—4 ti 195. L. morbifera Vain. p. 374 12*. Sporae mediocres. 13. Thallus squamuloso-granulatus, cervino-cinera- scens, apothecia late adnata 17. L. (Psora) turficola (Hellb.) Th. Fr. p. 59. 13*. Thallus areolatus, areolis subrotundatis, badio- rufescens, apothecia ab initio thallum non super- antia, demum emergentia 27. L. lepidotella Nyl. p. 80. Subg. I. Psora (Hall.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 411; Vain. £t. Lich. Bres. II (1891) p. 45, Lich. Ins. Philipp. IV (1923) p. 47; Zahlbr. Ascol. (1905) p. 132. Psora Hall. Hist. Stirp. Helv. Ill (1798) p. 93 p. p. Mass. Ric. Lich. Grost. (1852) p. 90 p. p., Mem. Lich. (1853) p. 123; Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 175 (em.); Mull. Arg. Princ Glass. (1862) p. 40, Consp. Lich. Nov. Zel. (1894) p. 11; Arn. Lich. Munch. (1891) p. 70. Thallus squamulosus aut squamaeformi-areolatus aut sub- foliaceus e verruculis demum in sidia accrescentibus constans. Sporae minores parvaeve, decoloratae. Sect. 1. Placolepis (Trev.) Vain. Placolepis Trev. Thallus squamis majusculis, crassis, disoretis, hypothallo fruticuloso. Asiroplaca Bagl. (Enum. Lich. Ligur. p. 45, Koerb. Par. Lich., p. 120) thallo majusculo, astroideo-laciniato ab hac sectione distinguitur. 1. L. rubiformis Wahlenb. Fl. Lapp. (1812) p. 479, Fl. Suec. (1826) p. 905; Ach. Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 52; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 412; Nyl. in Hue Lich. Exot. (1892) p. 184; Baeomyces rubiformis Wahlenb. in Ach. Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 324, tab. 7 f. 5. Cenomyce Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 52. Psora Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 169. Lecidea globifera var. rubiformis Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 193. L. globifera var. dilula Nyl. Nov. Lich. Norv. (K. Sv. Vet. Ak. Förh. 1860) p. 295 (I.e. 1861 p. 111). Exs. Nyl. Lich. Mont-Dor. (1856) n. 43 (sec. Nyl. in Lamy Gat. Lich. Mont-Dore p. 96). — Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. Exs. II (1860) n. 39. — Anzi Lich. Rar. Langob. IV (1861) n. 137. — Havaas Lich. Norv. Exs. (1907) n. 355. — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. XVII (1914) n. 413. Thallus squamis latitudine mediocribus, adscendentibus, rotundato-lobatis, modice incrassatis, vulgo concavis, laevi- 38 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. gatis aut superne demum rimulosis, superne fuscescenti- aut glaucescenti-pallidus, leviter nitidus aut opacus, mar gine albidus et saepe tenuiter pruinosus, subtus albidus. Apothecia solitaria aut saepe demum conglomerata; saepe mediocria, convexa, immarginata, nigricantia, saepe leviter nitida, haud pruinosa. Hypothecium superne rufescens aut rubricoso-rufescens, inferne dilute coloratum albidumve. Epi thecium aut hymenium totum rubricoso-rufescens. Sporae oblongae ellipsoideaeve aut subfusiformes, long. O.oio—-O.017, crass. 0.004—O.007 mm. Distr. Ad terrani parcam et ipsam rupem in fissuris rupium in reg. subalp. montis Iivaara in Kuusamo (f. glaucescens Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 31, ibi etiam a F. Silen collecta). Sec. Th. Fr. (Lich. Scand. p. 413) ad Kitkajoki in Kuus. (F. Silen). L. Kem.: Hirveäkallio in Kuolajärvi (Nivajärvi), lecta a Pesola (f. glaucescens). In jugo alpino inter Kilpisjärvi et Lyngen in Norvegia a Norrl. collecta. Thallus superne strato corticali obductus 0 060—O.oso mm crasso, decolore aut lutescente, ex hyphis formato irregulariter contextis, pachydermaticis, conglutinatis, cavitatibus oblongis ellipsoideisve aut rotundatis, O.003 mm latis, in squamas circ. 1—5 mm latas, 0.260— 0.290 mm crassas, basi connatas divisus, pulvinulos circ. 15—6 mm latos formans, hyphis hypothallinis albidis, in rhizinas paucas sub- fruticulosas, longas laxe confertis. »KOH vel CaCl202 colorem non mutant» sec. Th. Fr. Apothecia lat. 2—0.6 mm, crass, circ. 0.6 mm, basi constricta, saepe demum moriformi-conglomerata (»baccam parvulam Rubi idaei referant», ut Wahlenb. ait). Hypothecium crassum, ex hyphis conglutinatis erectis et in infima basi irregula riter contextis formatum. Perithecium dilute coloratum aut partim decoloratum, ex hyphis radiantibus, sat pachydermaticis, congluti natis formatum, cavitatibus ellipsoideis oblongisque O.0015—O.002 mm latis. Hymenium circ. 0,060 mm crassum, »jodo dilute caerulescit, dein sordide decoloratur» (Th. Fr.). Epithecium KOH pulchrius rubricosum (solutionem rubricosam effundens). Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, simplices, crebre septatae, haud (aut tantum supra apices) gelatinosae. Asci clavati. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, simplices, apicibus vulgo obtusis, rarius rotundatis. Gonidia vulgo globosa (parcius ellipsoidea), diam. 0 010—O.005 mm, membrana sat tenui, tantum simplicia visa, cystococcoidea. Obs. Loco ventoso in littore lacus Päijänne in latere rupis grani- ticae in Rappukallio in Korpilahti et in scopulo erratico in Onkisalo in Luhanka (Ta.) plantam sterilem legi, quam Nyl. determinavit Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 39 2. L. decipiens (Ehrh.) Ach. Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 80, Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 52; Wahlenb. Fl. Lapp. (1812) p. 480; Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 214, Lich. Paris (1896) p. 77. Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 418. Lichen siellatus Relh. Fl. Gantabr. (1785) p. 430 (conf. Schaer. Lich. Helv. Spic. Ill, 1828, p. 116). L. decipiens Ehrh. Beitr. zur Naturk. 4 (1785) p. 46?, in Hedw. Stirp. Crypt. II (1789) p. 7, t. 1 f. B; Ach. Lich. Prodr. (1798) p. 96. Lecanora Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 409. Psora Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 177; Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 171; Arn. Lich. Jur. (Fl. 1884) p. 148, Lich. Munch. (1891) p. 70. Lichen gypsophilus Schrad. Spic. Fl. Germ. I (1794) p. 89; Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. (1798) p. 98. Exs. Moug. et Nestl. Stirp. Cr. Vog I (1810) n. 58. — Schaer. Lich. Helv. Exs. VII (1828) n. 164. — Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. XV (1833) n. 402. — Desmaz. PL Grypt. Fr. ed. 1 ser. I XXIII n. 1141, ed. 2 ser. I XI (1841) n. 541. — Hepp Flecht. Eur. Ill (1853) n. 120. — Mass. Lich. It. Exs. Ill (1855) n. 70. — Rabenh. Lich. Eur. Exs. VII (1857) n. 177, XII (1858) n. 345 (v. dealbata). — Leight. Lich. Brit. Exs. XI (1858) n. 334. — Stenh. Lich. Suec. Exs n. 15. — Anzi Lich. Venet. II (1863) n. 56 (v. dealbata), Lich. Sondr. n. 162, Lich. Exs. It. V (1865) n. 240. — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1872) n. 523 (c. paras.), Lich. Mon. (1891) n. 278. — Roumeg. Lich. Gall. Exs. V (1883) n. 463. — Flag. Lich. Fr.-Comte VIII n. 383, Lich. Alg. II n. 143. — Lojka Lich. Univ. IV (1886) n. 180. — Harm Lich. Loth. n. 900. — Glaud et Harm. Lich2 Gall. Exs. VI (1904) »L. rubiformis (?) incerta» (Vain. Fl. Tav. Or., 1878, p. 109), quae inter species cognitas quidem plantae nostrae maxime consimilis est, sed ab ea nonnullis notis differt, quare earn Lecideam ventosam Vain, nominavimus. Thallus lobis 0.6—1.2 mm latis, O.iso—O.250 mm crassis (tenuioribus quam in L. rubiformi), superne saepe concavis, rufescentibus aut testaceo-rufescentibus, margine concoloribus aut saepe cinerascentibus, subtus nigricantibus, superne strato corticali obductis, O060.—O.110 mm crasso, testaceo-rufescente aut inferne pal- lido, chondroideo, ex hyphis formato irregulariter aut partim sub- verticaliter contextis, pachydermaticis, cavitatibus oblongis ellipsoi- deisve aut rotundatis, O.001—O.0015 mm latis, hypothallo subfruti- culoso, repente, nigricante aut raro testaceo, tota longitudine sub- strato arcte adnato. Haec specimina forsan sunt relicta speciei emorientis, nec ad formam degeneratam L. rubiformis pertineant, quod etiam similitudo speciminum amborum locorum natalium indicat. 40 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. n. 293. — Elenk. Lich. Fl. Ross. III (1904) n. 133 a-d. — Zahlbr. Krypt. Exs. Vindob. XVIII (1911) n. 1767. — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. XIV (1913) n. 341. (Sec. cit.) Thallus squamis modice dilatatis, adnatis, primum subro- tundis, demum rotundato-lobatis crenatisve, vulgo planis concavisve, superne pallido-rubescentibus aut demum levi ter obscuratis, nitidis, laevigatis aut demum crebre areolato- rimulosis, nudis (aut raro albido-pruinosis opacisque in v. dealbata), margine vulgo albo et anguste revoluto. Apothe cia marginalia, solitaria aut pauca in eadem squama, medio- cria aut minora, depresso-convexa, disco nigro aut raro fusco-nigro, nudo, opaco, margine mediocri, cinerascente, haud prominente, persistente aut subevanescente. Hypothe cium superne pallidum aut partim dilute rufescens, inferne albidum. Epithecium fusco-rufescens. Sporae oblongae ellipsoideaeve aut parce subglobosae, long. 0.009—0.015, crass. 0.007—0.009 mm. Distr. »Ad terram particulis calcareis refertam» (sec. Th. Fr.) crescit. L. Enont.: In reg. alp. ad Koltapahta (J. P. Norrlin). In reg. alp. inter Kilpisjärvi et Lyngen in Norvegia (Norrl.) et pluribus Nordlandiae locis (sec. Norm. Spec. Loc. Nat. p. 347). Thallus squamis circ. 1—8 mm longis latisque, circ. 0.2—0.3 mm crassis, dispersis aut contiguis, KOH non reagentibus, subtus albidis aut demum cinerascentibus, rhizinis pluribus, subfruticulosis sub- strato adnatus, superne strato corticali obductus circ. O.ioo—0.i6o mm crasso, carneo-pallido, ex hyphis formato verticalibus sat pachyder maticis, conglutinatis, crebre septatis, cavitatibus cellularum O.002— 0.003 mm latis, in parte summa saepe adhuc strato pellucido circ. O.020 mm crasso, ex hyphis longitudinalibus, conglutinatis formato, instructus. Apothecia lat. 0.8—1.8 mm, adnata et demum basi leviter constricta. Hypothecium crassum, ex hyphis irregulariter contextis, leviter pachydermaticis, passim partim haud omnino conglutinatis, formatum, superne pallidum et partim dilute rufescens, inferne albi dum. Perithecium extus pallidum, intus irregulariter contextum albidumque. Hymenium circ. O.070 mm crassum, jodo leviter caerulescens et partim demum vinose rubens. Epithecium fusco- rufescens, KOH demum purpureum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, simplices, membrana KOH leviter aut parum gelatinoso-turgescens. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, simplices, apicibus rotundatis aut obtusis. Conidangia »fere immersa, fusca». Sterigmata »simplicia, raro leviter Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 41 articulata». Conidia »cylindrica, recta, raro leviter articulata» (Flag. Fl. Lich. Franch.-Comte p. 404), »long. O.OOÖ—O.006, crass. O.ooos mm» (Nyl. Lich. Paris p. 77). Gonidia diam. O.005—O.006 mm. 3. L. globifera Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 213, Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 51; Schaer. Lich. Helv. Spic. Ill (1828) p. 109 (excl. syn.), En. Lich. Eur. (1850) p. 97; Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 193 (excl. var.); Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 411. Psora Mass. Ric. Lich. Crost. (1852) p. 91; Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 178; Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 170. Exs. Funck Crypt. Fichtelg. XXX (1824) n. 620. — Sommerf. PI. Cr. Norv. I (1826) n. 53. — Schaer. Lich. Helv. Exs. VII (1828) n. 158 (sec. Arn. Lich. Tirol XXV, 1893, p. 403). — Salw. Lich: Cent. Ill n. 222 (sec. Lynge). — Hepp Flecht. Eur. IX (1860) n. 489. — Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. Exs. II (1860) n. 40. — Anzi Lich. Sond. VI n. 161, Lich. Rar. Langob. VII (1861) n. 263. — Rabenh. Lich. Eur. Exs. XXIII (1862) n. 642. — Erb. Crit. It. XXV (1865) n. 1231 (231). — Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. VII (1882) n. 302 — Lojka Lich. Univ. IV (1886) n. 176. — Havaas Lich. Norv. Exs. (1904) n. 231. Thallus squamis p. p. latis mediocribusque, adscendenti- bus, modice incrassatis, late rotundato-lobatis, vulgo conca- vis, laevigatis aut demum areolato-rugulosis, superne casta- neus aut raro olivaceus vel olivaceo-pallescens, vulgo non pruinosus, vulgo nitidus, demum caespitosus. Apothecia in eodem lobo pauca aut vulgo solitaria, saepe mediocria, convexa, disco nigricante aut fusco-nigro, opaco, nudo, mar gine pallescente, mox excluso. Hypothecium superne an guste diluteque fuscescens aut rubricosum, inferne late albi- dum. Perithecium vulgo pallidum. Epithecium fuscescens aut rubricosum. Sporae ellipsoideae aut parce globosae, long. 0.007—0,on (O.005—0.013, »—0.015 mm» sec. annot. Nyl.), crass. 0.005 (—O.0035) mm. Disir. Ad detritum arenosum et in fissuris rupium dolomiticarum calcarearumque. K Lad.: Ad Bajonnoje (V. Räsänen) et alibi in Valamo (Nyl. 1. c), Korpikallio in Ruskeala (Norrl. Symb. Fl. Lad.- Kar. p. 29, Hj. Hjelt et V. F. Brotherus, H. L. F. n. 302), Korkea niemi in Pälkjärvi (Hj. Hjelt et V. F. Brotherus). Thallus raro superne leviter pruinosus (in specim. e Korpikallio), saepe apicibus diu accrescentibus et simul basi emoriens, subcaespi- 42 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. tosus, lobis circ. 3—7 (—2) mm longis latisque, circ. 0.260—O.210 mm crassis, subtus pallidis, superne strato corticali obductis, circ. O.oso mm crasso, chondroideo-plectenparenchymatico, ex hyphis formato sub- erectis, pachydermaticis, conglutinatis, cavitate rotundata aut ellipsoidea, O.004—O.002 mm lata (aut depressa in parte summa), hyphis hypothallinis vulgo albidis, in rhizinas paucas, subfruticu- losas, in substratum penetrantes, longas laxe confertis. Sec. Th. Fr. KOH et CaCl202 non reagens. Apothecia lat. 0.8—1.5 (—2.2) mm, crass, circ. 0.5—0.6 mm, basi constricta, margine haud prominente. Hypothecium crassum, ex hyphis tenuibus, leptodermaticis, irregu lariter contextis, conglutinatis formatum, in parte inferiore albida crystallos (calc. oxalat. cet.) et aerem inter hyphas continens et magis impellucidum. Perithecium pallidum aut dilute subrubricosum, ex hyphis radiantibus, sat pachydermaticis, conglutinatis formatum, cavitatibus oblongis, O.0015—O.002 mm latis, aut evanescens. Hyme nium 0.050—O.oso mm crassum, »jodo dilutius caerulescens, dein sub- vinose rubens» (Th. Fr.). Epithecium KOH pulchrius rubricosum (solutionem rubricosam parcam effundens). Paraphyses arcte cohae rentes, simplices, membrana gelatinosa, septis increbris, cavitate tenuissima, in apice leviter dilatata. Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, decolores, simplices, api- cibus vulgo rotundatis, sec. Nyl. long. O.012—O.015 mm, quales non vidi, sec. Leight. (Lich. Great Brit. 3 ed., 1879, p. 241), qui ipse sporas mensus est, long. O.010—O.013, crass. O.005—O.006 mm. Gonidia globosa, diam. O.006—O.009 mm, tantum simplicia visa. 4. L. lurida (Sw.) Ach. Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 77 (a), Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 213 (a), Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 51; Wahlenb. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1806 p. 143. Fl. Suec. (1833) p. 906; Schaer. Lich. Helv. Spic. Ill (1828) p. 108; Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 192; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 413. Lichen luridus Sw. in N. Act. Ups. IV (1784) p. 247; Westring Vet. Ak. Handl. 1791 p. 296; Ach. 1. c. 1795 p. 129, tab 5 fig. 2, Prodr. Lich. Suec. (1798) p. 95. Psora lurida Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 176; Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 171; Arn. Lich. Jur. (Fl. 1884) p. 149. Exs. Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. VI (1825) n. 157. — Schaer. Lich. Helv. Exs. VII (1828) n. 157. — Hepp Flecht. Eur. Ill (1853) n. 121. — Nyl. Herb. Lich. Par. Ill (1855) n. 131. — Mass. Lich. It. Exs. Ill (1855) n. 67, 68 (f. dispersa). — Rabenh. Lich. Eur. Exs. I (1855). N. 9. _ stenh. Lich. Suec. Exs. VI (1863) n. 161. — Havaas Lich. Norv. Exs. (1904) n. 232. (Sec. cit.) Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 43 Thallus squamis p. p. latis mediocribusque, late adnatis, marginibus adpressis liberisque, modice incrassatis, rotun- dato-lobatis, vulgo planis, laevibus, superne lurido-pallescen- tibus aut cervino-fuscescentibus, opacis, subtus pallidis subalbidisve, tomento hypothallino subalbido obductis, de mum etiam rhizinis instructus. Apothecia marginalia, subso- litaria, saepe mediocria, late adnata, basi leviter constricta, disco piano aut demum depresso-convexo, fusco-rufescente nigricanteve, nudo, saepe parum nitido, margine modice incrassato, nigricante, persistente aut demum excluso. Hypothecium superne dilute fuscescens, inferne mediove albidum. Perithecium fuscescens. Epithecium fuscescens. Sporae vulgo ellipsoideae oblongaeve, long, vulgo O.013— 0.014 mm (O.010—»0.016» mm sec. Th. Fr.), crass. 0.005—0.007 mm (—»O.010 mm» sec. annot. Nyl.). Conidia »ellipsoidea aut subcylindrica» sec. Mudd. Distr. Ad terrani regionum calcarearum haud infrequens in Scan dinavia, septentrionem versus adhuc in Finmarkia proveniens (sec. Th. Fr.). In Fennia nondum collecta. Sect. 2. Chrysospora Vain. Squamae magnae, dilatatae, epithecium aurantiacum, KOH violascens. 5. L. testacea (Hoffm.) Ach. Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 80, Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 51; Schaer. Lich. Helv. Spic. Ill (1828) p. 116, IV (1833) p. 191; Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 193; Th. Fr Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 414. Psora Hoffm. PL Lich. I (1790) p. 99; Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 177; Arn. Lich. Frank. Jur. (Fl. 1884) p. 148. Lichen testaceus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. (1798) p. 96. Lecanora testacea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 409. Bialora Fr. Lich. Eur Ref. (1831) p. 251. Lichen saxifragus Sm. Trans. Linn Soc. I (1791) p. 82, tab. 4 f. 4 (sec. A. L. Smith Mon. Brit. Lich. II p. 13). Exs. Schaer. Lich. Helv. Exs. XIX (1843) n. 468. — Hepp Flecht. Eur. V (1857) n. 236. — Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1858) n. 266 bis. — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1864) n. 258. — Lojka Lich. Hung. II (1882) n. 54. — Harm. Lich. Gall. Exs. II (1908) n. 91 (»L. t. v. albida»). — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. XVI (1914) n. 397. 44 E, A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Thallus squamis modice dilatatis, adnatis adpressisve aut demum subimbricatis vel confertim plicatis, lobatis, superne pallido- vel subolivaceo- vel albido-glaucescens, subtus et saepe margine leviter prominente albidus, superne leviter pruinosus aut denudatus. Apothecia solitaria aut parce conferta, mediocria, disco convexo, aurantiaco vel aurantiaco-rufescente, nudo, opaco, margine concolore palli- dioreve, tenui, vulgo excluso evanescenteve. Hypothecium albidum pallidumve. Epithecium aurantiacum fulvescensve, KOH violascens. Sporae ellipsoideae oblongaeve, »long. O.oio—0.014, crass. 0.005—0.006 mm» (sec. annot. Nyl.). Distr. In rupibus calcareis in Suecia parcius proveniens (sec. Th. Fr.), in Fennia nondum collecta est. Squamae longitudine latitudineve 2 (1) —7 mm, crass. 0.2—0.4 mm, superne laevigatae, »KHO et CaCl202 non reagentes» (sec Th. Fr.), hypothallo demum leviter evoluto, subfruticuloso, albido. Apothecia lat. 1—2 (—3.5) mm, basi constricta, gonidiis destituta. Perithecium extus fulvescens, intus pallidum. Hypothecium superne anguste plectenparenchymaticum, cellulis parvis, sat leptodermaticis ceterum irregulariter contextum, impellucidum et materiani in KOH haud dissolutam continens. Hymenium »jodo dilute caerulescens, dein fulvescens» (sec. annot. Nyl.). Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, simplices, membrana tenuiter subgelatinosa. Sporae 8:nae, di- stichae. »Sterigmata simplicia, raro 2—3 articulata. Conidia cylin- drica, recta, long. O.007, crass. 0,ooi mm» (sec. Nyl. Prodr. Lich. Gall, p. 350). Sect. 3. Micropsora Vain. Thallus squamis tenuioribus, saepe angustius laciniatis, hypothallo byssoideo, ex hyphis disjunctis formato, aut parum evoluto. 6. L. scalaris Ach. Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 78, Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 214, Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 52; Wahlenb. Fl. Lapp. (1812) p. 478; Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 175. Lichen scalaris Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. (1795) p. 127, tab. 5 f. 1, Lich. Suec. Prodr. (1798) p. 95. Psora ostreata Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. II (1796) p. 163; Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 176; Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 169; Schwend. Fl. 1864 Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 45 p. 329; Arn. Lich. Frank. Jur. (Fl. 1884) p. 149. Parmelia Fr. Lich. Eur. Ref. (1831) p. 94. Lecidea Schaer. Lich. Helv. Spic. Ill (1828) p. 110; Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 242; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 414. Exs. Floerk. Deutsch. Lich. V (1819) n. 82. — Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. VI (1825) n. 155. — Flot. Lich. Exs. n. 243. — Sommerf. PI. Crypt. Norv. II (1836) n. 134. — Schaer. Lich. Helv. Exs. XIX (1843) n. 467. — Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1851) n. 77. — Leight. Lich. Brit. Exs. II (1852) n. 50. — Koerb. Lich. Sel. Germ. I (1856) n. 10. — Hepp Flecht. Eur. V (1857) n. 235. — Rabenh. Lich. Eur. Exs. XVI (1859) n. 449. — Mudd Lich. Brit. Exs. II (1861) n. 141. — Fellm. Lich. Arct. (1864) n. 202 (f. my r me c in a). — Stenh. Lich. Suec. Exs. IV n. 105. — Arn. Lich. Monac (1891) n. 167. — Kern. Fl. Exs. Austro-Hung. XVI (1899) n. 3127. — Mig. Cr. Germ. Exs XVIII (1904) n. 95. — Elenk. Lich. Fl. Ross. IV (1904) n. 193. — Zahlbr. Kr. Exs. Vindob. XVI (1907) n. 1593. — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. VII (1910) n. 163. (Sec. cit.) Thallus squamulis reniformibus, adscendentibus, circ. 0.8—1.8 mm latis, integris aut rarius 2—3-lobatis, superne glaucescentibus aut albido- vel pallido-glaucescentibus aut raro pallido-fuscescentibus, subtus et margine vulgo leviter reflexo albidis et farinoso-sorediosis, hypothallo inconspicuo. Apothecia squamis late adnata, mediocria majusculave, disco piano aut demum depresso-convexo, caesio-pruinoso aut raro nudo et nigricante fuscove, margine concolore aut partim pallescente, subpersistente, demum subflexuoso. Hypothecium fusconigrum. Epithecium sordide aerugino sum. Sporae »oblongae, long. O.on—-O.012, crass. O.0025—O.0035 mm» sec. Nyl. Distr. Ad lignum praesertim carbonisatum et corticem Pini, raro etiam Betulae in sylvis siccis et in pariete horrei sat frequenter toto territorio. In Lapponia Inarensi sat frequenter ad lacum Inari et annotata in Kultala et ad Paatsjoki (conf. Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 31, Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 340). Ad catar. Krivetsch in flum. Umpjok in Lapp. Imandr. (A. O. Kihlman), Kantalahti (H. Hollmen). Thallus KOH non reagens, CaCl202 superne rubescens, squamis crebris O.030—O.160 mm crassis, superne strato corticali obductis cartilagineo, substramineo, O.020—O.030 mm crasso, hyphis hypothalli- nis, disjunctis, parce evolutis, in substrato sub microsc conspicuis, albidis. Apothecia lat. 4—0.7 mm, basi haud constricta, opaca. Hy- 46 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. pothecium sat tenue (circ. O.oso mm crassum), hyphis sat leptoderma- ticis, maxima parte irregulariter contextis. Perithecium extus aeru- ginoso-fuligineum, intus albidum, sat leptodermaticum, KOH non reagens, hyphis subradiantibus, conglutinatis, cavitatibus rotunda tis aut oblongis, O.002 mm latis, tantum laterale. Hymenium O.040— O.oso mm crassum, »jodo caerulescens» (Nyl.). Epithecium KOH non reagens, »HN03 violascens» (Th. Fr.). Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, simplices, tenuiter gelatinosae, cavitate tenuissimo. Sporae raro evolutae. Conidia »cylindrica, recta» sec. Th. Fr. Gonidia cystococcoi- dea, globosa, diam. O.009-—O.014 mm, membrana tenui, vacuolis latera- libus latis, majora (circ. O.016 mm), autosporas nonnullas continentia. Obs. 1. L. scalaris myrmecina Ach. (Meth. Lich., 1803, p. 78, L. ostreata var. myrmecina Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 243), apotheciis p. p. denudatis, squamis partim superne subcervinis instructa, non- nullis locis collecta est. — L. ostreata a. vulgaris Th. Fr. (Lich. Scand. II p. 415), squamis glaucescentibus descripta, ad formam normalem spectat. Jyväskylä (Vain.). Mustiala (A. Kullhem). Kyrkslätt (A. Kulin.), Evo (G. Lang). Kitsa ( = Kitscha) in Lt ( = L. Tulom.) Nyl. Lapp. Or. 164 (Fellm. 202), Kaamasjoki in Inari (Silen), Kätkesuanto in Muonio- niska (Norrl.), Muonio in Muonioniska (Norrl.), Kantalahti (H. Holl- men). Par. Suojärvi (Norrl.). Valamo (W. Nyl.), Hoglandia (E. Nyl.) Alkkula (E. Nyl.) Obs. 2. De L. lepidotella Nyl. (Fl. 1877 p. 223) videas in stirpae L. fuscoatrae. 7. L. Friesii Ach. in Liljebl. Sv. Fl. (1816) p. 610; Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 243; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 416. Psora Hellb. Nerik. Laffl. (1871) p. 61. L\ myrmecina Fr. in Vet. Ak. Handl. (1822) p. 257, Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 344 (haud Ach.). L. Caradocensis Leight. Lich. Brit. Exs. V (1854) n. 160 (sec. Arn.). Exs. Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. I (1818) n. 28. — Leight. Lich. Brit. Exs. V (1854) n. 160. — Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1858) n. 278 A, B. — Moug. et Nestl. Stirp. Vog. XV (1860) n. 1432. — Mudd Lich. Brit. Exs. II (1861) n. 142. — Stenh. Lich. Suec. Exs. IV n. 105. — Fellm. Lich. Arct. (1864) n. 202. — Roumgu. Lich. Gall. Exs. II (1880) n. 192, Gen. Lich. (1895) n. 33. — Havaas Lich. Norv. Exs. (1902) n. 114. (Sec. cit.) Thallus squamulis rotundatis difformibusve, adpressis- aut rarius adscendentibus, integris aut leviter crenulatis, vulgo convexis, saepe inflexis, superne cervinis aut olivaceo- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 47 vel testaceo-glaucescentibus aut rarius albido-glaucescenti- bus, nitidis, sorediis destitutis, subtus albidis, hypothallo inconspicuo. Apothecia minuta aut sat parva, basi constricta, acervulata aut simplicia, atra, nuda, opaca, disco piano, margine tenui, prominente, vulgo flexuoso, persistente. Hypothecium fusco-fuligineum. Epithecium fuligineum aut subfuscescens. Sporae »ellipsoideae, long. 0.007—O.oos, crass. 0.003—0.004 mm» sec. Nyl. Disir. Ad lignum putridum siccumve vel carbonatum truncorum caudicumque et raro ad" corticem Pini, praesertim in sylvis siccis, interdum etiam ad sepimenta lignea. Passim in toto territorio, in re- gionibus silvosis majoribus etiam sat frequenter. In regione pinifera Lapponiae Inarensis et in reg. infralapponica sat frequenter (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 31, Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lapp. p. 341, 346, Fl. Kar. Oneg. II p. 35). Ad Ponschozero in Lapp. Im. (A. O. Kihlman). Thallus nec KOH nec GaCl202 reagens, squamis 0.2—0.8 mm latis, circ. O.170 mm crassis, crebris, superne strato corticali obductis cartilagineo, saepe substramineo, O.025—O.040 mm crasso. Apothecia lat. 1—0.4 mm, crass, circ. O.160—O.170 mm, crebra. Hypothecium hyphis sat leptodermaticis, irregulariter contextis, conglutinatis, cavitatibus elongatis, angustis. Perithecium totum fuligineum, KOH fusco-fuligineum, hyphis subradiantibus, sat leptodermaticis, con glutinatis, cavitatibus oblongis, angustis. Hymenium O.050—O.oeo mm crassum, »jodo caerulescens» (Nyl.). Epithecium KOH fere decolora- tum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, simplices, haud distincte gelati- nosae, tenues. Sporae 8:nae, raro evolutae. Conidangia semiimmersa, verrucaeformia, vertice late fusco-nigricantia, basi pallida, saepe aggregata. Sterigmata brevissima, simplicia, apicibus conidia effe- rentibus. Conidia cylindrico-oblonga, recta, long. O.003—O.004, crass. 0.0005—0.0007 mm, apicibus rotundatis. Gonidia cystococcoidea, globosa, diam. O.oos—O.014 mm, membrana sat tenui aut modice incrassato. 8. L. cladonioides (Fr.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 417; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 32. Bialora ostreata v. cladonioides Fr. Summ. Veg. Scand. I (1846) p. Ill (sec. cit. Lich. Suec. Exs. n. 229). B. (Lec.) scalaris Fr. 1. c. VIII (1824) n. 229 (haud Ach.). Lecidea scalaris /? myrmecina Fr. Sched. Crit. VIII (1826) p. 14 (haud K. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1822 p. 257). L. anlhracophila Nyl. Fl. 1865 p. 603, Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 233. Psora Falk Blek. (1874) p. 14. 48 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Exs. Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. IV (1875) n. 169 a, b. — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. II (1897) n. 42, XVI (1914) n. 394. — Havaas Lich. Norv. Exs. (1901) n. 23. Thallus squamulis reniformibus rotundatisve aut diffor- mibus, adscendentibus aut adpressis, integris aut leviter crenulatis, planis aut convexis, castaneo-rufescentibus cer- vinisve aut raro glaucescentibus vel albido-glaucescentibus (margine concolore aut albido cinerascenteve et pruinoso vel raro subsoredioso), subtus albidis cinerascentibusve, hypo thallo indistincto. Apothecia parva, vulgo conglomerata, convexa margineque excluso, rufa, nuda, basi leviter con stricta. Hypothecium decoloratum aut superne pallidum. Epithecium rufum. Sporae »fusiformes aut fusiformi-ob- longae, long. 0.007—-0.013, crass. O.002—0.004 mm» (sec. Th.Fr.). Dislr. Ad caudices et truncos pineos carbonatos, praesertim ad carbonem, sed in iisdem truncis saepe etiam ad lignum et raro ad corticem, praesertim in silvis siccis et locis apricis. In regionibus silvosis in provinciis mediis passim aut sat frequenter obvenit, sed saepe tantum sterilis. Septentrionem versus adhuc in Karelia boreali et in par. Repola in Karelia Onegensi occ. passim. OKaj.: Ad Lapinsalmi, Lentiira, Kylmälä in Kuhmo, ad Hossa in Kianta (Vain 1. c. p. 32). Kuus.: In reg. abiet. ad Näränkävaara (Vain. 1. e.). L Kem.: Pyhätunturi in Sodankylä (Vain.). Thallus superne nitidus aut opacus, nec KOH nec GaCl202 rea gens, squamis CaCl202 subtus sord. rubesc. sec. Th. Fr., 0.3—1.3 mm latis, circ. O.250 mm crassis, crebris, superne strato corticali obductis cartilagineo, O.050—O.OÖO mm crasso, cellulis parum distinctis, strato medullari in parte infima hyphis pachydermaticis crassioribusque. Apothecia lat. O.s—0.7 mm, crass, circ. O.160 mm, leviter nitida, parti- bus coloratis KOH paullo intensius rufescentibus. Hypothecium hyphis sat leptodermaticis, irregulariter contextis, conglutinatis, cavitatibus oblongis, angustis. Perithecium tenue, testaceum palli- dumve aut extus rufescens, hyphis radiantibus, modice pachyder maticis, conglutinatis, cavitatibus angustis. Hymenium O.030—O.035 mm crassum, »jodo plus minus intense caerulescit, dein subvinoso- rubente decoloratur» (sec. Th. Fr.). Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, simplices, haud distincte gelatinosae, apicibus leviter incrassatis (crass. 0.003 mm). Sporae raro evolutae. Gonidia globosa, diam. 0.007—O.010 mm, tantum simplicia visa, membrana sat tenui. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 49 9. L. prasinolepis Nyl. Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 417. L. vernalis "prasinolepis Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1860) p. 202. Thallus squamulis difformibus, parvis, tenuibus, adscen- dentibus, demum confertis imbricatisque, crenulatis aut sublacinulatis, superne cinereo-glaucescentibus, subtus albidis, haud sorediosis, hypothallo sub squamis evoluto. Apothecia mediocria aut sat parva, simplicia aut confluentia, basi constricta, disco leviter convexo aut sat piano, rufo aut fuscescente, nudo, sat opaco, margine concolore pallescenteve, sat tenui, haud prominente, vulgo mox excluso. Hypothe cium decoloratum. Epithecium rufescens. Sporae ellipsoi deae oblongaeve aut parce globosae, »long. O.oio—0.015, crass. 0.006—0.007 mm» (sec. Nyl. et Th. Fr.). Distr. Supra terram humosam in Lapponia Inarensi a. 1856 ab Edwino Nylandro sat parce collecta. Denuo non reperita. Affinis est L. cladonioidi sed in earn transire non videtur, squamu lis magis profundiusque crenulatis tenuioribus numquam rufe- scentibus, margine concoloribus, nec pruinosis nec sorediosis, apothe- ciis in statu simplice paullo majoribus. Thallus squamulis 0.2—0.4 mm longis latisque, O.090—O.130 mm crassis, strato corticali evane- scente, hyphis hypothallinis fuscis albidisve. Apothecia simplicia lat. 0.7—0.9 mm, crass, circ 0.4 mm, KOH non reagentia. Hypothecium hyphis sat leptodermaticis, sat irregulariter contextis aut partim suberectis, conglutinatis, cavitatibus angustis. Perithecium extus testaceum rufescensve, intus albidum, hyphis radiantibus, tenuibus, leptodermaticis conglutinatis, cavitatibus angustis, oblongis. Hyme nium 0.050—0.060 mm crassum, »jodo caerulescens» (sec. Nyl.). Para physes arcte cohaerentes, simplices, parum (aut leviter) gelatinosae, cellulis oblongis, crass. O.0015 mm, apicibus O.003—O.094 mm crassis. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, apicibus rotundatis obtusisve, raro partim globosae, diam. O.006 mm. 10. L. demissa (Rutstr.) Ach. Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 81, Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 200 (a.), Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 50; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 420; Vain. Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitl. (1909) p. 118. Psora Almqu. Lich. Iakt. Sib. (1879) p. 37, 47; Arn. Lich. Tirol. XXI (1880) p. 131. Lichen demissus Rutstr. Diss. PL Crypt. (1794) p. 8; Ach. Prodr. Lich. Suec. (1798) p. 104. 4 50 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Lichen airorufus Dicks. PL Crypt. IV (1801) p. 22; Sm. Engl. Bot. n. 1102. Lecidea alrorufa Ach. Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 74, Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 200 (a.), Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 51 (excl. v.); Wahlenb. Fl. Lapp. (1812) p. 479; Schaer. Lich. Helv. Spic. III (1828) p. 123; Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 198. Bialora Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. (1824) n. 228, Sched. Crit. (1826) p. 14, Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 255; Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 194. Psora Hook, in Sm. Engl. Bot. V (1833) p. 192; Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 171. Exs Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. VIII (1824) n. 228. — Schaer. Lich. Helv. Exs. VII (1828) u. 171. - - Flot. Lich. Exs. Ill n. 239. — Koerb. Lich. Sel. Germ. II (1846) n. 42. — Hepp Flecht. Eur. Ill (1853) n. 122, XI (1860) n. 645. - - Rabenh. Lich. Eur. Exs. Ill (1856) n. 60. — Nyl. Lich. Mont-Dore (1856) n. 47. — Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. Exs. II (1860) n. 41. — Anzi Lich. Sondr. VI n. 159. — Stenh. Lich. Suec. Exs. VI ed. 2 (1863) n. 162. — Wartm. et Schenk Schweiz. Krypt. V (1863) n. 475. — Fellm. Lich. Arct. (1864) n. 151 (sec. herb. Nyl.) — Anzi Lich. Exs. Min. Rar. It. V (1865) n. 238. — Gromb. Lich. Brit. Exs. II (1877) n. 171. —Salw. Lich. Herb. Iln. 133. Johns. North Engl. Lich. IX (1900) n. 335. — Gumm. Dec. North Am. Lich. I (1903) n. 358. — Havaas Lich. Norv. Exs. (1904) n. 233. — Harm. Lich. Gall. Exs. II (1908) n. 89. — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. VII (1910) n. 164. — Zahlbr. Krypt. Vindob. XXI (1913) n. 2158. (Sec. Lynge). Thallus squamis vulgo majusculis, fere totis adnatis, contiguis et partim confluentibus, margine irregulariter crenulatis aut parce sublobatis, sat tenuibus, superne cine- reo-rufescentibus aut rarius fuscescentibus albidisve, opacis, subtus fusco-nigricantibus, hypothallo byssoideo, fusco- nigricante. Apothecia saepe magna mediocriave, tota hypo thallo thallove adnata, basi haud constricta, disco piano aut raro convexo, fusco aiit raro nigricante, nudo, margine con- colore, tenui, persistente aut mox evanescente. Epithecium fusco-rufescens. Hypothecium albidum, perithecio fusco impositum. Sporae ellipsoideae oblongaeve aut subfusifor- mes, long. O.on—0.015, crass. 0.005—0.006 mm. Dislr. Ad terram arenosam et humosam muscosque putridos frequenter in reg. alpina subalpinaque (betulina) Lapponiae et paroe- ciae Kuusamo (Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 334, Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 33, Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 143, Kihlm. N. Beitr. Flecht. Kola p. 57). Le.: Pahtivaara (Norrlin). In reg. pinifera ad Paats joki in LIn. (Vain. 1. c.) et pluribus locis in LKem. (Norrl. 1. c.) . Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 51 Tb.: Pihlajavesi (Norrl.). Ta.: Sääksmäki (A. Kullhem). Ab.: Vihti. N.: Helsingforsia (W. Nyl.), Jungfruberget in Kyrkslätt (A. Kullhem). AL: Geta (E. Nyl.). Thallus habitu subcrustaceus areolatusque, sed areolis margine partim etiam liberis (nec adnatis) et crenulatis effiguratisque, diffor- mibus, lat. 5—0.5 mm, crass, circ. O.240—0.260 mm, planis aut fortuito convexis, sat laevigatis, haud sorediosis, KOH non reagentibus, hypothallo impositis, superne strato corticali obductis circ O.030 mm crasso, ex hyphis formato erectis, O.004 mm crassis, leptodermaticis, conglutinatis, cellulis oblongis ellipsoideisve, saepe a zona gonidiali haud distincte limitato. Apothecia lat. circ. 0.4—2 (—4) mm, demum saepe difformia submembranaceaque, inter squamas immersa aut etiam margine thallum superantia, disco subnitido. Hypothecium ex hyphis formatum erectis, sat leptodermaticis, conglutinatis cavitatibus oblongis ellipsoideisve, circ. O.0015—O.002 mm latis, peri- thecio impositum. Perithecium basale demum crassum, ex hyphis irregulariter contextis, sat leptodermaticis, conglutinatis, formatum, fusco-fuligineum, in latere (parathecium) evanescens aut (in apothe- ciis thallo adnatis) bene evolutum, extus rufescens, hyphis radi- antibus aut subverticalibus. Hymenium circ. O.070—O.oso mm cras sum, jodo caerulescens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, crass. 0,002— 0.0015 mm, apice rufescente clavatae, O.003—O.004 (—O.005) mm, typice simplices, basim versus parce ramoso-connexae parum gelatinosae, cellulis oblongis. Epithecium KHO non reagens. Asci clavati aut parce cylindrici, in apice membrana incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, di- stichae aut parcius monostichae, apicibus obtusis rotundatisve. Gonidia globosa, diam. O.004—O.009 mm, tantum simplicia visa, mem brana tenui. Obs. F. albicans Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 33, thallo subalbido instructa, ad terram in reg. subalp. montis Mäntytunturi in Kuus. et ad Köngäs prope Mare Glaciale in Lin. (Vain.) collecta est. Thallo cinerascente instructa nonnullis aliis locis collecta sec. specim. in Mus. Fenn. F. alrorufa (Dicks.) Vain., 1. c, est forma frequentior, thallo cinereorufescente (vel olivaceo-cinerascente) instructa. Var. demissella Vain. Thallus squamis parvis, totis adnatis, contiguis, saepe angulosis, integris aut raro parceque sublobatis, sat tenuibus, superne cinereo- rufescentibus, opacis, subtus vulgo albidis, hypothallo byssoideo, fuscescente. Apothecia mediocria, thallo adnata, basi haud constricta, disco piano aut raro depresso-convexo, atro, nudo, margine concolore, tenuissimo aut demum evanescente. Epithecium fusco-rufescens. Hypothecium albidum, perithecio fusco impositum. Sporae ellipsoi deae aut parce globosae, long. O.007—O.012, crass. O.006—O.007 mm. Distr. Ad terram turfosam Lecideae decolor anti socia in reg. 52 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. subalp. jugi Suoloselkä in LIn. (»L. iurficola» Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 33). L. demissae proxime est af finis, praesertim squamis minoribus ab ea differens et forsan ejus variatio. Thallus squamis 0.3—O.15 (—0.5) mm latis, parce etiam confluentibus, saepe proliferis et super- positis, crass. O.oso—O.120 mm, planis aut parce depresso-convexis, laevigatis, haud sorediosis, KOH non reagentibus, strato corticali destitutis, maxima parte gonidia continentibus. Hypothallus tan tum microscopio conspicuus. Apothecia lat. 0.5—1.3 (—1.8) mm, p. p. demum lobata et difformia submembranaceaque, squamas non aut parum superantia, disco nitido. Hypothecium ex hyphis forma tum erectis, sat leptodermaticis, conglutinatis, perithecio impositum. Perithecium hyphis radiantibus, p. p. pachydermaticis, intus primum albidum, extus fusco-fuligineum. Hymenium jodo caerulescens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, crass, circ. O.0015 mm, saepe apice 0.003 mm, simplices, in KOH visae leviter gelatinosae, cellulis oblon gis. Epithecium KOH non reagens. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, apicibus rotundatis. Gonidia globosa, diam. circ. O.007—O.oos mm, tantum simplicia visa. Obs. L. alrorufella Nyl., Fl. 1869 p. 409, sec. specim. orig. (Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 334) ad subg. Biaioram pertinet et observante Th. Fr. (Lich. Scand. II p. 475) atque sec. adnot. Nyl. in bibl. sua non differt a L. iurficola (Hellb.) Th. Fr. 11. L. Silenii Vain. (n. sp.). Thallus e squamulis parvis, rotundatis, leviter concavis aut planis, pallidis, saepe anguste albido- vel cinereo-mar- ginatis, subtus albis, in plagulas circ. 1—-3 mm latas, 1—0.5 mm crassas confertis confluentibusque, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia simplicia dispersaque, mediocria aut p.p. sat parva, late adnata, basi haud aut demum leviter constricta, disco vulgo piano, fusco aut fusco-nigricante, nudo, parum nitido, margine tenui, leviter prominente, atro, nitido. Epithecium rufescens. Hypothecium pallido-lutescens. Spo rae oblongae, long. O.013—O.016, crass. O.0045—O.005 mm. Disir. Ad terram arenosam in Edlehoivi in Lapponia Inarensi a. 1877 a F. Silen collecta (n. 419). Thallo vix differt a Thalloedaemale syncomisto (Floerk.) et Th. conglomeralo (Ach.). F. squalens (Nyl.) posterioris, hypothecio albido instructa, disco atro, margine crassiore, apotheciis p. p. confertis confluentibusque, hypothallo radiciformi bene evoluto et epithecio Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 53 aeruginoso sec. specim. orig. in herb. Nyl. a L. Silenti differens, hae plantae evidenter ad diversas species pertinent, etiam si sporae vetus- tiores L. Silenii 1-septatae essent. — Thallus squamulis 0.3—0.7 mm latis, tenuibus. Apothecia lat. 0.8—0.3 mm, tenuia. Hypothecium hyphis erectis. Perithecium extus rufescens, intus pallidum. Hyme nium circ. 0.070 mm crassum, jodo caerulescens. Paraphyses sat laxe cohaerentes, crass. 0,ooi5 mm, apice clavato-incrassatae, clava 0,003— 0.0015 mm crassa. Gonidia cystococcoidea, globosa, diam. 0,ooe— O.oio mm, parce etiam ellipsoideo-subglobosa, tantum simplicia visa. 12. L. fuliginosa Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hibern. II (1836) p. 131; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 421; Leight. Lich. Great Brit. 3 ed. (1879) p. 246; Lamy Cat. Lich. Mont-Dore (1880) p. 110. Psora Arn. Lich. Tirol XXX (1897) p. 23. Lecidea badia Nyl. Nya Bot. Not. 1852 p. 177, (sec. n. 16930 in herb. Nyl.). L. confusa Nyl. 1. c. 1853 p. 182 (sec. herb. Nyl.), Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 216. Psora Koerberi Mass. in Koerb. Par. Lich. 2 Lief. (1860) p. 119 (sec. Th. Fr.). Exs. Leight. Lich. Brit. Exs. X (1858) n. 305. — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1887) n. 1234, (1897) n. 1744 (in hb. meo). — Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1889) n. 1086 (in hb. meo). — Harm. Lich. Loth. n. 919. — Claud, et Harm. Lich. Gall. Exs. VI (1904) n. 294. — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. XXII (1915) n. 546. (Sec. cit.) Thallus e verrucis subsquamaeformibus conglomeratis crassis constans, superne fusco-rufescens aut obscure fu scescens aut raro castaneo-testaceus, leviter nitidus, hypo thallo indistincto. Apothecia parva, late adnata, basi haud aut raro leviter constricta, atra, nuda, immarginata aut tenuissime submarginata. Epithecium fusco-fuligineum. Hy pothecium fusco-fuligineum. Sporae ovoideae aut ellipsoideae, long. 0.009—0.012, crass. 0.004—0.005 mm (»long. 0.007—O.oio, crass. 0.004—0.006 mm», sec. Th. Fr. et annot. Nyl.). Disir. In lateribus scopulorum erraticorum graniticorum et gneissaceorum supra rupes rara. Ab.: Louhikkomäki prope Aboam (Vain.). N.: Ad Kiiskilä et in Lounatpuoli (Vain.). Thallus squamis 2—0.3 mm latis, circ. 0.5—1.5 mm crassis, diffor- mibus, contiguis et saltern inferne confluentibus, vulgo convexis, superne rugosis aut verruculoso-inaequalibus aut sat laevigatis, glomerulos circ. 1—3 mm latos, contiguos rimaque disjunctos aut dispersos formantibus, haud sorediatis, medulla alba, jodo non 54 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. reagente. Apothecia lat. 0.5—1.2 mm, solitaria aut nonnulla acer- vulata, saepe leviter nitida. Hypothecium hyphis erectis, sat lepto dermaticis, conglutinatis, cavitatibus angustis. Perithecium fu scescens, tenue, hyphis radiantibus, leptodermaticis, conglutinatis, cavitatibus angustis. Hymenium circ. O.050—O.060 mm crassum, »jodo praecipue asci caerulescunt» (Th. Fr.), KOH non reagens. Para physes arcte cohaerentes, simplices, leviter gelatinosae. Asci clavati. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, decolores, simplices, apicibus rotundatis aut altero apice obtuso. Conidia »filiformia, arcuata, long. O.012—O.017, crass. 0.0005 mm» (sec. annot. Nyl. in herb. suo). Gonidia cystococcoi- dea, tantum simplicia visa, diam. O.007—O.012 mm. Obs. L. subconfusa Nyl., Fl. 1876 p. 307, sec. specim. orig. in ins. Faeroe a Rostr. lectum [L. confusa Nyl. f. subconfusa Nyl. Fl. 1869 p. 84), habitu subsimilis Calillariae inirusae Th. Fr., sed areolis thalli obscure cinerascentibus, planis, »sporis simplicibus, hypothecio crasso, fuscescente, epithecio nigricante (vel caerulescenti-infuscato)» a L. fuliginosa et C. inlrusa differt. 13. L. cinereorufa Schaer. Lich. Helv. Spic. III (1828) p. 122, IV (1833) p. 193 (sec. Nyl. in Nya Bot. Not. 1853 p. 182); Stenh. Vet. Ak. Förh. 1862 p. 475; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 419; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 32. Schaereria Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 232. Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 175. Bagl. et Carest. Cat. Lich. Vals. (1867) p. 376. Psora Arn. Lich. Tirol XXVI (1896) p. 131; Lindau Flecht. (1913) p. 84. Lecidea lugubris Fr. Lich. Eur. Ref. (1831) p. 314 p. p. (sec. Th. Fr., conf. Vain. Lich. Fenn. II p. 230); Nyl. Nya Bot. Not. 1852 p. 176, Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 232, 293; Fr. (Th. Fr.) Lich. Suec. Exs. XII (1852) n. 351. Psora Mass. Geneal. Lich. (1854) p. 20. Exs. Fr. (Th. Fr.) Lich. Suec. Exs. XII (1852) n. 351. — Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. Exs. I (1859) n. 19. — Mudd Lich. Brit. Exs. II (1861) n. 183. — Stenh. Lich. Suec. Exs. VI ed. 2 (1863) n. 175. — Hepp Flecht. Eur. XIII (1867) n. 737 f. 2 (sec. Arn. 1. c). — Cromb. Lich. Brit. Exs. I (1874) n. 91 (herb. Nyl.). — Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. IV (1875) n. 191. — Havaas Lich. Norv .Exs. (1907) n. 368. (Sec. cit.) Thallus e squamis verrucisque subsquamaeformibus con- stans sat minutis mediocribusve, subintegris aut sublobatis, sat tenuibus, confluentibus, in crustam crassam aut sat crassam diffractam congestis, superne cervinus vel cinereo- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 55 fuscescens, sat opacus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia mediocria et p. p. sat parva, basi bene constricta, disco piano, nigro, nudo, margine sat crasso, prominente, nigri- cante aut obscure cinerascente. Epithecium aeruginosum aut aeruginoso-fuligineum. Hypothecium fusco-fuligineum. Sporae globosae, diam. 0.007—O.oio mm. Disir. Ad scopulos erraticos et saxa granitica (et porphyrica) locis apricis ventosisque et in silvis increbris siccisque rara aut pas sim vel etiam sat frequenter. Ab.: Runsala (Ruissalo) (A. Kull hem, V. Räsänen), Pahaniemi (Vain.). N.: Suursaari vel Hoglandia (Vain., Brenn. 1. c. p. 109), Degerö prope Helsingforsiam (W. Nyl.), Jungfruberget in Kyrkslätt (G. Lang). Ta.: Mukkula in Hollola et Kotavuori in Kuhmoin (Norrl. Bidr. Sydöstr. Tav. Fl. p. 191), Syrjä in Mustiala (A. Kullhem), Kirkonkylä in Padasjoki (Vain.), passim — sat frequ. praesertim in littoribus lacus Päijänne (Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. p. 116). KLad.: Kirjavalahti (Norrl., H. L. F. n. 191), ad Puputinlahti in Kurkijoki (V. Räsänen). KOn.: Selki (Norrl. Fl. Kar. On. II p. 34). Kb.: Pyssyvaara in Nurmes (Vain.). OKaj.: Ohtosenvaara et Pöyhölä in Kuhmo, Kylmälampi in Kianta (Vain.). Kuus.: Jyrävänniemi (F. Silen), reg. subalp. montium Nuorunen et Ukonvaara (Vain.). KKer.: reg. subalp. montis Päänuorunen (Vain.). LIn.: reg. subalp. jugi Suoloselkä in Sodankylä et reg. pinif. ad Ruoptuinvaara et Paatsjoki (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 32). LEnont.: Ad Kilpisjärvi (Norrl.). Thallus subtus demum obscuratus emoriensque, earn ob causam substrato laxe affixus, squamis vulgo convexis, 2—0.3 mm longis, 1—0.3 mm latis, circ. 0.2—O.i mm crassis, crustam circ. 1—15. mm crassam formantibus, subtus primum pallidis, superne strato corti- cali cartilagineo tenui evanescenteve obductis, vulgo sat laevigatis. Apothecia lat. 1.2—0.5 mm, solitaria, margine haud pruinoso, saepe leviter nitido. Hypothecium hyphis irregulariter contextis, lepto dermaticis, conglutinatis, cavitatibus angustis. Perithecium fusco- fuligineum, in margine summo aeruginoso-fuligineum, KOH non reagens, hyphis subradiantibus, sat tenuibus, leptodermaticis, conglu tinatis, cavitatibus O.003 mm latis, ellipsoideis oblongisve, partim extus subdecoloratum. Hymenium circ. O.ieo—O.200 mm crassum, »jodo caerulescens» (Th. Fr.). Epithecium KOH non reagens. Para physes laxe cohaerentes, apicibus saepe leviter ramosis et crebre constricte articulatis. Asci cylindrici, membrana tenui. Sporae 8:nae, monostichae, simplices. Conidangia thallo immersa, vertice emergentia, lat. circ. O.IÖO mm, conceptaculo fusco- et partim aerugi- noso-fuligineo. Sterigmata simplicia, haud septata, long. O.oio mm, basi crass. O.0015 mm, apicem versus sensim attenuata, apice conidia 56 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. efferentia. Conidia bacillaria, long. O.004—O.OOÖ, crass. O.0007 mm, recta (abundanter visa). Gonidia cystococcoidea, globosa aut sub- globosa, diam. O.007—O.oio mm, tantum simplicia visa. Obs. F. acarosporoides Vain. (L. cinereorufa f. acarosporoides Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 32), thallo partim distinctius squamoso et areolis planiusculis. In reg. subalp. montis Nuorunen in Kuusamo (Vain.). 14. L. rugifera Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 33. Thallus sat crassus, e verrucis basi connatis, latere saepe liberis squamaeformibusque, cerebrino-rugosis, superne cine- reis, obscure cinereis et partim albido-cinereis, subtus atque saepe etiam latere albidis, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia mediocria aut sat parva, late adnata, basi haud constricta, simplicia aut leviter tuberculoso-confluentia, atra, nuda, sat opaca, convexa, immarginata. Epithecium cyanescenti- nigricans. Hypothecium albidum, perithecio fusco-fuligineo tenui impositum. Sporae ellipsoideae, long. O.009—O.013, crass. O.oos—O.006 mm. Distr. In latere rupis in reg. subalp. montis Ukonvaara in Kuu samo (Vain.). Thallus crass. 0.5—1 mm, opacus, jodo non reagens, KOH immu- tatus aut partibus albidis flavescens, verrucis squamisque 0.5—1 mm latis, saepe leviter crenatis flexuosisve, rugis elongatis, cerebrino-pli- catis. Apothecia lat. 0.4—1 mm. Hypothecium subalbidum aut sordide albidum, in parte superiore hyphis suberectis, sat leptodermaticis, conglutinatis. Perithecium subfusco-fuligineum, tenue, hyphis lepto dermaticis, conglutinatis. Hymenium circ. O.040—O.044 mm crassum, jodo caerulescens, sine limite distincto in hypothecium transiens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, parce ramoso-connexae, leviter gela- tinosae, apice clavatae. Asci clavati, membrana apice modice incras- sata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, simplices, apicibus rotundatis, mem brana leviter incrassata. Conidia bacillaria, recta aut rectiuscula, apicibus obtusis, long. O.012—O.oio, crass. 0,ooi mm. Sterigmata sim plicia. Gonidia cystococcoidea, globosa, diam. O.009—O.020 mm, vacuolis lateralibus, interdum autosporas continentia, membrana modice incrassata. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, o7, N:o 2. 57 15. L. rufofusca (Anzi) Nyl. Flora 1869 p. 409, Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 476; Hue Addend. II (1874) p. 135. Bialora Anzi Cat. Lich. Sondr. (1860) p. 76, Lich. Langob. Exs. V (1861) n. 178; Th. Fr. Bot. Not. 1866 p. 56. L. deco- lorans j3 cinnamomea Hellb. Vet. Ak. Förh. 1865 p. 473 (sec. Th. Fr.). L. aquilonia (Krempelh.) Nyl. Fl. 1865 p. 4. Thallus sat crassus aut modice incrassatus, verruculoso- inaequalis, verrucis sat minutis aut verruculis elevatis, saepe etiam subisidioideis, contiguis, aut supra thallum continuam crebre inspersis, albidus cinerascensve aut pallido-olivaceus, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia fere mediocria aut sat parva, adnata, basi constricta, disco rufo aut fuscescente, nudo, piano aut demum convexo, margine tenui aut fere mediocri, subconcolore, aut demum excluso. Hypothecium decoloratum pallidumve, irregulariter con- textum. Epithecium rubricoso-rufescens. Paraphyses arcte (in KHO laxius) cohaerentes. Sporae 8:nae, ellipsoideae oblongaeve aut subovoideae, »long. O.012— O.017, crass. O.007 — 0.009 mm» sec. annot. Nyl. in specim. orig. (long. O.011—O.016, crass. 0.005—O.007 mm ibi vidi). Dislr. Lin.: Supra muscos destructos et terram detritam ad Ivalojoki in par. Inari (F. Silen) et in Koppeloivi in par. Utsjoki (Silen). Thallus KOH flavescens (sec. annot. Nyl.), CaCl202 non mutatus (sec. Th. Fr.), opacus. Apothecia lat. 0 3—0.7 (—1.2) mm, leviter nitida aut sat opaca, conferta dispersave, gonidiis destituta. Hypo thecium parte subhymeniali jodo caerulescens, ceterum non reagens, parte superiore leptodermaticum, parte inferiore pachydermaticum, hyphis partim defecte conglutinatis, cavitatibus cellularum diffor- mibus, O.002—0.0015 mm latis. Perithecium parte exteriore rubricoso- rufescens, hyphis radiantibus, leviter pachydermaticis, subsimplici- bus, cavitatibus angustis, jodo non reagens. Hymenium non granu losum, circ. 0.070 mm crassum, jodo caerulescens, inter ascos partim demum fulvescens. Epithecium KOH non reagens. Paraphyses simplices, haud gelatinosae, O.0005—vix O.001 mm crassae, apicibus clavatis, O.003 mm crassis. Gonidia globosa, diam. O.ooe—O.016 mm, cystococcoidea. Obs. In specimine n. 19905, ad corticem in Kylemore in Hibernia collecto (Larbal. Lich. Herb. Ill (1879) n. 102), conidia sec. annot. 58 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Nyl. »filiformia, bene aut parcius leviter arcuata, long. O.020—O.024, crass. O.0006 mm, sporae long. O.012—O.020, crass. O.oos—O.011 mm», sed thallo tenui, continuo sublaevigato instructa, habitu similis est L. erythrophaeae Floerk. 16. L. epiphaea Nyl. Flora 1865 p.4, Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 147, En. Lich. Fret. Behr. (1888) p. 9, 22, 45; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 477; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 49; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 141. Bialora collodea Th. Fr. Lich. Spitsb. (1867) p. 36 (»B. sarcodea» err. typ. in Lich. Scand. p. 477). Exs. Fellm. Lich. Arct. (1864) n. 157 (in herb. Nyl.). Thallus tenuissimus aut sat crassus, subverruculoso- inaequalis aut verrucosus, subcontinuus dispersusve, albidus aut subcinerascens, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia mediocria, adnata, basi constricta, crassa, disco fusco, nudo, nitidulo, bene convexo aut raro primum pla- niusculo, mox immarginata aut raro primum margine tenui, superne subconcolore pallidioreve instructa. Hypothecium pallidum decoloratumve, crassum, parte superiore lata ex hyphis erectis formatum. Epithecium rufescens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae 12:nae—16:nae aut abortu paucio- res, oblongae aut p. p. ellipsoideae, long. O.007—O.014, crass. 0.003—O.006 mm. Distr. Supra muscos destructos (praesertim Gymnomilrium con- cinnalum et Andreaeam) in rupibus et raro ad ipsam rupem (in latere rupis gneissaceis) aut terram, crescit. LPon.: Prope Ponoj (Fellm. 1. c). Lin.: In reg. pinifera ad Veskoniemi et in monte Ruoptuinvaara (Vain. 1. c). LEnont.: In monte prope Leutsuvaara ad Kilpisjärvi (Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 335). Kuus.: Ad Kitka joki (F. Silen, »L. ienebricosa saxicola» sec. determ. Nyl., n. 143) et in reg. abiet. montis Mäntytunturi (Vain. 1. c. p. 50). Thallus KOH lutescens deindeque fulvescens, verrucis 0,2—0,6 mm latis. Apothecia lat. 0.4—1.5 mm, simplicia dispersaque aut partim conferta confluentiaque aut tuberculosa, gonidiis destituta, hyphis conglutinatis. Hypothecium parte superiore crassa jodo caerulescens, parte inferiore irregulariter contexta, ramoso-connexa, jodo fulvescens, totum pachydermaticum et chondroideum, cavita tibus O.001—0.0015 mm latis, elongatis. Perithecium pallidum decolora tumve aut in margine superne rufescens, jodo non reagens, hyphis Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 59 radiantibus, ramoso-connexis (in KOH visis), pachydermaticis, cavi tatibus oblongis elongatisve, O.ooi—0.ooi5 mm latis. Hymenium non granulosum, circ. 0.060 mm crassum, jodo vulgo caerulescens, inter ascos demum fulvescens. Epithecium KOH rubricoso-rufescens. Paraphyses simplices aut passim parcissime ramoso-connexae, mem brana tenuiter gelatinosa, in KOH leviter turgescente, cavitate tenuis- sima, increbre septatae, apice clavatae, clava rufescente, O.003—O.005 mm crassa, superne strato continuo, tenui, gelatinoso, decolore obductae. Gonidia cystococcoidea, vulgo globosa, diam. 0,ooe— O.012 mm. Var. rupiseda Th. Fr. I. c; Vain. 1. c. p. 50. Thallus verrucosus verruculosusve. Rupicola Disir. In lateribus rupium gneissacearum collecta. Lin.: In monte Ruoptuinvaara (supra indicata). Kuus.: Ad Kitkajoki et in Mäntytunturi (supra ind.). Sporae 12:nae—16:nae aut p. p. abortu pauciores, distichae, long. 0,oio—0,014, crass. 0,oo4—0,oo6 mm. Obs. 1. »L. epiphaea, octospora (sporis 8:nis in thecis)» in Nyl. En. Lich. Fret. Behr. (1888) p. 22 indicatur. Obs. 2. Apothecia vulgo sat late adnata, sed rarius prolifera et nutrice, ex qua nata sunt, substipitiformi, pallida, cartilaginea, apothecium vetustum degeneratum sistente, hymenio nullo evoluto. 17. L. turficola (Hellb.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 475. Bialora turficola Hellb. Vet. Ak. Förh. (1865) p. 462. Lecidea atrorufella Nyl. Fl. 1869 p. 409 (sec. Th. Fr. et annot. Nyl. in bibl. sua); Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 135. Thallus sat tenuis, e verrucis verruculisve constans depres- sis, integris, adnatis aut adpressis subsquamulosisque, albido- pallescentibus pallidisve, opacis, sorediis destitutus, hypo thallo indistincto. Apothecia parva, late adnata, basi haud constricta, tenuia, disco fusco aut fusco-rufescente, piano aut depresse convexo, nudo, opaco, immarginata (aut »margine tenuissimo, demum evanescente cincta» sec. Th. Fr.). Hy pothecium pallidum decoloratumve, tenue, hyphis irregulari ter contextis. Epithecium rufescens aut fusco-rufescens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae 8:nae, oblongae ellipsoideaeve, »long. O.009—O.016, crass. 0.004—0.006 mm» (sec. Th. Fr.), »long. O.014—O.017, crass. O.ooe—O.007 mm» (sec.Nyl.). 60 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Dislr. Ad terram arenosam in Pahtavaara in LEnont. (»L. alroru- fella» Nyl. in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lapp p. 334. Adhuc defecte cognita et affinitate incerta, nimis parce a Norrl. collecta. Secund. specimen Norrlinianum a me descripta. Verruculae thalli superne strato corticali cartilagineo, irregulariter contexto, circ. 0.020 mm crasso aut saepe evanescente instructae, subtus albidae aut saepe fuscescentes et hyphas hypothallinas fuscas breves parce emittentes. Apothecia 0.4—0.8 mm Iata, crebra aut parce conferta, verrucis thalli tota (usque ad marginem) adnata nec ab iis distincte limitata, quare basim versus thallina lecanorinaque apparent et stratum habent myelohyphicum, aerem inter hyphas continens et saepe parce gonidiis instructum, subtus strato fusco obductum hyphas fuscas hypothallinas emittente (earn ob causam apothecia a Nyl. descripta sunt »basi nigricante»). Interdum apothecia angustiora latiorave sunt, quam verruca e qua enata sunt, et tunc in latere pars thallina ad verrucam pertinens facile distinguitur e parte ad apothecium pertinente. Ceterum parathecium jodo vinose rubens (haud caerulescens), partes thallinae autem jodo fulvescentes. Hypothecium textura variabile, interdum partim etiam plecten- parenchymaticum, jodo caerulescens. Parathecium (perithecium) ex hyphis radiantibus, leptodermaticis, saepe sat crebre septatis, conglutinatis, formatum, extus rufescens, intus subdecoloratum. Hymenium circ O.oso mm crassum, jodo caerulescens. Paraphyses simplices, septatae, apice leviter clavato-incrassatae, O.002—O.003 mm crasso, membrana haud distincte gelatinosa, sed in KOH demum leviter turgescente. Epithecium nec granulosum, nec gelatinoso- obductum, KOH non reagens. Sporae in specimine »L. atrorufellae» a Norrl. collecto a me visae simplices, long. O.oio—O.016, crass. O.004— 0.005 mm. Gonidia pleurococcoidea, glomerulosa, cellulis subglobosis globosisve, diam. O.005—O.009 mm, haud micareoidea. Subg. II. Protoblastenia (Zahlbr.) Vain. Blaslenia sect. 1. Protoblastenia Zahlbr. Ascol. (1907) p. 226 (em.). Protoblastenia Steiner Flecht. It.-Franz. Grenzg. (Verh. Z.-B. Ges. Wien 1911) p. 47 (em.). Pyrrhospora Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 209 (em. et nom. inept.). Thallus crustaceus. Apothecia chrysophyscinum (vel materiani KOH violascentem) continentia, typice subful- vescentia. Sporae saepe minores. Sterigmata saepe multi- articulata. »Ob naturam spermogoniorum (arthrosterigmatum) locum suum naturalem inter Placodia occupet» ex opinione Nylandri (Lich. Acta Societaits pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 61 Scand. p. 147), quod etiam reactio chemica epithecii (chrysophy- scinum continentis) affirmat. Nota autem graviore, endosporio haud incrassato, sicut etiam sporis simplicibus, a Theloschisleis differt. Geterum sterigmata in hac specie constanter pluriseptata (»endo- basidialia») non sunt et talia etiam in Lecideis chrysophyscinum non continentibus proveniunt (conf. Steiner I.e.), quare notam genericam certam non constituunt, nec reactio violacea a KOH procovata omni bus Lecidealibus deest, in Sporopodio vulpino et speciebus affinibus, Lecidea (Psora) testacea, cet. observata. Ad Proloblasieniam pertinet etiam L. cinnabarodes Nyl., quae sterigmatibus articulatis a Nyl. (Lich. Nov. Zel., 1888, p. 80) descripta, proxime affinis similisque est L. cinnabarinae Sommerf. et L. russulae Ach., disco apothecio rum rubro, KOH purpureo-violascente, instructis, sed conidangiis incognitis. Ad hoc subgenus inserendae item sunt: L. cinereorubra Vain., L. griseococcinea Nyl., L. russulina Nyl., L. subsimilis Nyl. et L. interjuneta Nyl. 18. L. rupestris (Scop.) Ach. Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 70, Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 206 (excl. y), Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 39; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 423. Lichen rupeslris Scop. Fl. Garn. II (1772) p. 364 (sec. Ach.); Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. (1798) p. 43. Bialora Fr. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1822 p. 271; Koerb. Syst„ Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 207; Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 191; Am. Lich. Fraenk. Jur. (Fl. 1884) p. 149; Flag. Fl. Lich. Franche- Gomte II (1894) p. 408. Placodium rupestre Brandt et Rostr. Lich. Dan. (1869) p. 80. Lecanora rupestris Leight. Lich. Great Brit. 3ed. (1879) p. 203. Blaslenia (sect. Protoblastenia) rupestris Zahlbr. Ascol. (1907) p. 227. Lichen calvus Dicks. Fasc. Crypt. Brit. II (1790) p. 18, tab. 6 f g. 4 (conf. infra). Lecanora calva Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 147. Lecidea rupeslris /> irrubata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 206. L. irrubata Ach. Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 40. Lecanora irrubata Nyl. in Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. I (1875) n. 41, Lich. Paris (1896) p. 50. Thallus tenuis aut rarius sat crassus, verruculoso- aut verrucoso-inaequalis aut sat laevigatus, albidus aut subcine- rascens aut raro ochraceus, KOH non reagens, aut cum substrato confusus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia sat parva aut raro mediocria, tota adnata aut foveolato-immersa, disco fulvo aut aurantiaco aut raro luteo aut fulvo-rufescente, margine vulgo subconcolore, demum excluso. Hypothecium pallidum decoloratumve, KOH non reagens. Epithecium 62 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. fulvescens, KOH violascens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae ellipsoideae aut subglobosae, long. 0.009—O.ois, »crass. O.006—O.oio mm» (sec. Nyl.). Var. irrubata Ach. 1. c. Lecanora calva var. irrubata Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 147. Lecidea rupeslris a iypica Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 424. Exs. Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. XIV (1833) n. 400 p.p. (in herb. Nyl.). — Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. I (1875) n. 4L Thallus tenuis aut modice incrassatus, verruculoso-inaequalis aut sat laevigatus, dispersus aut continuus, albidus aut subcinerascens. Apothecia adnata, fulva aut aurantiaca aut raro lutea. Dislr. Ad saxa calcarea et raro ad saxa talcaceo- et gneissaceo- schistosa collecta. Ab.: Finby (Vain.). Simonby in Pargas (F. Elfving). Ta: Letku in Tammela (A. Kullhem). KLad.: Kirjava- lahti (Kulin., Norrl. H. L. F. n. 41 a), Lahentausta in Sortavala (Vain.), Korpikallio in Ruskeala (Norrl., H. L. F. n. 41 b, Symb. Fl. Lad. p. 27). Leppäsyrjä Nykynmäki in Suistamo (Vain.). KOn.: Tiudie (Kulin., N. I. Fellman), Valkeamäki (Th. Simming, Norrl. Fl. Kar. Oneg. II p. 32). Sb.: Hautasaari in Tervasalo prope Kuopio (K. Linkola). Kuus.: Prope Kuoppaoja (v. calva in Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. I p. 147), Ruskeakallio (F. Silen). Thallus continuus aut dispersus, raro parceque granulis sorediorum inspersus. Apothecia lat. 0.4—1 mm, saepe sat crebra aut rarius nonnulla confluentia, hyphis conglutinatis, gonidiis destituta, sed strato thallino, partim gonidia continenti saepe imposita. Peri thecium pseudoparenchymaticum, sat leptodermaticum, ex hyphis radiantibus formatum, cavitatibus cellularum O.0015—O.002 mm latis, intus pallidum, extus fulvescens, KOH violascens. Hypothecium plectenparenchymaticum, sat leptodermaticum; seriebus cellularum verticalibus, cavitatibus rotundatis aut oblongis, O.002—O.003 mm latis. Hymenium circ. 0.070mm crassum, »jodo circa ascos caerulescit, ceterum non mutatur» (Th. Fr.). Paraphyses crass. O.002 mm, simpli ces, cellulis oblongis aut elongatis, membranis in KOH leviter in- crassatis. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, simplices, apicibus rotundatis obtusisve. Membrana haud incrassata. »Sterigmata saepe valde articulata, interdum fere simplicia praesertim in var. incruslante.» (Flag. Fl. Lich. Franche-Comte p. 408, 409), »crass. O.004 mm» (Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 147). Conidia long, circa O.005—0 006, »crass. 0,001 mm» (Nyl. I.e.). Gonidia cystococcoidea, globosa, diam. O.oos—O.oio mm, simplicia aut autosporas O.005—O.006 mm latas continentia, membrana sat tenui. Obs. 1. F. alpina (Arn.) Vain. (Bialora rupestris var. alpina Arn. Lich. Tirol IV, 1869, p. 643, XIV, 1875, p. 474), in Arn. Lich. Exs. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 63 (1867) n. 350 distributa (n. 350 b in herb. Nyl.), thallo modice in- crassato, contigue verrucoso areolatove, apotheciis fulvescentibus aut leviter sordidescentibus paullo a v. irrubata differens, ad Pellon kylä in Karjalohja in Ab. (Ch. E. Boldt) et ad Schungu in KOn. collecta est. Hypothecio pallido a v. Siebenhaariana differt. — F. rufescens Schaer. Lich. Helv. Spic. IV (1833) p. 184 (Verrucaria rufe scens Hoffm. Obs. Bot. p. 49. PI. Lichenos. I, 1790, p. 80, tab. 17 fig. 1 sec. Schaer.), in Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. n. 400 p.p. et Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1883) n. 755 (in herb. Nyl.) distributa, thallo tenui aut sat tenui, verruculoso, apotheciis adnatis, testaceis aut testaceo-fulve- scentibus dignota, in Mustasaari in Lohja in Ab. a Ch. E. Boldt lecta est. — Apothecia in fig. Hoffm. rubra pincta, a Schaer. I.e. luteo-rufescentia et demum in En. Lich. Eur. p. 146 fulva descri- buntur. Obs. 2. L. rupestris ft irrubata Ach., Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 206 (L. irrubata Ach. Syn. Lich., 1814, p. 40), sec. specim. orig. thallo incrassato instructa est. Obs. 3. F. lulescens Vain. (Bialora rupestris f. luiescens (Vain.) Hav., in Bergens Museums Aarbog 1909 n. 1 p. 25), apotheciis pulchre luteis adnatis et thallo tenui albido instructa, in rupe schistoso ad Granvin in Norvegia collecta est. Var. calva (Dicks.) Schaer. Lich. Helv. Exs. IX (1833) n. 221 (sec. cit.), Lich. Helv. Spic. IV (1833) p. 184, En. Lich. Eur. (1850) p. 146; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 424. Lichen calvus Dicks. I.e. Leca nora irrubata *L. calva Lamy Exp. Lich. Caut. (1884) p. 46. Thallus calci immixtus, macula albida indicatus, laevigatus, opacus. Apothecia adnata aut demum leviter fossulanti-subimmersa, demum convexa, fulvescentia. Distr. Ad saxa calcarea provenit. Alandia (A. J. Malmgren). LKem.: Sodankylä (Edvin Nylander). Est forma intermedia inter var. irrubaiam et var. incrustanlem, in ambas transiens. Var. incrustans (D.C.) Schaer. Lich. Helv. Exs. IX (1833) n. 220 (sec. cit.), Lich. Helv. Spic. IV (1833) p. 184, En. Lich. Eur. (1850) p. 146; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 424. Patellaria incrustans DC. in Lam. Fl. Frans. II (1815) p. 361 (sec. cit.). Bialora rupestris *B. incrustans Arn. Lich. Frank. Jur. (Fl. 1884) p. 150. B. incrustans Arn. Lich. Tirol XXX (1897) p. 23. Exs. Moug. et Nestl. Stirp. Voges. X (1833) n. 944 p.p. (Mus. Fenn.). — Hepp Flecht. Eur. V (1857) n. 274 (in herb. meo).— Rabenh. Lich. Eur. Exs. XVI (1859) n. 468 (Mus. Fenn.). Thallus calci immixtus, macula albida indicatus, aut evanescens. Apothecia fossulanti-immersa, sat plana aut leviter convexa, ful vescentia. E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Distr. In rupe dolomitica in Alandia (A. J. Malmgren a. 1861). Haec variationes saepe in eodem specimine transeunt. — Hypo thallus linea nigricante saepe thallum limitans, ad thallum alienum vicinum pertinet. — Nyl. hanc variationem a v. calva non distinxit, nomine Lecanorae incrustantis (Ach. Lich. Univ., 1810, p. 405, Syn. Lich., 1814, p. 174) Placodium incrustans A. L. Smith designans (Hue Addend. I, 1886, p. 69). 19. *L. terricola (Anzi) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 425. Bialora rupestris var. terricola Anzi Cat. Lich. Sondr. (1860) p. 78; Arn. Lich. Tirol XI (1873) p. 499 (15). Bialora terricola Th. Fr. Lich. Spitsb. (1867) p. 37. Lecanora calva "terricola Stizenb. Ind. Lich. Hyperb. (1876) p. 27. Bialora Siebenhaariana f. terricola Arn. Lich. Tirol XXX (1897) p. 23. B. rupeslris var. lerreslris Anzi Lich. Lang. Exs. V (1861) n. 182 (sec. Lynge Ind. Exs. I p. 28). Thallus sat crassus, verrucosus et verruculoso-inaequalis, albus vel albidus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia sat parva aut raro mediocria, tota adnata, convexa, testaceo- fulvescentia aut fulvo-rufescentia, fere mox immarginata. Hypothecium pallidum et partim rufescens rubricosumve, KOH partim violascens. Epithecium subfulvescens, KOH violascens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae ellipsoi deae, »long. 0.007—O.uio, crass. 0.004—0.005 mm» (sec. Th. Fr.). Distr. Ad terram alpinam in Suecia, Norvegia et in Alpibus provenit, in Fennia nondum collecta 20. *L. Siebenhaariana (Koerb.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 424 (excl. exs. cit.). Bialora Sieben haariana Koerb. Syst. Lich. (1855) p. 207. Lecanora irrubata subsp. Siebenhaariana Cromb. in Journ. Bot. (1885) p. 195. Lecanora calva "Siebenhaariana Stizenb. Ind. Lich. Hyperb. (1876) p. 27. Placo dium rupesire subsp. Siebenhaarianum A. L. Smith Mon. Brit. Lich. I (1918) p. 226. Exs. Koerb. Lich. Sel. Germ. IV (1856) n. 104 (in herb. Nyl.). Thallus modice incrassatus aut sat tenuis, verruculoso- inaequalis, cinerascens albidusve, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia sat parva aut raro mediocria, tota adnata aut Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 65 demum basi subconstricta, convexa, fulvo-rufescentia aut fulvo-fuscescentia aut p. p. impure aurantiaca. Hypothe cium pallidum et partim aurantiacum vel dilute rufescenti- rubricosum, KOH solutionem violaceam effundens. Hyme nium totum aut epithecium subfulvescens aut pallido-rufe- scens, KOH violascens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae ellipsoideae oblongaeve. Disir. »Ad rupes schistosas granitoideasque alpium» (sec. Th. Fr.) in Lapponia Suecica et in Norvegia proveniens, in rupe talcacea ad Kuoppaoja in Kuusamo collecta est (in L. rupeslrem transiens). Obs. 1. F. alpina (Arn.), sub hanc subsp. a Th. Fr. relata, in termedia inter L. rupeslri et *L. Siebenhaariana est. »De hujus et *L. terricolae cum L. rupeslri nexu minime dubitamus; tantummodo ne nimis intricata esset formarum dispositio, eas seorsim tractavi- mus», Th. Fr. indicat. Obs. 2. Zeora leucoderma Anzi, Neosymbola Lich. Rar. (1866) p. 7 (Lecanora calva *L. leucoderma Nyl. in litt. sec. Stizenb. Lich. Helv. I p. 99), sec. fragm. specim. orig. in herb. Nyl. apotheciis p.p. albido-marginatis instructa, ceterum similis est L. rupeslri var. calvae. Sporae »long. O.009—O.014, crass. O.006—O.oio mm» sec. ann. Nyl. 21. L. cinnabarina Sommerf. in Vet. Ak. Handl. 1823 p. 115, Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 170; Schaer. Lich. Helv. Spic. IV (1833) p. 174, XII (1842) p. 555, En. Lich. Eur. (1850) p. 143; Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 194, Lich. Nov. Zel. (1888) p. 8; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 422. Bialora Fr. Lich. Eur. Ref. (1831) p. 266; Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 206; Par. Lich. (1865) p. 152; Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 191; Arn. Lich. Tirol XIV (1875) p. 462, 489; Flag. Fl. Lich. Franche-Comte II (1892) p. 409. Exs. Koerb. Lich. Sel. Germ. Ill (1856) n. 72. — Stenh. Lich. Suec. Exs. II (1859) n. 56. — Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. Exs. I (1859) n. 17. — Hepp Flecht. Eur. IX (1860) n. 485. — Fellm. Lich. Arct. (1864) n. 147. — Un. Itin. n. 43. — Rabenh. Lich. Eur. Exs. XXXIV (1871) n. 905. — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1875) n. 625. — Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1876) n. 461. — Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. VII (1882) n. 304. Havaas Lich. Norv. Exs. (1906) n. 312. — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. XV (1913) n. 358. Thallus tenuis aut sat tenuis, verruculoso-inaequalis aut sat laevigatus, sorediis (soraliis) prominentibus, modice 5 66 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. incrassatis aut sat crassis, albidus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia crebra aut dispersa, sat parva aut mediocria, late adnata, disco depresso-convexo, saepe primum piano cinnabarino, nudo, margine concolore, tenui, demum aut mox excluso. Hypothecium decoloratum aut partim sub- fulvescens. Epithecium aurantiacum, KOH violaceum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae oblongae aut ellipsoi deae, long. 0.009—O.oio, crass. O.002—O.004 mm (»long. O.oos — O.012 mm» sec. Nyl.). Distr. Ad corticem Abietis, Juniperi et Betulae (etiam B. nanae) et interdum ad lignum Juniperi crescit, in regionibus borealibus pro- veniens. OKaj.: In abiegno montis Hiidenvaara in Kuhmo, in abiegno turfoso prope Laakso et Hossa in Kianta (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 34). Kuus.: In abiegno montis Näränkävaara (Vain. I.e.). Ob.: Aavasaksa et Alkkula in Ylitornio (F. Silen). KKer.: In abiegno in monte Kivakka (Vain. I.e.), Iiava (N. I. Fellman, Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 142). L.Enont.: »In reg. alpina et betulina sat parce et in reg. pinifera rare ad Karesuanto» (Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 334). L.In.: In reg. betulina (subalp.) in jugo Suoloselkä et in montibus Hammastunturit (Vain. I.e.). LIm.: Ad Kantalahti (H. Hollmen), Lovosersk (A. O. Kihlman). LTul.: Kola (P. A. Karsten, Fellm.). LPon.: Ponoj (Fellm., Nyl. I.e.). Specimen ex Orlov in- dieatum (in Kihlm. Flecht. Kola p. 56} ad Placodium pertinet. Thallus subcontinuus, KOH lutescens, CaCl202 non reagens, sorediis1) (soraliis) dispersis, circ. 0.5—1 5 mm latis. Apothecia lat. 0.4—1.2 mm, simplicia aut rarius confluentia, saepe leviter nitida, margine interdum primum prominente, basi saepe demum leviter constricta, gonidiis destituta. Hypothecium hyphis irregulariter contextis, leviter pachydermaticis, conglutinatis aut interdum parce aere disjunctis, parte superiore saepe partim anguste erectis. Peri thecium bene evolutum, hyphis radiantibus, simplicibus, leviter pachydermaticis conglutinatis, materiam aurantiacam, granulosam, KOH violascentem, praesertim in limite hypharum continens, cavita tibus angustis. Hymenium »jodo caerulescens (praecipue asci)», sec. Th. Fr. Epithecium granulosum. Paraphyses tubulis tenuissimis, membranis tenuibus, in KOH parum gelatinoso-incrassatis, non J) Soredium Acharii, sicut etiam soralium, acervum granulorum gonidia continentium (e voce oogoo sive area derivatum) signifieat; chnaumata Wallrothii (yyaviia), frustula praecipue rerum cupedina- riarum significantia, spectant ad granula sorediorum (conf. Schaer. I.e.). Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 67 distincte ramoso-connexae, apicibus haud incrassatis. Sporae parce evolutae, 8:nae, distichae, simplices. Gonidia cystococcoidea, diam. O.oos—O.016 mm, simplicia, globosa. 22. L. quernea Ach. Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 62, Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 202, Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 36; Schaer. En. Lich. Eur. (1850) p. 141; Nyl. Prodr. Lich. gall. (1857) p. 112 (358), Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 196, Lich. Paris (1896) p. 91; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 425; Fink Lich. Minnes. (1910) p. 75. Lichen querneus Dicks. Crypt. Fasc. I (1785) p. 9, tab. 2 f. 3. Bialora quernea Fr. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1822 p. 268, Lich. Eur. Ref. (1831) p. 279; Flag. Fl. Lich. Franche-Comte II (1894) p. 410. Pyrrhospora quernea Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 209, Par. Lich. 2 Lief. (1860) p. 174. Bialora labescens Koerb. Syst. Lich Germ. (1855) p. 203 (p.p.), Lich. Sel. Germ. VI (1857) n. 164 (in herb. Nyl.). Exs. Floerk. Deutsch. Lich. VII (1821) n. 123. — Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. VII (1824) n. 199. — Schaer. Lich. Helv. Exs. XXIV (1849) n. 582. — Leight. Lich. Brit. Exs. II (1852) n. 61 (Mus. Fenn.). — Nyl. Herb. Lich. Par. Ill (1855) n. 134. — Mass. Lich. It. Exs. IX (1856) n. 311. — Koerb. Lich. Sel. Germ. VI (1857) n. 164, XI (1868) n. 316. — Hepp Flecht. Eur. IX (1860) n. 494 (in herb. meo). — Stenh Lich. Suec. Exs. VI (1863) n. 17. — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. XX (1915) n. 488. (Sec. cit.). Thallus tenuis aut sat tenuis, fere totus sorediosus aut passim parcissimeque verruculoso-inaequalis, flavida, GaCl202 rubescens, hypothallo albido aut ad ambitum partim nigri cans. Apothecia vulgo dispersa, sat parva aut mediocria, tota adnata, vulgo depresso-convexa, fusca aut fusco-rufe- scentia aut raro nigra, immarginata. Hypothecium vulgo pallidum decoloratumve. Epithecium rufescens, KOH solu- tionem violaceo-rubricosam effundens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae ellipsoideae subglobosaeve, »long. 0.007 0.013, crass. 0.005—O.oos mm» (sec. Th. Fr. et Nyl., cet.). Distr. »Ad truncos Quercuum vetustiores, praecipue basin eorum versus, parcius ad cortices Juniperi, Betulae, Fagi, Abietis, Ulmi, saepe sterilis» in Scandinavia (sec. Th. Fr.). Ad corticem Abietis abundanter et fert. in ins. Mjölö prope Helsingforsiam a me adhuc anno 1882 collecta. Ad corticem Abietis in ins. Gripö in par. Föglö in Alandia ster. (Vain.). Ab.: Ruissalo ad Aboam (Räsänen). 68 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Thallus continuus aut subdispersus, soredia (soralia) nulla auu non distincte limitata formans, chnaumatibus (vel granulis soredio- rum) flavidis fere totus aut subdisperse obductus, KOH non reagens1), addito CaCl202 (et hae solutione sola) rubescens. Apothecia lat. 0.4—1.6 mm, nuda, simplicia aut demum leviter tuberculosa aut parce confluentia, saepe demum difformia vel arthonioidea. Hypo thecium jodo partim dilute caerulescens, hyphis suberectis, sat lepto dermaticis, conglutinatis, cavitatibus O.0015—O.002 mm latis, subro- tundatis et oblongis, in parte inferiore etiam hyphis irregulariter contextis, pachydermaticis, conglutinatis. Perithecium bene evo- lutum, jodo non reagens, chondroideum, hyphis radiantibus, tenui bus, parce ramoso-connexis et simplicibus, sat leptodermaticis (mem brana in KOH leviter turgescente), conglutinatis, cavitatibus angustis, extus rufescens, intus pallidum subdecoloratumve. Hymenium jodo caerulescens, inferne haud distincte limitatum. Epithecium granu losum. Paraphyses tubulis tenuissimis, membranis tenuibus, in KOH leviter gelatinoso-incrassatis, simplices aut parce furcatae, apicibus parum incrassatis. Sporae 8:nae aut saepe abortu pauciores, distichae, decolores et p.p. morbose rufescentes, simplices. »Sterig- mata vulgo simplicia.» Gonidia »tenuia, cylindrica» (sec. Flagey I.e.). Gonidia cystococcoidea, globosa, diam. O.007—O.014 mm, tantum simplicia visa. 23. L. rubiginans (Nyl.) Magnuss. Bot. Not. 1923 p. 414. Lecanora rubiginans Nyl. Fl. 1873 p. 291. Lecidea quernea f. saxicola Nyl. in Brenn. Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. (1885) p. 100 (Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II, 1874, p. 426); Hue Addend, (1886) p. 93. Exs. Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. XXVI (1917) n. 645. — Magnusson Lich. sel. Scand. III (1929) n. 62, Thallus sat tenuis aut modice incrassatus, verruculoso- inaequalis, albidus aut albido-stramineus, sorediis sulphureis flavidisve dispersis aut confluentibus, CaCl202 non reagens, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia dispersa, sat parva aut mediocria, tota adnata, disco depresso-convexo, subfusco aut 1) Sec. Th. Fr. (Lich. Scand. II p. 426) et alios auctores eum sine commemoratione imitantes thallus KOH flavescit, quod indicat eum hanc plantam commiscuisse cum subsimili sterili Pertusaria lulescenie (Hoffm.) Lamy, cujus thallus K flavescit et addito CaCl202 intense vitellinus evadit. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 69 nigricante, interdum tenuiter marginata. Hypothecium pallidum decoloratumve. Epithecium rufescens, KOH solu- tionem violaceo-rubricosam effundens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae ellipsoideae subglobosaeve, »long. 0.007— O.oio, crass. 0.006—O.007 mm» (sec. annot. Nyl.) et long. O.005-— O.006, crass. O.0035—O.005 mm. Dislr. Ta: In latere umbroso rupis gneissaceae una cum Arlho- nia abscondila in insula Onkisalo in Luhanka (»Lecidea gerula» in Vain. Fl. Tav. Or., 1878, p. 110). N.: In rupe porphyrica una cum Parmelia fuliginosa, Lecanora badia cet. in Majakallio in Hoglandia (Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. p. 100). Thallus dispersus aut partim subcontinuus, nec KOH, nec addito CaCl202 reagens. Apothecia lat. 0,3—1 mm, simplicia aut demum tuberculosa, saepe demum difformia, nuda, margine disco subcon- colore aut paullo pallidiore, integro aut flexuoso, parum prominente, persistente aut demum excluso. Hypothecium partim jodo dilute caerulescens, hyphis suberectis, sicut in L. quernea. Perithecium bene evolutum, pallidum aut extus rufescens, jodo non reagens, hyphis simplicibus, radiantibus, leviter pachydermaticis, congluti natis, cavitatibus oblongis, angustis. Hymenium jodo caerulescens. Epithecium granulosum. Paraphyses simplices et praesertim margi- nem versus ramoso-connexae, apice non incrassatae, tubulis tenuis- simis, membranis tenuibus, in KOH gelatinoso-incrassatis. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, decolores aut morbose rufescentes, simplices. Coni dia »filiformia, arcuata, long. O.022—O.030, crass. O.0007 mm» sec. annot. Nyl. Gonidia cystococcoidea, globosa, diam. O.006—O.014 mm, tan tum simplicia visa. 24. L. fuscorubens Nyl. Bot. Zeit. 1861 p. 338 p. p., Fl. 1862 p. 463, Lich. Lapp. Or (1866) p. 182.; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 440. L. sanguineoatra var. fuscorubens Nyl. Prodr. Lich. Gall. (1857) p. 352 (Lich. Paris, 1896, p. 79). L. sanguineoatra *L. fuscorubens Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 199. Bialora fuscorubens Nyl. Nya Bot. Not. 1853 p. 183 (in herb. Nyl. deest), Arn. Lich. Frank. Jur. (Fl. 1885) p. 158, Lich. Munch. (1891) p. 75. Lecidea monlicola Schaer. Lich. Helv. Spic. IV (1833) p. 161 sec. Steiner Flecht. Ital.-franz. Grenzg. (Verh. Zool.- bot. Ges. Wien, 1911) p. 48 (non Ach. sec. Th. Fr. 1. c. p. 515). Leci- della Koerb. Par. Lich. Lief. (1865) p. 224 (sec. Arn.). Bialora Hepp Flecht, Eur. (1857) n. 262 (sec. Steiner). Protoblastenia Steiner 1. c. Exs. Hepp Flecht, Eur. (1857) n. 262, 263. — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1858) n. 1, 23 a, b, (1859) n. 45, 46, Lich. Monac. (1889) n. 43, 44, 70 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. (1894) n. 354. — Malbr. Lich. Norm. n. 290. — Koerb. Lich. Sel. Germ. XIII (1873) n. 376. — Anzi Lich. Langob. Exs. XIV (1873) n. 572. — Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1876) n. 464. — Oliv. Herb. Lich. FOrne VIII n. 385. — Harm. Lich. Loth. IX n. 814. (Sec. cit.). Thallus tenuis (aut sat tenuis in v. ochracea), plus minus inaequalis verruculosusve, haud sorediosus, cinereo-glau- cescens aut albidus (aut ochraceus in v. ochracea), aut saepe evanescens, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia parva aut sat parva, sat late adnata, basi constricta, sed adpressa, disco fuscescente aut fusco-rufescente aut nigricante, nudo, piano aut demum convexo, margine tenui, nigricante, per- sistente aut demum excluso. Hypothecium rubricoso-fusce- scens aut fusco-nigrum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, apice su,brufescenti-clavatae. Sporae 8:nae, ellipsoideae aut subob- longae, long. 0.006—O.012, crass. O.004—O.007 mm. Disir. Ad saxa calcarea et chloritico- atque talcaceo-schistosa, raro etiam granitica et gneissacea crescens, pluribus locis col lecta. AI. (Edv. Nylander). Ab.: Simonsby, Storgärd (F. Elfving), Malm (Vain.) in Pargas, Hermala in Isosaari in Lohja (Gh. E. Boldt). N.: Brändskär ad Tvärminne (E. Häyren), Lovisa (F. Elfving). Ta.: Torro (saxa granit.) et Talsola (gneiss.) in Tammela (Kulin. Lich. Rar. Must. p. 274), Luopioinen (granit., G. Leopold), Kuhmoin (J. P. Norrlin). K Lad.: Lahentausta (var. ochracea, Vain.) et alibi ad Kirjavalahti (Norrl.) in par. Sortavala. Leppäsyrjä Nykynmäki in Suistamo (Vain.). KOn.: Pöpönsaari in Suojärvi (Norrl. Fl. Kar. On. II p. 28), Perttiniemi (p. p. f. ochracea, Kulin.). Sb.: Hautasaari in Tervasalo ad Kuopio (K. Linkola). Kuus.: Ad Paloniemi et Kuoppaoja prope Paanajärvi (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 39). Apothecia vulgo crebra aut sat crebra, lat. 0.3—0.3 mm, gonidiis destituta, disco leviter nitido aut opaco, margine haud aut leviter prominente. Hypothecium KOH parum reagens, distinctius subru- bricosum, hyphis sat tenuibus, fere totum hyphis irregulariter con textis (conf. f. fuscorubesceniem) O.002—O.003 mm crassis, sat lepto dermaticis, conglutinatis. Perithecium rubricoso-fuscescens aut fuscescens, KOH parum reagens, hyphis subirregulariter radiantibus, 0.004—0.003 mm crassis, parum pachydermaticis, conglutinatis, cellulis saepe subellipsoideis. Hymenium circ. O.075—O.oso mm crassum, nec granulosum, nec corpusculis fuligineis instructum, jodo levissime (aut in f. goniophiloide intense) caerulescens, deindeque vinose rubens. Paraphyses simplices, haud distincte gelatinosae, distincte increbre Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 5 7, N:o 2. 71 septatae, clava apicali crass. O.003—0 009 mm, KOH non reagente. Sporae distichae, simplices, apicibus vulgo rotundatis. Conidangia »nigra» (sec. annot. Nyl. in »L. ochracea» n. 20956). Sterigmata «articulata, articulis conidia efferentibus» (sec. Steiner 1. c.: »fulcra endobasidialia»). Gonidia »bacilliformia, recta, long. O.0035—O.0045 (—O.006), crass O.ooos—0 0006 mm» (sec. annot. Nyl. in herb, suo, conf. etiam Steiner 1. c). Gonidia cystococcoidea, globosa, diam O.oos—O.018 mm, membr. sat tenui, tantum simplicia visa. Obs. 1. L. fuscorubens var. planata Vain., Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 39, apotheciis minoribus (O.003—0 004 mm latis), subpersi- stenter marginatis, disco piano, nigricante aut fusco-nigricante, hymenio jodo levissime caerulescente glaucescenteve deindeque vinose rubescente. In rupibus calcareis et chloritico-schistosis prope Kuoppaoja in Kuus. -— Var. goniophiloides Vain. 1. c, hymenio jodo intense caerulescente demumque vinose rubente, disco nigricante aut fuscescente, demum convexo instructa, in rupe talcaeeo-schistosa prope Kuoppaoja in Kuus. Obs. 2. F. fuscorubescens Vain. (L. Aliensis var. fuscorubescens Vain. 1. c. p. 96), hypothecio inferne subdecolorato differens, ad saxa schistosa prope Sirkelä in Kuus. Hue etiam specimina nomine »L. Aliensis Th. Fr.» e Kuus. indicata pertinent. - - Hypothecium parte superiore rufescens aut partim pallidum, in apotheciis crassiori- bus late ex hyphis erectis formatum, in parte inferiore hyphis irregu lariter contextis. Perithecium in eodem apothecio partim rufescens, partim decoloratum. Hymenium jodo intense aut dilute caerulescens deindeque vinose rubens (in solutione minus concentrata interdum persistenter caerulescens). Sporae long. O.009—O.ois, crass. O.004— 0,005 mm (non bene evolutae). Conidia non visa. In L. Allensi Th. Fr. (Lich. Scand. II, 1874, p. 552) conidia arcuata indicantur. Var. ochracea (Hepp) Vain. Bialora ochracea Hepp Flecht. Eur. (1857) p. 263. Lecidella Koerb. Par. Lich. (1865) p. 210. Lecidea Nyl. in Stizenb. Lich. Helv. (1882) p. 152 et in Lamy Exp. Lich. Caut, (1884) p. 68, Nyl. Lich. Paris (1896) p. 79. Bialora fuscorubens *B. ochracea Arn. Lich, Jur. (Fl. 1884) p. 159. Thallus tenuis aut sat tenuis, continuus aut areolato-diffractus aut subdispersus, ochraceus aut impure ochraceo-glaucescens. Distr. Ad saxa calcarea in Lahentausta in par. Sortavala (Vain.) et ad Perttiniemi in KOn. (A. Kullhem). Subgen. III. Eulecidea (Th. Fr.) Lynge Bialora (Fr.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 422 (excl. »Stirps L. cinnabarinae 1. c. p. 422 — subgen. Protoblastenia (Zahlbr.) Vain.) + Eulecidea Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 481. 72 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Thallus crustaceus, uniformis, apothecia laetius vel obscu- rius colorata vel persistenter nigra, numquam KOH viola- scentia (by the editor). Sect. Lecidea fuscoatra. Thallus areolatus vel areolato-diffractus, fuscescens vel obscure cinereo-fuscescens, hypothecium vulgo obscurum, paraphyses cohaerentes. Hyphae medullares non amyloideae. Species sax;colae. 25. L. fuscoatra (L.) Ach. Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 44, Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 12; Nyl. Prodr. Lich. Gall. (1857) p. 379 (133), Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 229 p.p.; Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 210 (p. p., sec. auct. ipsum), Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 525; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 77; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 579. Lichen fuscoaler L. Sp. PI. (1753) p. 1607. Icon. Galloe Nat. Hist. Dan. Lich. I (1927) pi. 99—108. Thallus vulgo modice incrassatus aut sat crassus, rarius crassus aut sat tenuis tenuisve, interdum evanescens, intense aut dilute fuscescens vel fusco-pallescens aut subluridus aut pallidus aut impure subalbidus, »CaCl202 rubescens» (sec. Nyl.), KOH non reagens, areolatus, areolis contiguis aut dispersis, planis aut rarius convexis aut concavis, sorediis destitutus (conf. infra), laevigatis aut demum inaequalibus, medulla jodo non reagente, hypothallo nigricante bene evo luto aut indistincto. Apothecia thallo adnata aut rarius immersa aut in hypothallo sita, demum basi leviter con stricta, lat. circ. 1.8 mm aut minora (raro 3 mm), dispersa aut sat crebra, vulgo demum sat crassa aut modice incras sata, disco piano aut demum vel fere mox convexo, laevigato, nigro, nudo aut plus minus pruinoso, opaco, margine vulgo modice incrassato, non aut leviter prominente, nigro aut primum cinereo-nigricante, nudo aut raro pruinoso, persi- stente aut fere mox excluso. Hypothecium fusco-nigrum, sat crassum, maxima parte irregulariter contextum. Epithe- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 73 cium aeruginoso-fuligineum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, leviter gelatinosae. Asci anguste clavati. Sporae »oblongae ellipsoideaeve, long. O.oio—0.oi6, crass. O.005—O.007 mm» (sec. Nyl.) aut subglobosae globosaeve et diam. O.006 mm. Dislr. »Exceptis regionibus borealibus alpinisque, ubi est rara vel desideratur, est frequens per totum territorium» (sec. Th. Fr., frequen- tius in Ta. sec. Norrl. Bidr. Sydöstr. Tav. Fl. p. 190, frequ. in Tav. Or. sec. Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. p. 116). Praesertim rupes, et lapides saxaque granitoidea incolit. Raro ad lignum (in tecto ligneo in sepulcreto Rossico Viburgi, leg. Vain.) et in rupe calcarea in Europa merid. ¥. fumosa (Hoffm.) Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 230; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 77. Verrucaria fumosa Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. II (1796) p. 190. Palellaria fumosa Hoffm. PI. Lich. (1801) p. 3, tab. 49 fig. 2. Lecidea fumosa Nyl. Obs. Lich. Pyr. Or. (1873) p. 38, Nyl. in Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 204. L. fuscoaira *L. fumosa Nyl. Lich. Paris (1896) p. 92. Thallus intense aut dilutius subfuscescens aut subrufescens testa- ceus, non pruinosus, areolis vulgo contiguis, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia disco nudo. Dislr. In provinciis meridionalibus et mediis haud rara et pluribus locis adhuc in Karelia bor. (Vain. 1. c.), etiam in Lin. ad Köngäs prope Mare glaciale (Vain. 1. c). Thallus vulgo nitidus, rarius opacus, CaCl202 erythrinose tingitur, areolis circ. 2—0.3 mm latis, vulgo angulosis. Conidia »recta, long. 0.007—0.009, crass. O.0005—O.0006 mm» (sec. adn. Nyl., Lich. Paris p. 92). F. fuscoaira (Nyl.) Vain. Lecidea fumosa var. fuscoaira Nyl. in Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 204 (Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 229, Fl. 1869 p. 413). Lecidea dendritica Ach. Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 44 sec. Nyl., sed indeterminabilis (forsan non Verrucaria dendricila Hoffm. PL Lichenos. I, 1790, t. 19 f. 4, pag. 90). L. fuscoatra f. macra subf. fumosa Harm. Cat, Lich. Lorr. (1894) p. 404. Exs. Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1881) n. 664 (hb. Nyl. et Vain.). Thallus subfuscescens, non pruinosus, areolis dispersis aut partim contiguis, hypothallo nigricante. Apothecia disco nudo. Dislr. Locis numerosis in prov. meridionalibus, velut in Alandia, Reg. Aboensi, Nylandia, Karelia Olonetsensi. F. opaca (Schaer.) Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 77. Lecidea fumosa y opaca Schaer. En. Lich. Eur. (1850) p. 110. Exs. Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. XIII (1827) n. 355 B (sec. Schaer. 1. c). — Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. cont. (1921) n. 755 b (a transiens in f. fuscoatram). Thallus subfuscescens, non pruinosus. Apothecia disco pruinoso. 74 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Dislr. AL: Badhusberget in Mariehamn (Vain.), Brändö (H. Hollmen et V. Sederholm). N.: Mejlans prope Helsingforsiam (Vain.). Thallus areolis nitidis, contiguis aut parce dispersis, planis, hypo thallo nigricante. Apothecia disco tenuiter pruinoso. Obs. Lecidea contigua ft leclorum Mass. Ric. Lich. Crost. (1852) p. 75, »thallo fusco, apotheciis atropruinosis» descripta, forsan ad /. apacam pertinet. F. lurgida (Anzi) Vain. Psora fumosa var. turgida Anzi Lich. Langob. Exs. VII (1861) n. 280 (hb. Nyl.), Manip. Lich. (1862) p. 148. Lecidea inlurgescens Nyl. Fl. 1881 p. 186 (hb. Nyl.); Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 206; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 602. Thallus sublurido- aut subbadio-pallescens, areolis bene convexis aut verrucaeformibus, nitidis, non pruinosis. Apothecia disco demum convexo, tenuiter pruinoso. Dislr. Ab.: In summo monte granitico ad Ajonpää in par. Naan tali (Vain.), Muhkurimäki prope Aboam (Vain.). Ta.: Ad lapidem prope Rutalahti in Korpilahti (Vain.). Thallus areolis 1—0.15 mm latis, dispersis aut contiguis, hypo thallo indistincto aut conspicuo nigricanteque. Apothecia lat. 1—0.6 mm. F. scopulorum Vain. Thallus sublurido- aut subbadio-pallescens, areolis bene convexis aut verrucaeformibus, nitidis, non pruinosis. Apothecia disco demum convexo, nigro, nudo. Dislr. N.: In rupe granitica in Kyrkslätt (A. Kullhem), in rupe gneissacea prope Tvärminne (E. Häyren). Ta.: In rupe gneissacea in Asikkala (J. P. Norrlin). Thallus areolis partim dispersis, medulla jodo non caerulescente, hypothallo nigricante. Epithecium olivaceo-fuligineum. Hypothe cium fusco-nigrum, sat tenue. Obs. Specimen ad Kentijärvi in KOn ab A. Kullhem collectum huic formae est proximum, verrucis verruculoso-inaequalibus aut confluentibus, apotheciis tuberculoso-confluentibus, epithecio aeru- ginoso-fuligineo, hypothecio fusco-fuligineo, parti obscuratae verrucae thallinae imposito, medulla jodo non reagente. F.Mosigii (Ach.) Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 230; Th. Fr. 1. c. p. 527; Vain. 1. c. Lecidea fumosa ft Mosigii Ach. Lich. Un. (1810) p. 157 (specim. e Lusatia), Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 12. L. grisella f. Mosigii Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 594 p. p. (non Lecidella Mosigii Koerb. Par. Lich. (1861) p. 201, conf. sub L. obscurissima, Exs. Moug. et Nestl. Stirp. Cr. Vog. V (1815) n. 461 (Mus. Fenn.). — Schaer. Lich. Helv. Exs. XXV (1852) n. 625 (hb. Nyl.). — Hepp Flecht. Eur. III (1853) n. 131 (hb. Vain.). — Lojka Lich. Hung. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 75 Exs. II (1882) n. 72 (hb. Vain.). — Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1883) n. 792 (hb. Vain.). — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. XV (1913) n. 372 (Mus Fenn.). Thallus areolis pallescentibus, planis, non pruinosis. Apothecia disco pruinoso. Dislr. Sat frequenter aut passim in prov. merid. et mediis, velut in Ab., N., St., Ta. (»L. fuscoatra v. grisella» Norrl. Bidr. Sydöstr. Tav. Fl. p. 190), Sa., KLad., KSv., Sb., Kb. (multis locis sec. Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 77). Thallus areolis circ. 1 5—0.3 mm latis, nitidis, angulosis, contiguis, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia lat. 2—0.7 mm, saepe demum convexa. Hypothecium fusco-nigrum, KOH non reagens, parte supe riore jodo caerulescens, hyphis erectis et irregulariter contextis commixtis, strato thallino, gonidiis destituto, jodo non reagenti, impositum. Perithecium extus fusco-fuligineum, KOH non reagens, hyphis 0.004—O.003 mm crassis, sat leptodermaticis, radiato-constipa- tis, conglutinatis, intus impure albidum hyphisque sat irregulariter contextis, conglutinatis. Hymenium circ. O.oeo mm crassum, jodo caerulescens deindeque vinose rubens. Epithecium aeruginoso-fuli- gineum, parum granulosum, KOH non reagens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, simplices, increbre septatae, leviter gelatinosae, crass. 0.0015—0.0038 mm, guttulas oleosas (»microgonidia») saepe continentes, apice parum incrassatae. Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, simplices, ellipsoideae, long. O.oos—O.012, crass. O.005—O.ooe mm, in eodem apothecio etiam glo bosae et diam. O.006 mm. Obs. 1. Lecidea grisella Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 160, Lich. Paris (1896) p. 92, Arn. Lich. Frank. Jur. (1885) p. 161, Nyl. in Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 206, »thallo lurido-albido vel cinerascente, CaCl202 erythrinice rubescente, vix distinguenda nisi sicut varietas a *L. fumosa», majore parte ad f. Mosigii pertinet. Lecidea fumosa v. grisella Floerk. in Flot. Lich. Siles. (1829) n. 141 et 142 in Schaer. En, Lich. Eur. (1850) p. 110 descripta. Conf. L. grisella Arn. Lich. Tirol V (1870) p. 530. Obs. 2. Lecidea grisella f. meiosporiza Nyl. Fl. 1876 p. 239 (Hue Addend. II, 1888, p. 206), thallo albido, opaco, non pruinoso, areolis planis, contiguis, hypothallo indistincto, disco demum convexo, pruinoso, margine pruinoso, conidiis »rectis, long. O.007-—O.oos, crass. 0.0005—O.0006 mm» (sec. adn. Nyl.) instructa est. F. roridella Vain. Exs. Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. cont. (1921) n. 755 a et b. Thallus areolis medio cinereo- aut testaceo-pallescentibus aut testaceo-rufescentibus, praesertim margine tenuiter pruinosis, opacis. Apothecia disco pruinoso. 76 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Dislr. In saxis et rupibus collecta. N.: Helsingforsia (Vain.). Ta.: Hersala in Hollola et Saksala in Padasjoki (Vain.), Evo (Norrl., n. 15281 in hb. Nyl.). Sa.: Mikkeli (Norrl., H. L. F. cont. n. 755). Thallus areolis majoribus minoribusve, contiguis aut dispersis, planis aut concavis aut raro convexis, hypothallo indistincto aut evoluto nigricanteque. Apothecia circ. 1.5—0.3 mm Iata, disco piano aut demum convexo. Obs. Lecidea fuscoaira v. pallescens Fr. Summ. Veg. Scand. (1846) p. 116 et L. fuscoaira y subcontigua Fr. Lich. Eur. Ref. (1831) p. 317 in Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 526 »crusta pallida, opaca» de scripta, p. p. ad hanc forman pertinere videtur. F. retrahens (Nyl.) Vain. L. fuscoaira f. cechumenoides subf. rclrahens (Nyl.) Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 78; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 585. Thallus evanescens, areolis parcissimis, convexis, pallescentibus, tenuiter pruinosis. Apothecia tenuiter pruinosa. Dislr. N.: In scopulo granitico prope Helsingforsiani (Vain.). Nomen a Nyl. datum. Thallus areolis circ. 0.5—0.2 mm latis, opacis, »CaCl202 rubescentibus» (sec. adn. Nyl.), hypothallo in distincto. Apothecia crebra aut partim dispersa, lat. 1.4—0.3 mm, disco convexo, tenuiter pruinoso et p. p. denudato, margine tenui, obscure cinerascente. Obs. F. pauperrima (Nyl.) Vain. (L. fuscoatra var. grisella f. pauperrima Harm 1. c. p. 404, L. pauperrima Nyl. Fl. 1879 p. 220) apotheciis tenuioribus, planis aut rarius demum depresso-convexis, totis pruinosis aut denudatis differt a f. relrahenle, nec in Fennia collecta. F. subecruslacea Falk Östr. Blek. Laffl. (1874) p. 16; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 526. L. fuscoaira f. Mosigii subf. sube cruslacea Vain. 1. c. p. 77. L. grisella f. subecruslacea Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 595. Thallus evanescens, areolis parcissimis, planis aut convexis, pal lescentibus, non pruinosis. Apothecia disco non pruinoso. Dislr. N.: In scopulis et rupibus graniticis prope Helsingforsiam (Vain.), in rupe granitica in summo montis Kuckubacka in Sibbo (Vain.). Thallus areolis circ. 0.8—0.2 mm latis, nitidis, hypothallo indi stincto. Apothecia dispersa aut sat crebra, lat. 0.8—0.3 mm, disco opaco, demum convexo, margine tenui nigricante aut obscure cinera scente F. subconliguella Vain. Exs. Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. VII (1882) n. 302 (Mus. Fenn.). Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 77 Thallus areolis pallescentibus, planis aut concavis, praesertim margine pruinosis. Apothecia disco nudo. Dislr. N.: Supra rupem graniticam in summo montis Kuckubacka in Sibbo (Vain.). Sa.: Supra saxa aprica in Mikkeli (Norrl. 1. c.). Thallus areolis circ. 1—0.5 mm latis, vulgo angulosis, contiguis, tenuiter pruinosis aut partim medio nudis subnitidisque et tantum latere pruinosis, hypothallo nigricante partim conspicuo. Apothecia lat. 1—0.6 mm, disco piano aut demum convexo, margine vulgo ob scure subcinerascente. Obs. Lecidea inlerjecla Nyl. Fl. 1866 p. 418 (Hue Addend. II, 1888, p. 201), ad »L. grisellam Floerk.» in Nyl. Lich. Paris p. 92 (Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. Ill p. 593) ducta, ab ea disco nudo differt et a f. subconliguella distinguitur thallo rimoso-diffracto, albido, hypo thallo indistincto, »epithecio subincolore» (non aeruginoso-fuligineo) quoad specimen n. 15028 e Lusitania. Aliud specimen (n. 15029) in Anglia collectum, ad Lecideam Salweyi Vain. (n. sp.) pertinet, thallo modice incrassato, rimoso, haud areolato, verruculoso-inaequali, glauco-cinerascente, apotheciis 0.5—0.3 mm latis, tenuibus, disco subplano, nigro, nudo, opaco, margine tenui, integro, nigricante, »hypothecio fusco, epithecio subincolore, hymenio jodo caerulescente deindeque vinose rubente, sporis long. O.ooo—O.on, crass. O.ooe—O.007 mm, thallo GaGl202 rubescente» (sec. adn. Nyl.). Hae plantae ad rupes calcareas crescunt. F. cechumenoides Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 77; Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 584. Icon. Galioe Nat. Hist. Dan. Lich. I (1927) pi. 106. Exs. Hepp Flecht. Eur. IX (1860) 11. 492 (hb Vain.). — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1862) n. 191 (hb. Nyl.). - - Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1883) n. 792 (hb. Nyl.). — Arn. Lich. Monac. (1889) n. 112 (hb. Nyl.). — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. XXVI (1917) n. 648 (Mus. Fenn.). " Thallus areolis pallescentibus, planis aut concavis, non pruinosis. Apothecia disco nudo. Distr. Praesertim ad rupes graniticas crescit. Ab.: In saxo gneissaceo prope Itä-Heikkilä Aboae (Vain.) et in Ruissalo (K. Lin kola), Karkkali in Karjalohja (Ch. E. Boldt), Paavola et Kaijola in Lohja (Boldt). N.: Majakallio in Hoglandia (M. Brenner), Helsing forsia (Vain.), Kyrkslätt (A. Kullhem). Ka.: Vanha-Viipuri fumosa f. grisella» Vain. Lich. Vib. p. 67). Sat.: Loimaa (A. J. Malm- gren). Ta.: Kuusto et Mustiala in Tammela (Kullh.), Asikkala (J. P. Norrlin). Sa.: Ristiina (E. Nylander), Savonlinna (O. A. J. Garlenius). KLad.: Ruskeala (Linkola). KOn.: Nihisaari (Kullh.). Thallus areolis contiguis, vulgo leviter nitidis, strato corticali circ. 0.045—0.040 mm crasso, e duabus partibus formato: l:o, parte exteriore, circ. 0,oio mm crassa, decolorata, chondroidea, hyphis sub- 78 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. destructis, conglutinatis, cavitatibus horizontalibus, striis brevibus, angustissimis indicatis; 2:o, parte crassiore, superne pallida, inferne decolorata, hyphis verticalibus, conglutinatis, O.004—O.003 mm crassis cavitatibus brevibus aut subglobosis, O.002—O.0015 mm latis. Hy pothallus indistinctus. Apothecia lat. circ. 2.5—0.6 mm. Gonidia cystococcacea, globosa aut subglobosa. Gonidia filiformia, recta, long. 0.007—0.009, crass. O.0005—O.oooo mm» (sec. adn. Nyl. in n. 15264. conf. etiam Galloe 1. c. f. 252). Obs. In hae forma (in specim. ad Itä-Heikkilä collecta), sicut etiam in f. fumosa (ad Ajonpää collecta) interdum in latere areolarum parce observantur granula thallina, quae heteromerica sunt, in eo a granulis homoeomericis sorediorum differentia, et ad statum inter medium inter granula sorediorum et isidia pertinent, sed vera isidia thallo affixa non formant. 26. L. deusta (Stenh.) Nyl. Flora 1879 p. 206, Nyl in Brenner Bidr Hogl. Lafv. (1885) p. 96; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 184. Lecidea fuscoaira var. deusta Stenh. in Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. XIV (1833) n. 405; Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 229. Lecanora deusta Nyl. Fl. 1872 p. 552, Obs. Lich. Pyr. Or. (1873) p. 23; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 404, 411, 526, 527: Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. VI (1882) n. 297; Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. XVIII (1914) n. 445. Exs. Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. XIV (1833) n. 405 (hb. Nyl.). — Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. VI (1882) n. 297. — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. XVIII (1914) n. 445, XXII (1915) n. 545 (Mus. Fenn.). Thallus modice incrassatus aut sat crassus, primum areo latus, areolis demum subsquamaeformibus, planis aut parcius convexis aut concavis, badiis fuscescentibusve aut rarius fusco-nigricantibus, vulgo nitidis, contiguis aut rarius partim subdispersis, sorediis destitutus, medulla J non reagente, hypothallo nigricante. Apothecia thallo immersa, dein adnata, lat. 0.3—0.7 mm, sat tenuia, basi non constricta, disco piano aut raro demum convexo, nigro, nudo, opaco, margine demum distincto, tenui, non prominente, nigro, nudo, vulgo persistente. Hypothecium albidum pallidumve, hyphis erectis, conglutinatis. Epithecium subrufescens fuscescensve. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, apice clavatae. Asci clavati. Sporae »long. O.oio—0.015, crass. 0.005—O.ooe mm» (sec. adn. Nyl. in Norrl. H. L. F. n. 297). Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 79 Dislr. Locis apricis in rupibus et saxis graniticis, gneissaceis, porphyricis et silaceis sat rare — passim. Al.: Ad Djupviken in Väster-Geta (K. Linkola); in Alandia collecta etiam ab E. Nylander. Ab.: Hirvenluoto (Vain.), Runsala (F. Elfving, Vain.), Iso-Heikkilä et Muhkuramäki (Vain.) prope Aboam, Ispoinen et Luolavuori in Kaarina (Vain.), Ajonpää et Viialanvuori in ins. Luonnonmaa in par. Naantali (Vain.), prope Längvik in Karjalohja (Ch E. Boldt), Kaijola in Lohja (Boldt), Merimasku (P. A. Karsten). N.: Some- rikonvuoret (Vain.), Pohjoiskallio, Purjekallio et Tervamäki in Suur saari v Hoglandia (Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. p. 97), Tvärminne (Elfv.), Toivola (Vain.) et alibi ad Helsingforsiam (Nyl., Vain., Norrl. H. L. F. n. 297), Kyrkslätt (A. Kullhem). Karelia (Nyl.). Ta.: Herala in Hollola (Vain.), Kuus.: In reg. subalp. montis Ukon- vaara (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. I p. 171). KKer : In reg. subalp. montis Kivakka (Vain. 1. c). LKem. (E. Nylander). Areolae thalli circ. 1—0.2 mm latae, angulosae aut rotundatae aut difformes aut demum subsquamaeformes et leviter lobatae adscendentesque, lat. usque ad 2 mm, »KOH addito CaCl202 non reagentes» (sec. adn. Nyl.), strato obductae decolorato, usque ad 0.oi5 mm crasso, ex hyphis formato horizontalibus, conglutinatis, subdestructis, striis oblongis tenuissimis, cavitatem indicantibus, stratum obtegente fuscescenti-testaceum, apicibus hypharum ver- ticalibus, constipatis, conglutinatis, O.003—O.002 mm crassis, sat lep todermaticis. Apothecia dispersa aut partim sat crebra. Perithecium extus intense rufescens aut subfuscescens, hyphis sat tenuibus, radi- antibus, intus albidum, hyphis in KOH visis ramoso-connexis mem- branisque turgescentibus, interdum gonidia continens (quod etiam Nyl. observavit). Hypothecium jodo caerulescens, hyphis in KOH visis ramoso-connexis, membranis gelatinoso-turgescentibus. Hyme nium jodo caerulescens. Epithecium KOH solutionem rufescentem effundens et demum subrubricosum. Paraphyses simplices, increbre septatae, leviter aut parum gelatinosae, circ. O.601 mm crassae, apice clavatae, clava O.002—O.003 mm crassa, subrufescente. Sporae 8:nae, distichae. Conidangia verruculas hemisphaericas, fuligineas formantia. Sterigmata long. O.oio—O.015 mm, apicibus conidia efferen- tibus. Conidia filiformia, fere medio subangulato- aut rotundato- plicata, apicibus ambobus rectis, crass, circ. O.0005 mm, long. O.oio— 0.030 mm (conidia duplo breviora rectaque immixta forsan fragmenta longiorum sunt). Conidia »arcuata long. O.015—O.030 mm», a Nyl. in specim. a Norrl. collectis visa, in hb. suo descripta delineataque sunt. Gonidia cystococcacea. Obs. F. coracinella Vain., areolis fusco-nigricantibus aut fere fuligineis, hypothallo nigro adnatis, apotheciis crebris, diu thallo immersis, demum leviter emergentibus a L. deusta typica differens, 80 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. ad Ajonpää in par. Naantali supra rupes apricas abundanter provenit cum speciminibus magis L. deustae consimilibus. Apothecia lat. 0.3—O.G mm, disco piano, nigro, opaco, margine tenuissimo, nigro. Hypothecium albidum, jodo caerulescens, hyphis erectis. Perithe cium interdum parce gonidia continens, extus fuscum. Hymenium circ. O.055—0.060 mm crassum, jodo caerulescens. Epithecium subcae- rulescenti-nigricans, in eodem apothecio parce etiam fuscescenti- fuligineum, KOH solutionem rufescentem non effundens. Paraphy ses arcte cohaerentes, in KOH sat laxae cohaerentes, parce septatae, crass. O.ooi—O.oois mm, clava O.002 (—O.004) mm, leviter gelatinosae Asci clavati, in apice membrana bene incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, oblongae aut ellipsoideae, interdum septo tenuissimo, decoloratae, long. O.oos—O.013 (—O.015), crass. O.003—O.006 mm Coni dia recta et p. p. rotundato-plicata, filiformia, long. O.028—O.030, crass. 0.0005 mm. Gonidia cystococcacea. Tantum forma sit L. deustae, quamquam habitu L. obscurissimam referens. 27. L. lepidotella Nyl. Flora 1877 p. 223; Nyl. in Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. (1885) p. 117; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 232; Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 879 (sub sect. Psora). Thallus areolatus, areolis 0.6—0.2 mm latis, sat tenuibus, saepe subrotundatis, contigue aggregatis, planis aut conca- viusculis, pallido-badiis vel pallido-rufescentibus, nudis, margine subcinerascentibus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothe cia lat. 0.3—0.56 mm, tenuia, primum thallum non superan- tia, demum emergentia et basi non aut parum constricta, disco piano, sicco nigro, humido fusco, nudo, opaco, margine nigro, nudo, opaco, tenui, integro. Hypothecium pallidum, hyphis erectis. Parathecium fusco-fuligineum. Epithecium pallido-rufescens aut palleseens. Paraphyses arcte cohaeren tes, sat leviter gelatinosae. Sporae »oblongae, long. O.oio—• 0.015, crass. 0.005 mm» (Nyl. 1. c). Dislr. N.: Supra plantas destructas (»Sirosiphon saxicola») in rupe porphyrica in Kotimäki in Suursaari (Hoglandia), Vain. 1875. Parcissime collecta una cum Lecidea fuscocinerea. Affinis est Lecideae deustae, jam parathecio ab ea differens. Areo lis adnatis a Psoris differt. Thallus areolis medio subnitidis, margine subpruinosis, medio strato corticali obductis, circ. O.OÖO mm crasso, zona inferiore pallida, subimpellucida, circ. O.030 mm crassa, hyphis Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 81 erectis, apicibus clavatis, constipatis, O.002 mm crassis, zona superiore pellucida, circ. O.030 mm crassa, decolorata, chondroidea, subdestructa, striis tenuissimis subconspicuus, horizontalibus, ca\ itates cellularum indicantibus. Apothecia crass, circ. O.140 mm, margine discum non aut parum superante, persistente. Hypothecium hyphis conglutina tis, strato medullari thalli myelohyphico, gonidiis destituto imposi tum. Parathecium circ. O.040 mm crassum, hyphis radiantibus, sat tenuibus, membrana modice incrassata, cavitatibus oblongis, circ. O.002 mm latis. Hymenium circ. O.050 mm crassum, »jodo caerulescens (asci praesertim tincti)» sec. Nyl. Epithecium non granulosum. Paraphyses tubulis O.0015 mm crassis, increbre septatis, apicibus 11011 incrassatis. Asci clavati, in apice membrana bene incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, decoloratae, simplices (sec. Nyl.). Gonidia cysto coccacea. The editor found it very difficult to find a proper place for this species in any of the Lecidea sections. Nylander found it related to Lecidea osireala or to L. deusta (Ilogl. Lafv. 1. c). In his manuscript Vainio contested the former view, without stating his own opinion. — In his herbarium this species has the number 3087. Numbers 3981- 3986 are species of the Lecidea elaeochroma section. They cannot be related to this species with its very coherent paraphyses and rather narrow spores. No. 3988 is Lecidea Kiitilensis, and Nos. 3989 and 3990 Lecidea Keirnioeensis and L. deusta, of the Lecidea fuscoatra section. — All the species of this section are directly saxicolous, and they have a dark hypothecium. 28. L. rimiseda Nyl. Flora 1874 p. 226; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 205; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 684. Thallus parce evolutus, areolis sat tenuibus, circ. 0.3—- 0.2 mm latis, planis aut convexis, dispersis aut parce conti guis, pallidis et partim cinerascentibus obscuratisque, CaCl202 non reagentibus, sorediis destitutus, medulla jodo 11011 rea gente, hypothallo indistincto aut passim nigricante. Apothe cia partim in series conferta, lat. 0.8—-0.4 mm, basi leviter constricta, modice incrassata aut sat tenuia, disco piano, laevigato, nigro, opaco, non pruinoso, margine sat tenui, nigro, opaco, non pruinoso, leviter prominente, persistente. Hypothecium fusco-nigrum aut p. p. superne anguste albidum, hyphis erectis. Epithecium fuscum aut fusco-fuligineum. 82 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, leviter gelatinosae. Asci clavati. Sporae »long. O.on—-O.017, crass. O.0045 mm» sec. Nyl., long. O.016, crass. O.007 mm a me visae. Dislr. N.: In saxis granitieis prope Helsingforsiani (Vain.). Intermedia inter L. fuscoatram et L. crusiulatam, colore epithecii ab ambabus differens, sed colore partim pallido affinitatem cum L. fuscoaira ostendens. Hymenium non aeruginosum, crass. circ. 0.060-—0.070 mm, »jodo caerulescens, dein vinose fulvescens» sec. Nyl. Paraphyses increbre septatae, crass. circ. O.oois mm, vix O.002 mm, apice parum incrassatae. Asci in apice membrana modice incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae. Conidia »filiformi-bacillaria, recta, long. O.006—0.009, crass. O.001 mm» sec. adn. Nyl. 29. L. fuscocinerea Nyl. in Nya Botan. Notis. 1852 p. 177 (Fl. 1853 p. 09) sec. spec, origin. Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. XIV (1833) n. 406 c (n. 13050 in hb. Nyl.), Fl. 1881 p. 186, Lich. Paris (1896) p. 92; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 527; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 587. Lecidea airo- alba Fr. I.e., Lich. Eur. Ref. (1831) p. 310 p.p. (nec. Ach., nec Lichen atroalbus L.). L. hydropica Koerb. Par. Lich. 3 Lief. (1861) p. 227 (sec. Th. Fr. Bot. Not. 1867 p. 152). L. gyrizans Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 231, Fl. 1863 p. 307. Aspicilia tenebrosa var. fusco cinerea Boist. N. Fl. Lich. II 1903 p. 146. Exs. Fr. 1. c. XIV (1833) n. 406 c. — Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. IV (1875) n. 200 (hb. Vain.). - - Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1889) n. 1087 (?). — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. XV (1913) n. 373 (hb. Vain.). Thallus modice incrassatus aut sat crassus, areolatus, areolis 0.15—1 mm latis, contiguis, convexis aut depresso- convexis aut primum sat planis, saepe verrucaeformibus, sat laevigatis aut raro demum verrucoso-inaequalibus, cine- reis aut obscure cinereis, sorediis destitutus, medulla KOH bene lutescente, ad ambitum hypothallo bene evoluto, nigri cante. Apothecia inter areolas thalli sita, thallum non supe- rantia aut demum prominentia, vulgo p. p. conferta, lat. 0.3—0.7 mm, basi non constricta, disco piano, nigro, nudo, opaco, subscabrido, margine tenuissimo, leviter prominente, anguloso aut subgyrose flexuoso, nigricante aut obscure cinerascente, nudo. Hypothecium fuscescens, in parte supe riore hyphis erectis, ceterum irregulariter contextis. Perithe- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 83 cium fusco-fuligineum. Epithecium fusco-fuligineum. Asci clavati. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, ramoso-connexae, crebre articulatae. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, globosae aut ellipsoideae, long. 0.004 —0.007, crass. 0.003—O.oos mm (sec. Nyl. »long. O.oio—0.014, crass. 0.007—0.009 mm»). Disir. Ad saxa et rupes praesertim graniticas sat rara, in partibus meridionalibus et mediis Fenniae proveniens. Al.: Ramsholm et Öfverby in Jomala (Vain.), Lemböte in Lemland (Vain.). Ab.: Prope Aboam (Fr. Elfving), Airistonselkä (Räsänen), Hautausmaa, prope Luolavuori, Peltola et Ispoinen in Kaarina (Vain.), Ajonpää in Luonnonmaa in par. Naantali (Vain.). N.: Kotimäki (Vain., Brenner) pluribus locis et Mäkiinpäällys in Suursaari v. Hoglandia (>>L. fuscocinerea var. gyrizans Nyl.» in Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. p. 109), Toivola Helsingforsiae (Vain.), Stansvik (J. P. Norrlin), Degerö (Vain.). Ta.: Evo (Norrl. et Nyl. H. L. F. n. 200). Sa.: Katko in Juva (A. Kullhem). Oa.: »Ad rupes montis Bötomfjället sat frequens» in Bötom (sec. A. J. Malmgren Fort. Lafv. Sat. p. 83). Thallus jodo non reagens, KOH superne non reagens. Hymenium jodo dilutissime caerulescens, dein fulvescenti-rubescens. Epithecium crassum, KOH non reagens. Paraphyses saepe constricte articulatae, apice parum incrassatae. Conidia long. O.ooe—O.007, crass. O.0007 mm, recta, bacilliformia (sec. adn. in hb. Nyl.). Gonidia pleurococcacea, simplicia et parce 2—4 cellulosa. 30. L. somphoterella Vain. (n. sp.). Thallus modice incrassatus aut sat tenuis, areolatus, areolis vulgo minutis planisque, contiguis, cinereis, medulla KOH lutescens, sorediis destitutus. Apothecia parva, lat. 0.3—0.6 mm, primum thallum non superantia, demum leviter prominentia, basi non constricta, disco piano, nigricante, nudo, opaco, margine tenui, intrego, concolore, opaco, nudo. Hypothecium fuscescens, hyphis erectis. Perithecium fusce- scenti-fuligineum. Epithecium fusco-fuligineum. Asci clavati. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, sub globosae aut ellipsoideae, long. O.007, crass. O.004—O.005 mm. Dislr. Supra rupem in Kotimäki in Suursaari (Hoglandia) a. 1875 a me collecta. Affinis est L. fuscocinereae, apotheciis solitariis et thallo ab ea differens. Thallus strato decolorato ex hyphis destructis conglutina tis formato, tenui obductus, parum nitidus, non pruinosus, areolis 84 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. vulpro 0.3—0.4 mm latis, ad ambitum parce majoribus passiin parce depresso-convexis. vulgo laevigatis, hypothallo nigricante passim parce ad ambitum conspicuo. Apothecia KOH solutionem rubricoso- rufescentem effundentia, margine demum subexcluso. Hypothecium aerem inter hyphas non continens. Hymenium circ. O.ioo mm cras sum. Paraphyses leviter gelatinosae, parce ramoso-connexae, apici bus vix incrassatis, crebre leviter constricte articulatae (in KOH visae). Gonidia parce 2—4-cellulosa, pleurococcacea. 31. L. aviaria (n. sp.). Thallus sat tenuis, areolatus, areolis parvis, circ. 0.2—0.6 mm latis, contiguis et parce dispersis, planis, fuscescenti- cinereis, opacis, sat laevigatis, sorediis destitutus, medulla KOH non reagente, hypothallo nigricante. Apothecia inter areolas sita, thallum non superantia, lat. 0.3—0.4 mm, basi non constricta, disco piano, nigro, nudo, opaco, laevigato, vel subcorroso, margine indistincto. Hypothecium fusconi- grum, hyphis erectis. Epithecium aeruginoso- aut partim subolivaceo-nigricans. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, crebre septatae. Asci clavati. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, ellipsoideae oblongaeve, long. O.oio—-0.025, crass. 0.009—O.on mm. Dislr. N.: Supra saxa littoralia aviaria in ins. Bläskär in Inga (W. Brenner). Affinis est L. fuscocinerae, sed sporis majoribus, hypothecio obscuriore et thallo tenuiore ab ea differens. Non satis bene evoluta, quare mihi adhuc dubia videtur, sed oblivioni non tradenda. Thallus KOH parum reagens, nec addito CaCl202 reagens, strato corticali ex apicibus clavatis, obscuratis, constipatis hypharum formato instruc tus, hypothallo nigricante parce ad ambitum et inter areolas conspi cuo. Apothecia non aspicilioidea. Hymenium circ. O.090 mm crassum. Paraphyses sat bene gelatinosae, p. p. leviter constricte articulatae, parce ramoso-connexae, crass. O.ooi—O.0015 mm, apice clavato, obscu- rato, crass. O.003—O.004 mm. Gonidia cystococcacea, majora mino- raque, globosa et subglobosa, raro autosporas circ. 6 continentia. 32. L. intumescens (Floerke) Nyl. Herb. Lich. Par. II (1855) n. 58, Prodr. Lich. Gall. (1857) p. 373 (127), Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 231; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 528; Arn. Lich. Tirol XXIII (1887) p. 92, XXV (1893) p. 367, Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. So XXVIII (1896) p. 120; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 209; Zopf Hedw. 1896 p. 333, 335; Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 601. Lecidea petraea var. iniumescens Floerk. apud Flot. Fl. 1828 p. 690. L. (atro- alba) var. iniumescens Flot. Lich. Schles. (1829) p. 8 (n. 175). L. confervoides f iniumescens Schaer. En. Lich. Eur. (1850) p. 113. L. insularis Nyl, N. Bot. Not. 1852 p. 177, tab. I f. 8 b; Tuck. Syn. North Am. Lich. II (1888) p. 76. Lecidella Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 239, Par. Lich. 3 Lief. (1861) p. 202, yesolechia iniu mescens (Rehm) Sacc. Syll. Fung. XVIII (1906) p. 171. Exs. Flot. Lich. Schles. (1829) n. 175. — Leight. Lich. Brit. Exs. V (1854) n. 161. — Nyl. Flerb. Lich Par. II (1855) n. 58. — Hepp Flecht. Eur. V (1857) n. 258. - - Mudd Lich. Brit. Exs. II (1861) n. 174. — Anzi Lich. Langob. Exs. VIII (1863) n. 330. — Rabenh. Lich. Eur. Exs. XXVI I (1865) n. 749. — Erb. Cr. Ital. XXVIII (1866) n. 330 (1390). — Lojka Lich. Hung. Exs. II (1882) n. 76 (hb. Vain.). — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1882) n. 942 (hb. Vain.), 1658 (hb. Nyl ). — Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1882) n. 724 (hb. Vain,). Sec. Arn. Lich. Frank. Jur. (Fl. 1884) p. 160. Thallus primum parasiticus supra thallum Lecanorae, areolatus et verrucosus, modice incrassatus aut crassus, areo lis verrucosis, verrucis 0.3—0.15 mm latis, fere contiguis, cinereo-fuscescentibus, sorediis destitutus, medulla KOH non reagente, hypothallo nigro limitatus. Apothecia thallum non superantia, crebra aut parce nonnulla conferta, lat. 0.3—0.7 mm, basi non constricta, disco piano, nigro, nudo, laevigato, margine tenuissimo aut demum indistincto, nigro, nudo. Hypothecium fuscescens, in parte superiore hyphis erectis. Perithecium fusco-fuligineum. Epithecium fuscum. Asci clavati. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, parce ramoso- connexae, crebre articulatae. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, ellipsoi deae et subglobosae, long. 0.007 —O.012, crass. O.005—0.006 mm. Dislr. Locis apricis supra rupes et scopulos graniticos (gneis- saceos) et syeniticos in partibus meridionalibus et mediis rara in Fennia. AL: Pantsarnäs in Geta (K. Linkola), Kallas (A. Wahlberg). Ab.: Vittakari prope Aboam (Räsänen). Kultaranta (Vain., Räsänen). N.: Somerikonvuoret in Suursaari v. Hoglandia (Vain.), Degerö prope Helsingforsiani (Vain.), Munkkulla in Kyrkslätt (A. Kullhem). Ta.: Tammela (Kullh.), Sääksmäki (Kulin.), Kalkkinen in Asikkala (F. Silen, Norrl. Bidr. Sydöstr. Tav. Fl. p. 191). KLad.: Linnamäki in Kurkijoki (V. Räsänen). KOn.: Klimski (Kullh., »L. insularis» Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 186), »supra saxa dioritica locis apricis ad 86 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV Sunnu, Schungu et Asheb» (»L. insularis» Norrl. Fl. Kar. Oneg. II p. 44). Supra Lecanoram sordidam et sec. Zopf (Hedwigia 1896 p. 335) raro etiam supra Lecanoram sulphuream primum crescit, sed matri- cem lecanorinam demum destruit, ita ut Lecanora tantum substra tum organicum emortuum nigricans inter rupem et Lecideam iniu- mescentern bene vigentem format. Ad ambitum partes novellae thalli et hypothallus niger L. inlumesceniis saepe supra thallum adhuc vigentem Lecanorae observatur. Restat perscrutari, an etiam gonidia e thallo matricis usurpet, sicut Arihonia physciae facit (quod distincte observavi et in Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai p. 153 descripsi). — Thallus saepe maculas rotundatas in thallo Lecanorae sordidae formans, verrucis non pruinosis, parum nitidis, medulla jodo non reagente. Apothecia saepe angulosa difformiave, lateribus verrucarum thalli affixa, inter verrucas sita, disco haud distincte nitido. Hymenium jodo non aut levissime caerulescens, dein ful- vescenti-rubescens. Sporae guttulas oleosas saepe continentes. Gonidia cystococcacea, globosa, vulgo simplicia, interdum 6 auto- sporas continentia. 33. Lecidea hirvellä Nyl.1). Nyl. apud Mudd Manual (1861) p. 207. Th. Fries Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 530. Vainio Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 84. Brenner Hoglands Lafvar (1885) p. 110. Elenkin Lich. Flor. Ross. Med. III— IV (1911) p. 411. A. L. Smith Mon. Brit. Lich. (1926) p. 103. Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. vol. III (1925) p. 578. Lecidea furvula Nyl. Addenda nova, Flora (1866) p. 418. Lecidea spongiosula Nyl. Addenda nova, Flora 1867 p. 372. Brenner Hoglands Lafvar (1885) p. 118. Tab. III, fig. 2. Exs. Magnusson Lich. sel. scand. (1927) No. 11. Planta interdum supra thallum aliorum lichenum cre scens. Thallus effusus, crassus vel crassiusculus, laxe adhaerens, mollis, diffracto-areolatus, areolae diam. 0.3—0.7 mm, rotundatae vel crenulato-angulatae, verrucosae, g r a n u la i o - j u r f n rae eae vel isidioideae, facile deinde pro parte decorticatae, opacae, obscure olivaceo-fuscae vel nigrescentes, madefactae immutatae. Saepe st eri li s. Apothecia diam. 0.4—0.7, rarius usque ad 1 mm, adpressa et late adfixa, sed thallum superan- 1) By B. Lynge. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 87 tia, crenata vel varie angulata. Discus planus, ater, epruino- sus, laevigatus vel deinde plus minusve scabrosus, margine elevato, flexuoso, nitido, persistenti circumdatus. Excipu lum nigricans, cum hypothecio confluens, hypothecium sor- dide fusco-nigricans. Hymenium 100—120 ju altum, pallide fuscescens, superne fusco-fuligineum. Epithecium granulo sum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, valde indistinctae, crebre divergenter ramosae, versus apicem leviter solum incrassatae. Asci clavati, 16—20 /< crassi, octospori. Sporae (saepe late) ellipsoideae, 10—14 x 6—7 u (Th. Fries Lich. Scand. p. 530: 11—16 x 6—-9 /u, Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp, p. 84: 10—11 x 6 fx). Pycnides ignotae. Medulla J -r-, KOH -r-, GaCl202 -f-. Hymenium J e caeruleo fuligineum vel sordide obscure vinosum. Hypothe cium KOH fuscescens, etiam cum hypothecio. Distr. In lateribus saxorum duriorum locis apricis ventosis cre scit. Ostrob. in regione infralapponica ad Lapinsalmi et Selkä- saari in par. Kuhmo (Vain.). Simpsiö in Lapua (Räsänen). Kuus: in regione subalpina montium Ukonvaara, Nuorunen et Mänty- tunturi (Vain.). Lapp. Inar.: in regione pinifera in monte Ruoptuin- vaara (Vain.). Tavastia austr.: Evois (Norrl.) et Luhanka (Vain.). Nylandia: Helsingfors (Lang), Kyrkslätt (Kullh., Lang.). Karelia bor.: Nurmes (Vain.). Karelia austr.: Hogland (Brenner). Karelia oneg.: Tiudie (Norrl.). 34. L. trochodes (Tayl.) Cromb. Lich. Brit. (1870) p. 94; Leight. Lich. Great Brit. (1871) p. 257, 3 ed. (1879) p. 250; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 531; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 83; Harm. Cat. Lich. Lorr. (1898) p. 398; Elenk. Lich. Ross. Med. 3—4 (1911) p. 411; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 711. Opegrapha saxigena var. trochodes Tayl. ex Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, XIII (1854) p. 93. Bimularia limborina Nyl. Fl. 1868 p. 346; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 312. Leci dea limborina Lamy Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. (1878) p. 457; A. L. Smith Mon. Br. Lich. II (1911) p. 81. Lecidea inconcinna Nyl. Fl. 1872 p. 357: Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 188. Exs. Havaas Lich. Norv. Exs. (1914) n. 471 (»var. nitjrita Th. Fr.», Mus. Fenn.). 88 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Thallus tenuissimus aut modice incrassatus aut sat cras sus, vulgo areolatus, areolis contiguis aut dispersis, planis aut depresso-convexis, fuseescentibus aut cinerascentibus (aut nigricantibus sec. Th. Fr.) aut albidis, opacis, sorediis desti tutus, hypothallo nigro plus minus conspicuo. Apothecia dispersa aut raro crebra, lat. 0.2—0.5 mm, nigra, nuda, opaca, disco rimaeformi-annulari inter marginem et columel- lam vel excrescentiam hypothecialem leviter prominentem, margine incurvo, modice incrassato, vulgo prominente, saepe leviter flexuoso vel subcrenato. Hypothecium fuscescens aut rubricoso-fuscescens. Epithecium fuscescens (aut raro oli- vaceo-fuscescens). Paraphyses gelatinosae, parce evolutae, tubulis tenuissimis, ramoso-connexis. Sporae ellipsoideae, long. 0.012—O.oie (—0.022), crass. 0.006—O.oio (—O.013) mm (sec. Nyl. long. O.018—O.030, crass. O.011—O.016 mm), saepe demum fumoso-obscuratae aut nigricantes. Var. limborina (Nyl.) Vain. Rimularia limborina Nyl. Fl. 1868 p. 347; Flue 1. c. Lecidea subgijralula Nyl. Fl. 1873 p. 296; Hue 1. c. p. 212; A. L. Smith Mon. Brit. Lich. II (1911) p. 82. L. trochodes var. subgijralula Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 83. L. inferior f. subgyrosa Nyl. in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lapp. (1873) p. 339 (nomen nudum); Stizenb. Ind. Lich. Hyperb. (1876) p. 46. Thallus tenuissimus, fuscescens aut nigrescens aut cinerascens. Distr. AL: Ad rupem graniticam in Badhusberget in Marie- hamn (Vain., f. nigrila Th. Fr.). N.: Ad rupem porphyricam in Kotikallio in Hoglandia (»L. trochodes» sec. Nyl. in Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. [). 105). Ta.: Tolsola in Tammela (A. Kullhem sec. Th. Fr. 1. c). Kuus.: Ad rupem dioriticam in regione subalpina montis Nuorunen (»v. subgijralula» Vain. 1. c.). LKem.: In monte Sammaltunturi in Kittilä (»L. inferior f. subgyrosa» sec. Nyl. in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lapp. p. 339). Apothecia adnata, basi non constricta, columella centrali, nigro, prominente aut interdum discum non superante. Hypothecium fuscescens, KOH non reagens, hyphis sat irregulariter contextis. Perithecium fusco-fuligineum, KOH non reagens. Hymenium circ. 0.070 mm crassum, jodo sat dilute caerulescens, dein intense vinose rubens. F^pithecium fuscescens vel fusco-nigrum, KOH non reagens. Asci late clavati aut subventricosi, in apice membrana bene aut mo dice incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, ellipsoideae aut p. p. sub globosae, long. O.012—O.oio, crass. O.ooe—O.009 mm aut subglobosae, long. O.ou et crass. O.009 mm (aut sec. Nyl. etiam majores, »long. Acta Soeietatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 89 35. L. griseonigricans Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. Ill; Oliv. Bull. Geogr. Bot. XXV (1915) p. 118, 170; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 596. Tab. IV, fig. 2. Thallus sat tenuis aut modice incrassatus, crebre areolato- diffractus, areolis circ. O.15—O.25 mm latis, angulosis, con tiguis, planis, fuseescentibus aut obscure cinerascentibus (aut alutaceo-pallescentibus in f. Repolensi), opacis, non pruinosis, laevigatis, hypothallo nigricante, bene distincto. Apothecia sat crebra, primum thallo immersa, jam primo immarginata, disco demum prominente, convexo, nigro, nudo, lat. 0.3—0.8 mm. Hypothecium comparate crassum, 0.018—0.030, crass. O.on—O.ois mm» in »L. infer lore f. subgyrosa Nyl.» in n. 13078 et 13079). Conidia »cylindrica, recta, long O.ooss—O.0045, crass. 0.0005—O.0006 mm» (sec. adn. Nyl. in 11. 13078). Conidia globosa, diam. circ. O.oio—O.012 mm, cystococcacea. Var. eupsoides Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 83. Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 711. Thallus sat crassus, areolatus aut rimoso-areolatus, fusco-nigri- cans. Dislr. Kuus.: Ad rupem dioriticam in reg. subalp. montis Ii- vaara. Thallus areolis contiguis, vulgo planis, opacis, partim tenuior et subcontinuus (status in v. limborinam transiens). Apothecia primum innata, dein emergentia adnataque, basi non constricta, partibus obscuratis rubricoso-fuscescentibus aut subpurpureo-fuscescentibus, KOH distinctius purpureis. Hypothecium sat irregulariter contex- tum. Hymenium circ. O.OGO mm crassum, jodo dilute caerulescens, dein vinose rubens. Asci sat late clavati. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, ellipsoideae, long. O.012—O.022, crass. O.007—O.013 mm, decoloratae aut demum fumoso-obscuratae nigricantesve. Obs. Lecidea trochodes var. Hardangeriana Vain. (Havaas Bergens Museums Aarbog 1909 n. 1, p. 30) thallo crasso aut sat crasso, areo- lato-disperso aut rimuloso, albo, opaco, KOH non reagente, apothe ciis adnatis, demum basi leviter constrictis, habitu sicut in L. trochode, hypothecio fusco, KOH non reagente, epithecio olivaceo aut fusce- scente, KOH non reagente, paraphysibus increbre ramoso-connexis, gelatinosis, sporis 16x7 //, instructa est. Ad Granvin in Norvegia a J. J. Havaas collecta est. 90 E. A. }'ainio, Lichenographia Fennica JA fusco- aut subrubrieoso-nigricans, in parte superiore hyphis suberectis. Perithecium tenue, extus fusco-nigricans. Epi thecium fusco- aut olivaceo-nigricans. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, sat crassae, leviter gelatinosae. Sporae ellipsoi deae aut breviter ellipsoideae, long. O.007—-O.oio, crass. O.004— 0.006 mm. Dislr. Kb.: Ad saxa dioritica littoralia in ins. Kynsisaari lacus Pielisjärvi (Vain. I.e.). Kuus.: Ad saxa subinundata dioritica in rivulo Kiekkipuro prope Paanajärvi (Vain. 1. c). Buelliam alralam in memoriam revocans, sed affinis L. exienuatae. Thallus sorediis destitutus, nec jodo, nec KOH, nec CaCl202 reagens. Apothecia KOH non reagentia, basi non constricta, disco laevigato, leviter nitido aut opaco. Hypothecium fusco-nigrum aut passim parce subrubricoso-fusconigrum, hyphis conglutinatis, in parte supe riore sat erectis, in parte inferiore sat irregulariter contextis, hypothe cium subhymeniale rufescens, tenuissimum, parum distinctum. Perithecium fusco-nigrum, crass. O.030—O.040 mm. Hymenium O.040— 0.050 mm crassum, jodo caerulescens, ascis impure vinose rubentibus. Paraphyses simplices et p. p. parce furcatae, crass. O.0015—O.0017 mm, apicibus parum incrassatis, gelatina obscurata obvolutis clavam 0.0025—0.004 mm crassam formantibus. Asci clavati. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, decoloratae, simplices. F. Repolensis Vain. Thallus alutaceo-pallescens. Dislr. Kb.: Ad rupem dioriticam in littore lacus Koroppi in Repola (in Karelia Onegensi) a. 1875 legi. Ob colorem thalli est quasi autonoma species, sed in fissura rupis iisdem thallus continuatus colorem cinerascentem obtinuit, transitum in L. griseonigricanlem indicans. Etiam L. Salakuntensem in memo riam revocans, sed apotheciis majoribus ab ea differens. 36. L. plumbeoatra Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 82; Oliv. Bull. Geogr. Bot. XXV (1915) p. 166; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 671. Exs. Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. XXXVIII (1925) n. 947. Thallus sat tenuis, areolatus, areolis minutis, circ. 0.15— 0.3 mm latis, angulosis, contiguis, planis, cinereis, opacis, non pruinosis, laevigatis, hypothallo nigro parum conspicuo. Apothecia crebra aut sat crebra, thallo immersa, jam primo immarginata, disco demum prominente, convexo, nigro, nudo, opaco, lat. 0.3—-O.5 (—0.7) mm. Hypothecium corn- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 91 parate crassum, fuscescenti- et subrubricoso-nigricans, in parte superiore hyphis suberectis. Perithecium tenue, fuli gineum. Epithecium aeruginoso-nigricans. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, sat crassae, leviter gelatinosae. Sporae oblongae aut ellipsoideae, long. 0.009—0.012, crass. O.004—O.005 mm. Dislr. Kb.: Ad saxa granitica littoralia in ins. Kynsisaari lacus Pielisjärvi (Vain. 1. c). Proxime affinis est L. griseonigricanli, sed non sit ejus subspecies aut variatio, ab ea differens thallo cinereo, hypothallo parum con- spicuo, epithecio aeruginoso-nigricante et hypothecio KOH pur- purascente. Thallus sorediis destitutus, nec jodo, nec KOH reagens. Apothecia basi non constricta, disco laevigato. Hypothecium in ferne hyphis irregulariter contextis, KOH primum pulchre purpu- rascens, hypothecium subhymeniale tenue, rufescens aut subrubri- cosum, KOH purpurascens. Perithecium aeruginoso-fuligineum, KOH sordidescens. Hymenium circ. O.050 mm crassum, »jodo intense caerulescens, dein ascis vinose rubentibus» (Vain. 1. c. p. 83). Para physes simplices, crass. O.0015 mm aut paullo tenuiores, apice aeru- ginoso-nigricantes, O.003 mm crasso, increbre septatae, gelatina liynie- niali in KOH turgescente. Epithecium KOH subolivaceum. Asci clavati, in apice membrana sat bene incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, simplices, decolores. 37. L. fuscoferruginea Vain. (n. sp.). Thallus crassus aut sat crassus, areolato-diffractus, areolis circ. 2.5—0.2 mm latis, angulosis, contiguis, planis, subferru- gineo-fuscescentibus, opacis, non pruinosis, hypothallo in distincto. Apothecia partim sat crebra, primum thallo im mersa, jam primo immarginata, demum prominentia aut vulgo disco solo prominente, convexo, nigro, nudo, lat. 0.3—1.2 mm. Hypothecium comparate crassum, fusco-nigrum, partim rubricoso-nigricans, in parte superiore hyphis erectis. Perithecium tenue, fusco-nigrum. Epithecium fusco-nigrum, tenue, partim dilutescens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, sat crassae, leviter gelatinosae. Sporae ellipsoideae oblon- gaeve, long. O.oio—O.014, crass. O.004—0.006 mm. Distr. Kb.: Ad lapidem graniticam in littore cataractae prope Lieksa (Vain. 1875). Colore thalli crassioris et hypothallo non disthicto differt a L. griseonigricante. — Thallus sat laevigatus, demum substrato laxe 92 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica. IV. affixus, nec jodo, nec KOH reagens, sorediis destitutus. Apothecia KOH non reagentia, basi non constricta, disco laevigato, opaco. Hypothecium hyphis conglutinatis, in parte inferiore irregulariter contextis, hypothecium subhymeniale vix distinctum. Perithecium extus fusco-nigrum, intus dilutescens, hyphis radiantibus, tenuibus, membranis modice incrassatis, conglutinatis, cavitatibus angustis, oblongis. Hymenium circ. O.oso mm crassum. Paraphyses simplices, crass. O.ooiD—O.002 mm, apicibus non incrassatis. Gonidia cysto- coccacea, tantum simplicia visa. 38. L. Keimioeensis Vain. (n. sp.). Thallus tenuis, areolatus, areolis minutis, circ. 0.2—-0.4 mm latis, angulosis, contiguis aut raro partim leviter dis persis, planis aut sat planis, medio rufescenti-pallidis, mar gine vulgo angustissime cinereo-limbatis subpruinosisque, hypothallo nigro passim inter areolas conspicuo. Apothecia dispersa, thallo immersa, lat. 0.4—0.7 mm, disco nigro, nudo, opaco, margine tenuissimo, integro, obscure cinerascente, distincto aut deficiente. Hypothecium fusco-fuligineum, superne hyphis suberectis, inferne irregulariter contextis, hypothecium subhymeniale albidum, hyphis suberectis. Perithecium fuligineum. Epithecium aeruginoso- aut partim (submorbose) fusco-fuligineum. Paraphyses sat laxe cohaeren tes, parum gelatinosae, tenuissimae, apice clavato-incrassatae. Sporae ellipsoideae, long. circ. O.oio—0.012, crass. O.005—0.006 mm (parce visae). LKem.: Ad rupem dioritieam in Keimiötunturi in Kittilä (L. Kari). Praesertim apotheciis majoribus differt a L. extenuatae. Thallus sorediis destitutus, nec jodo, nec CaCl202, nec KOH reagens. Hy pothallus interdum rimulosus (sicut in L. praenubila). Apothecia non emergentia, basi non constricta, KOH parum reagentia, lecideina et perithecio fuligineo instructa. Hymenium circ. O.045—O.050 mm crassum, jodo intense persistenter caerulescens. Paraphyses nequi- dem in KOH distinctius gelatinosae, simplices, haud distincte septatae, O.001 mm crassae, apice vulgo aeruginoso-fuligineo-cla- vatae, clava circ. O.003—O.005 mm crassa. Asci clavati, in apice mem brana modice incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae. Vainio had just recognized this plant as a new species, and named it when he was brought to his death-bed. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 93 Habitually the plant resembles Lecidea exlenuata, from which it differs in its larger areolae, more elevated and larger apothecia, and especially in its dark hypothecium. The editor refers it to the Lecidea fuscoaira section (Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II p. 525). It differs from Lecidea fuscoaira in its smaller and more appressed apothecia, its thinner thallus, and smaller areolae. The editor was unable to obtain any reaction with GaCl202. 39. L. Mosigii (Hepp) Anzi. Manip. Lich. (1862) p. 27 (156); Jatta Fl. It. Crypt. Lich. (1911) p. 600 Lecidella Mosigii Koerb. Par. Lich. 3 Lief. (1861) p. 201 [Bialora Hepp); Arn. Lich. Tirol XIII (1874) p. 10 (240), XIV (1875) p. 443. Lecidea lenebrosa *obscurissima Nyl. Circa Lich. Arm. Delph. (1863) p. 399. L. obscurissima Nyl. Fl. 1872 p. 553, Obs. Lich. Pyr. Or. (1873) p. 24, Lich. Pyr. Or. (1891) p. 48; Lamy Exp. Lich. Caut. (1884) p. 86; Arn. Lich.'Tirol XXIV (1889) p. 255. Lecidea impavida Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 529 (sec. Jatta 1. c), conf. infra. Exs. Anzi Lich. Lang. Exs. IV (1861) n. 153 (sec. Stizenb. Lich. Helv. p. 194 et Jatta I.e.). - - Arn. Lich. Exs. (1873) n. 552 (hb. Nyl.), (1880) n. 843 (hb Vain.), (1893) n. 1586 (hb. Vain.). — Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1881) n. 667 (hb. Vain.). Thallus sat tenuis, areolato-diffractus, areolis circ. 0.2 0.3 (—0.7) mm latis, angulosis, contiguis, planis, obscure cinereis, opacis, non pruinosis, laevigatis, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo nigro. Apothecia dispersa aut partim crebra, primum thallo immersa, dein emergentia adnatave, basi non constricta, lat. 0.3—0.4 (—0.7) mm, disco piano aut demum convexo vel depresso-convexo, nigro, nudo, opaco, laevigato, immarginato aut raro primum margine tenuissimo, nigro, opaco, integro, non (aut leviter) prominente. Hypothecium rubricoso-rufescens, hyphis erectis. Epithecium aeruginoso- fuligineum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Asci clavati. Sporae ellipsoideae, »long. O.ooo—O.012, crass. O.006—O.oos mm» (sec. adn. Nyl.). Dislr. Vainio had not stated its distribution in the manuscript. The editor found it impossible to do it after his herbarium, i. a. for fear of confusion with Lecidea fuscoaira f. Mosigii. In specimine orig. L. obscurissimae (e La Grave, n. 14054 in hb. Nyl.) apothecia demum adnata, disco demum convexo, margine ai E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV primum tenuissimo, dein mox excluso. Paraphyses simplices, leviter gelatinosae, sat increbre septatae, crass. O.0015—O.001 mm, apice leviter incrassatae. Asci in apice membrana modice incrassata. Hymenium crass. 0.060 mm. Sporae 8:nae. distichae. In specim. e Pic du Midi, n. 14052 »hymenium jodo intense caerulescens, sterigmata 2—3- articulata, conidia bacilliformia, recta, long. O.0035, crass. O.0007 mm» (sec. adn. Nylandri): In ambobus thallus humidus obscure cinereus, nec fuscescens. — L. Mosigii in Zwackh Lich. Exs. n. 667 (in alpibus Bormensibus ab Anzi coll.) habitu omnino similis est L. obscurissi- mae Nyl. Diversa est L. fumosa (L. fuscoatra) Ach. var. Mosigii Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 157. - - In Arn. Lich. Exs. n. 552 (»Lecidella Mosigii») areolae thalli albidae (humidae glaucescenti-cinereo- albidae), depresso-convexae, supra hypothallum nigrum dispersae, jodo non reagentes, in strato corticali tenuissimo hyphis erectis, constipatis, apice olivaceis aut pallidis, strato hyalino subdestructae subevanescente obductae. Perithecium olivaceo-fuligineum in apo theciis junioribus distinctum, hyphis radiantibus, tenuibus. Epithe cium sordide aeruginoso- aut subolivaceo-fuligineum. Hypothecium rufescens aut subfulvo-rufescens. Nominetur f. somphoteriza Vain. Obs. 1. Lecidea impavida Th. Fr. Lich. Spitsb. (1867) p. 42, Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 529, »thallo nigricante vel obscure badio, subnitido» descripta, Lecideae Mosigii non congruens. Obs. 2. Aspicilia morioides Blomb. in Arn. Lich. Exs. (1881) n. 904 (in hb. Nyl.), (1884) n. 1044, (1898) n. 1044 b, Lich. Tirol XXII (1886) p. 78, XXIII (1887) p. 93, facie externa subsimilis est Lecideae Mosigii, sed ab ea distinguitur thallo saltern humido aeneo- rufescente, sicco p. p. cinerascente, p. p. aeneo-rufescente, apotheciis constanter thallo immersis, hypothecio pallido aut albescente (hypo thallo fuscescenti imposito), hymenio superiore pulchre aeruginoso, epithecio aeruginoso-fuligineo. 40. L. extenuata Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 78; Oliv. in Bull. Geogr. Bot. XXV (1915) p. 111; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 577. Tab. I, fig. 3. Thallus tenuis, areolatus, areolis minutis, circ. 0.2—0.3 mm latis, angulosis, contiguis aut raro partim dispersis, leviter concavis aut planis, fuseescentibus aut subtestaceis aut raro subcinerascentibus, margine saepe angustissime caesio-cinereo, hypothallo nigro passim inter areolas conspicuo. Apothecia crebra aut dispersa, thallo immersa, immarginata aut pri- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 95 mum tenuissime marginata, disco nigro nudoque aut tenuis- sime pruinoso, piano, circ. 0.1—0.15 mm lato. Hypothecium fuscescens aut parte superiore albidum, hyphis irregulariter contextis, hypothecium subhymeniale albidum, hyphis sub erectis. Perithecium aeruginoso- aut olivaceo-fuligineum, KOH non reagens. Epithecium aeruginoso-fuligineum aut aeruginoso-nigricans. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, sat crassae, leviter gelatinosae. Sporae ellipsoideae, long. O.oos—- 0.009, crass. 0.005 mm. Disir. Ab.: Ispoinen in Kaarina (Vain.), Katariinanlaakso in Kaarina (Vain.). Li.: Suoselkä in rupe granitica (Vain.). In stirpem L. Mosigii pertinet. Thallus sorediis destitutus, nec jodo, nec KOH reagens. Apothecia non emergentia, basi non con stricta, KOFI non reagentia, lecideina et perithecio fuligineo in structa, quamquam habitu aspicilioidea. Hymenium O.040—0.045 mm crassum, jodo caerulescens, dein vinose rubens (sec. Vain. 1. c). Paraphyses leviter gelatinosae, simplices et p. p. parce ramoso-con nexae, crass. 0.0015 mm, apice 0.co2—O.oos mm. Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, simplices. 41. L. Satakuntensis Vain. (n. sp.). Thallus sat tenuis, areolato-diffractus, areolis circ. 0.2— 0.25 (—0.5) mm latis, angulosis aut difformibus, contiguis, planis, griseo-rufescentibus, opacis, non pruinosis, laevigatis, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia partim crebra, thallo immersa aut demum parum prominentia, basi non constricta, lat. 0.25—-0.35 mm, disco piano aut planius- culo, thallum vulgo aequante, nigro, nudo, opaco, laevigato, immarginata aut raro margine nigro, tenuissimo, subincon- spicuo. Hypothecium rubricoso-rufescens, in parte superiore hyphis erectis. Epithecium subolivaceo-nigricans. Paraphy ses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae »ellipsoideae, long. 0.009—-O.on, crass. 0.005—0.006 mm» (sec. adn. Nyl.). Dislr. St.: Ad saxum graniticum in Siikainen (A. J. Malmgren, Fört. Lafv. Satak., 1861, p. 83: »L. iniumescens» sec det. Nyl.). Hoc nomine designavi plantam a Nyl. in Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 231 his verbis commemoratam: »L. iniumescens forma thallo aequali, apotheciis innatis, lecta a cl. A. J. Malmgren», de qua in Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 529 dicitur: »Vix huc» (ad L. inlume- 90 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. sceniem) »pertinet, sed non nihil abnormis videtur». Nihil abnormis ostendit, sed planta proxima Lecideae Mosigii Anzi, colore thalli griseo-rufescente ab ea differens. Perithecium rubricoso-fuligineum, hyphis tenuibus, conglutinatis. Hymenium circ. O.040 mm crassum, »jodo caerulescens, dein violascens» (sec. adn. Nyl.). Paraphyses simplices, increbre septatae, non constrictae, apice parum incrassa tae, non distincte gelatinosae, sat tenues. Asci clavati. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, simplices, decolores, guttulam oleosam continentes (sec. adn. Nyl.). Thallus strato corticali non evoluto, medulla KOFI non reagente. Gonidia cystococcacea, globosa, interdum autosporas numerosas continentia. Obs. Lecidea umbonaiiila Nyl. Fl. 1872 p. 365 et in Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. (1885) p. 106, Hue Addend II (1888) p. 211 et 336, Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1025) p. 714, proxima est Lecanorae (jispiciliae) Bockii Rodig. Sect. Lecidea atrobrunnea. Thallus areolatus, plus minusve intense fuscus, hypothe cium fuscescens vel fuligineum. Medulla J caerulescens. Species saxicolae. 42. L. atrobrunnea (Ram.) Schaer. Lich. Helv. Spic. III (1828) p. 134, En. Lich. Eur. (1850) p. 109; Fr. Lich. Eur. Hef. (1831) p. 319; Nyl. Prodr. Lich. Gall. (1857) p. 379 (133); Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 218, Lich. Spitsb. (1867) p. 41, Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 481; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 203; Tuck. Syn. North Am. Lich. II (1888) p. 74; Vain. Lich. Gauc. (1899) p. 324, Exp. Antarct. I3elge Lich. (1903) p. 33; Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 522. Rhizocarpon airobrunneum (Ram.) DC, ¥\. Fr. ed. 3, II (1805) p. 367. Psora atrobrunnea Mass. Ric. Lich. (1852) p. 92, Arn. Lich. Tirol XXIII (1887) p. 112. Lecidella Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 239. Lecidea fuscoaira ji gibba Wahlenb Fl. Lapp. (1812) p. 473 (sec. Th. Fr.), non Ach. Svn. Lich. (1814) p. 12. Exs. Schaer. Lich. Helv. Exs. XVIII (1842) n. 444 (Lynge). — Rabenh. Lich. Eur. Exs. XV (1859) n. 439 (Mus. Fenn.). -- Arn. Lich. Exs. (1888) n. 1390 (»var. lejjrosolirnbata», hb. Nyl.). Thallus crassus aut sat crassus, areolatus, areolis conti guis aut supra hypothallum nigrum dispersis, convexis aut planis, testaceo- aut cinereo-fuscescentibus aut isabellinis, haud raro tenuiter subalbido- aut subcinereo-marginatis, Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. (.)7 7 sorediis destitutus, medulla jodo caerulescente. Apothecia adnata, lat. 1.2—0.6 (—1.5) mm, demum sat crassa aut mo dice incrassata, basi demum leviter constricta, disco piano aut vulgo demum convexo, nigro, nudo, opaco, margine sat tenui aut modice incrassato, nigro, nudo, opaco, subpersi- stente aut demum excluso. Hypothecium dilute aut partim intense fuscescens (»aut incoloratum» sec. Th. Fr.), hyphis erectis, conglutinatis. Hymenium superius aeruginosum, epithecio aeruginoso-fuligineo. Paraphyses arcte cohaeren tes, leviter gelatinosae. Asci clavati. Sporae ellipsoideae aut subglobosae, long.O.007 — O.009, crass. O.003—-0.005 mm (»1. O.oos— 0.012, cr. 0.004—0.006 mm» sec. Th. Fr.). Distr. Lin.: Supra rupem dioriticam in reg. subalpina ad Köngäs prope Mare glaciale (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 50). LEnont.: Ad Pietsovaara et Kilpisjärvi in Suecia (Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 339, Th. Fr. L. Sc. II p. 482). Habitu valde variabilis, plures formas formans, quas hie omitti- mus, quia in Fennia rarissima est. Thallus areolis circ. 0.6—-1.5 (0.2—2.5) mm latis, laevigatis, opacis aut leviter nitidis, angulosis aut rotundatis aut difformibus, interdum demum subsquamaeformi- bus et lateribus e substrato disruptis vel subadscendentibus, »CaCl202 non tinctis» (sec. Th. Fr.), medulla KOH non reagente (Zw. 982), strato corticali circ. O.ioo—O.oso mm crasso, ex hyphis formato O.004—- O.006 mm crassis, irregulariter contextis, conglutinatis, crebre rotun- dato-cellulosis, modice pachydermaticis, decoloratis, apicibus hypha- rum breviter erectis, constipatis, testaceo-fuscescentibus, superne obducto alio strato decolorato, circ. O.oio—O.oos mm crasso, hyphis subdestructis, conglutinatis, magis pachydermaticis, horizontalibus, cavitatibus angustissimis, oblongis, subdistinctis. Hypothallus plus minus distinctus, nigricans. Apothecia dispersa aut p. p. conferta, interdum etiam hypothallo affixa. Perithecium extus aeruginoso- fuligineum, intus impure subalbidum, hyphis radiantibus, O.004— 0.005 mm crassis, sat leptodermaticis, conglutinatis, infra hypothe cium non continuatum. Hypothecium sat tenue, crass, circ. O.140 mm, strato thallino impositum gonidiis destituto, demum vulgo bene incrassato, albo, myelohyphico impositum. Hymenium jodo caeru lescens, crass. 0.040—O.070 mm. Paraphyses simplices, increbre sep- tatae, crass. O.0015 mm, apicibus leviter incrassatis (O.003 mm). Asci in apice membrana modice incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, sim plices, decolores. »Gonidia filiformia, recta vel leviter curvata, long. 0.009—O.013 mm» (sec. Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 482). 98 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. 43. L. subcinerascens Nyl. Flora 1877 p. 228 (non FL 1881 p. 540; Hue Addend. II, 1888 p. 224 p. p.). L. alrobrunnea *L. subcinerascens Nyl. in Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. (1885) p. 105. Thallus sat crassus (»crassit. 0.5 vel tenuior» sec. Nyl.), areolatus aut areolato-diffractus, areolis circ. 0.6—4,5 (—-0.3) mm latis, contiguis, planis, subverruculoso-inaequalibus, cinereo-fuscescentibus, opacis, sorediis destitutus, medulla jodo caerulescente, KOH partim lutescente, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia areolis thalli immersa, demum leviter emergentia vel semi-emersa, lat. 1—0.5 mm lata, basi non constricta, disco piano, nigro, nudo, opaco, vulgo laevigato, margine primum inconspicuo, demum vulgo modice incras sato, saepe leviter prominente, integro, nigro, nudo, opaco. Hypothecium fusco-nigrum, hyphis sat erectis, conglutinatis. Epithecium aeruginoso- et subolivaceo-fuligineum. Para physes in KOH visae laxe cohaerentes, mediocres, increbre septatae. Asci clavati. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, ellipsoideae oblongaeve, simplices, decolores, »long. O.on—0.015, crass. O.oos—0.006 mm» (sec. Nyl.). Dislr. N.: Supra saxa syenitica in Somerikonvuoret (Vain.) et in rupibus porphyricis littoralibus in Mustjyrkänvuori in Suursaari (Hoglandia) sec. Brenner I.e. (hoc specimen in Mus. Fenn. non reperi). Thallus strato obductus decolore, O.020 mm crasso, ex hyphis subdestructis, conglutinatis, horizontalibus formato, stratum obte- gente pallido-fuscescens, apicibus hypharum suberectis, subclavatis, constipatis, pallido-fuscescentibus vel intense pallidis. Verrucae fertiles saepe demum prominentes crassioresque. Perithecium tenue, fuscescens, partim in eodem apothecio pallidum. Apothecia strato myelohyphico destituta. Hypothecium obscuratum medullae thalli albae, gonidiis destitutae, impositum. Paraphyses crass. 0.0015 mm, simplices, leviter gelatinosae, increbre septatae, non constrictae, apicibus O.003 mm crassis, obscuratis. Sporas parce vidi O.oos mm longas, O.ooo mm latas. Gonidia cystococcacea. »Sterigmata subarticulata» (fere sicut in Cladoniis), conidia »filifor- mia, recta, long. O.oos—O.011, crass. O.0005—O.0006 mm» (sec. adn. Nyl.). — Affinitate omnino incerta. Non sit affinis L. atrobrunneae. Errore in Hue 1. c. ad Buelliam disciformem ducta. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 99 A) Exs. by B. Lynge. 44. L. atrocervina Vain. (n. sp.). Thallus crassus aut sat crassus, areolatus, areolis conti guis, convexis aut primum planis, obscure subcinerascentibus, sorediis destitutus, medulla jodo caerulescente, hypothallo nigricante interdum parce conspicuo. Apothecia demum ad nata, lat. 0.7—1.5 mm, demum modice incrassata, basi non constricta aut demum leviter constricta, disco primum piano, dein mox convexo, nigro, nudo, opaco, margine sat tenui, nigro, nudo, opaco, non prominente, persistente aut demum subexoluso. Hypothecium hyphis suberectis, conglutinatis, fusco-fuligineum, inferne in stratum thallinum bene incrassa- tum colore obscurato sensim transiens. Hymenium superius aeruginosum, epithecio aeruginoso-fuligineo. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, leviter gelatinosae. Asci clavati. Sporae ellip soideae, long. 0.014—0.015, crass. 0.007—O.oio mm (parce visae). Disir. KLad.: Ad saxa granitica in ins. Kotiluoto (L. Kari). Affinis sit L. alrobrunneae, praesertim areolis leviter inaequalibus, subcinerascentibus et strato medullari thalli infra hypothecium sito late obscurato ab ea differens. Thallus areolis circ. 0.5—2 mm latis, angulosis aut difformibus, parum nitidis, non albido-marginatis, medulla KOH parte superiore levissime lutescente. Apothecia dis persa aut p. p. sat crebra aut parce confluentia, primum haud diu thallum aequantia, non superantia. Perithecium fuligineum aut extus fuligineum et intus anguste subobscuratum, infra hypothecium non continuatum, hyphis conglutinatis. Hymenium jodo caerule scens, circ. O.ioo mm crassum. Paraphyses simplices, parce septatae, crass. 0.002—O.0015 mm, apice O.002—O.003 mm. Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Sporae simplices, decolores. 45. L. paupercula Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 482; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 51; Nyl. En. Lich. Fret. Behr. (1888) p. 58 (253); Hue Lich. Exot. (1891) p. 135. Lecidea subfumosa Vain. Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai (1909) p. 138 (excl. L. poliocarpa). L. aeneola Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 501 (non Vain., quod Zahlbr. errore indicat), conf. infra. Exs.1) Havas Lich. Norv. (1902) n. 138. — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. XV (1913) n. 371. — Suza Lich. Boh.-Slov. Exs. IV (1929) n. 97, 100 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Thallus sat tenuis aut sat crassus, areolatus, areolis di spersis aut contiguis, planis aut leviter concavis aut raro convexis, rufo- vel testaceo-fuscescentibus aut testaceis aut raro cinereo-fuscescentibus, vulgo plus minus distincte cinereo-marginatis, sorediis destitutus, medulla jodo caeru lescente, hypothallo nigricante. Apothecia adnata, lat. 0.5 —1.3 mm, basi non constricta, disco piano aut raro demum convexo, nigro, nudo, opaco, margine tenui aut sat tenui aut raro sat crasso, nigro, nudo, non aut parum prominente. Hypothecium modice incrassatum, fusco-nigrum aut raro in eodem apothecio superne impure albidum, hyphis erectis. Hymenium superius aeruginosum, epithecio subfuligineo. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, leviter gelatinosae. Asci cla vati. Sporae ellipsoideae oblongaeve, long. O.oio—0.012 (O.007— O.oio), crass. O.005—0.006 mm. F. Theodori Vain. Lecidea paupercula Th. Fr. 1. c. Vain. 1. c. (excl. var.). Thallus tenuis aut sat tenuis, areolis rufo-fuscescentibus, vulgo cinereo-marginatis, supra hypothallum nigricantem vulgo dispersis. Dislr. In rupibus saxisque praesertim in partibus septentrionali- bus territorii. N.: Tvärminne (F. Elfving), Lounatpuoli in Hog landia (»L. alrofuscescens» sec. Nyl. in Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. p. 106, ster. Kb.: Kalliovaara et pag. Lieksa in Pielisjärvi (vel par. Lieksa), Riihivaara, Piironen, Kopras in par. Nurmes (Vain. 1. c). Ok.: Lammasjärvi in Kuhmo, Kylmälampi, Suomula, Yläjoki, Hossa in Kianta (Vain. 1. e.). Kuus.: In reg. subalpina montium Iivaara et Ukonvaara (Vain. 1. c). KKer.: In reg. subalp. montium Kivakka et Päänuorunen (Vain. 1. e.), Kolgolaks, Ruanjärvi (N. I. Fellman, »L. fuscoatra» Nyl. in Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 160 p. p. sec. Th. Fr. 1. c. et hb. Nyl.). Lin.: Köngäs (Vain.). LMur.: Jeretik (H. Hollmen). Thallus areolis planis et concavis, lat. circ. 0.5—0.2 mm, rotun datis aut angulosis, interdum contiguis. Apothecia dispersa aut p. p. sat crebra, margine vulgo tenui, vulgo persistente, opaco. Hypothecium fusco-nigrum, hyphis conglutinatis. Perithecium fusco- nigrum, in margine aeruginoso-fuligineum, hyphis tenuibus, conglu tinatis. Hymenium circ. O.oss—0.065 (—O.100) mm crassum, jodo cae rulescens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, leviter gelatinosae, sim plices, crass. 0.0015—O.001 mm, apice vix incrassatae. Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Sporae distichae, long. O.oio— O.012 (O.007—O.oio), crass. O.005-—O.006 mm. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 101 Lecidea airoocarpoides Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 52; Arn. Lich. Tirol XXIII (1887) p. 86; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 526. Thallus tenuis, areolatus, areolis supra hypothallum nig rum dispersis, planis, testaceo-rufescentibus, tenuiter sub- 46. L. atroocarpoides Vain. Obs. Lecidella aeneola Arn. Lich. Tirol X (1873) p. 8 (Psora subfu- mosa f. aeneola Arn. 1. c. XXI, 1880, p. 131, Ps. atrobrunnea f. aeneola Arn. I.e. XXIII, 1887, p. 112, XXX, 1897, p. 22), a me non visa, ab Arn. ducta ad L. airobrunneam. In specim. orig. e Rettenstein sec. Arn. medulla jodo fulvescens, quare haec planta a L. paupercula et L. atrobrunnea differt. F. incrassata Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 52. L. aeneola f. incrassata Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 501. Thallus modice incrassatus, areolis contiguis. Apothecia margine sat crasso. Distr. Kuus.: Ad rupem dioriticam in regione subalpina montis Ukonvaara (Vain.). Medulla jodo caerulescens. Hypothallus nigricans, praesertim ad ambitum parce conspicuus. Apothecia disco piano, margine per sistente. Hymenium superius in eodem apothecio aeruginosum et partim fuscescens. Obs. Psora atrobrunnea var. subfumosa Arn. Lich. Tirol XIV (1875) p. 486 (XXIII, 1887, p. 112, Psora subfumosa Arn. Lich. Tirol XXI, 1880, p. 131, XXX, 1897, p. 22, Lich. Exs. Index (1894) p. 11) spectat ad Arn. Lich. Exs. (1873) n. 551 (»Psora alrobrunnea» sec. Arn.), cujus specimen dextrum ad statum distincte in L. airo brunneam transeuntem pertinet, at specimen sinistrum L. pauper- culam refert, areolis tamen paullo latioribus crassioribusque ab ea differens. Nomine subfumosae igitur designari potest L. atrobrunnea f. thallo tenuiore instructa. — Lecidea fuscoatrata Nyl. Fl. 1875 p. 301 sec. specim. orig. n. 15329 a, in Kiihthei ab Arn. 1872 collectum, om- nino similis est plantae in Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1880) n. 602 (in hb. Nyl. et Vain.) distributae »nomine »L. subfumosae»), prope Predazzo ab Arn. 1880 collectae, quae a L. paupercula f. Theodori Vain, areolis thalli differt paullo latioribus, circ. 1—0.3 (—l.s) mm latis, et nomine- tur L. paupercula f. fuscoatrata (Nyl.) Vain. — L. paupercula f. subfumosa in Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 51 commemorata, in reg. subalp. ad Köngäs prope Mare Glaciale in Lin. collecta, areo lis/ thalli magis contiguis, minus distincte albido-marginatis de scripta, errore olim Lojkae data, nunc mihi deest. 102 E. A. \ ainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. cinereo- aut subalbido-marginatis, sorediis destitutus, me dulla jodo caerulescente. Apothecia adnata, lat. 0.8—0.3 mm, basi non aut leviter constricta, disco primum haud diu piano, dein convexo, nigricante, vulgo tenuiter cinerascenti-pruinoso, opaco, margine tenui, vulgo tenuiter pruinoso, parce nigro, opaco, persistente aut demum fere excluso. Hypothecium modice incrassatum, fusco-nigricans, parte subhymeniali tenui albido, hyphis erectis, conglutinatis. Hymenium superius aeruginosum, epithecio fuligineo aut fuscescenti-olivaceo. Paraphyses sat arcte cohaerentes, leviter gelatinosae. Asci clavati aut ventricoso-clavati. Sporae breviter ellipsoideae, long. 0.012—0.016, crass. O.009—O.012 mm. Dislr. Kuus.: Ad rupem graniticam littoralem ad Tavajärvi (Vain.), una cum Pterygio pannariello. Thallo consimilis est L. pauperculae, apotheciis tenuiter pruino sis, magis convexis ab ea differens et analoga L. poliocarpae Vain. (Lich. Exp. Vegae Piti. p. 139). Thallus areolis lat. circ. 0.4 (0.2— 0.7) mm. Apothecia vulgo hypothallo affixa, dispersa, margine in- tegro, non prominente. Hypothecium aerem inter hyphas non conti- nens. Perithecium fuscum aut extus subviolaceo-nigricans. Hyme nium circ. O.oso—O.ioo mm crassum, jodo caerulescens. Paraphyses simplices, crass. O.0015 mm, apicibus parum incrassatis, increbre sep tatae. Epithecium vix distincte granulosum. Asci in apice membrana modice incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, simplices, decolores. 47. L. Helsingforsiensis Nyl. Flora 1881 p. 4, 186, Fl. 1882 p. 457; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 206: Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 596. Exs Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. VII (1882) n. 335. Thallus sat crassus aut modice incrassatus, areolatus, areolis contiguis, planis aut plus minus convexis aut raro concavis, testaceo-rufescentibus aut cinereo4uridis, plus minus distincte aut non subcinereo-marginatis, sorediis desti tutus, medulla jodo caerulescente, KOH non rubescente, hypothallo nigricante partim limitatus. Apothecia adnata, lat. 0.8—1.3 mm, basi non aut partim leviter constricta, discc» piano, demum vulgo convexo, nigro, nudo, opaco, margine tenui, nigro aut obscure cinerascente, nudo. Hypothecium Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 103 modice incrassatum, superne decoloratum aut dilute fusce scens, inferne fuscescens, hyphis erectis. Hymenium superius aeruginosum, epithecio fuligineo. Paraphyses arcte cohae rentes, leviter gelatinosae. Asci clavati. Sporae ellipsoideae oblongaeve, »long. O.on—O.014, crass. 0.007—0.009 mm» (sec. Nyl.). Dislr. N.: In rupibus graniticis locis editioribus, apricis, ventosis ad Helsingforsiam (Norrl. H. L. F. n. 335, Vain.); Lounatpuoli in Hoglandia (ster., »L. atrofuscescens» sec. determ. Nyl. in Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. p. 106, Vain. leg.). Proxime affinis L. pauperculae, sed hypothecio ab ea differens et vulgo etiam areolis crassioribus contiguisque et hypothallo minus distincto ab ea recedens. Thallus strato decolorato, circ. O.oio—O.020 mm crasso, ex hyphis subdestructis formato, stratum corticale obte- gente, apicibus hypharum clavatis, erectis, constipatis, conglutina tis, pallidis, 0.004 (—O.003) mm crassis, sat leptodermaticis instructum, strato medullari crebro, irregulariter contexto, hyphis sat leptoder maticis, circ. 0.005—0.007 mm crassis. In specim. orig. n. 15170 et 15171 et H. L. F. n. 335 areolae thalli modice incrassatae, lat. circ. 0.5 (0.2—0.7) mm, angulosae, contiguae, planae, laevigatae, testaceo- rufescentes, tenuiter cinerascenti- aut subalbido-marginatis, »CaCl202 non reagentibus» sec. adn. Nyl. Apothecia disco demum convexo. Hypothecium striis erectis, angustis, obscuratis, aerem continentibus. Perithecium fusco-aut aeruginoso-fuligineum, hyphis tenuibus, radi- antibus, conglutinatis. Paraphyses crass. O.0015 (—O.002) mm, in crebre aut partim apicem versus sat crebre septatae, simplices, apice vix incrassatae. Hymenium ab hypothecio haud distincte limita- tum, circ. O.oso—O.070 mm crassum, »jodo caerulescens, dein vinose rubescens» (sec. Nyl.). Conidia »recta, bacillaria, long. O.oos—O.on, crass. 0.0007 mm» (sec. adn. Nyl.). Gonidia cystococcacea. F. Alppilensis Vain. Thallus sat crassus, areolis inaequaliter convexis aut ambitum versus p. p. planis, cinereo-fuscescentibus aut testaceo-cinerascentibus aut lurido-cinereis, plus minus distincte tenuiterque subcinerascenti-marginatis aut p. p. immarginatis. Apo thecia disco piano aut demum convexo, margine sat tenui, vulgo persistente. Dislr. In rupibus graniticis prope Alppila (Alphyddan) et Aquaeductum ad Helsingforsiam pluribus locis abundanterque a. 1882—1887 collecta (Vain.). Hue etiam n. 15169 in hb. Nyl., a Norrl. lectus, »L. Helsingforsiensis» a Nyl. determinatus, pertinet. Areolae thalli lat. circ. 1—0.3 mm, difformes, saepe demum p. p. laxe affixae aut irregulariter subadscendentes, medulla jodo caerules cente, ad ambitum hypothallo cinereo-nigricante plus minus evoluto. 104 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Apothecia primum areolis immersa, dein mox emergentia et demum adnata, vulgo dispersa. Llypothecium fuscescens (circ. 0.2—O.15 mm crassum) aut superne subviolaceo-fuscescens aut in eodem apothecio partim superne subcinereum, hyphis erectis, corpuscula fusca (sed non aerem) inter hyphas continens. Perithecium fusco-fuligineum, in margine aeruginoso-fuligineum. Epithecium aeruginoso-fuligineum. Paraphyses simplices, arcte (in KOIl sat laxe) cohaerentes, leviter gelatinosae, increbre septatae, crass. O.0015—O.002 mm, apice O.oos (•—O.004) mm. Asci clavati. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, decoloratae, ellipsoideae oblongaeve, long. O.oio O.014, crass. O.0045—O.006 mm. Gonidia cystococcacea. 48. L. athroocarpa Ach. Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 41 (conf. infra); Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 483; Arn. Lich. Tirol XXIII (1887) p. 85, Lich. Fragm. XXXVI (1899 )p. 15; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 521. Lecidea alrofuscescens Nyl. Fl. 1866 p. 371 (conf. infra). Lecidella alrofuscescens Arn. Lich. Tirol VI (1871) p. 1109, X (1873) p. 96, XXX (1887) p.25. Exs. Arn. Lich. Exs. (1873) n. 557 (f. polygonia), (1886) n. 1177, (1895) n. 1659 (Mus. Fenn), — Havas Lich. Norv. Exs. (1911) n. 421. Thallus sat crassus aut modice incrassatus, areolatus, areolis contiguis, planis aut leviter concavis, sublurido-palle- scens aut subfuscescens aut rarius pallescens, sorediis desti tutus, medulla jodo caerulescente, hypothallo indistincto aut nigro, hinc inde visibili. Apothecia thallo immersa aut demum leviter emergentia, lat. circ. 0.8—1.5 mm, disco piano, nigro, nudo, opaco, margine indistincto aut demum tenui, nigro, nudo. Hypothecium impure albidum pallidumve aut rufescens vel fuscescens aut superne cinerascens, hyphis erectis. Epithecium fusco-fuligineum. Paraphyses sat laxe cohaerentes. Asci ventricoso-clavati. Sporae ellipsoideae oblongaeve, distichae, »long. O.018—O.025, crass. O.009 — O.011 mm» sec. adn. Nyl. (—O.013 mm longae, —O.007 mm crassae). Dislr. Supra rupes graniticas et dioriticas collecta. Ab.: Meri masku (P. A. Karsten, Th. Fr. 1. c, pertinet ad f. polygonia, conf. infra). N.: Lounatpuoli in Suursaari vel Hoglandia parce fert. (Vain., Nyl. deterni., Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. p. 106). KLad.: Kirjavalahti in Sortavala (Norrl. Symb. Fl. Lad.-Kar. p. 30, a Nyl. determ., sed morbosa et vix certe determinabilis). Species rara et adhuc defecte cognita, Thallus »CaCl2Q2 non Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 105 reagens» (sec. Arn.), intus KOH non reagens. Areolae lat. 1.3—O.20 mm, medio nitidae, nec pruinosae, margine concolore aut subalbido. Hypothecium impure albidum vel sordide pallidum in specimine e Merimasku, stratum sat tenue rufescens formans (strato thallino, gonidiis destituto, albo impositum) aut superne intense pallidum et inferne fuscescens in specimine orig. L. alrofuscesceniis Nyl. e Ben Lawers. Perithecium fusco-fuligineum plus minus evolutum (in specim. e Ben Lawers p. p. bene evolutum). Hymenium »jodo caeru lescens, dein p. p. vinose rubens vel fulvescens» sec. adn. Nyl. Para physes parce ramoso-connexae, bene gelatinosae, tubulis O.001—O.0015 mm crassis (e Merimasku). Asci in apice membrana bene incrassata (Merimasku). Sporae long. O.oio—O.022, crass, O.oos—O.012 mm (Ben Lawers) aut long. O.013—O.017, crass. O.oos—O.009 mm (Merimasku), »long. 0.018—0.025, crass. O.009—O.on mm» (Lojka It. Cauc. n. 85 sec. adn. Nyl.). Conidia »bacillaria, recta, long. O.007—-O.009, crass. O.001 mm» (sec. Nyl. Fl. 1887 p. 134, Hue Addend. II p. 334 et adn. in hb Nyl.). »Sterigmata simplicia aut parce ramosa» sec. iconem a Nyl. delineatam (specim. e Limoges, n. 15165). Obs. 1. Lichen aihrocarpus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. (1798) p. 77 (rectius scribendum est L. alhroocarpus) spectat ad Verrucariam fasciculatam Lloffm. (Deutschl. Fl. II, 1796, p. 190), exactius non cognitam, nec ab Ach. visam, quare nomen Acharianum est omnino vagum, nec admittendum ex opinione Nylandri (Fl. 1887 p. 134, Hue Addend. II, 1888, p. 334 . Lecidea aihroocarpa Ach. Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 41 (L. cechumena [3 aihroocarpa Ach. Lich. Un., 1810, p. 158) sec. hb. Ach. respicit specimen (e Suecia) thallo sublurido-palle- scente, areolis, non albido-marginatis, contiguis, planis, medulla jodo caerulescente, apotheciis non emergentibus (»absque sporis» sec. adn. Nylanderi); aliud specimen in Finmarkia a Wahlenberg lectum, item thallo sublurido, areolis contiguis, non albido-marginatis, me dulla jodo caerulescente, apotheciis emergentibus, nigro-marginatis instructa est. Specimen e* Germania (Schrader), medulla ,1 non rea gente, ad L. atrocineream pertinens, non est originate. Obs. 2. »Lecidea fumosa v. polygonia» Flot. Lich. Schles. (1829) n. 139 A et B sec. Nyl. Fl. 1881 p. 186 et in Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 206 est autonoma species (»quasi L. alrofuscescens, sporis nonnihil minoribus, long. O.013—O.oio, crass. O.000—O.oos mm», conidiis »bacilla- ribus, rectis, long. O.ooe—O.oos, crass. O.0007 mm». Thallus areolis non albido-marginatis, »KOH addito CaCl202 non reagens, medulla jodo caerulescente» (sec. adn. Nyl.). Hue pertinet Arn. Lich. Exs. (1873) n. 557 (sec. Nyl. 1. c. et Arn. Lich. Miinch., 1891, p. 76). Saltern specimen in Merimasku a P. A. Karsten collectum ad L. alhroo- earpam f. polygoniani (Flot.) Vain, pertinet, sporae aliorum specim. fennicorum non sunt cognitae. 106 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV Sect. Lecidea confluens. Thallus albidus vel fumoso-cinereus, hypothecium jam primitus valde obscurum. Hyphae medullares eximie amy- loideae. Species saxicolae. 49. L. confluens (Web?.) Ach. p.p.1) Acharius Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 40 p. p., Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 174 p. p.; Wahlenberg Flora Lapponica (1812) p. 472; Schaerer Spicil. Lich. (1828) p. 144, Enum.Lich. (1850) p. 118; Fries Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 318; Koerber Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 250; Th. Fries Lich. Arct. (1861) p. 208, Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 484; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 52; A. L. Smith Brit. Lich. II (1911) p. 72. Lynge Lich. Nov. Zemlya (1928) p. 66; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 536. Lichen confluens Weber Spicil. Flor. Goetting. (1778) p. 180 (?, thallus »farinaceus», an Lecidea soredical); Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. (1798) p. 60. Verrucaria confluens Hoffm. Plantae Lichenosae I (1790) p. 87. Lecidea conligua *L. confluens Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 225 p. p., Lich. Lapp. Orient. (1866) p. 160. Lecidea uapu- lala Anzi Man. Lich. Lang. (1861) p. 157. Exs. Anzi Lich. Ital. super. VI (1865) n. 286, Lich. Lang. VII (1861) n. 283, s. n. Lecidea vapulata. —- Cromb. Lich. Brit. II (1877) n. 182. — Havas Lich. Norv. (1904) n. 203. — Hepp Flecht. Eur. III (1853) n.125, s. n. Bialora. — Johns. Lich. Herb. X (1906) n. 383, 384. — Malme Lich. Suec. XXIX (1918) n. 720. — Mudd Lich. Brit. II (1861) n. 180. — Schaer. Lich. Helv. VIII (1828) n. 187. - - Zwackh Lich. Exs. III n. 131. Thallus limitatus vel subeffusus, tartareus, modice incrassatus vel crassus, rimoso-areolatus vel prae cipue versus marginem magis discrete areolatus, areolae plus minusve confluentes supra hyrpothallum nigrum impo- sitae. Areolae 0.5—l.o mm latae, angulatae vel magis rotun- datae, saepe rimosae, depresso-convexae. Thallus cae- ruleus vel fumoso-cinereus vel albido-cinereus, opa- cus, laevigatus, isidiis sorediisque destitutus. Hypothal lus ater, secundum marginem et inter areolas discretas distincte visus. !) By B. Lynge. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 107 Apothecia dispersa et rotundata vel approximata vel etiam confluentia et mutua pressione angulata, majus- c u 1 a, diam. 0.8-—2.0 mm., primo thallo adpressa, plana et crasse prominente marginata, in aetate supra thal lum magis ele vat a, convexa et immarginata. Discus ater, epruinosus, saepe rimosus, interdum umbonatus. Margo primo integer, deinde saepe plus minusve flexuosus. Excipu lum fusco-nigrescens, hypothecium obscure f u scum. Hymenium altitudine variante, vulgo 100—125 /u, vel tenuius, 60—100 fi, superne olivaceo-nigricans. Paraphy ses arcte cohaerentes, in apice haud incrassatae. Asci sat anguste clavati. Sporae (raro evolutae) late ellip soideae vel ellipsoideo-globosae, 7.5—10 x 5—6.5// (sec. Th. Fries Lich. Scand. p. 485: 7—9x5—7 //, sec. Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. p. 53: 6—10 (—14) x 4—5 (—7) ju. »Pycnides vulgo ellipsoideae, oblongae vel varie lirellae- formes, rima angusta nigricante, marginibus thallo vulgo pallidioribus. Pycnoconidia bacilliformia, recta vel leviter curvula, 7—12 ju longa», sec. Th. Fries Lich. Scand. p. 485. Medulla J caerulescens, KOH et CaCl202 non mutatur. Hymenium J persistenter caeruleo-nigricans. In Adj. Lich. Lapp. p. 53 Vainio described the following formae (f. renudaia is here referred to Lecidea sorediza): F. vulgaris Schaer. »Enum. Eur. p. 118. L. confluens Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 484. Thallus fumoso- vel plumbeo-cinereus, esorediosus, areolis vulgo contiguis. Apothecia nuda. Sporae minutae, 6—10 (—12) x 4—5 (—7) fx. -— Ad rupes graniticas et dioriticas in regione subalpina montium Iivaara et Nuorunen in par. Kuusamo. — Epithecium smaragdulo- vel olivaceo-fuligineum. Hymenium circiter 60—80 fi crassum.» Dislr. Ab.: Aboa (Elfving). Iso-Heikkilä ad Aboam (Vain.) Kaijola in Lojo (Boldt). N.: Helsingforsia (Lang). Oa.: (Malmgren). Om.: Lappajärvi (Backman). O. Kaj.: Sotkamo (Chydenius). Ks.: Iivaara et Nuorunen in Kuusamo (Vain.). L. kem.: Kemiötunturi in Muonioniska (Norrlin). Lim.: Umba (Silen). In alp. Lujauri-urt (Kihlman). Le.: Karesuanto (Norrlin). Li.: Inari (Granit et Pop- pius). Edehojer (Silen). Lps.: Pummanki in Peninsula piscatorum (Häyren). F. connectens Vain. 108 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV »Thallus plumbeo-cinereus, esorediosus, areolis saltern passim supra hypothallum nigrum dispersis. Apothecia nuda vel juniora tenuissime pruinosa demumque nuda. Sporae majores, 12—14 (raro 9) x 5—7 ju. In regione infralapponica: ad Lehtovaara; in regione subalpina montis Iivaara in par. Kuusamo et montis Ham mastunturi in Lapponia Inarensi. — Epithecium smaragdulo- vel olivaceo-fuligineum. Hymenium circ. 75—110// crassum.» Disir. AL: (Edv. Nylander). Gripö in Föglö (Vain.). Geta (Vain.). Ab.: Luonnonmaa ad Naantali (Vain.). Artukainen in Raisio (Vain.). N.: Kyrkslätt (Lang). Suursari v. Hoglandia (Vain.). Ta.: Koski (Vain.). Rutalahti in Korpilahti (Vain.). KL: Vaavalahti in Kirjava- lahti par. Sortavala (Vaim). Sb.: Neulamäki in Kuopio (Linkola). K. On.: Klimskij (Kullhem). O. Kaj.: Lehtovaara in Kiahta (Vain.). Li.: ad templum in Inari (Silen). Lt.: Kitofka in peninsula pisca- torum (Karsten). Kola (Fellman). Obs. 1. It is evident from the diagnoses that Acharius limited his Lecidea confluens much more widely than we now do. In Lich. Scand. 1. c. Th. Fries writes »Lecidea confluens Fr.» But most prob ably also that species was a wider species than our Lecidea confluens, including e. g. Lecidea sorediza. Obs. 2. Lecidea confluens (Web.) f. ecrustacea in Anzi Lich. Lang, n. 401 has the chemical reaction KOH sanguinea. Characteristic red crystals are precipitated by KOH, suggesting Lecidea panlherina, and not Lecidea confluens. 50. L. speirea Ach.1). Mefh. Lich. (1803) p. 52; Nyl. Fl. 1875 p. 104 (Fl. 1870 p. 38); Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 485; Arn. Lich. Tirol XIV (1875) p. 444, XV (1876) p. 365, XVIII (1878) p. 260, XXIII (1887) p. 90, Labrador (1896) p. 13; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 54; Nyl. in Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 194 (n. 1234); Tuck. Syn. North Am. Lich. II (1888) p. 71; Shirley Proceed. R. Soc, Queensl. VI (1889) p. 167; Elenk. Lich. Fl. Ross. med. 3—4 (1911) p. 395; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 692; Lynge Lich. Nov. Zeml. (1928) p. 67. Lichen speireus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. (1798) p. 59. Lecidea contigua var. speirea Dietrich Lich. Germ. (1832—37) p. 20; Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 225. Lichen cinerascens With. Bot, Arrang. Br. PI. 3 ed. IV (1796) p. 8 sec, Cromb. Grevillea XII p. 57 (nomen ineptum et oblitum). Lecidea cinerascens A. L. Smith Mon. Br. Lich. II (1911) p. 73. Lecidea margarilacea a Ach. Lich. Un. (1810) p. 185, Syn. 2). Beferences to literature and exsiccata by Vainio, the rest by B. Lynge. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 109 Lich. (1814) p. 31. Diplolomma irullisaium Krempelh. Fl. 1853 p. 442 (sec. Nyl. FT. 1875 p. 104). Porpidia trullisaia Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 221. Exs. Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. XIII (1827) n. 376 A (Nyl. Fl. 1870 p. 38), XIV (1833) n. 410 (Nyl. 1. c). — Desmaz. PL Gr. Nord Fr. ed. I ser. I, XVII (1836) n. 846 (Mus. Fenn.), PL Gr. Fr. ed. II ser. I (1836) n. 46 (Mus. Fenn.). — Hepp Flecht. Eur. Ill (1853) n. 126 (»L. contigua a vulgaris)}, hb. Vain.). — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1869) n. 410 (hb. Nyl.), (1872) n. 509 (hb. Nyl.), (1876) n. 677 a-c (b in hb. Nyl.), (1883) n. 1007 (»f. alpina», hb. Nyl.), (1884) n. 1053 (»L. speirea var. Irullisala», hb. Nyl.). -— Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. Ill (1875) n. 146 (»f. subcalcarea»). - Zwackh Lich. Exs. n. 1207 (hb. Nyl.).-—Havaas Lich. Norv. Exs. (1901) n. 43 (Mus. Fenn.). — Johns. North Engl. Lich. X (1906) n. 386 (Lynge). — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. XVII (1914) n. 420 (Mus. Fenn.). Thallus cretaceus, limitatus vel subeffusus, modice in- . crassatus vel sat crassus, irregulariter vel reticulate undulato- rimosus, areolae 0.3—0.5, rarius usque ad 1 mm. latae, planae vel subplanae, varie rugulosae. Thallus albidus vel albido- glaucescens, sorediis isidiisque destitutus, hypothallo al- bido-glaucescens circumdatus. Apothecia numerosa et dispersa vel nurnerosissima et turn hinc inde approximata, mediocria vel majuscula, diam. 1 —1.5 mm., in areolis innata, thallum subaequantia. Discus e subconcavo diu vel persistenter planus, rarius deinde leviter convexus, ater, plus minusve pruinosus, saltern ab initio, deinde magis denudatus, margine di- stincto, crasso, saepe flexuoso, albo-suffuso (pseudolecano- rino) circumdatus. Excipulum ater, etiam cum hypothe cio. Hymenium altum: 120—130 /<, in parte inferiori ru- fescenti-fuscum, superne olivaceo-fuligineum, granulosum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, in apice capitato- vel clavato- incrassatae (4—4.5 /<). Sporae saepe male evolutae, ellipsoi deae vel dacryoideae, 10—15 x 5—8 ju. Thallus J caerulescens, KOH et CaCl202 immutatus. Hymenium J persistenter et intense caerulescens. Distr. Ad rupes schistosas et granitoideas, si calcem f'oventes. AL: Ramsholm in Jomala (Vain.). Insula Bärö in Kumlhige (FIoll- men et Sederholm). KL: Valamo (W. Nylander, Vain.: F. margari- 110 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. tacea Ach.). Haukkariutta in Sortavala (Räsänen). K. OI.: Petrosa- wodsk (Giinther). Kb.: Lipinlahti in Nurmes (Vain.). Ks.: Kitka joki (Silen). Lv.: Ad ost. flum. Aatsherok (Kihlman). Le.: Kilpis- joki (Norrlin). In his notes Vainio had suggested the following formae: F. pruinosa Vain. Lich. Gauc. (1899) p. 326. F. margariiacea (Ach.) Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 225 (Ach. p.p.). Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II p. 486. Porpidia irullisaia Kremplh. Lich. Bay. (1861) p. 210, p. p. Diplolomma irullisaia Kremplh. Flora 1853 p. 442, orig. in hb. Nyl. n. 15610 (»Epithecium atroviride», sec. Arnold in 15606 hb. Nyl.?). Discus apotheciorum pruinosus. Dislr. AL: Ramsholm, ad lapides graniticos depressos in territo rio calcareo (Vain.). N.: Helsingforsia (Vain.) KL: Valamo (W. Nyl.), (»L. contigua var. confluens Th. M. Fr.») (Vain.). Kar. On.: Nihi- saari (Th. Simming, 15603) »12—16 x 6—7», gel. hym. J caerul. Kb.: Nurmes: Lipinlahti, s. n. L. confluens f. meiosporoides Vain. Adj. II p. 54. Kol.: Petrosawodsk (Giinther). Lapp. Varsugae: Ad ostium fluminis Natscherok n 379 (Kihlm., p. 58, sine sporis). F. alpina (Hepp apud Arnold) Dalla Torre et Sarnth. Vide Zahlbr. Oat. Lich. Ill (1925) p. 694. »Thallus candidus, apothecia atra, nuda, plana, mutua pressione angulosa, epithecium atroviride, hypothecium atrofuscum, sporae oblongae, 15x7 ju. Arnold Lich. Exs. n. 410», sec. Arnold Lich. Tirol X, p. 98. Kuus.: Kitkajoki (F. Silen), »Lecidea confluens var. subcalcarea» sec. Nyl. Obs. In his manuscript Vainio had suggested the following notes: 1. Lecidea leuciticoides Nyl. (conf. sub L. confluenie) apotheciis nudis, primum immersis, demum convexis, et rima circumcinctis, thallo sat crasso aut crasso, inaequaliter subverrucoso-incrassato, rimuloso, hypothallo nigricante ad marginem leviter conspicuo. Est Lecidea speirea, disco nudo. 2. Lecidea confluens var. subcalcarea Nyl. Scand. p. 225 e Delphin. 1860, (hb. Nyl.) n. 15670: apoth. pruinosis. 3. Lecidea euspeirea Nyl. Flora 1875 p. 104 (Hue 194) »16—18 x 10—11 //» in monte Gemmi in Helvetia est major et forsan autonoma species (disco pruinoso) sporis majoribus. In Brit. Lich. (1911) A. L. Smith has given preference to the spe cies name cinerascens, based on Lichen cinerascens With. Arr. ed. 3, IV, p. 8 (1796). If Lichen cinerascens is identical with Lecidea speirea — the editor has not seen it — Lecidea cinerascens must be a more correct name than Lecidea speirea. The editor has, however, not felt justified in making such alterations in Vainio's manuscript, Acta Societatis, pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. Ill i). By B. Lynge. 51. L. sorediza Nyl.1). Lich. Pyr. Orient., Flora (1873) p. 72 et Caen (1873) p. 38, Ad denda Nova, Flora 1875, p. 104, Lich. Pyr. Orient, obs. now, Paris (1891) p. 63; Leight. Lich. Flora Great Brit, ed. Ill (1879) p. 305; Arnold Lich. Fragm., Flora 1882 p. 140, Lich. Munchen I (1891) p. 78, Lich. frank. Jura (1885) p. 163; Brenner Lloglands Lafvar (1885) p. 102; A.L.Smith Brit, Lich. II (1911) p. 68; Sandstede Flecht. n.w. deutsch. Tiefl. (1912) p. 76. Lecidea albocaerulescens p.p. Mudd Brit, Lich. (1867) p. 211. Lecidea lumida Mass. Ricerche Aut. Lich. (1852) p. 68. Jatta Syll. Lich. Ital. (1900) p. 364. Lecidea speirea *subconfluens Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 487. Lecidea inconfluens Nyl. Addenda Nova, Flora 1875 p. 104: Norrl. Flora Karel. Oneg. II (1876) p. 34. Lecidea confluens f. sorediza (Nyl.) Vain. Adj Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 53. Exs. Anzi Lich. Ven. IV (1863) n.170, s.n. Lecidea tumidaM&ss.— Arnold Lich. Exs. (1879, 1880) n. 807, (1882—89) n. 1008 a, b. — Arnold Lich. Mon. (1892) n. 242. — Flot. Lich. Siles. II, n. 168, s. n. Lecidea albocoerulescens Flk., sec. Nyl. Lich. Pyr. Orient, obs. nov. (1891) p. 64. — Johns. North Engl. Lich. Herb. IX (1900) n. 349. — Mudd Lich. Brit. II (1861) n. 181, s. n. Lecidea albocoerulescens. — Suza Lich. Boh. Slov. (1930) n. 130. — Zwackh Lich. Exsic. n. 541 et a. Thallus limitatus, tartareus, tenuis vel modice incrassatus, rimis tenuibus, flexuosis, reticulatis divisus vel distincte rimoso-areolatus, areolae 0.3—0.5 mm latae, rarius p. p. subdiscretae. Thallus hinc inde in soredia fati- scens. Soredia (saepe inconspicua) parva, rotundata, limi- tata, diam. 0.2—0.3 (—l.o) mm, dispersa vel deinde inter dum numerosa et approximata usque confluentia, albida vel albido-cinerea vel deinde obscurata, granulosa, leviter supra thallum elevata vel in thallo excavata. Thallus albido- cinerascens vel plumbeo-cinerascens vel albidus, opacus, laevigatus vel (sub lente) minute scabridus, isidiis destitutus, epruinosus. Hypothallus ater, secundum mar ginem thalli et inter areolas subdiscretas distincte visus. Apothecia (non semper evoluta) supra thallum dispersa, pauca vel numerosa, hinc inde quin etiam confluentia et earn ob causam angulosa, majuscula, diam. 1—2 (—3) mm, 112 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica I\ primo arcte adnata, plana et thallum aequantia, deinde interdum convexa et magis elevata. Discus ater, plus minusve intense c a e s i o-p r u i n o s u s, margine distincto, sed haud elevato, subpersistenti, cinctus. Excipulum in tense fuligineum, etiam cum hypothecio. Hymenium nor- maliter 100—125 LI altum, in apotheciis convexis interdum usque ad 250 LI altum, superne olivaceo-fuligineum. Para physes cohaerentes, graciles, in apice leviter incrassatae, 2—2.5 u crassae. »Asci clavati vel inflato-clavati, sporae ellip soideae vel oblongo-ellipsoideae, 14—21x6—12 LI», sec. Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 497, »15—22x7—9 LI», sec. Nyl. Pyr. Orient, obs. nov. p. 64. »Pycnoconidia recta, 6—-8 ii longa», sec. Nyl. Pyr. Orient, obs. nov. p. 64. Medulla J distincte caerulescens, KOH et CaCl202 non tincta. Hymenium J persistenter caerulescens. Dislr. Ab.: Kultaranta in Naantali (Vain.). N.: Mäkienpäällys in Suursari (Vain.). Ik.: Perkjärvi (Kihlman). Ta.: Myllykylä in Tammela (Kullhem). Asikkala (Norrlin). Vieru et Kirkonkylä in Padasjoki (Vain.). Jutinsalo in Luhanka (Vain.). Päiväkunta et Rutalahti in Korpilahti (Vain.). KL: Jamilahti in Sortavala (Vain.). K. OI.: Vosnessenje (Elfving). Sb.: Neulaniemi in Kuopio (Linkola). Kb.: Koli in Pielisjärvi (Räsänen). Lieksa (Vain.). Lipinlahti in Nurmes (Vain.). K. On.: Jalguba (Kullhem). Tiudie (Norrlin). Ob.: Rovaniemi (Räsänen). F. renudata Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 53. »Thallus albidus vel cinereo-albidus vel plumbeo-cinerascens, areolis contiguis vel dispersis, passim parce sorediosus. Apothecia nuda vel in eodem specimine primo tenuissime pruinosa. Sporae majores, circ. 14 x 6—8 LI. -— In rupe subumbrosa ad Lipinlahti in par. Nurmes Kareliae borealis. — Epithecium olivaceo-fuligineum A f. sorediza vix nisi apotheciis nudis differt.» (Vain. 1. c.). Dislr. Kb.: Lipinlahti in Nurmes (Vain.). Ob.: Simo (Räsänen). K. On.: Schungu (Norrlin). Lischma (Kullhem). F. meiosporoides (Norrl.) A. Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. III (1925) p. 691. Lecidea speirea Ach. var. meiosporoides Norrl. Flora Kareliae One- gensis II Lichenes (1876) p. 33—34. Lecidea confluens Ach. f. sorediza (Nyl.) *f. meiosporoides Norrl. Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 54. »Thallus plumbeo- vel albido-cinerascens albidusve, esorediosus. Apothecia pruinosa. Sporae majores (sicut in f. sorediza). Vix a f. sorediza distingui potest. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 113 8 Ad saxa in pineto prope Lipinlahti in par. Nurmes Kareliae borealis (Vain. 1. c.).» In Vainio's manuscript the editor found one sheet named Lecidea confluens and another named Lecidea sorediza, with some scattered notes. He concluded from this that Vainio regarded the two species as distinct and that he reserved the species name Lecidea sorediza Nyl. for the latter species. The spores of Lecidea sorediza are considerably larger than those of Lecidea confluens. The difference is sufficient to constitute a dif ferent curve of variation for the two species, and generally it is sufficient for the determination of fertile plants. But Vainio found a f. connectens (Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 53), esorediate, with inter mediate spores, larger than the normal spores of Lecidea confluens: 12—14 x 5—7 JU. In doubtful plants of that kind the presence or absence of soredia must be the distinctive character. Vainio attributes spores of 6—10 (—12) x 4—5 (—7) ii to Lecidea confluens f. vulgaris (Adj. Lich. Lapp. 1. c). Th. Fries found broader spores: 7—9 x 5—7 ii (Lich. Scand. p. 485). In Norwegian plants the editor generally found the same size as Th. Fries. — The editor sectioned several apothecia of Lecidea sorediza, he found only few spores, size 17—20 x 9—10 /u. The name Lecidea sorediza Nyl. has been generally accepted by lichenologists, also by Zahlbruckner in Cat. Lich. Ill p. 690. In Lich. frank. Jura p. 163—164 Arnold refers Massalongo's Lecidea tumida as a forma to Lecidea sorediza Nyl. The present editor cannot control this. He has no access to a type plant of Lecidea lumidaJ and Anzi Lich. Ven. No. 170 is lacking in the Oslo herbarium. There is, however, no reason to doubt of Arnold's statement, which has also been accepted by Zahlbruckner, Cat. Lich. Ill p. 691. If that is so, Lecidea lumida Mass. 1852 is an older species name than Lecidea sorediza Nyl. 1873. In this work the editor has felt it necessary to follow Vainio's opinion, if expressed in his manuscript. — Magnus- son who has examined Anzi Lich. Ven. No. 170 is of opinion that this plant is not specifically distinct from Lecidea sorediza Nyl. Obs. There was no mention of Lecidea speirea L. * sub conf luens in Vainio's manuscript. But Th. M. Fries records some Finnish plants which he referred to this subspecies, viz. from »Asikkala Tavastlandiae (J. P. Norrlin), Sotkamo (A. Chydenius), loco non indicato Ostrobotniae austr. (A. J. Malmgren), atque Karelia orien tali (Suosaari: A. Kullhem)» (Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 487). The editor has seen the two last mentioned plants, but he has been unable to get to sight the other plants. The plants from Suosaari are distinctly sorediated, though the soredia are not always equally well developed. The editor can find 114 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. no other place for them than Lecidea sorediza. These plants were firstly named »Lecidea contigua f. meiospora Nyl.», evidently by Ny lander himself. According to a herb, note by Vainio one of them (Nyl. herb. No. 15623) is the type of »meiosporoides Norrl.» The »meio sporoides Norrl.» is, accordingly, only a Lecidea sorediza with small and inconspicuous soredia. The plants from »Ostrobotnia australis» were referred to »Lecidea contigua Fr.» by Nylander. A herb, note by Vainio from 1919 refer red it to »Lecidea confluens Ach. f. conneclens Vain.» But its spores are as large as 15—16 x 7—8 ft (herb, note by Vainio). These spores are too long and narrow for Lecidea confluens. There are some dark scar-like maculae on the areolae. The macu lae which the editor sectioned did not resemble aborted apothecia, but rather initiating soredia, checked in development by a more or less corticated surface. In one of them he found structures, resemb ling aborted pycnides. As stated by Th. M. Fries, his Lecidea subconfluens is »saepe in soredia albida fatiscens». In his herb, there are some sorediated plants which must be referred to Lecidea sorediza. — In this case where the soredia are often so inconspicuous the editor is not quite convinced of their specific importance. It might be better to base Lecidea sorediza on its chemical reaction, black hypothecium, and large spores, and to admit a certain variation from no visible soredia through indistinct minute soredia to distinct and conspicuous soredia. A f. meiosporoides Norrl. would then represent the first mentioned modification. When Th. M. Fries gave his name »subconfluens» he overlooked the older name Lecidea subconfluens Anzi. Zahlbruckner therefore re named Th. M. Fries's species, calling it Lecidea sub conf luescens A. Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Ill, p. 698. The editor has no access to Anzi's type plant. Anzi Lich. Lang. No. 354 (»Lecidea subconfluens Anzi n. sp», in herb. Oslo) consists of two plants, either of them with a »medulla J caerulea, KOH They are evidently esorediated, but the plants were not quite intact. The editor found very few spores, in the left plant 9—10 x 4.5 ju. These spores are too narrow for Lecidea confluens, and too small for Lecidea sorediza. Habitus and spore size suggest Lecidea lapioida, or a nearly related species, the hypothecium is, however, very dark, almost fuligineous, as are also the tips of the rather thick and clavately incrassated paraphyses. Sectio Lecidea silacea. Thallus pallidus, hypothecium pallidum vel (demum) fuscescens. Hyphae medullares eximie amyloideae. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 115 i). By B. Lynge, 52. L. silacea Ach.J). Ach. Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 48, Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 164, Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 22; Wahlbg. Lich. Lapp. (1812) p. 474, Flora Suec. (1826) p. 901; Schaer. Spicil. Lich. (1828) p. 148, Enum. Lich. (1850) p. 116; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 487; Leight. Lich. Flora Great Brit. Ed. Ill (1879) p. 288; Elenk. Lich. Florae Ross. Med. (1911) p. 397; A. L. Smith Brit. Lich. II (1911) p. 74. Lichen silaceus Ach. Prodr. Lich. (1798) p. 24. Lecidea lapioida f. silacea Nyl. Prodr. Lich. Gall. (1857) p. (132) 378, Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 226. Lecidea lapicida Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 306 p. p., etiam al. aut. vet. Exs. Anzi Lich. Lang. IV (1861) n. 159.—Arnold Lich. Exs. n. 629. Fries Lich. Suec. XIV (1825) n. 408. — Havas Lich. Norv. (1911) n. 420. — Lojka Lich. Hung. II (1882) n. 75. — Malme Lich. Suec. XXIV (1916) n. 596. — Migula Crypt. Germ. XLVII—XLVIII (1928) n. 206. — Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. VII (1882) n. 340. — Schaer. Lich. Helv. VIII (1828) n. 191.— Zahlbr. Krypt. Exs. XXIX (1925) n. 2869. Thallus limitatus, crassus vel crassiusculus, verrucosus vel verrucoso-bullatus, verrucae subcontiguae, rotundatae vel subangulatae, diam. 0.5—l.o mm, minute rugulosae. Thallus hydrate ferrico tinctus, pruino sus, sorediis isidiisque destitutus, rarissime griseo-luridus. Hypothallus ater inter verrucas visus. Apothecia in margine verrucarum formata, mediocria, diam. 0.8—l.o (—l.s) mm., numerosa, dispersa vel interdum magis congesta, sessilia, discus vulgo leviter supra thallum elevatus. Discus ater, diu vel persistenter planus (deinde interdum depresso-convexus), opacus, epruinosus, minute rugulosus, margine persistenti vel deinde interdum excluso, nitido, elevato, integro vel flexuoso cinctus. Excipulum in parte exteriore nigricans, praeterea incoloratum vel pallide cinerascens. Hypothecium incoloratum vel plus minusve sordidum. Hymenium 75—80 tu altum, superne intense fuligineum et irregulariter ruptum, praeterea incoloratum. Paraphyses distinctae, validae, apice bene clavatae (usque ad 5 ju), caeruleo-fuligineae et cohaerentes, praeterea plus 116 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. minusve laxe cohaerentes. Asci clavati, 10—12 ti crassi, octospori. Sporae late ellipsoideae vel globoso-ellipsoideae, 8—11 x 5—6 LI. Thallus J caerulescens, sed neque KOH neque CaCl202 coloratur. Hymenium J intense caerulescit. Dislr. Ad saxa rupesque, praecipue ferruginosa. Ut videtur haud infrequens. Ab.: Malm in Pargas (Vain.). Kakskerta (Linkola). Ad Aboam (c. J. Arrhenius, F. Elfving). Ispoinen et Iso-Heikkilä prope Aboam (Vain.). N.: Rödbergen in Helsingforsia (AV. Nylander). Sat.: Sastmola (Malmgren). Ta.: Saksala in Padasjoki (Vain.). Lemmettylä in Luopioinen (Leopold). Oa.: Simsiö in Lapua (Räsä nen). Sb.: Kehvonsalo in Kuopio (Linkola). Li.: Lentolahti in Inari (Silen). Var. griseolurida (Nyl.) Th. Fr. Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 488. Lecidea lapioida var. griseolurida Nyl. in Malmgr. Fört. Lafvar, Not. Sällsk. F. et Fl. Fenn. VI (1861) p. 82, Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 226. Thallus pallide cinerascens vel griseo-luridus, verrucis saepe inaequalibus, crassis. Hypothecium saltern superne sordidum. Dislr. Satakunta: Sastmola (Malmgr.). Aboa: Pahaniemi (Vain.) et Naantali ad Kultaranta (Vain.), in scopulis erraticis. Obs. Lecidea subsilacea Nyl. Flora 1872 p. 357, Hue Add. II p. 106. Medulla J caerulescente a Nyl. distincta, sed poster. Nyl. ipse observavit etiam L. silaceam Ach. orig. sic reagere (sec. hb. Nyl.). Lecidea silacea f. subsilacea Nyl.: Oa.: Simsiö in Lapua (Räsänen). 53. L. rhagadiella (Nyl.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 488 (273); Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 684. Lecanora rhagadiella Nyl. Flora 1869 p. 409; Hue Addend. (1886) p. 110. Pachyspora Arn. Flora 1870 p. 470. Aspicilia Flue. Thallus crassus aut sat crassus, continuus aut rimoso- diffractus, albus, opacus, inaequalis, KOH non reagens, sore diis destitutus, medulla jodo caerulescente, hypothallo albido aut passim nigro- vel obscuro-limitato. Apothecia thallo immersa, difformia, lat. 0.3—1.5 mm, disco piano aut leviter concavo, nigro, nudo, opaco, margine sat tenui, prominente, albido aut subcinerascente, subpruinoso, lecideino et gonidiis destituto, fere mox aut demum circumscisso. Hypothecium Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 117 albidum pallidumve, hyphis suberectis. Epithecium suboli- vaceo-nigricans. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae ellipsoideae aut subglobosae, long. O.012—O.021, crass. O.009— 0.013 mm. Distr. LEnont.: Ad saxa in fluvio Kilpisjoki in reg. subalpina (J. P. Norrlin). Facie externa aspicilioidea, Lecanoram phaeopidem Nyl. referens, sed perithecio lecideino praedita. Thallus partim superficie crebre rimulosa, »CaCl202 non reagens» (Th. Fr.), strato corticali tenui, ex hyphis erectis formato, partim subevanescente, medulla impellu- cida (hyphae granulis in H2S04 crystalla acicularia elongata forman- tibus incrustatae). Apothecia vulgo crebra, margine anguloso aut leviter flexuoso, thallum non superante. Perithecium impellucidum albidum, parte marginali obscurata, superne strato tenui decolorato, subdestructo obducta. Flypothecium hyphis conglutinatis, tenue, circ. 0.035—O.oso mm crassum, strato thallino, gonidiis destituto, albo impositum. Hymenium circ. O.110—O.120 mm crassum, »jodo caerulescens, deinde nonnihil vinose rubens» (sec. Nyl.). Paraphyses gelatinosae, superne parce ramoso-connexae, ceterum simplices, tubu- lis O.001—vix 0.0015 mm latis, in apicibus parum dilatatis. Asci sat late clavati, in apice membrana vulgo bene incrassata. Sporae 8:nae aut abortu pauciores (etiam 4:nae et 2:nae), distichae, apicibus rotun datis aut obtusis, membrana vulgo gelatinoso-incrassata. Conidari- gia »conceptaculo parte immersa incolore»; conidia recta utrumque versus apicem fusiformia (vel solum apice altero fusiformia), »long. O.oos—O.oio, crass. O.001 mm» (sec. Nyl.). Gonidia cystococcacea, globosa et subglobosa et ellipsoidea, interdum etiam autosporas plures continentia. 54. L. tessellata Floerk. Deutsch. Lich. 4 (1821) p. 5, n. 64 (sec. Th. Fr.); Schaer. Lich. Eur. (1850) p. 112. Lichen iessellaius Sm. Engl. Bot. VIII (1700) t. 533? Lecidea spilota Fr. Syst. Orb. Veg. I (1825) p. 286, Lich. Eur. Ref. (1831) p. 207, Lich. Suec. Exs. XIV (1833) n. 409 (in hb. Nyl.), Sched. Grit. XIV (1833) p. 13. (L. panlosiicla Ö spilota Ach. K. Vet. Ak. N. Handl. 1808, p. 230, Lich. Un., 1810, p. 154 nunc herbario Ach. deest). Lecidella spilota Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 237. Biatora cyanea Hepp Flecht. Eur. IX (1860) n. 490. Lecidea cyanea Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 489 sec. spec. cit. (Röhling Deutschl. Fl. Ill 2, 1813, p. 32?, Rabenh. Krypt. Sachs., 1870, p. 170?; nec L. lapicida (3 L. cyanea Ach. Meth. Lich., 1803, p. 38, nec Lich. Un., 1810, p. 160, nec Syn. Lich., 1814, p. 14 ad 118 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. L. panlherinam pertinens); Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 553 p. p. (non L. lithophila f. cyanea Zahlbr. 1. c. p. 621). L. lapioida ft var. cyanea Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 56. Exs. Floerk. Deutsch. Lich. 4 (1821) n. 64 (etiam sec. descr., n. 15899 in hb. Nyl. colla vituperat). — Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. XIV (1833) n. 409 (15889 in hb. Nyl.). — Anzi Lich. Rar. Langob. III (1861) n. 124 (»L. spilota», hb. Nyl.). — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1863) n. 260 (»L. spilota», in Ind., 1900, p.? »L. tessellala», hb. Nyl.). — Rabenh. Lich. Eur. Exs. XXXIII (1871) n. 899 (Mus. Fenn.). Thallus sat crassus aut modice incrassatus, areolatus aut rarius areolato-diffractus, areolis circ. 1—0.4 (0.3—1.2) mm latis, contiguis, angulosis, planis aut depresso-convexis, laevigatis aut sat laevigatis, albidis aut subcinereo-albi- dis, KOH non reagentibus, medulla jodo reagente, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo nigricante. Apothecia innata, thallum subaequantia, saepe p. p. contigua confertave, haud raro angulosa, lat. 0.6—1.2 mm, disco piano aut raro demum de- presso-convexo, primum tenuiter vel tenuissime pruinoso, demum saepe denudato nigroque, opaco, margine tenui, non aut leviter prominente, nigro, nudo, anguloso aut flexuoso aut subintegro, subpersistente. Hypothecium albidum aut pallidum, in parte superiore crassa hyphis erectis, in parte inferiore maculis aerem continentibus disjunctis. Perithecium intus albidum, extus anguste fuligineum, subtus parte fuli- ginea strato thallino adnato et medio deficiente. Epithecium nigricans aut olivaceo-nigricans. Paraphyses arcte cohaeren tes, crass. 0.0015 mm. strato gelatinoso tenui disjunctae, apici bus paululum incrassatis. Sporae ellipsoideae et parce oblon gae, long. O.oos—O.oio, crass. O.005—0.006 mm, subglobosis et globosis (diam. 0.006—O.007 mm) immixtae. Dislr. In rupibus sat rara toto territorio. AL: In rupe granitica (A. Wahlberg a. 1899). Ab.: Supra lapidem graniticam ad agrum in Ispoinen in par. Mariae (Vain.). N.: Ad rupem graniticam in Someri- konvuoret in Suursaari vel Hoglandia (»var. plumbescens Vain.»). Ka.: Kyrkslätt (A. Kullhem), ad saxa granitica (Nyl., Vain.). Ad saxa granitica in Papula, Tervaniemi et Uuras Viburgi (»L. lapi oida» Vain. Lich. Vib. p. 67). Ta.: In lapidibus gneissaceis et grani ticis ad Hersala in Hollola (Vain.), ad saxa granitica in Padasjoki (J. P. Norrlin 821, 15980 in hb. Nyl.), in Virmaila in Padasjoki Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 119 2). Exsiccati by B. Lynge, the rest by Vainio. (Vain.). LTul.: Eemilintunturi in Pummanki in Petsamo (L. Kari), ad Kola (N. I. Fellman). Facie externa similis est L. pantherinae f. cyaneae (Ach.), sed thallo KOH non reagente ab ea differens. A L. lapicida praesertim apotheciis primum pruinosis, non prominentibus distinguitur. Thal lus opacus, non pruinosus, medulla jodo violascente. Apothecia saepe in series irregulares conferta, in KOFI guttulas materia incognita formatas abundanter dissolventia, basi non constricta. Hypothecium jodo caerulescens, in parte inferiore hyphis irregulariter contextis. Perithecium hyphis tenuibus, subirregulariter radiantibus, sat lepto dermaticis, cavitatibus O.002—O.0015 mm latis, sat crebre septatis, extus KOH subolivaceum. Hymenium circ. O.oco mm crassum, jodo caerulescens. Paraphyses simplices, haud distincte septatae. Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata, in KOH leviter incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, simplices. Conidia »bacillifor- mia, recta, long. circ. O.oio—0.012 mm» sec. Th. Fr. Gonidia cysto- coccacea, globosa, etiam autosporis visa. Obs. 1. Lecidea caesia Ach., Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 17, sec. specim. orig. e Suecia thallo instructa est caesio-cinereo, continuo aut rimu- loso, sat tenui, laevigato, KOH non reagente, jodo bene caerulescente, apotheciis primum immersis, demum adnatis, disco primum tenuis- sime pruinoso aut mox nudo, margine nigro aut interdum cinera- scente (»hypothecio leviter, saltern pro parte, rufescente» sec. Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 227, ipse hypothecium non eximinavi). Sec. Th. Fr. 1. c. p. 493 ad L. lapicidam pertinet, sed disco primum pruinoso im- mersoque cum L. iessellaia congruit, colore hypothecii ab ea differens. 55. L. cyanea (Ach.) Vain.1) Lecidea lapicida ft L. cyanea Ach. Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 38 (non Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. (1874) p. 489). Lecidea laclea Floerk. apud Schaer. Lich. Helv. Spic. Ill (1828) p. 127, IV (1833) p. 193, Lich. Exs. VIII (1828) n. 176, En. Lich. Eur. (1850) p. 114; Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 230; Arn. Lich. Munch. (1891) p. 76. L. lapicida ft panlherina Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 159 p. p. (non Verrucaria pantherina Hoffm. Deutschl. FL II, 1796, p. 184, Plant. Lichenos. Ill, 1801, p. 9 tab. 57 f. 2, conf. etiam Arn. 1. c. p. 77). Lecidea panlherina Th. F"r. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 491; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 56 (excl. v. pseudopilati); Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 647 p. p. L. polycarpa Fr. Lich. Eur. Ref. (1831) p. 305 p.p. (sec. Th. Fr.); Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 160, Lich. Pyr. Or. (1891) p. 47 (non Floerk. in Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp., 1826, 120 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. p. 149, sec. Th. Fr. Lich. Spitsb. p. 39, Lich. Scand. p. 492, et sec. Arn. Lich. Munch. p. 77). Lecidella polycarpa Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 237 (salt. max. p., sec. Th. Fr.). Lecidea lapicida *L. poly carpa Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 226. L. ambigua Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. XIV (1833) n. 407 (in hb. Ach.); Stenh. Sched. Crit. XIV (1833) p. 11 (non Ach., sec. Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 608). L. variegaia Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. XIII (1827) n. 387 (herb. Nyl.), Sched. Crit. XIII (1827) p. 22, Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 303, (in Syst. Orb. Veg., 1825, p. 287, nomen nudum, incertum sec. Th. Fr. 1. c. p. 493); Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 211. Exs. Anzi Lich. Ital. sup. VI (1865) n. 270, s. n. Lecidea variegaia: Med. J caerulea et KOH rub., hb. Oslo. — Anzi Lich. Lang. IV (1861) n. 157, s. n. Lecidea lactea: med. J caer., KOH rub., hb. Oslo. — Arnold Lich. Exs. n. 804, s. n. Lecidea lactea, sec. Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1881) p. 56: »Lecideapanlherina a var. Achariana.»—FellmanLich. Arct. Lapp, orient, n. 189, s. n. Lecidea polycarpa, according to a note by Vainio in the present manuscript. — Fries Lich. Suec. XIII (1824) n. 387, s. n. Lecidea variegaia, et XIV (1833) n. 407, s. n. Lecidea ambigua, sec. Th. Fries Lich. Scand. II p. 491. — Havas Lich. Norv. (1901) n. 33 et (1902) n. 135, var. Achariana: med. J caer., KOH rub., hb. Oslo. — Llepp Flecht. Eur. V (1857) n. 245, s.n. Bialora variegaia: med. J caer., KOH rub., hb. Oslo. — Johnson North Engl. Lich. Herb. IX (1900) n. 351, s. n. Lecidea lactea, sec. — A. L. Smith Brit. Lich. II (1911) p. 78. — Leight. Lich. Brit. X (1858) n. 301, s. n. Lecidea lactea: med. J caer., KOFI rub., hb. Oslo. — Lojka Lich. Hung. II (1882) n. 70 et n. 71, s. n. Lecidea lactea, sec. Vainio Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1881) p. 56. Lecidea panlherina a var. Achariana.— Malme Lich. Suec. VI (1909) n. 148, XV (1913) n. 370: var. polycarpa, XXXVII (1924) n. 923: var. subauriculala. — Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. VII (1882) n. 339 a et b, s. n. Lecidea polycarpa: med. J. caer., KOH rub., hb. Oslo. Thallus modice incrassatus aut sat tenuis aut raro sat crassus, continuus rimulosusque aut areolatus, areolis conti guis aut raro dispersis, planis aut rarius convexis, vulgo laevi gatis, cinerascentibus aut albidis aut raro obscuratis aut rarissime partim ochraceis, sorediis destitutus, totus aut intus aut maculatim KOH lutescens deindeque rubescens, medulla jodo caerulescens, hypothallo nigricante. Apothecia saepe p. p. contigua aut dispersa, lat. 0.5—-1.5 mm aut rarius minora majorave. Apothecia innata persistentia aut saepius demum emergentia adnatave, basi non constricta aut demum leviter Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 121 constricta, disco piano aut raro demum convexo, nigro, nudo aut pruinoso, opaco, margine tenui aut sat tenui, nigro, nudo aut pruinoso, saepe leviter prominente, vulgo persistente. Hypothecium hyphis erectis, superne anguste albidum, medio fuscescens, basi albidum, aut totum plus minus impure albi dum, aerem inter hyphas continens. Perithecium nigricans aut subaeruginoso-nigricans, strato interiore pallidiore parum evoluto. Epithecium aeruginoso-nigricans. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, simplices, apice parum incrassatae. Sporae ellipsoideae oblongaeve, long. O.009—O.015 crass. O.005 (0.004— 0.007) mm. F. Achariana Vain. L. panlherina a var. Achariana Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 56, Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai (1909) p. 142. L. lactea f. Achariana Harm. Gat. Lich. Lorr. (1899) p. 394. Exs. Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. VII (1882) n. 339 b (lib. Vain.). Thallus areolis contiguis, planis, cinerascentibus aut albidis. Apothecia disco nudo. Distr. AL: Collecta ab E. NyL, Lafo in Saltvik (H. Hollmeri et V. Sederholm), Bärö in Kumlinge (Hollm. et Sederh.). Ab.: Collecta a F. Elfving, Ruissalo (Vain.), Katariinanlaakso (V. Räsänen), Kultaranta (Vain.). N.: Tvärminne (F. Elfving, H. Rancken). Helsingforsia (Lang). »Frequentissima in Hoglandia» (»A. polycarpa» in Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. p. 103), collecta a M. Brenner in Vähä- Somerikko, Ylikäytävä, Majakallio (nom. »L. lactea»), Mäkienpäällys (Vain.), Kyrkslätt (A. Kullhem), Träskoplan in Esbo (Vain.), Toi vola (Vain.), Punavuoret (Vain. a. 1873), Degerö (Vain.) et alibi prope Helsingforsiam (Norrl. H. L. F. n. 339 b), Drumsö (Nyl.), Mjölö (Vain.), conf. infra (obs. 1). Ka.: Karhula in Kymi (Räsänen). »Supra saxa et lapides in littore marino prope Papula, Uuras et Tervaniemi» prope Viburgiam (»L. polycarpa» Vain. Lich. Vib. p. 67). St.: Merikarvia (»L. polycarpa passim» sec. A. J. Malmgren Fört. Lafv. Sat. p. 83). Ta.: Mustiala (A. Kullhem), ad Arakoski in Padasjoki (»L. polycarpa» sec. Nyl. in Norrl. Bidr. Sydöstr. Tav. Fl. p. 190), Paljakko in Korpilahti (»L. polycarpa» sec. Nyl. in Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. p. 116). KOn.: »Ad saxa dioritica in Schungu» (»L. polycarpa» sec. Nyl. in Norrl. FT. Kar. Oneg. II p. 14, specim. e Niihisaari a Simming collecta non vidi). Oa.: Kristinestad (A. J. Malmgren). Om.: Praedium sacerdotis in Lappajärvi (»L. panlherina» sec. G. Lang in Backman Fl. Lappaj. p. 131). Sb.: Kuopio (G. Lang Lich. Sav. Bor. p. 36). Ob.: »F>equenter ad lapides apertas supra juga et montes praesertimque locis elevatis ad orani maris» sec. Räsänen 122 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV (Flecht. Ostr. Bor. p. 333). OKaj.: In rupe granitica littorali ad templum in Kianta (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 57). Kuus.: Modif. Sudeiica ad rupem graniticam in reg. subalp. montis Nuorunen (Vain. 1. c). Lin.: In rupe syenitica in reg. subalp. ad Köngäs prope Mare glaciale (Vain. 1. c.). LTul.: »Passim usque ad Mare glaciale, ins. Kiidin» (»L. polycarpa» in Fellm. Lich. Arct. n. 189, Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 160), specim. n. 15483 in hb. Nyl., »L. lapicida» nominatum (thallo »K rub.» sec. adn. Nyl.) a F'ellm. forsan ad Kola collectum est. Obs. 1. Modificatio Sudeiica (Lecidea Sudeiica Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ., 1855, p. 254, Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III p. 704, L. panlherina a var. Achariana subv. Sudeiica Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 57), thallo sordide cinerascente aut cinereo-fuscescente nimis vage a f. Achariana differens, collecta locis sequentibus: Alandia (E. Ny- fander), Tvärminne prope Ekenäs (F. Elfving), Raseborg in Snap pertuna (H. Kullhem), Kyrkslätt (Kullh.), Kyrkslätt (Kullh.), Alppila Helsingforsiae (H. Hollmen), Liikolanmäki ad Kirjavalahti in Sortavala (»L. polycarpa» sec. Nyl. in Norrl. Symb. Fl. Lad.- Karel. p. 30), Nuorunen in Kuusamo (Vain. 1. c). Obs. 2. Modificatio composita (»L. polycarpa var. composita» Vain. Lich. Vib., 1878, p. 67, Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III p. 673), apotheciis e parte compositis vel perithecio in discum penetrante, e parte simpli- cibus, areolis thalli planis, modice incrassatis. In Uuras Viburgi, ad saxa granitica littoralia, qualibus locis etiam prope Helsingforsiam lecta. — Thallus jodo caerulescens, KOH primum lutescens, dein ru bescens. Apothecia saepe in series conferta, tota jodo caerulescentia. Hypothecium hyphis erectis, aerem inter hyphas continens, superne anguste albidum, inferne fuscescens, basi albidum. Perithecium nigricans aut subaeruginoso-nigricans, strato interiore pallidiore vix distincto, strato obscurato ad latera apothecii sub hypothecium non aut leviter continuatum. Hymenium circ. O.055 mm crassum. Para physes septatae, cellulis oblongis (in H2S04 visae), leviter gelatinosae, crass. 0.0015 mm, apice vix aut paullo crassiores. — L. sympecta Nyl., Fl. 1872 p. 358, sec. specim. orig. thallo crasso (»1—2 mm»), verru- coso-areolato, areolis convexis a modif. composila differt. Obs. 3. L. lapicida ft L. cyanea Ach., Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 38, sec. specim. orig. e Suecia in hb. Ach. thallo intus praesertimque in zona gonidiali KOH lutescens deindeque rubescens, disco tenuiter pruinoso instructa, ad »L. panlherinam» Th. Fr. evidenter pertinet et facie externa similis est »L. cyaneae» Th. Fr. (= L. tessellalae nostrae). F. polycarpa (Nyl.) Vain. Lecidea polycarpa Nyl. in Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. VII (1882) n. 339 a (hb. Vain.). L. panlherina y var. polycarpa Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 57. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 123 Thallus areolis convexis rugosisve. Apothecia nuda. Hypothe cium inferne impure albidum. Dislr. Ab.: Ad saxum graniticum in Katariinanlaakso in Kaarina (V. Räsänen). N.: Supra rupem porphyricam in Mäkienpäällys in Suursaari v. Hoglandia (Vain.), in latere aprico rupis gneissaceae ad Helsingforsiam (Norrl. H. L. F. n. 339 a). Ka.: Supra lapides graniticos in littore marino prope Tervaniemi Viburgi (»L. poly carpa» (Vain. Lich. Vib. p. 67). Thallus interdum materiam KOFI rubescentem tantum parcis- sime continens. Sic in FL L. F. n. 339 a. thallus et basis apothecii in KOH tantum parca puncta rubescentia formant. In hoc specimine thallus cinerascens (in spec. Viburgensi albidus), hypothecium hyphis erectis, superne albidum, inferne subcinerascens, aerem praesertim in parte inferiore inter hyphas continens, perithecium extus nigri cans, intus pallidum et impellucidum et hyphis irregulariter contextis, epithecium aeruginoso-fuligineum, KOH subnigricans, paraphyses apice leviter incrassatae, parce gelatinosae, asci clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata aut in KOH turgescente, apothecia primum plana deindeque convexa, primum immersa, dein emergen tia, basi non constricta, margine tenui, persistente aut demum excluso. F. hypophaeiza Vain. Thallus areolis convexis rugosisve. Apo thecia nuda. Hypothecium inferne fuscescens aut pallido-fuscescens. Dislr. N. In rupe granitica ad Helsingforsiam (Vain.). Ka.: Supra lapides in littore marino in Uuras et Papula Viburgi (»L. poly carpa» Vain. Lich. Vib. p. 67). Ta.: Ad lapidem graniticum prope Hersala in Hollola (Vain.), in latere lapidis prope Templum in Padas joki (Vain.). KOn.: Supra saxa dioritica ad Schungu (»L. polycarpa» sec. Nyl. in Norrl. Fl. Kar. II p. 34). Obs. 4. Modif. sympecta (L. sympecta Nyl. Fl. 1872 p. 358, Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 707, L. polycarpa "L. sympecta Hue Add. II (1888) n. 1251, L. panlherina f. sympecta Blomb. et Forss. En. PI. Scand. (1880) p. 87, conf. Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 492), apotheciis compositis, perithecio in hymenium penetrante, e parte simplicibus a f. hypolheiza differens, ad scopulum erraticum graniti cum prope Kultaranta (Ab.) collecta est. — Thallus crass. 1—0.5 mm, albido-cinerascens, KOH rubescens, areolis majore parte convexis, contiguis. Apothecia demum leviter emergentia. Hypothecium superne sat anguste albidum, inferne cinereo-nigricans vel obscure cinerascens. F. dispersella Vain. Thallus areolis minutis, lat. circ. 0.15-—0.5 mm, dispersis et parce subcontiguis, planis et parce depresso-con- vexis. Apothecia parva, lat. 0.5—0.9 mm, nuda. Hypothecium in ferne fuscum. 124 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Dislr. N.: Ad lapidem graniticam prope Abrahamsby in Kyrk slätt (Vain. 1874, a Nyl. determ. »L. declinans»). Flabitu quasi ad stirpem L. goniophilae pertinens. Thallus albus, sat tenuis, KOH demum dilute rubescens, medulla jodo caerulescente, hypothallo tantum ad ambitum parce evolutus, nigricans. Apothecia adnata, basi non constricta, disco piano aut saepe demum convexo aut depresso-convexo, margine tenui. Epithecium aeruginoso-fuli gineum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Hypothecium superne an guste albidum, inferne crassius fuscum. Sporae ellipsoideae parvae. F. lactea (Floerk.) Vain. Lecidea laclea FToerk. apud Schaer. Lich. Helv. Exs. VIII (1828) n. 176, Lich. Helv. Spic. III (1828) p. 127, IV (1833) p. 193, En. Lich. Eur. (1850) p. 114. L. panlherina var. lactea Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 57. L. Vogesica Schaer. 1. c. (1850) p. 115 (sec. Arn. Lich. Tirol XXIII, 1887, p. 85). Apothecia disco pruinoso aut demum denudato. Dislr. AL: Ad Djupviken in Väster-Geta (K. Linkola), ad saxum gneissaceum in Alandia (»L. Swartzioidea» Nyl. Not. Cr. Scand. p. 240, conf. infra). Ab.: In scopulo granitico ad Kultaranta (Vain.). N.: In rupe porphyrica ad Välikallio in Hoglandia (»L. lactea» sec. Nyl. in Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. p. 103 »frequenter», n. 15505, 15527 lib. Nyl.), in rupe granitica ad Helsingforsiam (Vain.), Degerö, Mjölö, Kyrkslätt (A. Kullhem). Ka.: »Passim supra rupes et lapides secus littora marina» ad Viburgum (»L. poly carpa *L. lactea» Vain. Lich. Vib. p. 67), collecta ad Papula, Terva niemi et Vanhaviipuri (Vain.). LIn.: In regione pinifera ad Edleh- järvi (F. Silen). LTuL: Jeretik (IL Hollmen). LMurm.: Kljatnji (»L. lapicida v. declinans» sec. det. Nyl., coll. N. I. F'ellm.). Thallus areolis planis aut raro parce convexis, contiguis, saepe albidis aut albis. Flypothecium inferne plus minus intense fuscescens. Obs. o. »L. lilhophila var. pallidocinerea Floerk., Flot., Zw.» in Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 227, »vix aliter differens a L. lilhophila quam apotheciis statu humido non rufescentibus», sec. specim. ad Helsingforsiam a Nyl. collectum ad L. cyaneam f. lacteam pertinet (zona gonidiali thalli KOLI rubescente, disco tenuissime pruinoso). Sec. Malmgren Fört. Lafv. Sat. och Södra Österb. p. 83 »passim» in ejus territ. obvenit. Commemoratur etiam in Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 236. L. lapicida v. pallidocinerea (Floerk.) Flot. Lich. Exs. (1829) n. 156 exactius determinata non est (Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III p. 623). Obs. 6. L. panlherina *L. peralbida Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. (1874) p. 494 L. Swartzioidea Nyl., supra indicata, L. contigua "Swartzioi dea Nyl. II. M. F., 1859, p. 90, L. lapicida v. Swartzioidea Nyl. Lich. Scand., 1860, p. 226), margine apotheciorum interdum pruinoso dif fert a f. lactea nostra. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 125 2). Exsiccati by B. Lynge, the rest by Vainio. F. oxydaia (Koerb.) Vain. (Lecidella polycarpa f. oxydata Koerb. Syst. Lich. (1855) p. 237, Lecidea panlherina f. oxydaia Anzi Cat. Lich. Sondr. (1860) p. 80, Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 673). Thallus partim ochraceus. Apothecia nuda. 56. L. lapicida Ach.1). Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 37 (excl. syn. et var.), Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 159 p. p. Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 13 p. p.; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 54 (excl. v. lessellata et v. cyanea), Exp. Veg. Pitlekai (1909) p. 141; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 605. Lichen lapi cida Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. (1798) p. 61 (excl. syn.) sec. hb. Ach. (conf. infr.). Lecidea panlherina *L. lapicida Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 493. Exs. Anzi Lang. IV (1861) n. 149 s. n. Lecidea ochromela, et X (1863) n. 399 s. n. Lecidea polycarpa f. ecruslacea (medulla J -j- , KOH —-), et — X (1863) n. 400, s. n. Lecidea polycarpa f. oxydaia (hb. Oslo). — Arnold Lich. Exs. n. 468 s. n. Lecidea ochromela, n. 553 s. n. Lecidea lapicida var. ochromela, sec. Arnold Lich. Tirol XX p. 8 (358), Lecidea declinascens f. ochromeliza, 716 a, b; b. s. n. Lecidea declinans f. ecruslacea, 717 s. n. Lecidea polycarpa var. ecruslacea, sec. Arnold Index Lecidea declinans f. ecruslacea, n. 801 et 802 s. n. Lecidea declinascens f. subierluens, n. 806 s. n. Lecidea polycarpa!, sec. Arnold Index Lecidea declinascens f. ecruslacea, n. 1236 s.n. Lecidea declinans var. subierluens: ochromelaena, vide Arnold Lich. Tirol XXIV p. 10 (258), n. 1527 s. n. Lecidea declinascens f. ochromeliza. — Fellman Lich. arct. Lapp. n. 187, 188 s. n. Lecidea lapicida var. declinans.— Havas Lich. Norv. (1913) n. 431. — Johnson Lich. Herb. X (1900) n. 350 et X (1906) n. 387, var ochromela, sec. A. L. Smith Brit. Lich. II (1911) p. 75. — Krypt. Exs. Vindob. XXIII (1915) n. 2267, f. ochromela, et XXIX (1925) n. 2868. — Malme Lich. Suec. XIII (1913) n. 324, et XXXVII (1924) n. 924. — Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. VII (1882) n. 337, s. n. Lecidea declinans f. ochromela. Lecidea lapicida is a species that has been limited very differently by many authors. In the above enumeration the editor has only quoted exsiccata where the species was presumably limited in the same manner as in the present work, and exsiccata, quoted by very reliable authors. For full bibliographical reference see Lynge Index Exs. II (1920) p. 172 [Lecidea lapicida et f. f.) and p. 165 (Lecidea declinans et f. f. and Lecidea declinascens et f. f.). 126 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Thallus modice incrassatus aut sat tenuis aut raro sat crassus, areolatus, areolis planis aut raro convexis, laevigatis, cinerascentibus (aut raro subalbidis) aut ochraceis, KOH non distincte reagentibus, aut raro evanescens, sorediis desti tutus, medulla jodo caerulescente, hypothallo nigricante saepe distincto. Apothecia p. p. contigua, p. p. dispersa, lat. circ. 0.7—1.2, rarius —2 mm, adnata aut raro primum innata, basi non constricta aut raro demum leviter constricta, disco piano aut demum depresso-convexo, nigro, nudo, opaco, margine sat tenui, nigro aut nigricante, nudo, opaco, vulgo leviter prominente, persistente aut raro demum excluso. Hypothecium superne album, inferne fuscescenti-pallidum aut rarius impure pallidum aut totum album, hyphis erectis, in parte inferiore aerem inter hyphas continens. Perithecium extus subaeruginoso-fuligineum, intus subalbidum, strato subalbido angusto ad latera apothecii infra stratum obscura- tum hypothecii continuatum. Epithecium subaeruginoso- nigricans. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, simplices, apice in crassatae. Sporae ellipsoideae aut p. p. oblongae, long. 0.008—0.013, crass. 0.005—0.006 (—O.004) mm. F. declinans Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 226; Vain. Lich. Exp. Amdrup (1905) p. 138, Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai (1909) p. 141. Thallus bene aut sat bene evolutus, areolis planis, cinerascentibus aut raro subalbidis. Hypothecium inferne plus minus intense fu scescens aut fuscescenti-pallidum. Dislr. AL: Hasterboda in Föglö (A. Wahlberg). Ab.: Vepsän- saari (Vain.), Muhkurimäki (Vain.), Merimasku (P. A. Karsten, hb. Nyl.). N.: Kotimäki, Mäkienpäällys, Somerikonvuoret, Lounat- puoli in Suursaari vel Hoglandia (Vain.), ad Helsingforsiam pluribus locis (Vain.), Kuckubacka in Sibbo (Vain.), Tvärminne (Elfving). Ka.: Ad lapides et saxa in littore marino in Uuras, Papula et Terva niemi Viburgi (Vain. Lich. Vib. p. 67). Ta.: Kaila (»L. confluens var. declinans» Nyl. in Norrl. Bidr. Sydöstr. Tav. Fl. p. 190, Norrl. n. 356), Evo (Vain.), prope templum in Padasjoki (Vain.), Mustiala (A. Kullhem), Jutinsalo in Luhanka, Haukkavuori et Sutoinen in Korpilahti (»L. declinans» sec. det. Nyl. in Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. p. 116). Sa.: Lauritsala et Taipalsaari (E. Nylander). KL.: Kurkijoki (Räsä nen). Sb.: Kehvonsalo, Mustamäki ad Haminanmäki in Kuopio (K. Linkola). Kb.: In rupibus in Lieksa et Nurmes passim (»L. lapicida var. declinans f. declinascens» Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora F'ennica, 57, N:o 2. 127 p. 55). OKaj.: Kajaani (K. P. Malmgren), Selkäsaari in Kuhmo, Kianta (»passim in toto territorio» sec. Vain. 1. e.). Ob.: Simo (Räsä nen). Kuus.: »Passim» sec. Vain. 1. c, collecta in Näränkävaara et Ukonvaara (Vain.), ad Kitkajoki (F. Silen). LKem.: »Passim» sec. Vain. 1. c. (collecta ab E. Nyl., in Pyhätunturi ab E. Häyren). LEnont.: Hetta (701 et 702, »L. lilhophila» sec. Nyl. in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 339, Naimakka (»L. confluens» sec. Nyl. in Norrl. 1. c). LIm.: Porjeguba (G. Selin, »L. lilhophila» sec. det. Nyl. et postea »L. lessellala», 15897 in hb. Nyl. Thallus strato corticali non evoluto, KOFI non reagens aut intus saepe dilutissime et vix distincte lutescens, microscopio visus cry- stalla rubra non formans. Apothecia rotundata aut angulosa aut raro lobulata aut confluentia, vulgo modice incrassata, sed saepe etiam sat crassa, raro sat tenuia. Hypothecium in parte inferiore stratum plus minus album obscuratum aut tantum in sectione crassa obscuratum, sed in lamina tenui impure vel cinerascenti pallidum. Perithecium in parte exteriore hyphis radiantibus, in parte in- teriore subalbida saepe hyphis sat irregulariter contextis; in parte inferiore apothecii stratum obscuratum subfuscescens aut palle- scens, in medio apothecii deficiens. FZpithecium KOH leviter dilu- tescens. Paraphyses gelatina parca disjunctae, in aqua visae vulgo septis haud distinctis, sed in FI2S04 aut KOH observatae plus minus abundanter septatae, crass. vulgo O.ooi mm et apice sensim incrassato crass. 0.003—O.004 mm. Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice aut leviter incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, apicibus rotundatis obtu- sisve, lateribus convexis. Conidia »filiformia, recta, long. O.009— O.012, crass. 0.0005—O.oooo mm» sec. adn. Nyl. in n. 16273 e Pyren., »L. declinascens» Nyl. (Lich. Pyr. Or. Obs. Nov., 1891, p. 47, ubi conidia indicantur »long. O.009—O.014, crass. O.0006 mm»). Gonidia cystococcacea, globosa, diam. vulgo O.012 mm. Obs. 1. L. lapicida nostra a Nyl. in duas species divisa est, L. declinantem et L. declinascentem, in Fl. 1878 p. 243. »In L. decli- nanle Nyl. notam optimam sistunt paraphyses articulatae. Datur in Anzi Lich. Rar. Langob. Exs. IX (1863) n. 358 A» (L. pruinosa Anzi), qui autem sec. n. 16255 in hb. Nyl. apotheciis primum pruino sis deindeque denudatis, primum thallo immersis et demum emergen tibus, hypothecio superne anguste albido, subtus fusco-nigricante et habitu L. lessellalae a L. lapicida differt et certe ad earn non pertinet. Thallo KOH non reagente differt a L. lactea. L. lapicida var. 3 declinans Nyl., Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 226, »ad saxa granitica in Scan dinavia passim (in hb. Ach. sub »confluente» subsumpta observatur), sec. specim. n. 16256 in hb. Nyl., Holmiae a. 1852 a Nyl. collectum, thallo instructa est KOH non reagente, medulla J caerulescente, apotheciis nudis, totis jodo caerulescentibus, hypothecio superne 128 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. albido, inferne fuscescenti-pallido, KOH paullo intensius fuscescente, perithecio extus aeruginoso-nigricante (hyphis radiantibus), subtus olivaceo aut pallescente (in medio hae zona deficiente), intus impellu- cido, subpallido albidove, partim irregulariter contexto, aerem inter hyphas continente et infra partem obscuratam hypothecii continuato. Paraphyses simplices, gelatina parca disjunctae, septis increbris jam in aqua distinctis, crass. O.0015, apice O.oos-—O.004 mm, apicem versus sensim incrassatae. Hymenium circ. O.ooo mm crassum, jodo caerulescens. Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Epithecium sordide aeruginoso-nigricans, KOH dilutescens. »Sporae long. 0.009—0.013, crass. O.005—O.ooo mm». Gonidangia »tuberculosa, nigra». Conidia »filiformia, recta, long. O.009—O.ou, crass. O.0006 mm» (sec. adn. Nyl.). — L. declinascens Nyl. sec. Nyl. 1. c. »similis L. decli- nanti et nisi ejus subspecies, differens praecipue paraphysibus non articulatis (apice caerulescenti-nigricante). Sporae long. O.oio—O.on mm, crass. O.005—O.ooo mm. Paraphyses quidem obsolete articulatae, sed non ita distincte ut in L. declinanle. In alpibus Tyrolensibus (F. Arnold) et Hungariae (Lojka) et Pyrenaeorum.» Specimen e Pyren. n. 16273 ad L. confluenlem f. conneclentem pertinet. Obs. 2. L. declinans var. subierluens Nyl., Fl. 1878 p. 243 (Hue Addend. II, 1888, p. 196, Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III, 1925, p. 559), »hypothecio incolore vel subincolore, qualis in Scandinavia raro occur- rit.» Secund. specim. orig. in hb. Nyl. (ad rupem graniticam prope Helsingforsiam a J. P. Norrlin collectum, n. XCVII, 16265 in hb. Nyl.), hypothecio superne albido, inferne subrufescenti-pallido et maculis parvis obscurius coloratis aerem continentibus crebre in- sperso, »sporis long. O.oio—O.014, crass. O.005—O.ooo mm» (Nyl.) in structa est. — L. declinascens var. sublerluescens Nyl., Fl. 1878 p. 243 (Hue Addend. II, 1888, p. 196, Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III, 1925, p. 560, L. lapicida a var. declinans f. declinascens sf. sublerluescens Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II, 1883, p. 55), »hypothecio incolore vel subincolore» descripta. In specim. orig. n. 16284 in hb. Nyl. (Arn. n. 144 e Tirolia) thallus albido-cinerascens, maculis ochraceis, hypo thecium hyphis erectis, superne albidum, inferne rufescenti-pallidum (et maculis aerem continentibus parcis) aut (in sectione tenuissima visum) subalbidum (maculis aerem continentibus numerosis), peri thecium extus aeruginoso-nigricans, intus impellucidum, albicans, aerem inter hyphas continens, epithecium aeruginoso-fuligineum, paraphyses increbre septatae, O.0015 mm crassae, apicibus O.003— 0.004 mm crassis, »sterigmata parce ramosa et parce articulata (sicut in Cladoniis), conidia recta, long. O.oio—O.014, crass. O.0005—O.OOOÖ mm, sporae long. O.oio—O.013, crass. O.005—O.ooo mm» (sec. adn. Nyl.). In speciminibus orig. n. 16282 et 16283 thallus adhuc magis ochra ceus. In Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 56 indicatur e Pyssy- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 129 vaara in Nurmes (Kb.), e Hiidenvaara in Kuhmo (OKaj.), e monte Nuorunen in Kuusamo. Sicut »var. subierluescens» Nyl. plantae his locis lectae ad statum inter f. declinantem et f. psendospeireizoidem intermedium pertinent. Obs. 3. Lecidea lapicida Ach. Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 37 (Lichen lapicida Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr., 1798, p. 61 »excl. syn.» sec. Ach.), sec. specimen originate in lap. granit, collectum in hb. Ach. thallo instructa KOH non reagente, jodo bene caerulescente, apotheciis nudis, hypothecio hyphis erectis, superne sat anguste pallido in sectione tenui (fuscescenti-pallido in sectione crassiore), epithecio aeruginoso-fuligineo, paraphysibus partim distincte septatis (articu- lis oblongis), crass. O.0015 mm, apice O.003—O.004 mm. F. pseudospeireiza Vain. L. panlherina *L. lapicida B) pseudospei- rea Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 494 p. p. (excl. specim. thallo ochraceo). L. pericarpoides Nyl. Fl. 1881 p. 539 p. p. (conf. infra). Thallus bene aut sat bene evolutus, areolis planis, cinerascentibus aut raro subalbidis. Hypothecium albidum aut inferne pallidum aut subcinerascens. Dislr. LKem.: In reg. alp. montis Lompolotunturi (»L. tessellata» sec. Nyl. in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 339, »hypothecio albido» sec. Nyl. in n. 15903 in hb. Nyl.). LEnont.: In reg. alp. ad Naimakka in Suecia (»L. tessellata» sec. Nyl. in Norrl. 1. c). LIm.: Porjeguba (G. Selin, n. 15910 in hb. Nyl. »L. lilhophila» et postea »L. lessallala» a Nyl. nominata. LPon.: Ad saxum schistosum in ostio fl. Aatsche- rok (165, 15905 in hb. Nyl.) et ad rupem graniticam prope Orlov (144 = 15904 in hb. Nyl., 351, 352, »L. tessellata» sec. Nyl. in Kihlm. N. Beitr. Flecht. Kola p. 58), ad Ponoj (Fellm. Lich. Arct. 1864, n. 190, »L. lilhophila» Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or., 1866, p. 160, conf. infra). Obs. 4. Fellm. Lich. Arct. n. 190 in Mus. Fenn. thallo instructus cinerascente, hypothecio superne albido, inferne impure pallido, medulla jodo caerulescente, KOH non reagente, disco nigro, nudo, proximus est f. pseudospeireizae. Obs. 5. L. lapicida f. plumbescens (L. tessellata f. plumbescens Nyl. in Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv., 1885, p. 104, L. cyanea f. plumbescens Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. Ill, 1925, p. 556), thallo plumbeo-cinereo macula una ochracea instructa, est modificatio f. pseudospeireizae inf. ochraceam transiens. Thallus sat tenuis, rimulosus aut areolatus, opacus, intus jodo caerulescens, KOH non reagens. Hypothecium superne albidum, inferne pallidum aut subalbidum, maculis aerem continentibus cinerascentibus (crebris in infima parte). Epithecium nigricans aut subolivaceo-nigricans, Sporae ellipsoideae, long. O.ooo— O.oio, crass. O.ooo (•—O.004) mm. Habitu est insignis. Supra rupem porphyricam in Somerikonvuoret in Suursaari v. Hoglandia legi a. 1875. 0 130 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. F. ochromeliza (Nyl.) Harm. L. declinascens f. ochromeliza Nyl. Fl. 1878 p. 243; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 196; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 559. L. lapicida v. declinans f. ochromeliza Harm. Cat. Lich. Lorr. (1899) p. 396. L. confluens d L. ochromela Ach. Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 41 (tantum p. p., male e graeco derivata). L. lapicida var. 4) ochromela Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 226, L. declinans f. ochromela Zahlbr. 1. c. p. 558. Thallus bene aut sat bene evolutus, totus aut maculatim ochra ceus. Flypothecium inferne plus minus intense fuscescens aut fusce scenti-pallidum. Dislr. AL: Pantsarnäs in Geta (K. Linkola), Kallas in Föglö (A. Wahlberg). Ab.: Muhkurimäki (Vain.) ad Aboam etiam F. Elf ving, Merimasku (P. A. Karsten, »L. tessellata f. daphoena» sec. Nyl., conf. Th. Fr. 1. c. p. 494), Hylkmys ad Uusikaupunki (H. Holl- men). Sammatti (G. Selin). N.: Ad rupem porphyricam in Mäkien- päällys et Somerikonvuoret (Vain.), Majakallio et Selkäpajanlahti (»L. declinans f. ochromela» sec. Nyl. in Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. p. 103). Kyrkslätt (A. Kullh.), in rupibus graniticis et gneissaceis ad Hel singforsiani (W. Nyl., Vain.). Ka.: Ad lapides et saxa in littore marino in Uuras, Papula et Tervaniemi Viburgi (Vain. Lich. Vib. p. 67). Sat.: Kumo (A. J. Malmgren). Ta.: Mustiala (Kullh.), »sat rare in Tav. austr.-or.» (»L. confluens v. ochromela» Norrl. Bidr. Sydöstr. Tav. Fl. p. 190), Asikkala et Evo (Norrl.), »sat frequenter ad rupes et lapides locis apricis in Tav. or.» (Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. p. 116). Sa.: Ad Nyslott (O. Carlenius, 16258 in hb. Nyl.). KLad.: Ad Kirjava- lahti (Norrl.). Tb.: »Sat frequenter in rupibus» (Vain. 1. a). Sb.: Mikkeli (Norrl. H. L. F. n. 337). Kb.: »In rupibus passim in toto territorio» (Vain Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 55), collecta in rupe gneissacea ad Mujejärvi in Nurmes (Vain.). OKaj.: Kajaani (K. P. Malmgren) »in rupibus passim in toto territorio» (Vain. 1. c.) Kuus.: In rupe gneissacea et chloriticoschistosa in reg. subalp. montis Nuo runen collecta, »passim in toto territorio» adnotata (Vain. 1. c). Ob.: Haukipudas (M. Brenner), Jaatilanvaara in Rovaniemi (M. Bren ner), Ylitornio (Norrl., 15588 in hb. Nyl.). LKem.: In alpe Keimiötunturi (Norrl. n. 819, »L. tessellata var. ochracea» sec. Nyl. in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lapp. p. 339), ad Venejoki in Kittilä (G. Lang). LEnont.: Leutsovaara (Norrl.), in reg. pinifera ad Karesuanto (»L. confluens» sec. Nyl. in Norrl. 1. c.), ad Kelottijärvi (L. tessellata f. ochracea» sec. Nyl. in 1. c, 15887 in hb. Nyl., Norrl. 829, postea a Nyl. »L. mesotropa f.» nominata, conf. etiam Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 490). LIm.: Porjeguba (G. Selin, 15883 in hb. Nyl., ab eo nomi nata »L. lilhophila f. ochracea»), Umba (G. Selin, 16259 in hb. Nyl., Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 160, A. O. Kihlman n. 517). Obs. 6. L. declinascens f. ochromeliza Nyl. Fl. 1878 p. 243 (Hue Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 131 Addend. II, 1888 p. 196, Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. Ill, 1925, n. 559) spectat ad Arn. Lich. Exs. (1873) n. 553 (16288 in hb. Nyl.), qui thallo instructa est areolato, bene ochraceo, hypothecio superne albido, inferne subrufescente (subfuscescente in sectione crassiore), paraphysibus crass, vix O.0015 mm, apice O.003—O.004 mm, increbre septatis. — L. declinans f. ochromelaena Nyl. FT. 1878 p. 243 (Hue Addend. II, 1888, p. 196) sec. specim. orig. n. 16264 in hb. Nyl. (Arn. Lich. Exs., 1871, n. 468) thallo instructa est rimoso, bene ochraceo, hypothecio superne albido, inferne impure pallido (partim fuscescenti-pallido in sectione crassiore) et aerem inter hyphas erec- tas continens. »L. tessellata var. ochracea Nyl.» in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. (1873) p. 339, in Keimiötunturi in Kittilä (LKem.) a Norrl. collecta (819), thallo instructa est pallido-ochraceo, hypothecio toto albido, in parte inferiore aerem inter hyphas continente, hyphis erectis, paraphysibus O.0015 mm crassis (apice crassioribus), parce et in aqua parum distincte septatis. Obs. 7. L. pericarpoides Nyl. Fl. 1881 p. 539 (Hue Addend. II, 1888, p. 198, Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill, 1925, p. 666, L. polycarpoi- des Nyl. Fl. 1875 p. 105, nec Bialora polycarpoides Mull. Arg. 1870 p. 259, nec Lecidea polycarpoides Mull. Arg. Fl. 1871 p. 402, Zahlbr. I. c. p. 674, nec L. paralropa *L. polycarpoides Nyl. in Hue Addend. II, 1888, p. 195, n. 1240), his verbis descripta: »Forsitan varietas Lecideae tessellatae Floerk., quacum reactionibus convenit, sed sec tione apothecii sicut in L. spilotica i. e. perithecio portionem medul- lae involvente. Occurrit etiam ferro tincta. In Lapponia late distri buta (Selin et Norrlin).» Sec. hb. Nyl. specimina orig. hujus sunt n. 15887, ad Kelottijärvi in Enontekiö (LEnont.) collect. (Norrl. n. 829, »L. tessellata v. ochracea» sec. determ. Nyl. in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lapp., 1873, p. 339, »L. panlherina *L. lapicida B) pseudo- speirea» (Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 494, 490), thallo instruct, intense ochraceo, hypothecio toto albido, in parte inferiore aerem inter hyphas continente, hyphis erectis, paraphysibus O.0015 mm crassis (apice crassioribus), parce (jam in aqua visis distincte) septatis, — n. 15883, ad Porjeguba in LIm. a G. Selin collect, habitu subsimilis (»L. lilhophila f. ochracea» a Nyl. primum nominata), — n. 15885, in reg. alp. ad Naimakka ad fl. Könkämä (in LEnont., in Suecia), »L. tessellata Floerk.» sec. determ. Nyl. in Norrl. 1. c. p. 339 nominata, thallo cinereo et hypothecio pallido et partim albido, in parte in feriore aerem inter hyphas sat parce continente, hyphis erectis, perithecio intus impure albido, impellucido, epithecio nigricante (leviter in subaeruginosum vergente), paraphysibus O.0015 mm crassis (apicibus crassioribus) sat distincte abundanterque septatis (»sporis long. O.oio—O.012, crass. O.005—O.ooo mm», conidiis »rectis long. O.007—- O.on, crass. O.oooe mm» sec. adn. Nyl.). N. 15886 (Norrl. n. 813), < 132 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. a Nyl. nominata etiam »L. spilola Fr. var.» et primum »L. mesoiropa Nyl. Fl. 1867 p. 328», una cum n. 15885 collecta (conf. Th. Fr. 1. c. p. 490), nec ab ea differt. — »L. tessellata var. spilota Ach.», sec. de term. Nylandri in Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. (1878) p. 116 commemorata, in latere rupis graniticae in Haukkavuori in Korpilahti (Ta.) collecta (16321 in hb. Nyl.), margine in limite disci linea alba ornata, apothe ciis confluentibus, hypothecio inferne rufescente vel fuscescente, thallo disperso instructa, vix est distinguenda a f. declinanle, ad quam referenda etiam est »L. lapicida v. tessellata (Nyl.)» in Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 56, apotheciis p. p. confluentibus margineque saepe sinuato instructa, in reg. subalp. montis Nuorunen, in Kuu samo collecta. F. ochracea (Nyl.) Vain. L. tessellata var. ochracea Nyl. in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. (1873) p. 339 (Mus. Fenn.). L. panlherina *L. lapicida B) pseudospeirea Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 494 p. p. L. pericarpoides Nyl. Fl. 1881 p. 539 p. p.; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 666 p. p. L. cyanea f. ochracea Zahlbr. 1. c. p. 556. Thallus bene aut sat bene evolutus, ochraceus. Hypothecium albidum aut inferne pallidum. Dislr. LKem.: In Keimiötunturi in Kittilä (»L. tessellata var. ochracea» sec. determ. Nyl. in Norrl. 1. c, n. 819, conf. supra). LEnont.: Ad Kelottijärvi in Enontekiö (»L. tessellata var. ochracea» sec. Nyl. in Norrl. 1. c., n. 829, »L. pericarpoides» Nyl. sec. n. 15887 in hb. Nyl., conf. supra). LIm.: Ad Porjeguba (G. Selin, »L. lilho phila f. ochracea» sec. det. Nyl. et »L. pericarpoides» sec. n. 15883 in hb. Nyl., conf. supra). Obs. 8. L. lapicida b. oxydaia Rabenh., Deutschl. Krypt. II (1845) p. 84, ad L. silaceam pertinere videtur. F. ecruslacea Anzi apud Arn. Fl. 1872 p. 153; Bagl. et Gar. Anaer. Lich. Vals. (1881) p. 269; Vain. Lich. Ferghana (1904) p. 247; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 607. L. declinans f. ecruslacea Nyl. apud Arn. Lich. Tirol XVIII (1878) p. 283 (conf. Nyl. Fl. 1878 p. 243). L. lapicida a var. declinans f. ecruslacea Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 56. Thallus evanescens aut tantum infra hypothecium conspicuus. Dislr. Sb.: In latere rupis graniticae in Taivaanpankko prope Kuopio (K. Linkola). Kb.: Supra rupem graniticam in Pyssyvaara in Nurmes (Vain.). LEnont.: In reg. pinifera prope Kaaresuanto (»L. confluens f. ecruslacea» sec. Nyl. in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lapp, p. 339, n. 16251 et 16254 in hb. Nyl.). LIm: Ins. lacus Inari (A. W. Granit et B. R. Poppius). LPom: Ponoj (N. J. Fellm., »L. lilhophila subecruslacea» p. p. in Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 160). LTul.: Ins. Kiidin (Fellm., »L. lapicida v. declinans ecruslacea» sec. Nyl. in Mus. Fenn.). Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 133 x). Literary references by Vainio, the rest by B. Lynge. Est forma inconstans, in eodem specimine quoque in f. declinan- tern aut f. ochromelizam transiens. Habitus subsimilis L. eniero- morphae (L. planae), sed thallo infra apothecia evoluto jodo bene caerulescente ab ea differens. Hypothecium totum albidum aut in eodem apothecio quoque inferne subfuscescens. F. verrucifera Vain.; Flarm. Cat. Lich. Lorr. (1899) p. 396; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 608. L. lapicida a v. declinans f. verru cifera Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 55, Lich. Cauc. (1899) p. 327. Thallus areolis convexis vel verrucaeformibus, cinerascentibus aut subalbidis. Dislr. N.: Helsingforsia (Räsänen). LKem.: Keimiötunturi in Muonioniska (J. P. Norrlin). LIm.: Umba (G. Selin, »L. lapicida» Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 160). 57. L. theiodes Sommerf.*) Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 145, K. Norske Vid. Skr. II 2 (1827) p. 54; Fr. Lich. Eur. Ref. (1831) p. 325; Hornem. Dansk Oek. PL II (1837) p. 569; Schaer. En. Lich. Eur. (1850) p. 115; Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 220 (320), Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 495; Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 228; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 58; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 709. Lecidella theiodes Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 241, Par. Lich. (1865) p. 203. Thallus crassitudine mediocris vel satis crassus, primo rimoso-areolatus, deinde magis discrete areolatus. Areo lae rotundatae, diam. 0.5—-1.5 (—-2.o) mm, bene limitatae, plus minusve verrucosae, rimis reticulatis in areo lis minutis (diam. 0.2—0.3 mm.) divisae et earn ob cau- sam rugoso-granulatae. Thallus opacus, sulphureus vel glauco-vires cens, sorediis isidiisque destitutus. Apothecia numerosa vel numerosissima, usque con fluentia, rotundata vel mutua pressione angulosa, diam. 0.5—l.o (•—-1.5) mm., innata, thallum aequantia, inter areolas sita. Discus planus vel subconcavus, lae- vigatus, nitidulus, ater, interdum in juventute levissime caesio-pruinosus, margine elevato, concolori, integro vel flexuoso cinctus. Excipulum nigricans, saltern in parte exte- 134 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. riori. Hypothecium fulvo-fuscescens, in parte inferiori obscu- rius, in parte superiori pallidius coloratum. Hymenium superne aeruginoso-nigrescens vel olivaceo-smaragdulum, altum: 100—110 ju altum. Paraphyses plus minusve cohae rentes, satis distinctae, in apice haud incrassatae. Asci clavati, octospori. Sporae (raro evolutae) breviter ellipsoideae: (8—) 9.5—13 x 5—7 ii. Pycnides frustra quaesitae. Medulla J intense caerulea, KOH e flavo sangui ne a, CaCl202 non rubescens. Hymenium J caerulescens. Vainio distinguished two varieties from Finland: Var. reperla Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 58. Thallus glauco-virescens vel flavescens, subdispersus vel areo latus. Disir. Ks.: Vaskikallio in Kuusamo (Vain.). Var. Kuusamoensis Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 58. Thallus flavescens, areolatus. Dislr. Ks.: Vaskikallio in Kuusamo (Vain.). Obs. In the type plant of Sommerfelt the editor found the reac tion »hymenium J persistenter caerulescens vel caeruleo-nigrescens». Vainio writes (1. c.) var. reperla: »gelatina hymenialis jodo persisten ter caerulescens, ascis demum violascentibus», and var. Kuusamoen sis: »gelatina hymenialis jodo, praecedente caerulescentia, obscure vinose rubens.» — In the same plant the editor found an almost uncoloured hypothecium. Sommerfelt suggested an affinity with Lecidea viridialra, which is quite probable. In Lich. Scand. Th. M. Fries placed it in his Lecidea silacea-section, on account of its reaction with J. Vainio did the same in Adj. Lich. Lapp. The editor is not inclined to attribute so much importance to the reaction with J for generic subdivision as Th. M. Fries did. He might call attention to its habitual resemblance with some species of the Lecidea armeniaca-section. Lecidea theiodes is, however, distinct from them in its thick dark excipulum. 58. L. Kittilensis Vain. (n. sp.). Thallus modice incrassatus aut sat tenuis, areolatus, areo lis planis aut p. p. depresso-convexis, laevigatis aut p. p. demum irregulariter inaequalibus, colore variegatis, obscure et dilute cinerascentibus et pallidis albidisque, KOH non Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 135 reagens, sorediis destitutus, medulla jodo caerulescente, hypothallo nigricante. Apothecia in hypothallo aut inter areolas sita aut primum thallo immersa et demum adnata, lat. 1—0.3 mm, sat tenuia, basi non constricta, disco piano, nigricante, nudo, leviter nitido, margine sat tenui, nigricante aut primum obscure cinerascente, subnitido, integro laeviga- toque, prominente, persistente. Hypothecium fuscum, hyphis erectis. Epithecium fusco-fuligineum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Asci late clavati. Sporae 8:nae, subglobosae ellipsoideaeve, long. 0.0045—-0.007, crass. 0.003—0.005 mm. Dislr. Ad saxa dioritica. LKem.: Keimiötunturi in Kittilä (L. Kari). Habitu subsimilis L. leucophaeae, sed margine apotheciorum prominente, hypothecio fusco, medulla thalli jodo caerulescens ab ea bene differens. Thallus KOH addito CaCl202 non reagens, areolis 0.8—0.3 mm latis, angulosis aut rotundatis aut difformibus, con tiguis et p. p. dispersis, hypothallo nigricante partim inter areolas conspicuo et saepe demum minutissime areolato-diffracto. Perithe cium fusco-fuligineum. Hymenium circ. O.070 mm crassum, jodo caerulescens. Epithecium strato decolorato non obductum. Para physes crass. O.001—0.0015 mm, apice clavato-capitato, O.003 mm crasso. Asci in apice membrana bene incrassata. Sporae plures novellae visae. Conidia non visa. Gonidia cystococcacea. Vainio compared this species with Lecidea leucophaea. The editor referred it to the Lecidea silacea section, on account of its positive reaction with J. In Vainio's herb, it has the number 3988; No. 3989 is Lecidea Keimioeensis and 3990 Lecidea deusla. Sect. Lecidea lithophila. Thallus pallidus, apothecia saltern primitus planiuscula. Hyphae medullares non vel passim parce amyloideae. 59. L. lithophila Th. Fr.1) Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 495; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 59 p.p.; Arn. Lich. Frank. Jur. (1884) p. 553, Lich. Tirol XIII (1887) p. 122, Lich. Munch. (1891) p. 77: Nyl. Lich. Par. (1896) p. 91; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 618 p. p.. L. lapi cida *L. lithophila Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 226 p. p. Verrucaria x). Exsiccati by B. Lynge, the rest by Vainio. 136 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. mullipuncia Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. (1796) p. 135?. Lecidea panlo- sticta var. spilota Ach. K. Vet. Ak. N. Handl. (1808) p. 230? Patel lar ia variabilis var. patellar is YYallr. Fl. Crypt. Germ. III (1831) p. 364 (sec. Zahlbr. 1. c. p. 619). Lecidella pruinosa Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 235 (?); Arn. Lich. Tirol XIII (1874) p. 239 (9) ?. Exs. Anzi Lich. Lang. IX (1863) n. 358 A (non B, quae est Lecidea lactea, sec. Arnold Tirol XXIV p. 5 (253). — Arnold Lich. Exs. n. 800 a (f. pruinosa) et b (f. umbrosa), vide Arnold Tirol XXI p.42 (134), n. 1052 (i.minula), n. 1238 (f. minuta). — Arnold Lich. Mon. (1897) n. 480. — Claud, et Harm. Lich Galh I (1903) n. 45. — Crom- bie Lich. Brit. II (1877) n. 183. — Fellman Lich. arct. Lapp. n. 190. — Fries Lich. Suec XIII (1824) n. 374, n. 375 p. p. (s. n. Lecidea albocaeru- lescens), sec. Th. Fries Lich. Scand. II p. 496. — Havas Lich. Norv. (1902) n. 132 (f. subnuda). — Hepp Flecht. Eur. IX (1860) n. 490 (s. n. Bialora cyanea), sec. Th. Fries Lich. Scand. II p.496. — Kern. Flora Austr.-Hung. VIII (1886) n. 1551 (f. umbrosa, vide Arnold Tirol XXVI p. 32 (132). — Malme Lich. Suec. XVIII (1914) n. 450, XXIV (1916) n. 597, XXXIII (1920) n. 822. — Zwackh Lich. Exs. 130 B (et A?). — Lecidea pruinosa, vide Lynge Index II (1920) p. 181. Thallus tenuis aut raro modice incrassatus, continuus aut rimosus aut demum areolato-diffractus, sat laevigatus aut leviter inaequalis, cinerascens aut rarius subalbidus aut ochraceus, opacus, nec KOH, nec jodo reagens, sorediis desti tutus, hypothallo nigricante passim conspicuo. Apothecia partim crebra aut sat crebra, partim dispersa, lat. 0.7—1.3 mm, semiimmersa vel emergentia aut immersa persistentia, sat tenuia, basi non constricta, disco piano aut raro demum depresso-convexo, tenuiter aut tenuissime pruinoso aut de mum denudato, margine tenui aut primum parum conspi cuo, nigricante aut raro leviter ochraceo. Hypothecium albidum, in parte superiore hyphis erectis, in parte inferiore aerem inter hyphas continens. Perithecium extus nigricans, intus sordide pallescens. Epithecium subolivaceo-fuscescens, KOH distinctius fuscescens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, strato gelatinoso tenui disjunctae. Sporae ellipsoideae aut p. p. oblongae, »long. 0.009—0.014, crass. 0.004—0.006 mm» (sec. adn. Nyl. in n. 15994, 15997 et 15967). Distr. Praesertim ad saxa gneissacea humilia in campis aut aliis locis apricis crescit. Sb.: Pitkälahti in Kuopio (O. Lönnbohm). Kb.: Ad lapidem graniticum in campo olim deusto ad Jakokoski in Kon- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 137 tiolahti (Vain.}, »passim in Kar. bor.» sec. Vain, in Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 59, collecta ad templum in pag. Lieksa (Vain.) et ad lapidem graniticum supra rupem prope Piironen in Nurmes (Vain.). OKaj.: »Frequenter in Kuhmo et sat frequenter in Kianta» (V'ain. 1. c). Kuus.: »Passim in Kuusamo» (Vain. 1. c). Ob.: In lapide granitico in Hupisaari prope Oulu (M. E. Huumonen), in lapide granitico in alpe Keimiötunturi in Muonioniska (Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 339, n. 15961 in hb. Nyl.). LIn.: In reg. subalp. jugi Suoloselkä et ad lapidem graniticum in reg. subalp. montis Hammastunturi (Vain. I. c. p. 60). Kaamasjoki in Inari (Silen). L. Murm.: Jeretik (Hollmen). A L. enieromorpha disco saltern primum pruinoso et epithecio KOH fuscescente et apotheciis minus prominentibus distinguitur. Apothecia (in speciminibus Tirolicis) interdum conferta contiguave, rotundata aut interdum angulata aut sublobata, disco opaco, mar gine leviter aut non prominente, subpersistente. Hypothecium tenue, inferne tenuiter sat irregulariter contextum, totum jodo caerulescens. Perithecium extus KOH subfuscescens, infra hypothecium non aut anguste continuatum, ex hyphis formatum radiantibus, tenui bus, sat leptodermaticis, conglutinatis, cavitatibus sat brevibus. Hymenium circ. O.055 mm crassum, jodo persistenter caerulescens. Paraphyses simplices, crass. O.001 mm, apice crass. O.002—O.0025 mm obscurataeque. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, simplices. Conidia »filifor- mia, recta, long. O.014—O.ois, crass. O.0005 mm» sec. adn. in n. 15967 ex Heidelberg in hb. Nyl. (»subrecta, long. O.012—O.015 mm» sec. Th. Fr. 1. c. p. 497). Obs. 1. L. lithophila *f. ochracea Arn. (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp II, 1883, p. 60 p. p., L. lithophila f. ochracea Arn. Lich. Tirol IV, 1869, p. 614, non L. daphoena ft L. ochracea Ach. Syn. Lich., 1814, p. 337, Lich. Un., 1810, p. 166, quae sec. specim. n. 274 e Pyrenaeis in hb. Ach. ad hanc speciem non pertinet) thallo vage ochraceo di- stincta, collecta ad lapides graniticos prope Piironen in Nurmes (Vain.) et in reg. subalp. montis Hammastunturi in LIn. (Vain.) et in alpe Keimiötunturi in Muonioniska (Norrl.). Saepe in eodem specimine thallus partim ochraceus et partim albidus. Obs. 2. Lecidea lapicida var. lilhophila Ach. K. Vet. Ak. N. Handl. 1808 p. 233 p. p., Lich. Un. (1810) p. 160, Lecidea lithophila Ach. (1814) p. 14, sec. specim. n. 386, 430 et 825 in Flelvetia et Suecia collecta, apotheciis nudis, hypothecio albido, thallo jodo non reagen- tibus instructa, ad L. lilhophilam nostram non pertinet, sed alias species amplectitur (conf. Th. Fr. 1. c. p. 497), quare nomen anti- quissimum hujus speciei adhuc non est certe cognitum. 138 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. 60. L. enteromorpha (Flot.) Vain.x). Lecidea alroalba var. enteromorpha Flot. Lich. Exs» Schles. (1829) n. 178, p. 8 (in hb. Nyl.). Lecidella plana Lahm apud Koerb. Par. Lich. 3 Lief. (1861) p. 211; Arn. Lich. Tirol XV (1876) p. 6. Lecidea plana Nyl. Flora 1872 p. 552, Lich. Par. (1896) p. 91; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 497; Arn. Lich. Tirol. XVII (1877) p. 535; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 60; Arn. Lich. Frank. Jur. (1884) p. 554, Lich. Munch. (1891) p. 78; Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 668. Exs. Arnold Lich. Exs. n. 759 a,b (var. perfecta),n.799 (f.elevata), n. 939, n. 1470. — Flotow Lich. Exs. Schles. II (1829) n. 178, s. n. Lecidea alroalba var. enteromorpha. — Leight. Lich. Brit. V (1854) n. 157, s. n. Lecidea lapicida, sec. Arnold Flora 1861: Lecidea poly carpa, sec. A. L. Smith Brit. Lich. II (1911) p. 76: Lecidea plana = Lecidea enteromorpha (Flot.) Vain. — Koerber Lich. sel. Germ. II (1856) n. 46, s. n. Lecidella polycarpa, sec. Th. Fries Lich. Scand. p. 498 et Arnold Lich. Tirol XVII p. 3 (535): Lecidea plana = Lecidea enteromorpha (Flot.) Vain. — Lojka Lich. Hung. II (1882) n. 69 (f. perfeclior). — Lojka Lich. Univ. IV (1886) n. 181 (f. elevaia). — Malme Lich. Suec. XXIII (1916) n. 572 et XXXIX (1926) n. 966 (var. ecruslacea). — Mudd Lich. Brit. II (1861) n. 178, s. n. Lecidea lapicida, sec. Nyl. Lecidea lithophila, sec. A. L. Smith Brit. Lich. II (1911) p. 76: Lecidea plana —-Lecidea enteromorpha (Flot.) Vain. — Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. VII (1882) n. 338 a, b. — Zwackh Lich. Exs. n. 540. Thallus tenuis aut sat tenuis aut raro sat crassus, areola tus aut partim subverrucosus aut raro continuus, plus minus inaequalis, cinereo-albidus aut subalbidus aut raro ochraceus, opacus, nec KOH, nec jodo reagens, interdum evanescens, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo nigricante aut vulgo indi stincto. Apothecia partim crebra aut sat crebra, partim in- crebra, lat. 0.5—1.5 mm, modice incrassata aut raro sat te- nuia, late adnata, basi demum leviter constricta, disco piano aut raro demum convexo, nigro, nudo, opaco, margine tenui aut sat tenui, nigro, nudo, persistente aut rarius demum excluso. Hypothecium albidum, hyphis erectis, in parte infima aerem inter hyphas continens et irregulariter contex- tum. Perithecium extus nigricans, intus albidum. Epithe- 2). Exsiccati by B. Lynge, the rest by Vainio. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 139 cium nigricans, KOH subcaerulescenti-nigricans aut vix mutatum (non fuscescens). Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, strato gelatinoso tenui disjunctae. Sporae oblongae aut ellipsoideae, long. 0.007—O.on mm (»—O.013 mm» sec. adn. Nyl.), crass. O.003—O.005 mm. Thallus interdum fere obsoletus, vulgo areolis contiguis aut dispersis. Apothecia interdum p. p. confluentia (f. aggregatula Nyl.), rotundata aut raro p. p. difformia aut angulosa aut interdum lobata, margine non aut leviter prominente, integro. Hypothecium jodo caerulescens. Perithecium parte exteriore nigricante KOil parum reagente aut subolivaceo, infra hypothecium anguste continuatum, ex hyphis formatum subradiantibus, sat leptodermaticis, conglutinatis, sat crebre septatis, cavitatibus O.002—O.003 mm latis. Hymenium circ. 0.045—0.055 mm crassum, jodo caerulescens. Paraphyses simpli ces, haud distincte septatae, crass. O.001 mm, apice O.002—O.003 mm. Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae. Conidia »filiformia, recta, long. O.oio—O.013, crass. O.0005— O.0006 mm» (sec. Nyl. in n. 19992). F. perfecta (Arn.) Vain. Lecidella plana f. perfecla Arn. Lich. Tirol XV (1876) p. 358, XVII (1877) p. 535, Lich. Exs. (1878) n. 759 a, b (hb. Nyl.). Lecidea plana f. perfecla Nyl. Fl. 1881 p. 539; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 61; Arn. Lich. Frank. Jura (Fl. 1884) p. 160; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 670. Thallus tenuis aut sat tenuis, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia plana (aut raro p. p. demum convexa). Dislr. Ab.: Ad lapides graniticos prope Vanha-hautausmaa in Maaria (Vain.), ad Aboam (F. Elfving). N.: Kyrkslätt (A. Kullhem), Helsingforsia (J. P. Norrlin). IK.: Ad Perkjärvi in Muola (A. O. Kihlman). Ta.: Hollola (Vain.), ad lapidem grani ticum supra rupem Haukkavuori et ad lapidem graniticum in Piililä in Korpilahti (Vain. Fl. Tav. Or.). Tb.: In rupe granitica ad Laurinniemi in par. Jyväskylä (Vain. 1. c). Sb.: Ad latus apricum rupis graniticae in Pieksämäki (Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. VII, 1882, n. 338a). Sb.: Ad rupem graniticam in Harjulanmäki in Kuopio (K. Linkola). Kb.: Supra lapidem grani ticum ad Niska in Enontaipale (Vain.). OKaj.: Ad lapidem grani ticum in campo deusto prope Saunaniemi et ad lapidem chloriticum in campo deusto prope Lakso in Kianta (Vain. 1. c ). Ob.: In par. Ii (M. Brenner). LKem.: Lainiokangas in Kittilä (G. Lang). LEnont.: Ad saxa granitica in Ounastunturi (»L. lilhophiloides Nyl.» in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 339) in Enontekiö. Obs. F. oxydaia (And.) Vain. (Lecidea plana f. oxydaia And. Hed- wigia LXV, 1924, p. 70, Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill, 1925, p. 669), 140 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. thallo passim ferrugineo-ochraceo instructa, collecta supra lapidem gneissaceum in Evo in Ta. (J.P. Norrlin), ad lapidem graniticum in Pieksämäki (Norrl., 15855 in hb. Nyl.), supra lapidem in latere viae ad Jännevaara in Fmontaipale et ad lapidem gneissaceum in Kallio- vaara in Lieksa in Kb. (Vain.). — Thallus jodo non reagens. Apothe cia non pruinosa. Epithecium nigricans aut subaeruginoso-nigricans, KOH non fuscescens. Hypothecium albidum. Hypothallus nigricans in specim. e Kalliovaara conspicuus. F. perfeclior (Nyl.) Vain. Lecidea plana f. perfectior Nyl. Fl. 1881 p. 539; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 61; Arn. Lich. Frank. Jura Fl. 1884 p. 160; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 200 (n. 1267); Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 670. L. plana var. incommoda Vain. 1. c. Thallus modice incrassatus, aut sat crassus, rimoso-areolatus et verrucosus. Apothecia plana aut p. p. demum leviter convexa. Dislr. N.: Ad rupem graniticam in Drumsö prope Helsingforsiam (H. Lindberg). KLad.: Ad saxum gneissaceum prope Sortavala (Fr. Nylander). Kb.: Ad lapidem gneissaceum in Jaakimvaara (F. Ny lander). Sb.: Ad latus apricum rupis graniticae in Pieksämäki (Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. VII, 1882, n. 338 b). OKaj.: Ad saxa gneissacea humilia in campo deusto prope templum in Kuhmo (»L. lilhophila var. lilhophiliza» in Vain. 1. c. p. 60), supra saxum graniticum in campo deusto ad Saunaniemi in Kianta (»L. plana v. incommoda Vain. 1. c. p. 61). F. sublumida Vain. L. plana f. sublumida Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 61; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 670. Thallus modice incrassatus aut sat crassus, areolatus aut partim verrucosus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia primum plana, demum bene convexa aut p. p. depresso-convexa. Dislr. Ab.: Ad rupem gneissaceam in Merimasku (P. A. Karsten, »L. lapicida» sec. Nyl. in Mus. Fenn.). OKaj.: Ad lapidem dioriti- cam in campo deusto prope Tervasalmi in Kuhmo (»L. lapicida *f. sublerluescens» in Vain. 1. c. p. 55), ad saxa chloritica in campo deusto prope Lakso in Kianta (Vain. 1. c. p. 61). Ob.: Ad saxum chloriticum in par. Ii (M. Brenner, »L. lilhophila» sec. Nyl. in Mus. Fenn.). F. ecruslacea Vain. L. plana f. ecruslacea Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 60; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 669. Thallus parum evolutus, e verruculis parcissimis, minutis, disper sis, cinerascentibus constans, hypothallo nigro inter apothecia ra- diante. Apothecia plana. Dislr. N.: In rupe granitica prope Helsingforsiam (J. P. Norrlin). Kb.: Prope Koriseva in par. Lieksa (Vain. 1. e.). OKaj.: Ad Kyl mälä et supra lapidem graniticum in ericeto prope templum in Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 141 Kuhmo, supra lapidem graniticum in campo deusto prope Saukko in Kianta (Vain. 1. c.). Obs. Lecidella plana var. ecruslacea Nyl. in Arn. Leh. Tirol XVIII (1878) p. 287 sec. specim. orig. n. 15841a in hb. Ach. hypo thallo indistincto et apotheciis minoribus c« habitu L. goniophilae f. pungentis (Koerb.) a planta nostra differt. 61. L. subplanata Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 61; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 702. Thallus evanescens, vix nisi infra apothecia conspicuus, albidus, neque KOH nec J reagens, hypothallo nigro parum evoluto. Apothecia adnata, basi bene constricta, interdum parce conferta, lat. 0.5—1.5 mm, sat tenuia, saepe angulosa aut subflexuosa, disco piano, nigro, nudo, opaco, margine tenui, non aut parum prominente. Hypothecium decolora- tum pallidumve, hyphis irregulariter contextis, tenue. Exci pulum fuligineum, KOH solutionem violaceam non effun- dens. Epithecium aeruginoso-fuligineum, KOH parum muta- tum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, gelatinosae. Sporae ellipsoideae, long. O.io—O.012 (—-O.014), crass. O.005—O.007 mm. Dislr. Lin: In latere rupis graniticae in regione pinifera prope Veskoniemi (Vain.). Proxima est L. enleromorphae (Flot.) Vain., sed sporis crassiori bus ab ea differens. Hypothecium in parte superiore jodo reagens, KOH non reagens, circ. O.100—O.120 mm crassum, inter hyphas passim leviter aerem continens. Perithecium hyphis radiantibus, modice pachydermaticis, in parte marginali aeruginoso-fuligineum, in parte inferiore olivaceo-, fuscescenti- et impure subviolascenti-nigricans, KOH parum reagens. Flymenium circ. O.050—O.ooo mm crassum, jodo caerulescens, dein obscure vinose rubens. Epithecium KOH dilu- tius coloratum et subolivaceum. Paraphyses sat parce gelatinosae, tubulis circ. O.0005—O.001 mm crassis, apice leviter incrassatis. Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, di stichae, apicibus rotundatis, lateribus convexis. 62. L. Pilati (Hepp) Koerb. Par. Lich. 3 Lief. (1861) p. 223; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 498; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 62, Arn. Lich. Tirol 142 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. XXV (1893) p. 377; Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 667. Bialora Pilali Hepp Flecht. Eur. II (1857) n. 261. Lecidella bolryosa Hepp in Arn. Lich. Tirol VI (1871) p. 1109 (=L. proludens sec. ann. Nyl.). L. proludens Nyl. Flora 1872 p. 359, 1885 p. 41; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 187. Exs. Flepp Flecht. Eur. V (K .7) n. 261 (hb. Nyl., »L. proludens» sec. Nyl. in Stizenb. Lich. Helv. II, 1883, p. 192, »L. parasema ecru slacea saxicola» sec. Nyl. Fl. 1855). — Havaas Lich. Exs. Norv. (1904) n. 204 (Vain. determ.). — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1873) n. 555 (hb. Nyl.). — Magnusson Lich. sel. Scand. IV (1931) n. 87. Thallus verruculosus aut subareolatus, sat tenuis, albidus, nec jodo nec KOH reagens, dispersus, aut evanescens, hypo thallo indistincto. Apothecia adnata, basi constricta, sat crebra aut dispersa, lat. 0.5—1.8 mm, disco piano aut rarius demum convexo, nigro, nudo, opaco, margine tenui aut sat tenui, atro, nudo. Hypothecium pallescens aut partim sor- dide pmllido-fuscescens, in parte superiore hyphis erectis, in parte inferiore irregulariter contextum et jodo non reagens, nec KOLI mutatum. Perithecium extus fusco-nigrum fuli- gineumve, intus plus minus dilutescens, KOH solutionem violaceam effundens. Epithecium aeruginoso-fuligineum aut nigricans, KOH non reagens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, bene gelatinosae. Sporae oblongae aut ellipsoideae, long. 0.006—O.on, crass. O.003—0.004 (—O.oos) mm. Dislr. LIm: Ad latus saxi granitici in insula prope Tscharmin- niemi in reg. pinifera paroeciae Inari (Vain. 1. e.). Thallus subareolatus saepe inaequalis, dispersus, sub apothecia jodo non reagens, sorediis destitutus. Apothecia basi vulgo demum bene constricta, saepe demum flexuosa, margine non aut leviter prominente aut demum excluso. Hypothecium superius hyphis erectis et jodo leviter caerulescens, in parte inferiore hyphis irregula riter contextis, passim leviter aere disjunctis. Perithecium hyphis radiantibus, intus albidum aut pallidum aut dilute coloratum, cor- puscula chrysea aut chryseo-fuscescentia continens, solutionem viola ceam, demum granula minutissima formantem effundens jodo non reagens, strato exteriore obscurato sub apothecia continuata, medio deficiente. Hymenium circ. O.oso mm crassum, indistincte limitatum, jodo caerulescens. Paraphyses subsimplices, parcissime ramoso- connexae, apicibus interdum furcatis, tubulis O.ooi mm latis, apicibus parum incrassatis. Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice incras- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 143 sata. Gonidia »bacillaria, recta, long. O.ooe—O.007, crass. O.0005—O.0006 mm» (sec. adn. Nyl. in »L. proludente» Nyl., hb. Nyl. 15921, Arn. Lich. Exs., 1873, n. 505). Sporae 8:nae, distichae. Obs. 1. In specim. orig. Bialorae Pilati Hepp Flecht. Eur. II n. 261 (hb. Nyl.) thallus infra apothecia jodo 11011 reagens, hypothe cium superne pallido-subrufescens, KOH rubricoso-violascens, jodo caerulescens, hyphis erectis, inferne fusco-rufescens, perithecium parte exteriore fuligineum, intus dilutius coloratum, KOH solutio nem rubricoso-subviolaceam effundens, hymenium superius dilutis- sime aut sat dilute aeruginosum, epithecio fuligineo, KOH non reagente. Obs. 2. L. Pilati var. Hardangerina Vain. (»L. auriculata var. Hardangerina Vain.» in Flavaas Lich. Exs. Norv., 1901, n. 58), ad Granvin in Hardanger in Norvegia collecta, a L. Pilati margine apo theciorum extus subrufescente, modice incrassato differt. Thallus sat tenuis, subdispersus, jodo non reagens (nec. infra apothecia rea gens). Perithecium extus fusco-fuligineum, intus dilutius coloratum et corpusculis obscuratis inspersum, KOH solutionem rubricoso-vio- laceam effundens. Hypothecium corpusculis chryseo-fuscescentibus (KOH solutionem rubricoso-violaceam effundentibus) abundanter (praesertim in parte inferiore) inspersum, ceterum subpallidum, parte inferiore irregulariter contextum et jodo non reagens. Epi thecium olivaceum. Sporae long. O.007—O.oio, crass. O.003—O.004 mm. Non sit autonoma species. Obs. 3. »L. Pilati» in Arn. Lich. Exs. n. 805 b (in Mus. Fenn.), ad Paneveggio in Tirolia collecta, ad Lecideam Tirolicam Vain, (n. sp.) pertinet, reactionibus thalli et apotheciorum a L. Pilati differens. Thallus infra apothecia jodo caerulescens, KOH non rea gens. Apothecia margine modice incrassato. Hypothecium (in sec tione tenuissima) pallidum, punctis parvis fuscis (fuscescens apparet in sect, crassiore), zonae irregulariter contextae, albidae, fere impellu- cidae, jodo caerulescenti, KOH rubescenti (demum chrystalla acicu- laria, brevia, rubra formanti), impositum. Perithecium extus sub- aeruginoso-fuligineum, intus sordide subfuscescenti-dilutescens, jodo caerulescens, KOH rubescens (demum crystalla acicularia rubra for- mans). Epithecium subaerugirioso-fuligineum, KOH non reagens. Conf. cum descr. L. Pilati in Arn. Lich. Tirol XXV (1893) p. 376, 377. A L. panlherina reactione thalli differt. Obs. 4. Lecidea proludens Nyl., Fl. 1872 p. 359 (Flue Addend. II, 1888 p. 187) sec. specim. n. 15925 e Tirolia (1870) thallo infra apothecia sito jodo non reagente (nec KOH distincte reagente), perithecio extus fuligineo, intus dilutescente et corpuscula obscura abundanter continente, KOH solutionem violaceam effundente, hy pothecio inferiore irregulariter contexto, pallido et corpuscula obscu- 144 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. rata abundanter continente, jodo non reagente, KOH solutionem violaceam effundente, hypothecio superiore hyphis erectis instructo, subpallescente, jodo dilute caerulescente, paraphysibus modice gela- tinosis. A L. Pilati non est distinguenda. Specimen in Lauterbrun- nen a Metzler collectum, a Nyl. item indicatum, a me non exami- natum. 63. L. phylliscina Nyl. Nyl. Flora 1873 p. 21; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 499; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 213 (n. 1343); A. L. Smith Mon. Brit. Lich. II (1911) p. 80; Oliv. Bull. Geogr. Bot. XXV (1915) p. 116, 167; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 667. Thallus albidus, opacus, nec KOH, nec J reagens, parum evolutus aut evanescens, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia adnata, basi bene constricta, conferta aut confluentia, par- cius solitaria, lat. 1—-2 mm, disco piano, nigro, nudo, opaco, margine crasso, prominente, persistente, nigro, nudo, opaco. Hypothecium fusco-nigrum, crassum. Perithecium KOH solutionem rubricosam effundens. Epithecium dilute fusce scens, KOH non reagens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, bene gelatinosae. Sporae non evolutae. Distr. KOn.: In latere praerupto petrae erraticae prope pagum Selki (Norrl. FT. Kar. Oneg. II p. 34). Thallus non sorediosus, sat laevigatus. Apothecia sat crassa, crass. circ. 0.5 mm (sec. Nyl.), saepe phylliscoideo confluentia eamque ob causam ambitu sublobulato. Flypothecium superne hyphis erec tis. Perithecium hyphis irregulariter subradiantibus, sat crassis, membranis sat modice incrassatis, conglutinatis, intus dilutius colora tum, extus fusco-nigricans. Paraphyses parce ramoso-connexae, tubulis O.ooo5—O.ooi mm crassis, apice parum incrassato. Hymenium circ. 0.090—O.ioo mm crassum, »jodo intense caerulescens, thecae deinde vinose rubentibus» (sec. Nyl.). Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Sporae non bene evolutae. Ad Lecideam Pilati non pertinet. 64. L. pseudopilati Vain. L. panlherina vai'•. Achariana subvar. pseudopilati Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 57. L. panlherina f. pseudopilati Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 650. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 145 K) Thallus evanescens aut parcissime evolutus, areolatus, areolis contiguis aut dispersis, sat planis, obscure cinerascen tibus, opacis, KOH non reagentibus, jodo intense caerule- scentibus, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo nigro passim con- spicuo. Apothecia aggregata et partim dispersa, lat. 1—0.5 mm, adnata, saepe leviter subangulosa, basi leviter constricta, disco piano, tenuissime pruinoso aut partim fere denudato nigricanteque, margine mediocri, nigro, nudo, prominente, persistente. Hypothecium hyphis erectis, superne anguste albidum, inferne fuscum, aerem inter hyphas non continens. Perithecium extus aeruginoso-fuligineum, KOH non reagens, strato interiore albido crasso, KOH rubescente. Epithecium aeruginoso-fuligineum, KOH non reagens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, simplices, gracillimae, apice incrassatae. Sporae ellipsoideae et p. p. oblongae, long. 0.009—4).012, crass. 0.004— 0.005 mm. Dislr. Kuus.: Ad rupem graniticam in reg. subalp. montis Nuo runen (Vain. 1. c). Autonoma est species, colore thalli, hypothecii et perithecii a L. Pilati differens. Neque thallus infra apothecia situs KOH rea gens. Maculae parvae ochraceae parce inter apothecia observantur. Apothecia modice incrassata, disco opaco, margine sat opaco, saepe leviter flexuoso, non lobato. Perithecium usque ad O.280 mm cras sum, totum ex hyphis radiantibus, cavitatibus angustissimis, mem brana modice incrassata instructis, strato albido jodo reagente, aerem inter hyphas continente, ad latera (sicut etiam strato obscu rato) infra hypothecium fuscum continuato, parte exteriore aeru- ginoso-fuliginea KOFI non reagente. Hymenium circ. O.070 mm crassum. Paraphyses parce gelatinosae, crass. O.001 mm, apice clavato 0.003—0.004 mm crasso. Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice in crassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae. Obs. In his first diagnosis of Lecidea panlherina var. Achariana subvar. pseudopilali (Adjum. 1. e.) Vainio writes: »Thallus obsoletus vel solum hypothallinus, ubi distinctior hydrate kalico rubescens sicut etiam pars albidus excipuli.» In the present work Vainio writes: »Areolis . . . KOH non reagentibus.» -— The editor was unable to find any positive reaction with KOFI in the medulla of the type plant from Nuorunen (Herb. Fennicum, Helsingfors). 146 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. 65. L. aurien Iata Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 213, Lich. Spitsb. (1868) p. 39, Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 499; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 63, Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai (1909) p. 142; Tuck. Syn. North Am. Lich. II (1888) p. 68; Arn. Lich. Fragm. XXIX, Miquelon (1888) p. 16, XXXV, Neu Fundi. (1896) p. 27; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 526. Thallus albidus aut albido-cinerascens, KOH non reagens, jodo non distincte reagens (tantum infra apothecia caerule scens), sat crassus aut evanescens, sorediis destitutus, hypo thallo indistincto. Apothecia adnata, basi leviter aut bene constricta, vulgo sat crebra aut aggregata, lat. circ. 0.7— 2.5 mm (»raro usque ad 4 mm» sec. Th. Fr.), saepe demum irregularia lobatave, disco piano aut demum depresso- convexo, nigro, nudo (conf. infra), opaco, margine sat tenui, non aut leviter prominente, nigro, nudo. Hypothecium fusco- nigricans, hyphis erectis, zonae albidae (irregulariter con- textae, jodo caerulescenti), perithecii impositum. Perithe cium intus albidum, KOH non reagens, extus fuligineum. Epithecium aeruginoso-fuligineum, KOH non reagens. Para physes arcte cohaerentes. Sporae »long. 0.006—O.on,*' crass. 0.0025—0.0035 mm» (sec. Th. Fr.). Yav.wevolula Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 499. Exs. Fellm. Lich. Arct. (1864) n. 187 (hb. Nyl.). Thallus bene evolutus. Teste Th. Fr. (1. c. p. 500) in Merimasku in Reg.'Ab. (P. A. Karsten), et Edlehjärvi (436) Pielbajärvi (F. Silen, n. 384). Kvar- ken (A. J. Malmgren), et in Jaakkima et Sortavala (F. Nylander). LTul.: Kola (N. I. Fellman, 1. c. n. 187). In specimine n. 384 thallus verrucosus, dispersus, jodo non di stincte reagens, (sed fragmenta thallina, infra apothecia sita, jodo caerulescentia), hypothecium fuscescenti-nigricans, inferne KOH rubricosum, perithecium extus aeruginoso- et subviolaceo-fuligi- neum, intus albidum, KOH non reagens, jodo caerulescens hyphis radiantibus, conglutinatis, limite zonae albidae et fuli- gineae fuscescente et KOH purpureo, zona albida infra hypo thecium continuata ibique irregulariter contexta et passim aerem in ter hyphas continente, zona fuliginea item infra apothecium conti nuata et medio deficiente, hymenio circ. O.050—O.060 mm crasso, paraphysibus increbre septatis, non distincte gelatinosis, O.0015 mm crassis, apicibus clavato-incrassatis, sporis oblongis, long. O.012 Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 147 crass. 0.003 mm, aut ellipsoideis brevioribusque. -— In specim. e Meri masku thallus areolatus modice incrassatus, medulla jodo non di stincte caerulescente, sporae »lon^. O.007—O.on, crass. 0.003—O.0035 mm» (sec. adn. Nyl. in n. 16250), apothecia paullo minora tenuioraque, hypothecium fuscum, hyphis erectis, strato sordide pallescenti, tenui, jodo caerulescenti, impositum, perithecium extus subcaeruleo-fusce- scenti-fuligineum, sub apothecium continuatum (medio deficiens), partes obscuratae in parte inferiore apothecii KOH rubricosae (etiam solutionem rubricosum parce effundentes), epithecium fuli gineum, inferne leviter in aeruginosum vergens, KOH parum muta- tum, paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, simplices, non distincte gelati nosae, crass. O.002 mm, apice clavato-incrassatae, crass. O.003—O.004 mm., sporae distichae, »fusiformi-oblongae, long. O.oos—O.oio, crass. 0.0035 mm» (sec. adn. Nyl.). Obs. 1. L. auriculaia var. subinops Vain. (Adj. Lich. Lapp. II, 1883, p. 64) est status intermedius inter var. evolulam et var. didu- cenlem, in eodem specimine thallo sat tenui, areolato et thallo eva- nescente instructa. Lin.: Ad rupem granuliticam in reg. subalp. jugi Suoloselkä (Vain. 1. c). LPon.: In lapillis graniticis tundrae prope Orlov (»L. auriculaia» sec. Nyl. in Kihlm. Neue Beitr. Flecht. Kola p. 58, n. 372). In eodem specimine p. p. thallo modice incras sato, areolato-rimoso, tantum infra apothecia caerulescens, hypothe cium fuscum, strato albido, jodo caerulescenti, impositum (var. evolata), p. p. thallo evanescente (infra apothecia distincto, jodo caerulescente), apotheciis flexuosis, majore parte contigue aggregatis (sed non confluentibus, nec proliferis). Obs. 2. Lecidea confoederans Nyl., Fl. 1873 p. 296, sec. specim. orig. e Scotia (15691 in hb. Nyl.) est forma abnormis (L. auriculaia v., diducens f. confoederans Blomb. et Forss. En. PL Scand., 1880, p. 88), apotheciis proliferis et confluentibus, thallo evanescente, infra apothecium jodo caerulescente, KOH non reagente. In apothecio simplice hypothecium fuscum, hyphis erectis, KOH non reagens, strato impure albido, irregulariter contexto, parce aerem continenti, jodo bene caerulescenti, impositum, perithecium extus subfuscescens (KOH sordide subpurpureum), intus dilutescens (KOH dilute sordide subpurpureum), epithecium aeruginoso-fuligineum, KOH parum mutatum, paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, leviter gelatinosae, apicibus clavato-incrassatis, sporae oblongae, long. O.oio—0.011, crass. O.002 mm. Gum hac forma specimina sat congruentia collecta sunt in LKem. ad saxum dioriticum in reg. alp. montis Lompolotunturi in Kittilä (Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lapp. p. 339, n. 684, »L. auriculaia f. paupera», sporis oblongis, long. O.oos—O.on, crass. O.0035 mm» sec. adn. Nyl. in n. 15714) et in Lin., ad rupem graniticam prope Edlehjärvi in Inari (F. Silen, n. 396). 148 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Obs. 3. In I. auriculaia f. subpruinosa Vain., Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai (1909) p. 143, discus apotheciorum est tenuissime cinereo- pruinosus. Var. diducens (Nyl.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 499, On Lich. Pol. Exp. (1879) p. 362; Vain Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai (1909) p. 143; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 527. Lecidea diducens Nyl. Fl. 1865 p. 148. L. auriculaia var. paupera Th. Fr. Lich. Spitsb. (1867) p. 39; Nyl. En. Lich. Fret. Behr. (1888) p. 12, 35 (58). L. lapicida var. declinala Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 177. Exs. Arn. Lich. Exs. (1891) n. 1528 (hb. Nyl.). — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. XXXVI (1924) n. 898 (Mus. Fenn.). Thallus evanescens, infra apothecia leviter evolutus. Dislr. LEnont.: Ad saxa granitica in reg. pinifera prope Hetta et in reg. alpina prope Kilpisjärvi (»L. auriculaia)) sec. Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 339). LIm: Ad rupem granuliticam in reg. subalp. jugi Suoloselkä in Inari (cum var. subinope, Vain. x\dj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 64), ad rupem graniticam in Edehoier (Edlehoivi), n. 381 et 422 (F. Silen). LTul.: Kola (N. I. Fellman, »L. lapicida var. decli nala» Nyl. 1. c., 15723 in hb. Nyl.). Thallus infra apothecia situs jodo caerulescens. Apothecia demum basi bene constricta, simplicia aut raro nonnulla confluentia. Plypo- thecium fusco-nigricans, KOH non reagens, hyphis erectis, strato albido perithecii, irregulariter contexto, aerem inter hyphas passim continents, jodo bene caerulescenti, KOH non reagenti, impositum. Perithecium extus fuligineum, ad hymenium anguste aeruginoso- fuligineum, aut subviolaceo-fuligineum, KOH parum mutatum, in ferne fusco-fuligineum, hyphis radiantibus, zona fuliginea infra apothecia late continuata, medio deficiens, intus albidum, hyphis subradiantibus, conglutinatis, in limite zonae fuligineae et albidae sordide purpureum, KOH parum mutatum. Hymenium O.040 mm crassum. Epithecium aeruginoso-fuligineum, KOH non reagens. Asci anguste clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Sporae distichae, oblongae. Obs. 1. Lecidea diducens Nyl. (Fl. 1865 p. 148) parum differt a var. paupera Th. Fr., sec. specim. orig. ex ins. Jersey a Larbalestier collectum (15704 in hb. Nyl.). 66. L. inops Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 501. L. promiscens Nyl. f. inops Nyl. in Hue Lich. Exot. (1892) p. 214; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 676. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et FTora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 149 Thallus sat tenuis, dispersus et partim subcontinuus, levi ter inaequalis, impure albidus, KOH non reagens, medulla leviter vel parum jodo caerulescens, aut partim evanescens, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia tota adnata, basi non constricta, lat. 0.7—-2 mm, disco piano aut demum depresso- convexo, atro, nudo, margine tenui aut sat tenui, atro, nudo. Hypothecium fusco-nigrum, inferne dilutescens aut subalbi- dum, superne hyphis erectis. Perithecium extus subcyane- scenti- aut subolivaceo-fuligineum, intus impure albidum, KOH non reagens. Epithecium subcyanescenti-fuligineum, KOH non reagens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae oblongae, »long. O.ooe—-O.007, crass. O.002 mm» (sec. adn. Nyl., »long. 0.009—O.on, crass. O.003—O.004 mm» sec. Th. Fr.). Dislr. FP011.: In rupe micaceo-schistosa ad ostium fluminis Aatscherok (»L. promiscens» sec. determ. Nyl. in Kihlm. Neue Beitr. Flecht. Kola p. 58). Thallus non sorediosus. Apothecia sat crebra aut irregulariter conferta, disco subnitido, margine subnitido, integro aut leviter flexuoso, saepe leviter prominente, persistente aut demum excluso. Hypothecium inferne irregulariter contextum, parte superiore fusco- nigra circ. O.130—O.iso mm crassa. Perithecium in parte interiore vulgo subalbidum, in limite partis exterioris fuscescens, parte fuliginea etiam infra stratum subalbidum hypothecii continuata, tantum medio deficiente (»thallum subjacentem subcingente», ut Nyl. indicat). Perithecium in parte interiore strati obscurati fusco-fuligineum totum, hyphis sat distincte radiantibus, conglutinatis, cavitatibus saepe oblongis. Flymenium circ. O.050 mm crassum, »jodo caerulescens, ascis demum violascentibus» (Th. Fr.). Paraphyses simplices, crass. 0.0015 nim, increbre septatae, apice obscure gelatinoso. Asci clavati. Sporae distichae. Obs. Sec. specim. orig. e Pyrenaeis orient. (11. 15946) L. promi scens Nyl. Flora 1872 p. 358, 1874 p. 12, 313, Lich. Pyr. Or. p. 48; Arn. Lich. Tirol XXIV p. 258, XXV p. 382, 383; Arn. Lich. Exs. n. 681 a, b, 682 a, b, 718, 1237, 1588, medulla thalli jodo bene caerulescente, epithecio olivaceo-nigricante, strato obscurato hypothecii tenuiore (crass, circ. O.100—O.120 mm), dilutius colorato, rufo-fuscescente, hyme nio crassiore (crass. O.070—-O.cso mm) et sporis paullo majoribus (»long. O.oos—0.014, crass. O.003—O.004 mm» sec. Nyl.) a L. inope differt. Gonidia »cylindrica, recta, long. O.007—O.on, crass. O.0005—O.0007 mm» sec. adn. Nyl. in 11. 15934 e Tirolia (conidia, »long. O.ooo—O.011 mm» 150 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. in Nyl. Lich. Pyr. Or. p. 48 descripta, in specimine Mont-Doriensi, in La my Cat. Lich. Mont-Dore p. 120 indicato, n. 15940 in hb. Nyl., ad hanc speciem non pertinente, observata sunt). Sectio Lecidea panaeola. Thallus pallidus, hypothecium nigricans, sporae majus- culae vel magnae. Hyphae medullares non amyloideae. Species saxicolae. 67. L. panaeola Vain. (nov. comb.1). Lecidea panaeola Ach. in K. Vet.-Ak. N. Handl. 1808 p. 267 (excl. specim. fert., conf. infra), Lich. Un. (1810) p. 201 p. p., Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 33 p.p.; Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 162 p. p ; Fr. Nov. Sched. Crit. (1827) p. 16 p. p., Lich. Eur. Ref. (1831) p. 314 p. p.; Schaer. Lich. Helv. Spic. III (1828) p. 130 p. p. IV—V (1833) p. 195 p p., En. Lich. Eur. (1850) p. Ill p. p.; Th. Fr. Lich,. Arct. (1860) p. 207 p.p. (excl. L. elegante), Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 502 p. p ; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich Un. III (1925) p. 646 p.p. (excl. L. elegante Th. Fr. et L. praeconti ua Nyl.). Ex . Anzi Lich. Lang. II (1861) 83. — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1880?) n. 841 (hb. Nyl.). — Fries Lich. Suec. XIII (1824) n. 380 (hb. Oslo). — Somrft PI. crypt. Norv. I n. 51 (hb. Oslo). Thallus substrato bene adfixus, m o d ice incras satus. Areolae verrucosae vel convexae, in centro plus minusve arcte contiguae, angulosae vel rotun- datae, 0.5—4).7 (—-l.o) mm latae, peripheriam versus vulgo discretae et rotundatae. Areolae subnitidulae, minute rugu- losae, (sub lente) pruinosae, saepe sorediis isidialibus instructae, a 1 b i d o-c i n e r e a e vel griseae vel carneo- cinerascentes. Cephalodia cinereo-fuscescentia vel ob scure fusca, areolis thalli magis concoloria quam in Lecidea elegante, diam. 0.5—l.o mm, granulosa, (depresse) globosa, thallum subaequantia vel superantia. Hypothallus ater. Apothecia rara, inter areolis sita, arcte adnata, thallum aequantia vel leviter superantia, parva, diam. 1) Literary references and (in part) exsiccati by Vainio, the rest by B. Lynge. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 151 0.5—0.7 (—1) mm, vulgo dispersa. Discus ater, epruinosus, minute rugulosus, margine crasso subper- sistenti cinctus. Excipulum fusco-carbonaceum, etiam cum hypothecio. Hymenium altum, usque ad 150 superne anguste fusco-nigrescens, strato amorpho tenui granulato tectum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, graciles, in apice non vel leviter solum incrassatae. Asci late clavati, octosporae, saepe steriles. Sporae ellipsoideae, pachydermaticae, in ascis compacte dispositae et earn ob causam interdum plus minusve angulatae, 22—-27 x 9—15 ju. »Spermatia breviter acicularia, recta, 7—10 x 1 /.«» (sec. Th. Fries Lich. Scand. II p. 503). Thallus CaCl202 bene rubescens, KOH et J nori mutatur. Hymenium J persistenter caeruleo-nigrescens. Dislr. AL: Kallas in F'oglo (A. Wahlberg). N.: Kyrkslätt (Lang). Helsingforsia (Nylander). Ta.: Mustiala in Tammela (Kullhem). Tiirismaa in Hollola (Vain.). Koski (Vain.). Kirkonkylä et Jokioinen in Padasjoki (Vain.). Ob.: Rovaniemi (Räsänen). Alkkula (E. Ny lander). Ks.: Paanajärvi (Karsten). L. Torn.: Leikuvaara in reg. alp. (Norrlin). Obs. Vainio found it possible to distinguish specifically between this species and Lecidea clegans. The distinctive characters are the thicker, well fertile thallus, and the larger pruinoso apothecia of the latter species. In the Finnish herbaria there were several plants, which Vainio had not referred to either of these species. The editor often found it difficult to distinguish between them, and he did not always ven ture a determination of such plants. The enumeration of the locali ties is, therefore, not exhaustive. 68. L. elegans (Th. Fr.) Vain.1) L. panaeola ft elegans Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (I860) p. 207, Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 502; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 77; Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 647. Exs. Havaas Lich. Norv. Exs. (1902) n. 133 (Mus. Fenn.). Thallus substrato laxe adfixus, crassus, in centro usque ad 2 mm., areola to-dif f r actus. Areolae tumi- *) Literary references and exsiccati by Vainio, the rest by B. Lynge. 152 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. dulae vel b u 11 a t o-v e r r u c o s a e, usque ad 1—1.5 mm. latae, saepe fissuris flexuosis plus minusve divisae, con tiguae et varie angulatae vel marginem versus magis discre- tae et rotundatae. Areolae subnitidae, firmae, rugulosae, sorediis isidiisque destitutae vel rarius sorediis isidialibus instructae, a 1 b i d o-c i n e r e a e vel griseae vel carneo- einerascentes. Cephalodia rufescentia vel carneo- fuscescentia, majuscula, diam. 1—2 (—-3) mm., granulosa, globosa, thallum superantia, Gloeocapsam Magmani (Breb.) Kiitz. continentia vel interdum Siigonemam vel Chroococcam (sec. Forssell). Hypothallus ater. Thallus vulgo bene fertilis. Apothecia inter areolis sita, arcte adnata, thallum aequantia, maju scula, diam. 1—2 mm., saepe contigua vel etiam con fluentia et angulosa. Discus ater, c a e s i o-p r u i n o s u s, rugulosus, diu planus et crasse, sed leviter solum elevate marginatus, deinde interdum depresse convexus, immargina- tus. Excipulum fusco-earbonaceum, etiam cum hypothecio. Hymenium altum, usque ad 180 /u, superne anguste fusco- nigrescens, strato tenui amorpho granulato tectum. Para physes arcte cohaerentes, graeiles, in apice non vel leviter solum incrassatae. Asci late clavati, octosporae (saepe ste- riles). Sporae ellipsoideae, pachydermatici, in ascis com- pacte dispositae et earn ob causam interdum plus minusve angulatae, 20—30 x 10—16 /<. T ha Uus C a C12 Ö2 bene r u b e s c e n s, KOH et J non mutatur. Hymenium J persistenter caerulescens, prae cipue asci, gelatina interdum p. p. plus minusve vinosum. Dislr. Ta.: Hersala in Hollola (f. subdenudata) (Vain.). Tianen in Korpilahti (Vain.). Kb.: Riihivaara in Nurmes (Vain.). K. On.: Niihisaari (Simming). O. Kaj.: Kajaani (Malmgren). Kk.: Susi- järvi (Fellman). L.kem.: Kittilä (Lang). Li.: Solojärvi in Inari (Silen). Obs. Variat: a. Discus bene pruinosus, f. ly pica, et b. Discus minus intense pruinosus vel subnudus, f. subdenudata Vain. in herb. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 153 69. L. pelobotryon (Wahlenb.) Leight. Lecidea peloboirya Leight. Lich. Great Brit. (1871) p. 298; Lynge Lich. Bear Isl. (1926) p. 19. Urceolaria peloboirion Wah lenb. in Ach. Meth. Lich. Suppl. (1803) p. 31; Ach. Lich. Un. (1810) p. 333. Lichen peloboiryus Wahlenb. Fl. Lapp. (1812) p. 413. Urceolaria peloboirya Ach. Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 138. Parmelia pelo boirya Hepp Flecht. Wurzb. (1824) p. 43; Fr. Lich. Eur. Ref. (1831) p. 189. Lecanora Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 99; Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 155; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. (1871) p. 278, 504; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. V (1928) p. 337. Amygdalaria Norm. Nyt Mag. Naturv. VII (1853) p. 230. Aspicilia Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 135; Hue Lichen. Morph. et Anatom. (1912) p. 114. Aspicilia panaeola Koerb. Par. Lich. 2 Lief. (1860) p. 97 (sec. Th. Fr. 1. c. p 279). Exs. Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. XI (1912) n. 271, XXXVII (1924) n. 921 (Mus. Fenn.). Thallus crassus aut sat crassus aut modice incrassatus, areolato-diffractus aut rarius areolatus, areolis planis aut rarius convexis, laevigatis aut inaequalibus, impure albidis aut cinerascenti-pallidis, parathallis (cephalodiis) instructus, sorediis destitutus. Apothecia thallo immersa aut demum leviter emergentia, lat. 0.5—1.5 mm, disco nigricante aut rarius fusco-nigricante, nudo, opaco, parathecio fusco-nigri- cante, tenui, primum thallo immerso et extus inconspicuo, saepe demum denudato et marginem lecideinum distinctum formante. Hypothecium fusco-nigrum, in parte superiore hyphis suberectis, in parte inferiore hyphis irregulariter contextis. Epithecium fuscescens. Paraphyses arcte cohae rentes. Sporae 4:nae aut 8:nae, long. circ. O.020—0.030, crass. O.012—0.016 mm (long, »usque ad 0.035 mm» sec. Nyl.). Dislr. »In rupibus irrigatis alpinis» (sec. Th. Fr. L. Sc. p. 279). In Rastekaisse (Wahlenb. 1. c), Berlevaag, Skarsvaag et Mortens- naes (Th. Fr. 1. c.) in Finmarkia Norvegiae. Inter Kilpisjärvi et Lyngen in Tromsö Norvegiae (J. P. Norrlin, Nyl. determ.). Thallus subpruinosus aut denudatus, opacus aut passim subni- tidus, KOH dilute lutescens, etiam addito CaCl202 (»CaCl202 rube scens» sec. Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 504, quod autem incertum est, quia haec species a pluribus auctoribus cum L. panaeola commixta est), »jodo non reagens» (Th. Fr.), hyphis erectis, strato corticali evane scente, in superficie thalli apicibus hypharum clavatis, pallidis, erec- 154 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. tis, constipatis et partim dispersis, hypothallo obscurato interdum distincto. Parathalli (= cephalodia, conf. Vain. Lich. Ins. Philipp. III p. 94 cet.) verrucaeformes, scabrosi, lat. circ. 0.4—1 mm, albidi deindeque obscurati, gonidia nostocacea (ut videtur) continentia. Apothecia saepe crebra. Hypothecium crassum, gonidiis destitutum, hyphis conglutinatis. Parathecium fusco-fuligineum, saepe circ. 0.045 mm crassum, hyphis sat tenuibus, oblique suberectis, congluti natis, cavitatibus angustis. Hymenium circ. O.iso—O.240 mm cras sum, »jodo caerulescens» (Th. Fr.). Paraphyses gelatinosae, increbre ramoso-connexae, tubulo O.001—O.0015 mm lato, in apice parum dila- tato. Epithecium passini parce dilute fuscescens, saepe zona tenui subdecolorata obductum. Asci cylindrici aut subcylindrico-clavati, in apice membrana bene incrassata. Sporae monostichae aut disti chae in eodem apothecio, membrana tenui aut gelatinoso-incrassata (in eodem apoth.), decoloratae, simplices, ellipsoideae. Gonidia glo bosa aut subglobosa, membrana tenuissima (sed conspicua), inter dum autosporas 2—4 continentia. Obs. 1. Lecanora Rhaeiica var. hyperborea Nyl. Flora 1862 p. 82 (Hue Lich. Exot. p. 156, Lecidea Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. III, 1925 p. 683), »sporis long. O.032—O.042, crass. O.017—O.021 mm» descripta, , sec. specim. orig. n. 15751 e Groenlandia (»CaCl202 -f »sec. adn. Nyl.) ad L. pelobolryam pertinet. 70. L. steriza (Ach.) Vain. Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai (1909) p. 144. L. confluens y L. sle- riza Ach. Metb. Lich. (1803) p. 40 sec. hb. Ach. (Vain. Lich. Cauc, 1899, p. 328). lJatellaria macrocarpa D. G. apud Lam. et D. G. Fl. Fr. ed. 3 II (1805) p. 347. Lecidea macrocarpa Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 505 (em.); Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 66; Zahlbr. Lat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 626 (em.). L. plaiycarpa Ach. Lich. Un. (1810) p. 173; Arn. Lich. Frank. Jur. (Flora 1884) p. 167, Lich. Munch. (1891) p. 78. L. conligua Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 208. »Thallus hydrate kalico fere immutatus, medulla jodo haud caerulescente. Apothecia magna vel mediocria, primo plana margineque elevato et saltern in apotheciis majoribus crasso. Hypothecium fusco-nigrum. Excipulum crassum, nigricans (hydrate kalico fusco-nigricans). Paraphyses distinctae, arcte sat arcte cohaerentes. Sporae sat magnae, vulgo circ. 10—20 x 7—10 ju vel etiam majores, in nonnullis formis minores. Gelatina hymenialis jodo persistenter caeru- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N;o 2. 155 lescens, ascis demum vinose rubentibus. Hymenium vulgo crassum (ca. 100—120 /<), solum parte superiore coloratum, epithecio obscurius vel dilutius fuscescente vel olivaceo.» (After Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 66.) F. macrocarpa (D. C.) Vain. L. plaiycarpa Ach. 1. c. L. contigua ft L. plaiycarpa Fr. Lich. Eur. Ref. (1831) p. 300; Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 224. L. contigua ^plaiycarpa Nyl. Flora 1872 p. 552, Obs. Lich. Pyr. Or. (1873) p. 23, Lich. Pyr. Or. (1891) p. 47. L. macro carpa a plaiycarpa Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 505; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 68; Lynge Lich. Nov. Zeml. (1928) p. 77. Exs. Malme Lich. Suec. XXII (1915) No. 548. Thallus evanescens aut tenuis, subcinerascens. Apothecia magna mediocriave, saepe lat. circ. 1.5—3 mm, atra, nuda, disco sat piano, margine vulgo crasso. Dislr. AI.: »L. contigua» (veris. ad f. platycarpam spectat) fre- quenter» sec E. Nylander (Äl. Lafveg. p. 91), collect, ad Kallas in Föglö (A. Wahlberg). Ab.: Collecta ad Kultaranta (Vain.) ad rupem graniticam in Simonby in Pargas (Fr. Elfving). N.: Prope Suurkylä in Hoglandia (sec. Nyl. in Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. p. 101), ad Helsingforsiam (»L. contigua frequenter» sec. Nyl. Fl. Hels. p. 67, veris. praecipue ad f. platycarpam spectans). Ka.: »Sat frequenter» ad Viburgum (Vain. Lich. Vib. p. 67). IK.: Ad lapidem graniticum prope Pällilä in Muola (A. O. Kihlman). St. et Oa.: »Passim» (A. J. Malmgren Fört. Lafv. Sat. p. 82). Ta.: In rupe gneissacea ad Kuusto in Tammela (A. Kullhem), »pluribus locis» (Norrl. Bidr. Sydöstr. Tav. Fl. p. 190), collecta ad Hersala cet. (Vain.), »frequenter in Luhanka et Korpilahti» (Vain. FT. Tav. Or. p. 115 et sec. adn.). Sa.: »L. contigua» (veris. praecipue ad f. platycarpam spectans) »frequentissime» (E. Ny lander Lafveg. Sav. p. 74). KLad.: Prope Sortavala (Vain.), »L. contigua sat frequenter» (Nyl. Fl. Kar. p. 178), supra saxa quart- zosa in Ruskeala (Norrl., 16099 hb. Nyl.). KOI.: Ad Petrosa- wodsk (A. Kullhem sec. Norrl. Fl. Kar. II p. 33). KOm: »Supra lapi des et lapillos pluribi ad Suojärvi pogost» (sec. Nyl. in Norrl. 1. P.). Om.: Lappajärvi (»L. macrocarpa» Backman Fl. Lappaj. p. 132 praecipue ad f. platycarpam spect. vid.). Tb.: Frequenter in par. Jyväskylä (sec. Vain. 1. c. et adn.). Sb.: Kuopio (G. Lang Lich. Sav. bor. p. 36), in latere rupis gneissaceae ad Vuorilampi. Kb.: Frequenter in Lieksa et Nurmes (sec. Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 68 et adn.). Ob.: »Passim locis altioribus, in lateribus lapidum majorum locis inferioribus» (Räsänen Flecht. Ostr. bor. p. 334). OKaj.: Fre quenter in Kuhmo et Kianta (sec. Vain. 1. c. et adn.). Kuus. et KKer.: »Frequenter in toto territorio» (sec. Vain. 1. c., exactius non adnot.). LKaj.: »Collecta locis numerosis in toto territorio» (sec. Norrl. Ber. 150 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Torri. Lappni. p. 338), »frequenter in Lapponia» (sec. adn. et Vain. 1. c). LEnont.: »Locis numerosis collecta in toto territorio» (Norrl. 1. c), ad lapidem graniticum ad Saarenpää in Kelottijärvi in Enon tekiö (L. Kari). LIm: »Frequenter in toto territorio» (sec. Vain. 1. c. et adn.). LPom: »Obvenit usque ad Ponoj, inde F'ellm. Lich. Arct. n. 186» (sec. Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 159) Hypothallus interdum parce evolutus, nigricans. Apothecia dispersa, lat. 0.7—3 mm, adnata, basi constricta. Hypothecium supe- rius tenue album (circ. O.030 mm), hyphis sat erectis, ramoso-connexis, tenuibus, inferius intense fuscum, KOH non reagens, hyphis sat irre gulariter contextis et crebre ramoso-connexis, inferne medio dilutius aut dilute subfuscescens. Perithecium fuscum, KOH non reagens, hyphis irregulariter radiantibus, sat parce ramoso-connexis. Hyme nium circ. O.ioo mm crassum. Epithecium subfuscescens, KOH non reagens. Paraphyses vix O.0015 mm crassae, leviter gelatinosae, gela tina in KOH leviter turgescente, passim parce ramoso-connexae, apicibus leviter incrassatis (—O.002 mm), non clavatis, saepe ramu- losis, crebre articulatis. Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, saepe strato gelatinoso indutae, »long. 0.015—O.oso, crass. O.oos—O.011 mm» (sec. Nyl. Lich. Pyr. Or. p. 47), ovoideo-oblongae aut p. p. oblongae, apicibus obtusis aut altero apice rotundato, lateribus convexis. F. sterizella Vain. L. confluens y L. sleriza Ach. Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 40. Bialora plaiycarpa p sleriza Hepp Flecht. Eur. V (1857) n. 265 (hb. Vain.). Lecidea contigua f. sleriza Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 224. L. macrocarpa f. sleriza Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 68; Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 631. Thallus evanescens, subcinerascens. Apothecia mediocria aut majora, lat. circ. 1—2 mm, atra, nuda, disco demum convexo, mar gine sat tenui aut mediocri, demum vulgo excluso. Dislr. AL: In latere lapidis granitici ad Pantsarnäs in Geta (K. Linkola). Ab.: Ad lapidem graniticum in Hietakuoppa prope Sepul- cretum Aboae. St.: Prope Kymijoki (A. J. Malmgren Fört. Lafv. Sat. p. 82). Ta.: In lapide granitico ad Vanha-Jutila in Luhanka et ad Pohjola in Korpilahti (Vain.). Tb.: Norola in Jyväskylä (Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. p. 116). Sb.: Kuopio (Lang Lich. Sav. bor. p. 36), ad lapidem graniticum prope Mustalahti et Kettulanlahti prope Kuo pio (K. Linkola). Kb.: In latere lapidis granitici ad Jännevaara in Enontaipale (Vain.): LKem.: (»L. plaiycarpa f. sleriza» Nyl. in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 338). LEm: In reg. alp. ad Kilpisjärvi in Enontekiö (Norrl.). »Passim in toto territorio» (h. e. e Lieksa usque ad Mare Glaciale) sec. Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 68. F. subconvexa Vain. Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai (1 909) p. 145. L. ma crocarpa f. subconvexa Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883)}). 69; Lynge Acta Societatis pro Fauna et, Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 157 Lich. Nov. Zemlj. (1928) p. 77. L. macrocarpa v. sleriza f. subcon vexa Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 632. Thallus tenuis aut sat tenuis (aut fere modice incrassatus), verru- culoso-areolatus,. areolis contiguis aut dispersis, subcinerascentibus aut subalbidis. Apothecia minora aut mediocria, lat. circ. 0.8—1 (—1.5) mm, atra, nuda, disco demum convexo, margine tenui, demum excluso. Dislr. N.: In rupe micaceoschistosa ad Helsingforsiam (Vain., 286). Ka.: Ad lapidem graniticum littoralem in Vanhaviipuri Vi burgi (Vain.). Ta.: Ad lapidem graniticum in sepulcreto in Hollola (Vain.). Kb.: Ad lapidem dioriticum in littore prope Niska in Elnon- taipale (Vain.). OKaj.: Ad lapidem gneissaceum in campo deusto prope Tervasalmi in Kuhmo (Vain.), ad lapides graniticos in campo deusto ad Saunaniemi in Kianta (Vain. 1. c). LKem.: Sirkankylä in Kittilä (L. Kari). LEnont.: In rupe micaceo-schistosa in Sarvioivi prope Kelottijärvi (L. Kari). Apothecia adnata. Hypothecium superne anguste albidum, cete- rum fusco-nigrum. Perithecium fusco-nigrum, KOH non reagens. Hymenium circ. O.075—O.100 mm crassum, »jodo caerulescens, ascis demum vinose rubentibus» (Vain. 1. c). Epithecium »subaeruginoso- nigricans aut subolivaceo-nigricans» (in specim. orig.) aut fusco-nigri- cans. Paraphyses »arcte cohaerentes, parce gelatinosae, crass. O.001 mm, apice clavatae (O.003—O.004 mm), non ramulosae, septatae» (in specim. orig.). Sporae »p. p. strato gelatinoso tenui indutae, long. 0.015—O.022, crass. O.oos—O.009 mm» (in specim. orig.). F. caesioconvexa Vain. Lich. Exp. Veg. Pitlekai (1909) p. 145. L. macrocarpa f. caesioconvexa Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 68. L. macrocarpa v. sleriza X. caesioconvexa Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 632. L. contigua f. caesioconvexa Harm. Cat Lich. Lorr. (1899) p. 399. Thallus evanescens aut sat tenuis, verruculoso-areolatus, areolis contiguis aut dispersis, subcinerascentibus aut impure albidis. Apo thecia minora aut mediocria, lat. circ. 0.5—1.5 mm, disco tenuiter pruinoso, demum convexo, margine vulgo tenui, nigro, nudo aut raro ad discum pruinoso, demum excluso aut rarius persistente. Dislr. N.: In rupe micaceo-schistosa in Helsingforsia (Vain, a. 1872, »L. contigua *meiospora sec. determ. Nyl., n. 914), Östersundom (Räsänen). Ta.: In latere rupis quartziticae in Tiirismaa in Hollola (Vain.). Sa.: Savonlinna (O. Carlenius). Tb.: Ad lapidem graniticum in rivulo prope Norola in Jyväskylä (Vain., cum f. sierizella). Sb.: Suovu et Heinäsenvuori in Kuopio (K. Lin kola). Kb.: Ad lapidem graniticum in campo deusto prope Koriseva in Lieksa (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 68). Ob.: Ad rupem actinoli- ticam in Talkkunamaa in Kiiminki (Räsänen Flecht. Ostr. Lor. p. 158 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. 334). LEnoni.: Ad Kelottijärvi (Norrl., 846) et Karesuanto (»f. sleriza» sec. determ. Nyl. in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lapp. p. 338) in Enon tekiö. LIm: In reg. subalp. montis Hammastunturi (Vain. 1. c.). Epithecium sordide fuscescens aut olivaceo-fuscescens. Sporae long. 0.015—0.020, crass. O.007-—O.oio mm (in specim. e Tiirismaa). F. pruinosa Vain. L. macrocarpa f. pruinosa Vain. Adj. Lich. Fapp. II (1883) p. 68; Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 68. Non »L. contigua B 1 pruinosa» FT. Lich. Suec. Exs. (1817) n. 377, ad *L. cinereoalram Ach. pertinens. Thallus evanescens aut tenuis, subcontinuus aut dispersus, im pure albidus. Apothecia mediocria aut majuscula aut sat parva, lat. 2-—0.7 mm, disco tenuiter pruinoso, piano, margine crasso, nigro, nudo, persistente. Dislr. N.: Ad rupem graniticam in Rödbergen (O. Collin a. 1874) et in rupe micaceoschistosa Helsingforsiae (Vain., cum n. 286). Ka.: Ad lapidem graniticum in Tervaniemi Viburgi (Vain.). Ta.: In rupe gneissacea ad Kuusto in Tammela (A. Kullhem), ad lapidem grani ticum in Tiirismaa in Hollola (Vain.). Kb.: Ad lapidem prope Jänne- vaara in Enontaipale et prope pag. Lieksa in par. ejusdem nominis. Ob.: In Rakankallio in Muhos et in Kalkkimaa in Tornio (Räsänen Flecht. Ostr. Bor. p. 334). Est forma intermedia inter L. slerizam et L. albocaerulescentem. Apothecia adnata, basi constricta, margine integro. Epithecium subfuscescens. Sporae long. O.ois—O.023, crass. O.oos—O.011 mm. F. contigua (Nyl.) Vain. L. contigua Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 159 (excl. f. et v.) et in Norrl. Bidr. Sydöstr. Tav. Fl. (1870) p. 190 (nec Hoffm. Deutschl. FT. II, 1796, p. 184. nec PL Lich. t. LXII, conf. etiam Arn. Lich. Fraenk. Jur. p. 162). L. macrocarpa f. conti gua Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 67. L. macrocarpa fj superba Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 505 p. p.; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 633 p. p. Thallus bene evolutus, modice incrassatus aut sat crassus, sub- cinerascens aut impure albidus. Apothecia mediocria aut magna, lat. circ. 0.6—2.5 mm, atra, nuda, disco vulgo piano, margine crasso aut modice incrassato. Dislr. Frequenter »ad lapides in pratis, silvis et campis, sed locis apertis aliquot rarior» (Räsänen Flecht. Ostr. bor. p. 334). Thallus continuus aut rimosus aut areolato-diffractus, verrucoso- aut verruculoso-inaequalis, hypothallo nigricante saepe partim limi- tatus. Apothecia dispersa, adnata aut interdum thallo crassitudine accrescente demum apothecia altitudine aequantia, basi constricta. Hypothecium superius fenuissime album (circ. O.015—O.020 mm), hyphis sat erectis, ramoso-connexis, tenuibus, inferius fusco-nigrum, KOH non reacrens, crassum, hyphis irregulariter contextis et ramoso- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 159 connexis, KOFI non turgescentibus. Perithecium fusco-nigrum, KOH non reagens. Hymenium vidi O.oso nun crassum. Epithecium subae- ruginoso-nigricans, KOH subolivaceo-nigricans. Paraphyses parce gelatinosae, crass. O.ooi mm, passim parce ramoso-connexae, apice non incrassatae et p. p. ramuloso-connexae. Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, membrana saepe leviter gelatinoso-incrassata, long. O.015—O.017 (»O.ois—O.024» sec. Nyl.), crass. O.007—O.oos (»O.009—O.011» sec. Nyl.) mm, oblongae aut ovoideo-oblongae, lateribus convexis. F. phialaea (Norm.) Vain. Lecidea phialaea Norm. Bot. Not. 1868 p. 191. L. macrocarpa f. phialaea Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 67; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 631 (Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II, 1874, p. 505). Thallus modice incrassatus aut sat tenuis, verrucoso-inaequalis, albus. Apothecia adnata, vulgo magna aut mediocria, lat. 2—0.8 mm, basi constricta, atra, nuda, dispersa, disco piano (aut interdum demum convexo in specim. ex Engelberg in Helvetia), margine crasso aut modice incrassato, saepe persistente. Arenicola. Distr. KOn.: Ad terram subarenosam detritam in ins. lacus Tumasjärvi (J. P. Norrlin, 5197). OKaj.: Ad terram arenariam nu- dam in jugo aprico prope templum in Kuhmo (Vain. 1. c). Hypothallus indistinctus. »Hymenium circ. O.100—O.ooo mm cras sum. Sporae long. O.013—O.016, crass. O.oos—O.oio mm» (Vain. 1. c). F. praeioria (Th. Fr.) Vain. L. macrocarpa f. praeloria Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 506; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 67; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 631; Lynge Lich. Nov. Zemlj. (1928) p. 76. Thallus sat tenuis aut modice incrassatus, laevigatus, subconti- nuus aut rimulosus, albidus. Apothecia mediocria aut majuscula aut p. p. minora, lat. 1—1.5 (—O.s) mm, disco piano aut demum depresso- convexo, nudo, margine tenui aut demum excluso. Distr. Ka.: Supra lapidem graniticum littoralem in Vanha- Viipuri Viburgi (Vain.). In f. contiguam transit. Hypothallus nigricans saepe distinctus. Epithecium impure olivaceum. Sporae long. O.017—O.022, crass. 0.009—O.oio mm. Apothecia adnata, basi constricta. F. superba (Koerb.) Vain. Lecidea superba Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 248, Lich. Sel. Germ. II (1856) n. 48 (hb. Nyl.), Par. Lich. 3 Lief. (1861) p. 220; Nyl. Prodr. Fl. Gall. (1856) p. 377; Jatta Fl. It. Cr. Ill (1911) p. 625. L. macrocarpa fi superba Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 505 p. p.; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 633 p. p. Thallus crassus aut sat crassus, verrucosus aut subverrucoso- inaequalis, subcontinuus aut dispersus, albus. Apothecia mediocria 160 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV aut majuscula, lal. 0.8—2.;* mm, atra, nuda, disco piano aut rarius demum depresso-convexo, margine crasso aut modice incrassato. Dislr. N.: Kotikallio in Hoglandia (M. Brenner, »L. contigua» sec. Nyl.). Ka.: In latere rupis graniticae in littore marino in Vanha-Viipuri Viburgi (Vain.). KOn.: Perttiniemi (A. Kullhem). Ta.: Letku in Tammela (A. Kullhem). Sb.: Nyslott (O. A. J. Car- lenius). Kuus.: Ad Paanajärvi (F. Silen, n. 129). LKem.: In alpe Olostunturi in Muonioniska (J. P. Norrlin, 731, »platycarpa thallo evoluto», postea »superba» a Nyl. determinata). LEnont.: In reg. betulina (subalp.) ad Kelottijärvi (Norrl., »platycarpa» sec. Nyl.). LPon.: Ad prom. Orlov (A. O. Kihlman, »L. contigua» sec. Nyl.). Apothecia adnata, basi constricta, margine saepe primum bene prominente, persistente. Epithecium olivaceo-fuscescens. Sporae vulgo »0.oi8—0.021, crass. O.009—O.011 mm» sec. adn. Nyl. — In Koerb. Lich. Sel. Germ. n. 48 thallus verrucosus, albidus, apothecia disco piano, nudo, margine crasso, persistente, »epithecio luteo-fuscescente, sporis long. O.021-—O.025, crass. O.ooo—O.011 mm» (sec. adn. Nyl.). F. pliaea (Flot.) Vain. Bialora phaea Flot. apud Koerb. Par. Lich. 2 Lief. (1860) p. 150. Lecidea macrocarpa a platycarpa f. phaea Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 506 (Arn. Fl. 1871 p. 486). L. macrocarpa f. phaea Stein apud Cohn Krypt. Schles. II (1879) p.251; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 68; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p 630. L. platycarpa Arn. Lich. Frank. Jur. (Fl. 1884) p. 162, Lich. Munch. (1891) p. 78. Thallus tenuis. Apothecia majuscula aut mediocria, lat. 1 — 2.4 mm, disco fuscescente, nudo, piano aut demum depresso-convexo, margine sat crasso aut tenui, atro. Distr. Ab.: Hermala in Isosaari in Lohja (Ch. E. Boldt). Ta.: Tiirismaa in Hollola (Vain. 1872), in latere rupis gneissaceae um- brosae ad Sikolahti in Luhanka (»L. platycarpa *L. phaea» in Vain. FL Tav. Or. p. 116). Sb.: Kettulanlahti in Kuopio (K.Linkola). Thallus impure subglaucescens. Apothecia adnata, basi con stricta, dispersa. Hypothecium parte superiore albida circ. O.040 mm crassa, parte inferiore fusca, crassa, KOH non reagente. Perithe cium fusco-nigrum, KOH non reagens. Hymenium circ. 0.100 mm cras sum. Epithecium dilute fuscescens, KOH non reagens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, parce gelatinosae (gelatina in KOH parum tur- gescente), tantum simplices visae, crass. O.001 mm, apicibus O.002 mm crassis, parce crebre septatis, breviter ramulosis et partim simplici- bus (ramoso-connexas non vidi). Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, long. O.017—O.022, crass. O.oos—O.oio, membrana modice aut leviter incrassata. Conidia »fili- formia, recta, long. O.007—O.009, crass. O.0005 mm» sec. adn. Nyl. (in specim. e Tatra). Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 161 F. lignatilis (Nyl.) Vain. L. macrocarpa f. lignaiilis Nyl. in Mus. Fenn., Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 67; Vain, in Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. cont. (1921) n. 759; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) n. 630. Thallus sat tenuis (aut interdum tenuissimus), verruculoso-inae- qualis, impure albidus. Apothecia adnata, vulgo mediocria aut magna, raro minora, lat. 2—0.7 mm, basi constricta, nigra, nuda, vulgo dispersa, disco vulgo piano, interdum demum convexo, margine sat crasso aut sat tenui, persistente aut demum excluso. Lignicola. Distr. N.: Ad lignum putridum in Tali prope Helsingforsiam (Nyl., 16096) . Ta.: Mustiala et prope templum (A. Kullhem), supra tectum ligneum in Koski (»L. contigua f. sleriza» Nyl. in Norrl. Bidr. Sydöstr. Tav. Fl. p. 190, n. 433), ad truncum in littore prope Hersala (Vain., 916, aliud specim. n. 159 a Nyl. nominatum »L. contigua *phaea Flot.») et ad lignum vetustum prope Upila (Norrl. H. L. F. cont. n. 759) in Hollola, ad trabes molae aquariae in Asikkala (»L. contigua» in Norrl. Bidr. Sydöstr. Tav. Fl. p. 190, n. 432), ad radices pini in Evo (Norrl. n. 467), supra trabes inundatas molae aquariae in Kurkoja in Luhanka (»L. platycarpa» sec. det. Nyl. in Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. p. 115). Sb.: Nyslott (O. Carlenius, 5154 b. in hb. Nyl., »L. contigua sporis minoribus, long. O.007—O.015, crass. O.ooo—O.007 mm, conidiis filiformibus, rectis, long. O.on—O.014 mm» sec. adn. Nyl.). Kb.: Pag. Lieksa (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 67). Kuus.: Siika luoma (F. Silen, errat. typogr. in Vain. 1. c.). Ob.: Supra truncum prolapsum piceae in rivulo Anteroinen in Simo (Räsänen Flecht. Ostr. bor. p. 334), Alkula (Norrl.). LKem.: Ad arborem prolapsam in prato prope Sattanen in Sodankylä (Vain. 1. c, err. typ.). Thallus interdum linea hypothallina nigricante limitatus. Flypo- thecium fusco-nigrum. Hymenium circ. O.090—O.110 mm crassum, in terdum totum dilute aeruginosum. Epithecium fuscescens aut oliva- ceo-aeruginosum aut nigricans. Sporae »long. O.016—O.019, crass. 0.009—O.on mm» (sec. adn. Nyl.) aut minores (conf. supra). Apotheciis convexis interdum non differt a f. sterizella (sic in H. L. F. cont. n. 759). In specimine ex Asikkala p. p. similis est f. meio. porellae, qualis nominetur f. xylomeiospora Vain. F. oxydaia (Koerb.) Vain. Lecidea platycarpa f. oxydaia Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 249. L. macrocarpa f. oxydaia Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 630; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 630. L. contigua f. oxydaia Harm. Cat. Lich. Lorr. (1890) p. 399. Exs. Arn. Lich. Exs. (1897) n. 1733 (hb. Nyl.). Thallus bene evolutus, modice incrassatus, ochraceus. Apothecia mediocria aut majuscula, lat. circ. 0.9—2 mm, atra, nuda, disco piano aut demum depresso-convexo, margine sat tenui aut modice incrassato. 1 1 162 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Dislr. N.: Supra Kotikallio in Hoglandia (»L. conligua f. flavi- cunda» sec. Nyl. in Brenner Bidr. Flogl. Lafv. p. 100, »passim», quod non sit rite). St. et Oa. »frequens» (certe non rite indi- catur in A. J. Malmgren Bot. Hesa Sat. S. Österb. p. 82). Ta.: Mustiala et Saukoniemi in Tammela (A. Kullh.). Sa.: Nyslott (O. A. Carlenius). KOn.: »Supra lapides dolomit. ferrosos in Suojärvi (»L. contigua f. flavicunda» sec. Nyl. in Norrl. Fl. Kar. Oneg. II p. 33). Sb.: Kuopio (G. Lang Lafv. Sav. Bor. p. 36). Ob.: »Supra lapides in jugis et silvis passim» (Räsänen Flecht. Ostr. Bor. p. 334). Kuus.: Ad rupem dioriticam in reg. subalp. montis Ukonvaara (Vain. 1. c), ad rupem gabroensem in Pyhitysvaara prope Taival koski (W. Brenner). LKem.: Kittilä (E. Nylander n. 1856). Facie externa vix differt a L. lapicida f. ochromeliza (Nyl.) et f. ochracea (Nyl.). Medulla jodo non reagens. Hypothecium superne anguste albidum (O.020—O.025 mm), crebrius ramoso-connexum, in ferne crasse fusco-nigrum, KOH non reagens. Perithecium fusco-ni grum, KOH non reagens. Hymenium crass. circ. O.070—O.090 mm. Fqjithecium olivaceo-nigricans, KOH non reagens. Paraphyses levi ter gelatinosae (gelatina in KOH demum sat turgescente), crass. circ. O.001 mm, passim parce ramoso-connexae, apicibus non incrassa tis, aliquot flexuosis, p. p. parce ramulosis et ramoso-connexis. Sporae long. O.011—O.015, crass. O.oos-—O.009 mm aut »long. O.015—O.022, crass. O.ooo—O.oio mm» (sec. A. Kullh.), membrana leviter subgelati- noso-incrassata. Gonidia »filiformia, recta, long. O.oos—O.oio, crass O.001 mm» (sec. adn. Nyl. in Arn. Lich. Exs. n. 1733). F. subflavicunda Vain. Lecidea macrocarpa f. subflavicunda Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 69; Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 631. Exs. Arn. Lich. Exs. (1880) n. 809 a, b (»L. albocoerulescens f. flavocaerulescens), hb. Nyl., n. 810 (»L. plaiycarpa f. flavicunda hb. Nyl.).— Magnusson Lich. Scand. I (1927) n. 12. Thallus tenuis, sat obsoletus, impure ochraceus. Apothecia medio cria aut minora, lat. circ. 0.7—1.5 mm, disco convexo, tenuiter prui noso, margine tenui, persistente. Dislr. N.: Ylikäytävä in Hoglandia (M. Brenner). KOI.: Petro- savodsk (A. Kullhem, »L. platycarpa» sec. Nyl.). Ta.: Ad saxum gneissaceum in Tiirismaa in Hollola (Vain. 1. c., n. 917 specim. orig.). LKem.: (E. Nyl., »ochromela» sec. Nyl.). LIm: Syrminiemi in Inari (F. Silen). Thallus saepe dispersus, hypothallo nigricante leviter evoluto. Apothecia dispersa et saepe p. p. tuberculato-conferta, adnata. Sporae in specim. in LKem. collecto sec. adn. NyL »long. O.015—O.021, crass. O.oos—O.011 mm». F. pachysleriza Vain. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 163 Thallus sat crassus, albus aut impure albidus. Apothecia majus cula, lat. 2—1 mm, disco convexo aut piano, tenuiter pruinoso, mar gine sat tenui, persistente. Distr. LEnont.: In regione betulina (= subalp.) ad Kelottijärvi in Enontekiö (J. P. Norrlin, n. 846). Thallo subnitido, non pruinoso, inaequali a L. albocaerulescenle differt. Medulla jodo non caerulescens. Apothecia adnata. Hypo thecium superne album, crass, circ. O.025 mm, inferne fusco-nigrum, crassum. Hymenium crass, circ. 0.100 mm. Perithecium fusco-nigrum. Paraphyses gelatinosae, apice non incrassatae. Sporae long. O.015— O.020, crass. 0.007—O.on mm. F. planior Vain. Lecidea macrocarpa var. hydrophila f. musiva *f. planior Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 73. Thallus subverrucosus, aut areolatus, verrucis areolisque circ. 0.6—0.15 mm latis, convexis aut parcius planis, sat crassis aut modice incrassatis, contiguis, caesio- aut cinereo-albicantibus. Apothecia sat crebra, adnata, lat. 1—0.5 mm, basi leviter constricta, disco piano, parce demum convexo, fusco-nigricante, nudo, margine tenui aut sat tenui, atro, nudo, raro demum excluso. Sporae long. O.017—O.023, crass. 0.009—O.012 mm. Dislr. Kb.: Ad saxa dioritica littoralia in ins. Kynsisaari lacus Pielisjärvi (Vain. 1. c). Habitu tantum apotheciis planis differt a f. submusiva. Thallus o-pacus. Apothecia disco opaco, margine non prominente. Hypo thecium superne anguste albidum, parte inferiore crassa fusco-nigrum (in limite summa subrubricosum), KOH demum subrubricoso-fusce- scens. Perithecium fusco-nigrum (in limite ad hymenium subrubrico sum), demum KOH subrubricoso-fuscescens. Hymenium circ. O.120 mm crassum. Epithecium subrubricoso-fuscescens et partim dilute impure subrubricosum, KOH non reagens. Paraphyses arcte cohae rentes, simplices et partim parce ramoso-connexae, leviter gelati nosae (gelatina in KOH leviter turgescente), tubulis O.0005—O.001 mm. apice 0.002—0.003 mm crassae, partim parce ramosae. Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, mem brana modice incrassata. F. hydalea Vain. (conf. Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II, 1883, p. 72). L. macrocarpa var. hydrophila f. aquatilis Nyl. in Vain. I. c. p. p. (excl. specim. a Nyl. determinato). Thallus modice incrassatus, minute rimoso-diffractus areolatusve, areolis circ. 0.6—0.2 mm latis, planis aut subplanis, cinereis aut cine rascentibus. Apothecia lat. 0.5—0.8 (—1.3) mm, adnata, basi leviter constricta, disco primum piano, dein convexo, nigro, nudo, margine tenui, nigro, nudo, saepe demum excluso. Sporae loru? 0.oir>—O.020, crass. O.008—O.010 mm. E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV Dislr. Kb.: »Muilis locis ad saxa liltoralia inuiidaia laeuum et fluminum (Vain. 1. c.), collecta ad lapides dioriticos littorales prope Niska in Enontaipale et ad Pyssyvaara in Nurmes. OKaj.: Ad lapi dem in rivulo prope Pietari in Kianta (Vain. 1. c.). A f. subconvexa praesertim thallo magis et pulchrius evoluto dif fert. Thallus non pruinosus, hypothallo parum evoluto. Apothecia dispersa aut p. p. conferta, disco opaco, margine non aut paruni prominente. Hypothecium superne anguste albidum, O.020 mm cras sum, inferne fusco-nigrum, KOH non reagens et partim subrubricoso- fuscescens. Perithecium fusco-nigrum, KOH non reagens. Hyme nium circ. 0.090 mm crassum. Epithecium subaeruginoso-olivaceum aut fusco-nigrum et tunc KOH fuscescens. Paraphyses arcte cohaeren tes (in KOH sat laxae), leviter gelatinosae, crass. O.0015 mm, apicibus O.002—0.003 mm crassis et parce ramulosis, ceterum simplices. Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, disti chae, non gelatinosae, long. O.014—O.020, crass. O.ooo—O.oio mm. Obs. Specimen ad lapidem graniticum in rivulo prope Lipinlahti in Nurmes collectum thallo alutaceo-pallescente (et partim cinera- scente) L. aqualili (Nyl.) congruens, sporis majoribus (long. circ. O.018, crass. O.ooo mm), apotheciis marginatis et apotheciis nigris ab e a differt. F. ferrosa Vain. L. macrocarpa var. hydrophila f. ferrosa Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 72. L. convexa var. hydrophila f. ferrosa Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 548. Thallus sat tenuis aut modice incrassatus, continuus aut rimosus vel areolato-diffractus, ochraceus. Apothecia lat. 0.8—-1 (1.5) mm Iata, adnata, basi leviter constricta, disco primum piano, demum convexo, fusco-nigro aut nigro (aut levissime subferrugineo), margine tenui, nigro, nudo, saepe demum excluso. Sporae long. O.019—O.024, crass. 0.009—0.015 mm. Distr. N.: In rupe porphyrica supra Mäkienpäällys in Suursaari v. Hoglandia (Vain. 909, ad f. oxydatam accedens). KOn.: Suojärvi (J. P. Norrlin). Sb.: Ad lapidem in Laukaanjoki in Vehmasmäki prope Kuopio (K. Linkola). Kb.: Ad lapidem graniticum in rivulo Viekijoki in Lieksa (Vain., 908). OKaj.: Ahola, Vuokki, prope temp lum, Yläjoki, Pietari, Saukko, Kiannanniemi, Saarimylly, Saari järvi, Ilossa in Kianta (Vain. adn., »passim- sat frequ.» sec. Vain. 1. e.). Ob.: Ad Aiantiejoki in Simo (Räsänen Flecht. Ostr. bor. p. 334). Kuus.: »Passim — sat frequenter» sec. Vain. 1. c, ad Iijoki et Poussu (Vain. adn.). Thallus laevigatus, intensius aut dilutius hydrate ferrico colora- tus, hypothallo nigricante limitatus. Apothecia saepe sat crebra, margine non prominente. Epithecium fuscescens. F. obliierala Vain. Lecidea macrocarpa var. hydrophila f. ferrosa Acta Societal is pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 165 *f. obliteraia Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 72. L. convexa var. hydrophila f. obliteraia Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 548. Thallus parum evolutus, tenuis, dispersus, areolatus, areolis ini- nutis, partim contiguis, ochraceis et partim pallidis et cinerascenti bus, planis. Apothecia lat. 0.5—0.8 mm, adnata, basi non constricta, nigra, nuda, disco primum piano, demum convexo, margine tenui, demum saepe excluso. Sporae long. circ. O.ois, crass. O.009 mm. Dislr. Lin.: Ad rupem granuliticam subinundatam in reg. sub alp. jugi Suoloselkä (Vain. 1. c). Hypothallus indistinctus. Apothecia dispersa. Perithecium fus co-nigrum cum hypothecio confluens. Epithecium fusco-nigrum. F. meiosporella Vain. Lecidea macrocarpa var. meiosporella Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 69. Exs. Fries Lich. Suec. Exs. XIII (1817) 11. 377. »Thallus sat tenuis, albicans, saepe saltern p. p. subdispersus areolatusque, hypothallo caeruleo-nigricante saepe distincto. Apothe cia adnata, minora (circ. 1 millim. vel paullo minora), nuda, atra, sat tenuiter marginata, planiuscula vel demum etiam convexiuscula convexa, sat dense evoluta. Sporae vulgo mediocres, longitudille vulgo circ. 16—18 (aliae 12—21) JU, crassitudine 7—10 ju. Hymenium crassum, circ. 110 /u. Gelatina hymenialis jodo persistenter caerule scens, ascis demum vinose rubentibus. Epithecium fuscescens, ob scure vel dilute. Thallus saepe e areolis minutis convexisque con- stans vel etiam subcontinuus» (Vainio 1883, 1. e.). Dislr. Al.: Supra lapidem micaceo-schistosam ad Kallas in Föglö (A. Wahlberg). Ab.: Ad rupem graniticam in Kakskerta (Vain.), in lapide gneissaceo in ins. Lehmänmaa in Taivassalo (IL Hollmen et V. Sederholm), in lapide gneissaceo ad Aboam (F. Elfving). N.: Ad lapidem diabasicum in Pohjoiskallio Hoglandiae (»L. contigua» sec. Nyl., leg. M. Brenner), ad rupem porphyricam in Kotikallio Hoglandiae (M. Brenner), in rupe granitica in Esbo (H. Lindberg), Helsingforsiae (J. P. Norrlin, *L. meiospora» sec. Nyl. in n. 16207), ad saxa gneissa cea prope Helsingforsiam (O. Collin), in lapide gneissaceo prope templum in Vihti (A. Kullhem). IK.: Supra lapidem graniticum ad Pällilä in Muola (A. O. Kihlman). KOL: In lapide arenario ad Nikola (»*L. meiospora» Nyl. in Elfv. Ant. Veg. Svir 169). St.: Merikarvia (A. J. Malmgren). Oa.: Bötom (A. J. Malmgren). Ta.: In lapide gneissaceo ad Mustiala (A. Kullhem). KLad.: In rupe diabasica ad Vaavalahti (Vain.), ad lapidem graniticum in Paksuniemi (Vain.) et in rupe granitica in Haukkariutta (Vain.) in Sortavala. KOn.: In lapide granitico in Suojärvi (»*L. meiospora» Nyl. in Norrl. Fl. Kar. On. II p. 33), Perttiniemi (A. Kullhem). Tb.: In lapide grani tico ad Norola (Vain., 756) et in lapide gneissaceo ad Äijälä in par. Jyväskylä (»*Z>. meiospora» Nyl. in Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. p. 116, »fre- 166 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. quentius — sat frequens» ibi indicatur, quod ad f. meiosporellam et f. cinereoairam spectat). Sb.: Pieksämäki (»L. meiospora» sec. Nyl. in H. L. F. n. 336, leg. Norrl.), in rupe granitica in Kumpusaari et Suovu prope Kuopio (K. Linkola). Kb.: In lapidibus graniticis ad Jännevaara et Niska in Enontaipale (Vain.), ad lapidem graniticum in Pyssy vaara (Vain.) et ad rupem gneissaceam in Hiidenportti in Nurmes (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 70, »veris. multis locis»). OKaj.: Ad saxum graniticum in Kajana (K. P. Malmgren), ad lapidem grani ticum in Lehtovaara in Kianta (Vain. 1. c). Ob.: Ad Kemi et in Jaatilanvaara in Rovaniemi (M. Brenner). Kuus.: In rupe dioritica in Iivaara (Vain. 1. e. p. 74). KKer.: In lapide granitico ad Knjäsha et Soukelo (Fellm. Lich. Arct. n. 185 p. p.). LKem.: In lapide grani tico prope templum in Muonioniska (Norrl. n. 730, »*L. meiospora» sec. Nyl.), Ollostunturi (Norrl., »*L. meiospora» sec. Nyl.). LEnont.: Pyhäkero (L. Kari) et Karesuanto (Norrl., n. 823, »*L. meiospora» sec Nyl.). LIm.: In rupe dioritica ad Imantero (Fellm.), ad saxa diabasica riparia in alpe Lujaur-urt (»L. meiospora» Nyl. in Kihlm. N. Beitr. Flecht. Kola p. 58, n. 83 p. p.). LTul.: Nääventunturi in Pummanki in Petsamo (E. Häyren). LMur.: Jeretik (H. Hollmen). F. submusiva Vain. Lecidea macrocarpa var. hydrophila f. musiva Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 72. L. convexa var. musiva Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 548 p. p. Thallus subverrucosus aut areolatus, verrucis areolisque circ. 0.6—0.2 mm latis, convexis, sat crassis, contiguis aut raro dispersis, albidis aut impure albidis. Apothecia sat crebra aut partim dispersa aut partim parce conferta, adnata, lat. circ. 1 mm (0.5—-1.8 mm), basi parum constricta, novella plana, dein mox disco convexo, fusco- nigricante aut nigricante, nudo, margine tenui, nigricante, nudo, demum excluso. Sporae long. O.ou—O.ois, crass. O.009—O.oio mm. Distr. KL.: Ad rupem dioriticam in Haukkariutta in Sortavala (Vain.). Kuus.: Ad saxa dioritica littoralia subinundata rivuli ad Sirkelä prope Viekkipuro in reg. coniferarum mixtarum collecta et alibi ad Paanajärvi adn. (Vain. 1. c. p. 73). LTul.: Ad rupem dia basica m littoralem prope scolam in Pummanki in Petsamo (E. Häyren). Thallus hypothallo nigricante interdum limitatus. Apothecia disco opaco, margine non aut parum prominente. Hypothecium strato albido nullo distincto, totum fusco-nigrum, crassum, in parte su periore hyphis erectis, in parte inferiore hyphis irregulariter con textis. Perithecium fusco-nigrum. Hymenium O.090—O.110 mm cras sum. Epithecium fuscum, partim dilute fuscescens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, leviter gelatinosae, simplices, crass. O.0005—O.001 mm, apicibus circ. O.002 mm crassis, non flexuosis, partim ramis parcis. Asci clavati, in apice membrana leviter incrassata. Sporae Acta Societalis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 167 1) Exsiccati by B. Lynge, the rest by Vainio. 8:nae, distichae, long. O.014—O.ois, crass. O.009—O.oio mm, membrana modice incrassata, in H2S04 bene gelatinoso-turgescente. F. ochrocarpella Vain Thallus modice incrassatus, areolatus, areolis contiguis, lat. circ. 0.5—0.3 (—1) mm, depresso-convexis, cinereo-albidis. Apothecia lat. circ. 0.5—0.8 mm, adnata, basi leviter constricta, sat crebra, disco piano aut demum leviter convexo, ochraceo-pruinoso, margine tenui, nigricante, non prominente, demum subexcluso. Sporae parce evo lutae, visae long. O.oio, crass. O.006 mm. Dislr. In rupe granitica loco subirrigato in ins. Kotiluoto in Sor tavala (Vain.). Affinis est f. submusivae Vain. et. f. hijdaleae Vain. Epithecium fulvescens, KOH non reagens. 71. L. albocaerulescens (Wulf.) Floerk.1) in Schrad. N. Journ. Bot. IV (1810) p. 25, Ges. Nat. Berl. Magaz. IV (1810) p. 233; Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. Ill (1025) p. 504 p p. Lichen albocaerulescens Wulf. apud Jaqu. Coll. Bot. II (1788) p. 184, tab. XV f. 1 (Hoffm. PL Lich. I, 1790, t. XIV f. 2, sec. spec, a Wulf. missum), conf. Arn. Zur Erinn. Wulf. (1882) p. 149. Lecidea con tigua var. albocaerulescens Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 224 p. p. L. macrocarpa albocaerulescens Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 508 p. p. Exs. Anzi Lich. Ital. sup. VI (1865) n. 282, 283. — Arnold Lich. Exs. n. 808, 894. — Claud, et Harm. Lich. Gall. IX (1908) n. 446. — Flora Hung. VIII n. 712. — Hepp Flecht. Eur. V (1857) n. 243. — Johns. North Engl. Lich. Herb. n. 506. — Koerber Lich. sel. Germ. VIII (1861) n 224. —Merrill Lich. Exs. Ser. I, fasc. VIII (1912) n. 178. — Rabenh. Lich. Eur. IX (1857) n. 232. — Schaer. Lich. Helv. VIII (1828) n. 185. Thallus modice incrassatus aut sat crassus, glaucescenti- aut subcaesio-albidus, vulgo laevigatus, nec KOH nec jodo reagens, sorediis destitutus. Apothecia dispersa aut partim crebra, vulgo tota adnata (primum immersa in v. vulgari Schaer.: Hepp Flecht. Eur. n. 243), basi non aut demum levi ter constricta, lat. 2—0.8 (3—0.5) mm, disco bene caesio- pruinoso aut raro demum p. p. denudato nigricanteque (submorbose), margine sat crasso aut demum extenuato, 168 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. nigro, nudo. Hypothecium subhymeniale tenue rufescens (non albidum), ceterum hypothecium totum fusco-nigrum, hyphis sat erectis. Perithecium extus fusco-nigrum. Epithe cium pallidum aut in eodem apothecio partim etiam fuscescens. Paraphyses sat arcte cohaerentes, leviter gelatinosae, apice non clavatae. Sporae long. circ. 0.016—O.024, crass. O.oos—O.012 mm, sec. adn. Nyl. »long. O.014—O.027, crass. 0.008^0.012 mm.» F. alpina Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 508, 509 p.p. (excl. L. soredizode). Forsan Schaer. Lich. Flelv. Exs. VIII (1828) n. 185, Lich. Helv. Spic. 3 (1828) p. 143, En. Lich. Flelv. (1850) p. 119; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 503. Apothecia majuscula, simplicia, adnata, disco pruinoso. Epithe cium pallidum aut in eodem apothecio partim etiam fuscescens. Distr. N.: Supra rupem porphyricam in Mäkienpäällys in Suur saari vel Hoglandia (Vain. in Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. p. 101). KLad.: In latere abrupto montis dioriticae in Lahentausta ad Kirjavalahti in Sortavala (Vain.). KOn.: Jalguba (A. Kullhem). LIm.: Porjeguba (Kullh.), Umba (A. O. Kihlman, 512). Autonoma est species, hypothecio subhymeniali rufescente (nec albido) et aliis magis vagis notis a L. sleriza ( = L. macrocarpa), etiam ab ejus proximis forrnis (pruinosa et caesioconvexa) differens. Thallus vulgo continuus, raro demum areolatus, raro etiam verru- coso-inaequalis, leviter nitidus aut rarius opacus, hypothallo in distincto. Apothecia disco piano aut p. p. demum convexo, margine saepe crebre tenuissirne transversim ruguloso. Hypothecium KOH demum subrubricoso-fuligineum, pars subhymenialis KOH demum subrubricosum. Perithecium intus fuscescens aut fuscescenti-palli dum, totum KOH demum subrubricoso-fuscescens. Hymenium circ. O.120—0.130 (—O.i/o) mm crassum, jodo caerulescens. Epithecium granulosum, KOH dilutescens. Paraphyses crass. O.001 (et vix 0.0015) mm, apicem versus sensim leviter incrassatae, sed nec capitatae, nec clavatae, simplices, parce septatae, pressione facilius disjunctae, quam in L. sleriza (L. macrocarpa). Asci clavati, in apice membrana saepe sat bene incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae. Conidia »fili- formia, recta, long. O.007—O.oio, crass. O.0005—O.oooo mm» sec. adn. Nyl. in n. 15398 (ex Anglia), »long. O.ooo—O.011, crass. O.0007 mm, recta» sec. Nyl. in specimine partim ad f. prolificantem pertinente e Suursaari. Gonidia cystococcacea, subglobosa et globosa et ellipsoi- dea in eodem thallo. F. prolificans Vain. Apothecia prolifera, adnata, basi non constricta. Thallus sorediis destitutus. Epithecium fuscescens. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et FTora F'ennica, 57, N:o 2. 1613 Dislr. N.: Supra rupem porphyricam in Mäkienpäällys in Suur saari vel Hoglandiae (Vain.) una cum f. alpina et in earn transiens. A Nyl. false nominata est »L. phaeenterodes». F. lividoalra Vain. L. albocaerulescens var. vulgaris sf. livido- alra Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 76. Apothecia p. maj. p. minora, 0.4—1 (•—1.5) mm lata, adnata, basi leviter constricta, disco vulgo livido- vel caesio-pruinoso, vulgo piano, margine modice incrassato, nigro, nudo. Dislr. Kuus.: Ad rupem inundatam in fl. Mäntyjoki (Vain. 1. c). Thallus modice incrassatus, continuus, p. p. areolatus, glauce scens, subnitidus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia sat crebra, p. p. disco nigricante nudoque, p. p. demum convexo, margine laevigato, raro demum subexcluso. Epithecium fuscescens. Sporae ellipsoideae et parce dacryoideae, long. O.ois—O.024, crass. O.009—O.014 mm. Hyme nium circ. 0.130—0.040 mm crassum. 72. L. soredizodes (Nyl.) Vain. Lecidea phaeenterodes var. soredizodes Nyl. Fl. 1875 p. 363; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 192 (nec L. meiospora *L. cruslulala var. soredizodes Lamy Exp. Lich. Gauter., 1884, p. 78, nec L. cruslulala var. soredizodes Lamy apud Nyl. Fl. 1883 p. 534, Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 553, nec L. soredizodes Lindau Flecht. (1913) p. 66). L. albocaerulescens var. soredizodes Zahlbr. 1. c. p. 509. L. albuginosa Nyl. Fl. 1877 p. 227; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 194; Zahlbr. I.e. p. 510 p. p. (excl. var. cinereofuscescente Flue). L. albocaerulescens var. soraliifera Vain, in Havaas Lich. Exs. Norv. (1907) n. 370; Havaas Berg. Mus. Aarbog 1909 n. 1 p. 29. Exs. Anzi Lich. Min. Rar. VI (1865) n. 283 (»L. albocaerulescens var. alpina, forsan non Schaer.) in hb. Nyl. — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1879) n. 808 (»L. albocaerulescens var. alpina» in Arn. Index, 1894, p. 14), hb. Nyl. — Havaas 1. c. Thallus modice incrassatus aut sat crassus, glaucescenti- albidus aut subcinereo-glaucescens, vulgo laevigatus, nec KOH, nec jodo reagens, sorediis numerosis aut parcis. Apothecia vulgo dispersa, adnata, basi demum leviter aut sat bene constricta, lat. 0.6—2.5 mm, disco caesio- aut livido-pruinoso, margine sat crasso aut modice incrassato, nigro, nudo. Hypothecium subhymeniale e fuscescente superne sensim pallescens, ceterum hypothecium (maturum) subpallescens superne et inferne strato fusco-nigro obductum, 170 K. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. hyphis erectis, inferne sat irregulariter contextis. Perithe cium extus fusco-nigrum. Epithecium olivaceum aut fusce scens (aut »sordide lutescens» sec. Nyl.). Paraphyses sat arcte cohaerentes, leviter gelatinosae, apice leviter incrassa tae. Sporae long. O.017—-O.030, crass. O.009—O.012 mm. F. albuginosa (Nyl.) Vain. Lecidea albuginosa Nyl. 1. c. Apothecia simplicia. Dislr. KLad.: In rupe dioritica in Lahentausta ad Kirjavalahti et ad Vatka et ad Vaavalahti (Vain.) et ad Aniala (G. Ekman) in Sortavala. LMur.: In rupe dioritica ad Jeretik (H. Hollmen). Thallus continuus aut raro dispersus, raro inaequalis, leviter nitidus aut opacus, hypothallo nigricante saepe conspicuo. Apothecia disco piano aut p. p. demum convexo, margine saepe crebre tenuis- sime transversim ruguloso, regulari aut varie flexuoso, saepe promi nente, vulgo persistente. Hypothecium KOH non reagens. Perithe cium KOH non reagens. Hymenium circ. O.090 mm crassum, saepe dilutissime aeruginosum, »jodo caerulescens» (sec. Nyl.). Paraphyses pressione sat facile disjunctae, crass. O.0015 mm, apicem versus sen- sim leviter incrassatae, apice circ. O.002 (—O.004) mm crasso, simplices, vix conspicue septatae. Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Sporae 8:nae aut abortu pauciores, distichae aut partim monostichae, saepe strato gelatinoso modice incrassato indutae, vulgo oblongae, apicibus obtusis aut interdum acutis, lateribus con vexis. Conidia »bacillaria» (filiformia), »recta, long. O.011—O.015, crass. 0.0005—O.0006 mm» (sec. Nyl.). —Apothecia a Nyl. false descripta sunt. F. phaeenterodes (Nyl.) Vain. Lecidea phaeenterodes Nyl. Fl. 1875 p. 363 (sec. specim. orig. n. 15394 e Suecia), Fl. 1878 p. 248; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 192. Apothecia prolifera. Distr. KLad.: In lateribus abruptis rupium dioriticarum ad Vaavalahti et Vatka in Sortavala (Vain.). In specim. orig. thallus est sorediosus. Sporae sec. adn. Nyl. »long. O.014—O.022, crass. O.oos-—0.012 mm». Apothecia prolifera et pro minore parte simplicia. 73. L. flavocaerulescens (Hornem.) Ach.1) Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 23; Jatta Mon. Lich. It. Mer. (1889) p. 165, Fl. It. Or. Lich. (1911) p. 630. Lichen flavocaerulescens Hornem. Fl. Dan. VIII (1810) t. 1431 f. 1. Lecidea albocaerulescens d flavo caerulescens Schaer. Lich. Helv. Spic. III (1828) p. 143; Arn. Lich. l) Exsiccati by B. Lynge, the rest by Vainio. Ada Societaiis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 171 Tirol XIV (1875) p. 444, XVIII (1878) p. 258; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 76; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 508; Lynge Lich. Nov. Zeml. (1928) p. 79. L. macrocarpa *L. albocaerulescens f. flavocaerulescens Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 509. L. flavicunda Ach. Lich. Un. (1810) p. 166 (sec. hb. Ach.). Exs. Elenkin Lich. Ross. Ill (1904) n. 134, s. n. Lecidea albocoe rulescens var. flavocoerulescens (non vidimus). — Havas Lich. Norv. (1904) n. 206.— Hepp Flecht. Eur. V (1857) n.244, s. n. Bialora flavo coerulescens. — Malme Lich. Suec. XXVII (1917) n. 667, s. n. Lecidea albocoerulescens var. flavocoerulescens (paraphyses apice clavatae). — Schaer. Lich. Helv. VIII (1828) n. 186, s. n. Lecidea albo-caerulescens 6 f lavo-caerulescens. — Zahlbr. Krypt. Exsic. Vindob. V (1900) n. 450, s. n. Lecidea albocoerulescens var. flavocoerulescens. Obs. Ochraceous plants of the Lecidea macrocarpa-section have been distributed in several exsiccati, under different names, cfr Lynge Index Exsic., vol. II. The editor has contented himself with the citation of the above few exsiccati. A bibliographical citation would in this case be too misleading. Vainio has called attention to the clavate paraphyses of Lecidea flavocaerulescens. The paraphyses are very coherent at their apices, and not easily isolated. The.editor has found that the apothecia of Lecidea flavocaerulescens are more adnate, more persistently plane, and more pruinose than they are in the ochraceous formae of Lecidea sleriza. Thallus modice incrassatus aut sat crassus, ochraceus aut ochraceo-pallescens, laevigatus, nec KOH nec jodo rea gens. Apothecia dispersa aut partim conferta, lat. circ. 1—- 1.5 (0.8—-3) mm, tota adnata aut basi leviter constricta aut primum thallo immersa, disco cinereo-pruinoso aut demum denudato nigroque aut rarius mox nigro aut tantum parce primum subpruinoso, margine sat crasso aut tenui, nigro, nudo. Hypothecium subhymeniale anguste subrufescens aut parte summa albidum, ceterum hypothecium totum fusco- nigrum, hyphis sat erectis, inferne irregulariter contextis. Perithecium fusco-nigrum. Epithecium fusco-nigrum. Para physes arcte cohaerentes, leviter gelatinosae, apice distincte clavatae. Sporae long. O.oio—0.023, crass. O.0075—O.012 mm. Distr. N.: Ad rupem dioriticam in Lounatpuoli in Suursaari vel Hoglandia (Vain.) et alibi sec. Nyl. in Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. p. 101. KLad.: In rupe gneissacea ad Kirjavalahti in Sortavala (A. Kullhem), ad Lahentausta (»L. conliyua f. flavicunda» sec. 172 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV Nyl. in Norrl. Symb. Fl. Lad.-Kar. p. 30). Oa.: Bötom (»I. contigua v. flavicunda» sec. Nyl. in Malmgren Fört. Lafv. Sat. S. Österb. p. 82). Kuus.: In reg. abiet. montis Näränkävaara, in reg. subalp. montium Nuorunen (in rupe dioritica) et Mänty tunturi (in rupe gabroitica) et ad rupem dioriticam in Ruskeakallio (Vain. 1. c). Ob.: Alapenikka in Simo, Ounasvaara in Rovaniemi (Räsä nen Flecht. Ostr. Bor. p. 334), in »Lapp. Tornensi» (Edv. Nylander, »L. lapicida var. silacea» sec. Nyl. in H. M. F., 1859, p. 90). LKem.: Pyhätunturi (F,. Häyren) et alio loco ab Edv. Nylandro coll. {»ochro mela» sec. W. Nyl.). LEnont.: In rupe gneissacea in reg. alp. ad Kilpisjärvi (»*L. meiospora f. flavicunda» sec. Nyl. in Norrl. Ber. Lorn. Lapprn. p. 339). LIm: In latere rupis graniticae in Vesko- niemi (Vain. 1. c), ad lapidem graniticum in Kaunispää (V. Räsänen), in rupe granitica in Syrminiemi (F. Silen, 238). Etiam paraphysibus apice clavatis a L. albocaerulescenle et L. sleriza (L. macrocarpa) differt, neque in eas distincte transit. Thallus plus minus intense ochraceus, etiam maculis non ochraceis interdum instructus, continuus aut raro dispersus aut rimosus aut raro areolatus, areolis planis aut raro convexis aut verrucaeformi bus, opacus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia disco piano aut demum convexo, opaco, margine laevigato, saepe elevato, raro demum excluso. Hypothecium KOH non reagens, parte subhymeniali jodo caerulescente et hyphis O.003—O.004 mm crassis. Perithecium fusco- nigrum, KOH non reagens, hyphis subradiatim irregulariter con textis, cavitatibus oblongis, O.0015 mm latis, membranis modice incrassatis, conglutinatis. Hymenium circ. O.100 O.140 mm crassum. Epithecium fusco-nigrum, KOH non reagens, demum dilutius fusce scens. Paraphyses simplices, crass. O.001—O.0005 mmm, apice O.003 0.004 mm crasso. Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice aut sat bene incrasssata, in KOH turgescente. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, »long. 0.015—O.021, crass. O.oos—O.011 mm» (sec. adn. Nyl.), etiam long. O.011, crass. 0.009 mm. Conidia »filiformia, recta, long. O.007—O.011, crass. 0.0005—O.oooe mm» sec. adn. Nyl. in Flot. Lich. Exs. n. 170 A. 74. L. cinereoatra Ach.1) Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 107. Th. Fries Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 500, ubi syn. crit. Lecidea macrocarpa var. cinereoatra (+ tl-) Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 70—71. Vide etiam Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 533. Exs. Havas Lich. Norv. (1902) n. 137. — Malme Lich. Suec. !). Literary references, exsiccati and diagnosis by B. Lynge, distribution by Vainio. Acta Societatis pro Fauna el Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 173 XXXVII (1924) n. 925. — (verisimiliter distributa in ai. exs. s. n Lecidea contigua vel Lecidea macrocarpa, cfr. Lynge Index Exsic. II p. 163). Thallus modice incrassatus, tenuis vel sat cras sus, rimoso-areolatus vel plus minusve disperse areolatus. Areolae 0.4—0.6 (—-0.8) mm. latae, subplanae vel vulgo plus minusve convexae usque tumidulae, minute reticulato-rimu- losae et rugulosae. Areolae albidae vel glaucocine- rascentes vel cinereo-virescentes, epruinosae, sorediis isidiisque destitutae. Hypothallus ater inter areolas discretas distincte visus. Apothecia numerosa, vulgo dispersa et rotundata, rarius contigua et mutua pressione angulosa, parva vel mediocria, diam. 0.5—l.o mm., in margine areolarum sita, thallo arcte adpressa vel etiam subinnata. Discus e planiusculo diu planus et crasse elevate et subpersistente marginatus, rarius demum convexus et immarginatus. Discus ater, vulgo glauco- pruinosus, margo nudus. Excipulum carbonaceum, nigrum. Hymenium 7 0—1 00 fi a 1 t u m, in parte superiori nigricans vel olivaceo-nigricans vel fusco-nigricans. L]pithe- cium granulosum, ruptum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, validae, in apice haud incrassatae (KOH addito). Asci late clavati, octospori. Sporae parce evolutae, qua m i n Lecideam sterizam minores, 12—18, rarius usque ad 21 // longae, 6—8 (—9) /i crassae. Thallus J, KOH et GaGl202 non coloratur. Gelatina hymenialis J persistenter caerulescens, asci demum vinose rubentes. Distr. Ab.: In insula prope Rahi in Kustavi (H. Hollmen et V. Sederholm), ad rupem in Kaukasalo in Finby (Vain.). Pargas: Malm (Räsänen). N.: Ad rupem porphyricam in Lounatkorkia in Suursaari vel Hoglandia (M. Brenner, »*L. meiospora» sec. Nyl.), ad rupem porphyricam in Mäkienpäällys (Vain.), in rupe granitica ad Kilo (A. Chydenius) et in lapide gneissaceo ad Abrahamsby (Vain.) in Esbo, Helsingforsia (O. Collin a. 1874). Ka.: »Sat frequenter» ad Viburgum (»L. contigua *L. meiospora» Vain. Lich. Vib. p. 67). St.: In saxo granitico ad Pengonpohja in Ylöjärvi (A. So'a). Ta.: Ad lapidem graniticum in pineto prope Lahti et 174 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Taaveli (Vain.) et in lapide gneissaceo ad Upila (Vain.) in Hollola, in rupe granitica prope templum in Padasjoki (Vain.), in lap de granitico in Janakkala (F. Elfving), »frequentius — sat frequen ter in Luhanka et Korpilahti», sec. Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. p. 116 (»*/_,. meiospora» p. p.), collecta ad Peuha et Tianen in Korpilahti (Vain.). Sa.: Ad lapidem graniticum in Savonlinna (Vain., E. Nylan der). KLad.: Ad rupem graniticam in Pekanvuori in Impilahti (Vain.). KOm: Ad Jänkäjärvi (Norrl., »L. contigua» sec. Nyl.), Suunu (»*L. meiospora» sec. Nyl. in Norrl. Fl. Kar. Oneg. II p. 33). Om.: Kaisankallio in Alajärvi et Mäkitalo in Evijärvi (Backm. Fl. Lappaj. p. 132). Tb.: In lapide granitico ad Heramäki in Saarijärvi (Rabbe Elfving). Sb.: Ad rupes gneissaceas in Neulamäki et Räimänmäki (K. Linkola). Kb.: »Sat frequenter in toto territorio, praesertim ad lapides in silvis crescens» sec. Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 71, collecta ad pag. Lieksa (Vain.). Ob.: »Frequenter ad lapides in silvis, praesertim in territorio littorali, etiam in Talkkunamaa in Kiiminki» sec. Räsänen Flecht. Ostr. Bor. p. 334, in lapide granitico ad Kaarkoski in Alkkula (Ylitornio, E. Nylander). Kuus.: »Sat frequens in toto territorio, praesertim ad saxa in silvis crescens» sec. Vain. 1. c, collecta in rupe dioritica in Vaskikallio (Vain.). KKer.: Soukelo (Fellm. Lich. Arct. n. 185 p. min. part., Mus. F'enm, etiam ]). p. disco subochraceo). LKem.: In saxis in Lainiokangas et Rova- selkä in Kittilä (G. Lang). LIm: Ad saxum graniticum littorale in ins. Tervasaari in Inari (Vain., conf. etiam 1. c). LIm.: Ad saxa diabasica riparia in alpe Lujaur-urt (»L. meiospora» sec. Nyl. in Kihlm. N. Beitr. Flecht. Kola p. 58, n. 83 p. p.). F. subinnata Vain.1). Lecidea macrocarpa var. meiosporella f. subinnata Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 70; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1025) p. 631. Thallus modice incrassatus, subcontinuus aut rimulosus aut areo latus, sat laevigatus, albidus. Apothecia crebra aut partim parce contigua, innata, thallum non aut parum superantia, lat. circ 0.3— 0.9 mm, disco piano aut demum leviter depresso-convexo, nigro, nudo, margine tenui, nigro, aut indistincto. Hymenium 70—75 p, epithecium fuscescenti-nigricans. Sporae long. circ. O.012—0 016, crass. O.ooo—O.009 mm. Distr. AL: Bärö in Kumlinge (H. Hollmen et V. Sederholm). Ab.: Parainen (L. Kari, 53). N.: Hoglandia (Edv. Nylander a. 1851), Helsingforsia (Nyl.). Ta.: Mustiala (in f. meiosporellam transiens, A. Kullhem), Hersala in Hollola (Vain., 654, »L. meiospora» sec. det. Nyl., n. 21309). Obs. It was evident from Vainios manuscript that he regarded J) By Vainio. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 175 Lecidea cinereoatra a proper species, distinct from his Lecidea sleriza. He had arranged the localities for Lecidea cinereoatra (without refe rence to its formae), but not literature, exsiccati or diagnosis, which have been prepared by the editor. The editor has not attempted a full citation of literature and exsiccati for this critical species, he has only quoted such works and collections where he felt convinced that the author had limited the species in the same manner as Vainio would have done in the present paper. — »Lecidea contigua» in Fries Lich. Suec. No. 377 is var. meiosporella, according to Vainio Adju- menta p. 69. In the present paper Vainio has referred this var. to his Lecidea sleriza, in spite of its small spores, evidently on account of its high hymenium. — In the present paper the editor has refer red the subinnata to Lecidea cinereoatra. In Adjumenta Vainio descri bed it as a forma of var. meiosporella. But f. subinnata has small spo res and a low hymenium. The editor does not know how to separate Lecidea cinereoatra from Lecidea sleriza, if f. subinnata should be refer red to the latter species. The editor's diagnosis of Lecidea cinereoatra in the present paper is based on some Finnish plants in herb. Vainio in Abo, and on Havas' and Malme's exsiccati. In Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 70—71 Vainio described the follo wing formae of Lecidea cinereoatra, which he there referred to Lecidea macrocarpa (DC.) Th. Fr.: Var. cinereoatra (Ach.). The type of the present species: »Thallus sat tenuis vel mediocris, vulgo areolato-diffractus vel areolatus, cinerascens-albidus. Apo thecia dense evoluta, subinnata-innata, in forma typica diu thallum aequantia planaque, minora: circ. 0.8—1 mm lata, demum pla- niuscula vel convexiuscula, saltern primitus disco pruinoso. Hyme nium circ. 80—100 JU crassum. Epithecium nigricans (olivaceo-nigri- cans) vel rarius fuscescens. Paraphyses distinctae, arcte cohaerentes. Sporae vulgo minores, vulgo 14—16 (12-—17, raro usque ad 21) x 6—8 ju. Gelatina hymenialis J persistenter caerulescens, ascis demum vinose rubentibus. Sat frequens in toto territorio, praesertim ad saxa in silvis cre scens.» F. tumidior Vain. »Thallus harum est sat crassus, areolatus vel etiam verrucoso- areolatus, albidus vel caesio-cinerascens. Apotheciis demum con vexis immarginatisque, pruinosis vel saltern primo pruinosis. Multis locis, velut ad Koriseva in par. Lieksa, ad Pyssyvaara et in insula Kynsisaari in par. Nurmes, in regione subalpina montis Iivaara in par. Kuusamo et montis Hammastunturi in Lapponia Inarensi.» E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV F. extenuala Vain. »Thallus tenuissimus, maculaeformis. Thallus hujus olivaceo- cinerascens. - Apothecia plana, disco pruinoso, margine elevato Hymenium circ. 70 ju crassum, sporae 15—11 x 7—7.5 JU. In rupe micaceo-schistosa in regione subalpina montis Mänty- tunturi in par. Kuusamo.» 75. L. crustulata (Ach.) Vain.1) L. macrocarpa *L. crustulata Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 511; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 73, Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai (1909) p. 145; Harm. Cat. Lich. Lorr. V (1899) p. 400. Leci dea parasema d crustulata Ach. Lich. Un. (1810) p. 176 (emend.). L. crustulata Spreng. Syst. Veg. IV (1827) p. 258; Schaer. En. Lich. Eur. (1850) p. 128; Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 511; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. 111 (1925) p. 549. L. nitidula Fr. Lich. Eur. Ref. (1831) p. 308 max. p. (sec. Th. Fr.). Exs. Anzi Lich. Lang. XII (1866) n. 479 (var. macrospora Kbr). — Arnold Lich. F;xs. (1899) n. 1795. — Claud, et Harm. Lich. Gall. Exs. IV (1903) n. 192. — Flot. Lich. F^xs. 187—189. — Hepp Flecht. Eur. III (1853) n. 130, et V (1857) n. 264 (fj macrocarpa, s. n. Bialora). — Johns. North England Lich. Herb. n. 507. — Kbr Lich. sel. Germ. VIII (1857) n. 225 {n vulgaris), et XIV (1873) n. 406 (var. oxydaia).— Leight. Lich. Brit. XI (1858) n. 333, s. n. Lecidea prominula Borr. — Malme Lich. Suec. X (1912) n. 249, s. n. Lecidea macrocarpa ^crustu lata (Ach.) Kbr. — Mudd Lich. Brit. II (1861) n. 177. - - Zahlbr. Krypt. Vindob. V (1900) n. 449 et b. Thallus tenuissimus aut sat tenuis, cinereo-glaucescens aut albidus aut raro ferrugineus ochraceusve, nec KOH, nec jodo reagens, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo nigricante saepe evoluto. Apothecia sat crebra, minora aut parva, lat. 1—0.3 mm, adnata, basi leviter constricta, disco vulgo piano, rarius demum convexo, nigro, nudo, margine tenui, vulgo leviter prominente, nigro, nudo (aut raro ochraceo). Hypo thecium subhymeniale albidum, tenue, ceterum hypothecium fusco-nigrum, hyphis irregulariter contextis. Perithecium totum fusco-nigrum, KOH non reagens. Epithecium oliva- ceum aut fuscescens aut nigricans, KOH non reagens. Para physes arcte cohaerentes, gelatina hymeniali KOH bene 1). Exsiccati by B. Lynge, the rest by Vainio. Acta Societatis pro Fauna el Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 177 12 turgescente, simplices aut parce ramoso-connexae, apicibus parum aut leviter incrassatis, interdum ramulosis. Sporae ellipsoideae aut fusiformi-ellipsoideae, long. O.012—O.016 (O.oio —O.020), crass. O.oos—-O.007 (—O.009) mm. F. vulgaris Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 249; Arm Lich. Tirol VI (1871) p. 1111. Apothecia minora aut sat parva, disco piano aut demum depresso-convexo. Thallus nec ochraceus, nec ferrugineus. Distr. AL: Geta (Vain.). Ab.: Ruissalo ad Aboam (K. Linkola), ad praedium Tuorila prope Aboam (Räsänen); in lapide ad Ispoinen in Maaria (Vain.), ad lapides in Hietakuoppa in Maaria (Vain.), ad Rakkaudenlähde in Luonnonmaa in Naantali (Vain.). N.: In valle ad Veteljärvi (M. Brenner, »*L. meiospora subecruslacea 11—14 x 6—7 ju» n. 16144 sec. Nyl., »L. contigua ^crustulata» sec. Nyl. in Brenn. Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. p. 102), et in Suurkylä (Brenm, »L. platycarpa» sec. det. Nyl., in Mustjyrkänvuori, crustu lata» in Brenn. I. c) in Hoglandia, Skallotaholm in Tvärminne (Fr. Elfving). Ka.: Ad lapidem graniticum in campo deusto ad Tervaniemi, ad Hietala et in Uuras Viburgi (Vain. Lich. Vib. p. 67). Ta.: Ad Kuivajärvi, Mustiala et Saukoniemi in Tammela (A. Kullhem), Janakkala (Elfv.), ad Hersala (Vain , 654, »*L. meio spora» sec. Nyl.) et alibi in Hollola (Vain., 16167 in lib. Nyl.), ad Rauvala in Asikkala (»L. parasema f. nilidula» Nyl. in Norrl. Bidr. Sydöstr. Tav. Fl. p. 190), in lapide argillaceo-schistoso ad Tammijoki in Luhanka (Vain. FT. Tav. Or. p. 116). KLad.: Jamilahden-lepokoti in Sortavala (Vain.), ad rupem argillaceo-schistosam in Nykymäki in Suistamo (Vain.). Tb.: Ad lapidem in Norola in par. Jyväskylä (Vain. 1. c.). Sb.: Ad lapidem gneissaceum in Taivalharju, ad lapidem graniticum in Suova, ad lapidem quarziticum in Jynkkä, Kurki mäki prope Kuopio (K. Linkola). Kb.: »Ad lapides et saxa, praeser tim granitica locis apricis in toto territorio sat frequenter» sec. Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 74, collecta in lapide quarzitico in campo deusto prope Koriseva in Lieksa (cum f. convexella) et in latere rupis gneissaceae in Hiidenportti in Nurmes (Vain.). OKaj.: »Sat frequ.» sec. Vain. 1. c, collecta ad Lehtovaara et Hossa in Kianta (Vain.). Ob.: In lapidibus in Simo (Räsänen Flecht. Ostr. Bor. p. 334). Kuus.: »Sat frequ. in toto terr.» sec. Vain. 1. c, collecta in lapide granitica in monte Iivaara (Vain.), ad Mäntyjoki (Vain.), ad Kitka joki (F. Silen). LKem.: Prope templum in Muonioniska (Norrl. 704, »*L. plaiycarpa f. sleriza» sec. Nyl. 16118), Hirvaslahti prope Pallasjärvi et ad Sirkankylä in Kittilä (L. Kari). LEnont.: In Pyhä kero et ad templum in Fmontekiö (L. Kari). Lin.: In insula lacus Inarijärvi (B. Poppius). LTul.: Eernilintunturi in Pummanki in Petsamo (E. Häyren), Kola (N. I. Fellman). LPon.: Triostroff 178 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. (Fellm.), ad lapides arenarios prope Ponoj (Kihlm. N. Beitr. Flecht Kola p. 58). Thallus tenuis aut sat tenuis, continuus aut areolatus, areolis contiguis aut dispersis, laevigatus aut rarius leviter inaequalis, cinereo-glaucescens aut rarius albidus, opacus, hypothallo nigricante saepe limitatus aut inter areolas plus minus evoluto. Apothecia lat. 0.4—0.8 mm, KOH non reagentia, disco vulgo opaco, margine nigro, nudo, leviter nitido aut opaco, persistente. Hypothecium subhyme niale circ. O.oio mm crassum, aequaliter fusco-nigrum, hyphis conglu tinatis. Perithecium hyphis subirregulariter radiantibus, congluti natis, membranis modice incrassatis, cavitatibus tenuibus. Hyme nium vulgo 0.070 mm crassum, »jodo persistenter caerulescens, ascis demum vinose rubentibus» (Vain. 1. c), aut totum demum vinose rubens »L. macrocarpa *L. subcrustulata» Vain. 1. c. p. 75). Paraphy ses simplices et passim parce ramoso-connexae, crass. O.OOOÖ—O.ooi mm, apicibus parum aut leviter incrassatis, p. p. parce ramulosis. Gonidia »bacilliformia, long. O.on—O.013, crass. O.0007 mm» (sec. Nyl. Lich. Nov. Zel. p. 105), »recta, long. O.012, crass. O.ooi mm» (sec. Arn. Lich. Tirol VIII, 1872, p. 298). Obs. 1. »L. macrocarpa *L. crustulata sf. atrocaerulea» Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 74, hypothallo caeruleo-nigricante bene evoluto, inter areolas thalli O.i—0.2 mm latas, depresso-convexas, cinereo-albidas, dispersas conspicuo, hymenio jodo caerulescente, ascis demum vinose rubentibus, sporis long. O.013—O.015, crass. O.0065— O.oos mm, in latere rupis quarziticae ad Tscholkka in Repola collecta est. Ab hae non differt »L. crustulata c. variegaia» Flot. Lich. Exs. (1829) n. 188 (hb. Nyl. 1613 b), Lich. Schles. (1829) p. 9, quae non est L. variegaia Fr. Sched. Crit. XIII (1827) p. 27, Lich. Suec. Exs. XIII (1827) n. 387 (ad L. panlherina m sec. Th. Fr. pertinens), nec sit L. variegaia Fr. Syst. Orb. Veg. (1825) p. 287 (conf. Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 493). Obs. 2. L. macrocarpa *L. subcrustulata Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 75, hymenio toto jodo intense caerulescente deindeque vinose rubente L. cruslulala Ach. differens, forsan non est vera forma systematica. Collecta ad lapides parvos graniticos in fossa arenaria ad sepulcretum Aboae in Kaarina (Vain.), ad lapides graniticos loco aprico prope Saukko in Kianta (OKaj.). — F. ligni- cola (L. crustulata f. lignicola Sands. Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem. XXI, 1912, p. 80, Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill, 1925, p. 552) in saepi- mento ligneo prope Nevala in Lieksa (Kb.), reactione jodetica hy- menii cum *Z<. subcrustulata congruens. Specimina ad lignum in Savonlinna (Sa.) ab O. Carlenio et ad corticem Betulae ad Alkkula in Ylitornio (Ob.) ab E. Nylandro (16440 in hb. Nyl). collecta reactione non sunt cognita. — F. subminutissima (*L. subcrustulata f. sub- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 179 minulissima Vain. 1. c. p. 75), habitu apotheciorum similis est. f. minutissimae Vain., sed reactione jodetica sicut in *L. subcrustulata. Thallus tenuissimus, laevigatus, partim continuus, partim dispersus, maculas parvas vel majores formans, impure albidas vel subpallidas, hypothallo nigricante passim conspicuo. Apothecia minutissima, lat. usque ad 0.3 mm. Hypothecium fusco-nigricans. Hymenium O.070— O.oso mm crassum, jodo caerulescens deindeque obscure vinose rubens. Epithecium sat dilute olivaceum aut olivaceo-nigrieans. Paraphyses gelatinam sat copiosam percurrentes. Sporae long. O.014—O.020, crass. 0.007—O.009 mm. Ad lapides parvos prope Vaskikallio in Kuu samo (Vain.). F. convexella Vain. L. macrocarpa *JL. cruslulala f. convexella Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 74. L. contigua *L. cruslulala f. convexella Harm. Gat. Lich. Lorr. V (1899) p. 400. L. cruslulala f. convexella Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 551. Apothecia demum aut jam mature convexa immarginataque. Distr. IK.: In lapide gneissaceo ad Perkjärvi in Muola (A. O. Kihlman). Ta.: In rupe gneissacea ad Tampere (A. Sola), Mustiala et alibi in Tavastia (Norrl. n. 511, n. 16169 hb. Nyl.). KOm: Suo- järvi (»L. contigua f. platycarpa» sec. Nyl. in Norrl. Fl. Kar. On. II p. 33 p. p.), Perttiniemi (Norrl., »L. contigua fere f. sleriza» sec. Nyl.). Kb.: In lapide quarzitico in campo prope Koriseva in Repola (Vain. 1. c, errat. topogr.). LEnont.: Ad rupem gneissaceam prope templum in Enontekiö (L Kari). LTul.: Kola (N. I. Fellm., »L. contigua v. meiospora» sec. adn. Nyl., »v. cruslulala» Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 159). In specimine ad Koriseva collecto thallus est tenuis, verruculosus, verruculis circ. O.05—O.15 mm latis, depresso-convexis, dispersis et partim subcontiguis, albidis, partim hypothallo nigricante limitatus, hypothallo raro inter verruculas evoluto. Apothecia sat crebra, circ. O.5—O.8 mm lata, p. p. minora. Hypothecium et perithecium fusco-nigra, KOH non reagentia, hypothecium subhymeniale parum evolutum, subalbidum pallescensve. Hymenium circ. O.070—O.oso mm crassum. Epithecium fusco-nigricans, KOFI dilutescens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, simplices, fere O.ooi mm crassae, apice parum aut leviter incrassato (fere O.002 mm), gelatina in KOH turgescente, jodo persistenter caerulescente (»ascis demum vinose rubentibus», Vain. 1. c). Asci clavati, membrana in apice modice incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, long. O.012—O.016, crass. O.005—O.007 mm. Obs. 3. Ad Herala in Hollola (Ta.) status in f. minulissimam trans- iens collectus est (Vain.). F. minulissima Vain. L. macrocarpa *L. cruslulala f. minutis sima Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 74. L. contigua *L. cruslu lala f. minulissima Harm. Cat. Lich. Lorr. V (1899) p. 400. L. crustu lata f. minutissima Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 552. 180 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Apothecia plana, marginata, minutissima, lat. circ. 0.3—0.4 mm. Distr. Ab.: Ad lapillos graniticos prope sepulcretum Aboae in Kaarina (Vain.). OKaj.: In latere rupis argillaceo-schistosae ad Saarikoski in Kianta (Vain. 1. c). De »*L. subcrustulata f. subminu- lissima» vide supra. Thallus tenuis, verruculosus, dispersus, albidus, parum evolutus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia sat crebra, KOH non reagentia. Flypothecium rubricoso-nigricans. Perithecium fusco-rubricoso-nigri- cans. Hymenium circ. O.070—O.oso mm crassum. Epithecium olivaceo- vel impure subviolaceo-nigricans. Paraphyses gelatinam sat copio- sam percurrentes. »Gelatina hymenialis jodo persistenter caerule scens, ascis vinose rubentibus» (Vain. 1. c). Sporae long. circ. O.015, crass. 0.007 mm. F. ferruginea Krempelh. L. crustulata * ferruginea Krempelh. Lich. Bay. (1861) p. 190; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 551. rI nallus ferrugineo-ochraceus. Distr. Ta.: Ad saxum gneissaceum in fossa arenaria in Sysmä (E. W. Blom). Kb.: In lapide in campo deusto ad Jakokoski in Kontiolahti (Vain.). Thallus sat tenuis aut tenuis, areolatus, areolis contiguis, vulgo laevigatis planisque aut partim convexis, opacis linea hypothallina nigricante interdum partim limitatus. Apothecia sat crebra, lat. 1—0.4 mm, adnata, basi leviter constricta, KOH non reagentia, disco nigro, nudo, opaco., piano aut vulgo demum convexo, margine tenui, nigro, nudo aut raro dilute ochraceo, leviter prominente, saepe demum excluso. Hypothecium subhymeniale partim distinctum, tenue, impure albidum, ceterum hypothecium fuligineum. Hyme nium circ. 0.060 mm crassum. Epithecium olivaceo-nigricans. Para physes arcte cohaerentes, simplices, crass. circ. O.ooi mm, apicem ver sus saepe crebre septatae et crass. circ. O.0025 mm. Asci late clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, long. O.oio—0.013, crass. O.005—O.ooo mm (numerosae a me visae). F. oxydaia Rabenh. L. crustulata f. oxydata Rabenh. Flecht. Eur. XXV (1863), n. 698, Arn. Lich. Frank. Jura (1885) p. 163, Lich. Munch., (1891), p. 78, Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III, (1925) p. 552. Thallus partim pallido-ochraceus. Distr. LKem.: Supra lapidem gneissaceum ad ostium fl. Pyhä joki in Kittilä (L. Kari). A f. ferruginea distingui potest. Thallus tenuis. Paraphyses simplices, apice leviter incrassato. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, parce etiam monostichae, oblongae aut ellipsoideae, long. O.oio—O.014 mm, etiam globosis immixtae, diam. O.009 mm. Conidia »recta, long. O.012, crass. O.ooi mm» (sec. Arn. Lich. Tirol VII, 1872, p. 285). Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, JN:o 2. 181 76. L. albosuffusa Tlx. Fr.1) Bot. Notis. 1865 p. 110; Krempelh. FT. 1866 p. 153; Vain. Adj Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 64; Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 509 p. p. Lecidea peirosa Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 511 p. p. (excl. L. peirosa Arn.). Exs. Arn. Lich. Exs. n. 358 a, b et n. 1179, s. m Lecidea peirosa. — Havas Lich. Norv. Exs. (1911) n. 422. Thallus sat tenuis aut tenuis, verruculoso-inaequalis, albidus, nec jodo, nec KOH reagens, aut evanescens, hypo thallo indistincto. Apothecia adnata, basi constricta, vulgo sat crebra, rarius dispersa, lat. circ. 0.5—0.8 mm, disco piano aut rarius demum convexo, nigro aut caesio-pruinoso, mar gine tenui aut raro modice incrassato, saepe prominente, persistente aut rarius demum excluso, nigro, nudo (aut raro pruinoso), saepe leviter nitido. Hypothecium totum nigri cans aut fusco- vel subviolaceo-nigricans, in parte superiore hyphis erectis. Perithecium totum fuligineum, KOH non solutionem violaceam effundens. Epithecium cyanescenti- aut rarius aeruginoso- aut fuscescenti- aut subviolaceo-fuli- gineum, vulgo strato gelatinoso, decolorato, tenui obductum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, leviter gelatinosae. Sporae ellipsoideae oblongaeve, magnae, long. 0.oi6—O.029, crass. 0.009—O.012 mm, aut globosis immixtae, diam. O.on—O.012 mm. Var. glaucocarpa (Arn.) Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 65; Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. 111(1925) p. 510. Lecidea peirosa var. glaucocarpa Arm FT. 1868 p. 36, tab. I f. 21 (sec. specim. orig. in hb. Nyl.). L. cyaniza Nyl. FT. 1872 p. 359 (hb. Nyl.); Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 187. L. peirosa ft albosuffusa Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 512 (L. albosuffusa Th. Fr. Bot. Not. 1865 p. 110). Apothecia disco pruinoso. Dislr. In saxis calcareis et raro talcaceis et micaceo-schistosis et arenariis et graniticis in regione calcarea sat rara in territorio nostro. KLad.: Ad lapicidinam marmoream in Ruskeala (»L. cyaniza» Norrl. Symb. Fl. Lad.-Kar. p. 30) KOm: Suojärvi (»pluribi, L. cyaniza» Norrl. Fl. Kar.-Oneg. II p. 34, saltern n. 15773 in hb. Nyl. hue per- tinens), Mundjärvi (»L. cyaniza» n. 15781 in hb. Nyl., Norrl. 1. c, specim. e Lischmajärvi non vidi). Sa.: Nyslott (O.A.J. Garle- ]). Exsiccati by B. Lynge, the rest by Vainio. 182 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. nius, L. cyaniza Nyl. Fl. 1872 p. 359, conf. infra). Sb.: Jynkän Kalkkilouhos prope Kuopio (K. Linkola, f. albomarginaia). Ob.: ad lapidem calcareum in Simo (Räsänen). Kuus.: In rupe talcacea prope Sirkelä (Vain. 1. e.). LKem.: In rupe granitica prope Kalkki- vaara in Sodankylä (Vain. 1. c). Thallus subcontinuus aut dispersus, sorediis destitutus, nequidem infra apothecia jodo caerulescens (sec. specim. orig. »L. cyanizae» Nyl., hic descriptae). Apothecia tenuia, sat crebra, disco pruinoso (apotheciis nudis immixta). Hypothecium fuligineum, KOH (post tempus longius) violascens. Perithecium fuligineum, KOH demum (post tempus longius) violascens. Hymenium circ. O.090 mm crassum, jodo caerulescens. Epithecium cyanescenti-fuligineum, KOH demum olivaceo-fuscescens (violascens post tempus longius), strato tenui decolorato obductum, parce granulosum. Paraphyses tubulis O.ooi mm crassis aut tenuioribus, apice parum aut paullum incrassatis. Asci late clavati aut subventricoso-clavati, in apice membrana bene incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, »long. O.ois—O.024, crass. O.009— O.012 mm» (sec. Nyl.), ellipsoideae, globosis, diam. O.011—O.012 mm, in eodem apothecio immixtae. —- In specim. orig. »L. pelrosae var. glaucocarpae Arn. e Schlern in Tirolia (hb. Nyl. 15799) apothecia lat. 0.5—0.8 mm, tenuia, disco pruinoso (apotheciis nudis immixta), sat crebra, epithecium olivaceo-fuligineum, hypothecium olivaceo- fuligineum, sporae (sec. adn. Nyl.) »long. O.ois—O.023, crass. O.009— O.011 mm», conidia »bacilliformia, recta, long. O.006—O.007 mm, crass. 0.0005 mm». Non pertineat ad L. Juranam Schaer. Obs. F. albomarginaia Vain., disco et margine pruinoso instructa, in rupe calcarea prope Kuopio (K. Linkola). Thallus tenuis. Epithe cium aeruginoso-fuscescens. Var. inferior (Nyl.) Vain. Lecidea inferior Nyl. Fl. 1869 p. 411, Fl. 1883 p. 108; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 187. L. peirosa Arn. Fl. 1868 p. 36 p. p. (excl. var. glaucocarpa Arn.). L. albosuffusa var.peirosa Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 65. L. peirosa a nuda Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 511. Apothecia disco nudo. Dislr. In saxis calcareis et raro talcaceis et micaceo-schistosis et graniticis in regione calcarea sat rara. Ab.: Karjalohja (J. P. Norr lin, »L. cyaniza» 15779 in hb. Nyl., »L. inferior» Nyl. Fl. 1883 p. 108, 15763 hb. Nyl.). KLad.: Kirjavalahti (»L. cyaniza» Norrl. Symb. Fl. Lad.-Kar. p. 30, 15771 hb. Nyl.), Ruskeala (»L. cyaniza» Norrl. 1. c., 15775 p. p., hb. Nyl.). KOm: Suojärvi (»L. cyaniza» Norrl. Fl. Kar.-Oneg. Il p. 34, 15777, 15778, hb. Nyl.), Mundjärvi (»L. cya niza» Norrl. 1. c, Mus. Fenn.); Sb.: Jynkän Kalkkilouhos prope Kuopio (una cum f. albomarginaia, K. Linkola), Kuopio (E. Nylan der »s. n. contigua plaiycarpa W. Nyl.» sec Th. Fr. 1. c. p. 512). Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 58, N:o 2. 183 Kuus.: Ad Kitkajoki (F. Silen, »v. peirosa» Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II. p. 65), ad rupem talcaceam prope Sirkelä (»v. peirosa» Vain. 1. c). LKem.: In latere rupis graniticae ad Kalkkivaara (»v. peirosa» Vain. 1. c.). LEnont.: Ad lapides calcareos in Gunnarinkorva (»L. inferior» Nyl. Fl. 1869 p. 411, Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 339). LIm.: Ad Imandram (N. I. Fellman, »L. conligua Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 159 p. p.» sec. Th. Fr. 1. c.). LPom: Ad lapides calcareos inductos ad promontorium Orlov (»L. peirosa!» sec. determ. Nyl., Kihlm. Neue Beitr. Flecht. Kola p. 58). Saepe in eodem specimine apothecia nuda et pruinosa observan- tur (conf. etiam Th. Fr. 1. c. p. 513). Thallus nequidem infra apothe cia jodo reagens. Apothecia lat. 0.5—0.8 mm. Hypothecium fuli gineum aut fusco- aut purpureo-nigricans, KOH purpureum viola- scensve. Perithecium fuligineum, KOH demum purpureum. Hyme nium circ. O.ioo—0.140 mm crassum, jodo caerulescens. Epithecium subaeruginoso- aut olivaceo- aut subcyanescenti-nigricans, KOH demum partim violascens (strato tenui decolorato obductum aut hoc strato parum distincto). Paraphyses tubulis tenuissimis, apici bus parum incrassatis, simplices et parcissime ramoso-connexae. Conidia »bacilliformia, recta, long. O.005—O.006, crass. O.0006—O.0007 mm» (sec. adn. Nyl. in »L. cyaniza», n. 15779), et »long. O.005, crass. 0.0005—O.0006 mm» (in »L. inferiore», n. 15763, Fl. 1883 p. 108). Obs. 1. Lecidea inferior Nyl., Fl. 1869 p. 411, sec. specim. orig. n. 15764 e Lapponia apotheciis nudis, saepe demum depresso-con- vexis, margine tenui, epithecio subaeruginoso-nigricante, KOH demum partim violascente, partim immutato, zona decolorata parum distincta obducto, hypothecio fusco-nigro, KOH violaceo-purpureo, in parte superiore hyphis erectis instructa, evidenter ad L. albosuffusam var. nudam (Th. Fr.) pertinet. Obs. 2. Lecidea peirosa Arn. Lich. F',xs. (1867) n. 358 a, b (hb. Nyl.), (1886) n. 1179 (hb. Nyl.). Fl. 1868 p. 36, 38, tab. I f. 20, Fl. 1870 p. 231, FT. 1874 p. 453, Lich. Tirol V (1870) p. 539, VI (1871) p. 1129, XV (1876) p. 366, XXIII (1887) p. 123, 127, 131, XXVIII (1897) p. 224, Nyl. Fl. 1883 p. 108, proxima est L. Juranae Schaer. En. Lich. Eur. (1850) p. 123 et a L. albosuffusa var. inferiore differt apotheciis crassioribus latioribusque (usque ad 1.5 mm latis), margine crassiore, paraphysibus magis gelatinosis et crassioribus atque ramoso-connexis. In Arn. Lich. Exs. n. 358 (a) epithecium est vio- laceo-fuscescens, KOH violaceo-purpureurn (f. epiporphyrea Vain.), »sporae long. O.oio—0.022, crass. 0.009 O.on nun, conidia recta, long. O.ooo—O.oio mm» (sec. adn. Nyl.). In 11. 1179 epithecium est cyane- scenti-fuligineum, strato decolorato obductum (f. epieyanescens Vain.). Sporae long. O.027—O.029, crass. O.oio mm. 184 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Obs. 3. Lecidea inferior f. subgyrosa Nyl. in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. (1873) p. 339 (L. subgyrosa Nyl. in Stizenb. Lich. Hyperb., 1876, p. 46), sicut a Th. Fr., Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 531, rite indi- catur, ad Lecideam irochodem (Tayl.) Leight. pertinet. »Sporae long. O.ois—0.026, crass. O.on—O.oio mm, conidia bacilliformia, recta, long. 0.0035, crass. O.OOOÖ mm» sec. adn. in n. 13080 in hb. Nyl. Obs. 4. Lecidea caerulea Krempelh., Fl. 1857 p. 372, Koerb. Par. Lich. 3 Lief. (1861) p. 226, Arm Lich. Fragm. IV (Fl. 1868) p. 36, 38, (ab. I fig, 15, 16, Lich. Tirol VI (1871) p. 1129, XX (1879) p. 376, XXIII (1887) p. 139, Nyl. Fl. 1881 p. 539, Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 531 p.p. (commixta cum Bacidia caerulea Koerb), proxima est L Juranae Schaer. 77. L. Dicksonii (Gmel.) Ach. Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 55; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand, II (1874) p. 516; Arn. Lich. Tirol XXV (1893) p. 362; Vain. Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai (1909) p. 139; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 562. Lichen Dicksonii Gmelin Syst. Nat. II pars 2 (1791) p. 1363; Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. (1798) p. 76. Lecanora cinerea *L. Dicksonii Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 155. Lecanora gibbosa *L. Dicksonii Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 137. Lecidea sincerula f. Dicksonii Nyl. apud Cromb. Lich. Kerg. (1876) p. 190, Nyl. in Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. (1885) p. 104. Lecanora Dicksonii Nyl. En. Lich. Fret. Behr. (1888) p. 31. Gyalecla alrata Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1808 p. 229, Lich. Un. (1810) p. 152. Lecidea melanophaea Fr. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1822 p. 259. Aspicilia melanophaea Koerb. Syst. Lich. (1855) p. 159. Lecidea lactea var. melanophaea Nyl. Herb. Mus. Fenn. (1859) p. 90. Exs. Schaer. Lich. Helv. Exs. V (1826) n. 123 (sec. Arn. I.e.). — Flot. Lich. Exs. II (1829) n. 165 (Arn). — Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1850) n. 25 (Arn.). — Leight. Lich. Brit. Exs. (1853) n. 127 (Arn.). — Koerb. Lich. Sel. Germ. I (1856) n. 7 (Arn.). — Arn. Lich. F]xs. (1861) n. 142. — Fellm. Lich. Arct. (1864) n. 120 (Mus. Fenn.). — Anzi Lich. Exs. Min. Rar. It. (1865) n. 213 (Arn.). — Erb. Gritt. If. II (1869) n. 168 (Arn.). — Gromb. Lich. Brit. Exs. (1874) n. 72 (hb. Nyl.). — Johns. North Engl. Lich. Herb. IV (1895) n. 149 (Lynge). — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. XVII (1914) n. 421 (Mus. Fenn.) Thallus sat tenuis, crebre areolato-diffractus aut raro areolatus, laevigatus, ferrugineus aut ochraceo-ferrugineus, opacus, nec K Oli, nec jodo reagens, hypothallo nigro. Apo thecia sat crebra, lat. 0.2- 0.5 mm, primum thallo immersa, dein vulgo mox emergentia, disco concavo planove, nigro, Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 185 nudo, opaco, margine sat tenui, integro, demum aut vulgo mox bene prominente, nigro aut raro ochraceo, persistente. Hypothecium inferne fuligineum aut fusco-nigricans, KOH purpurascens. Perithecium (in sectione) fuligineum, KOH solutionem purpuream effundens. Paraphyses abundanter gelatinosae, ramoso-connexae. Sporae vulgo ellipsoideae, long. O.ooo—0.016, crass. 0.005—O.ooo mm, raro subglobosis et globosis immixtae. Var. melanophaea (Fr.) Vain. Lecidea melanophaea Fr. I.e. Aspicilia melanophaea Koerb. I.e. Lecidea laclea var. melanophaea Nyl. 1. c. Apothecia habitu lecideina, margine nigro, nudo, mox bene prominente, instructa. Dislr. N.: In latere abrupto rupis porphyricae ad Ruokolahen- järvi (»L. sincerula f. Dicksonii» Nyl. in Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. p. 104) et in rupibus porphyricis cet. in Somerikonvuoret (Brenner, Vain.) in Hoglandia, Helsingforsia (1858, »L. lactea v. melanophaea» Nyl. H M. F", p. 90). Ob.: In lapidibus rivularibus ad Syvälahden- oja in Simo (V. Räsänen Flecht. Ostr. Bor. p. 335). Kuus.: Ad rupem in reg. subalp. montis Ukonvaara (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 77). KKer.: Ad rupem gabbroensem in reg. subalp. montis Päänuorunen (Vain. I.e.). LKem.: Sodankylä (E. Nylander, Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 155). Lin.: Ad Leutolahti in Inari et in reg. alp. infer, in Edlehoivi (F. Silen). Lps.: Petsamo (Häyren). LTul.: Ad Kola et Sinum Kolaensem et in insula Kiidin (N. I. Fellman). LPom: Ad Ponoj (Fellm. Lich. Arct. n. 120, »f. macra, hypothallo praedominante» sec. adn. Nyl.). Thallus raro dispersus. Hypothecium inferius KOH solutionem purpuream effundens, superne dilutius coloratum aut anguste deco- loratum, hyphis irregulariter contextis. Perithecium hyphis con glutinatis, cavitatibus cellularum angustis. Hymenium circ. O.070— O.oso mm crassum, jodo intense caerulescens, »dein vinose rubens» (sec. Nyl.) aut fulvo-fuscescens. Epithecium olivaceo-fuscescens aut impure aeruginoso-fuligineum aut partim dilute coloratum. Para physes tubulis tenuibus aut tenuissimis, apicibus parum incrassatis. Asci late clavati aut leviter ventricosi, in apice membrana sat modice incrassata, Sporae 8:nae, distichae, decoloratae. Gonidia »cylindrico- oblonga vel medio paullo angustiora, long. O.002—O.oos mm» (sec. Th. Fr.). Gonidia cystococcaeea. Var. immergens Vain. Apothecia habitu aspieilioidea, margine demum thallum leviter superante, extus ochraceo, (hallo concolore aut paullo obscuriore, aut immerso persistente. 180 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Distr. AL: In latere abrupto rupis graniticae in Gripö in par. I^öglö abundantissime una cum Gyrophora polyphylla cet. Facie externa subsimilis est Lecanorae (Aspiciliae) obieciae Vain. et L. diamarlae (Ach.), sed hypothecio fusco-nigricante et perithecio intus fuligineo cum Lecidea Dicksonii congruens, et vix sit autonoma species aut subspecies ejus. Thallus jodo non reagens, crebre areolato-diffractus, areolis irregularibus, planis, laevigatis, ochraceo-ferrugineis, opacis, lat. circ. O.15—0.5 mm, hypothallo nigri cante, tenuissimo. Apothecia sat crebra, lat. 0.2—0.4 mm. Hypo thecium fusco-nigrum et partim subpurpureo-fuligineum, KOH partim distinctius subpurpureum. Perithecium fuligineum, KOH sub fuscescens et partim subpurpureum. Epithecium sordide et dilute aeruginosum aut subdecoloratum et subochraceo-granulosum, KOH non reagens. Paraphyses gelatinosae, ramoso-connexae, sat crebre septatae. Asci sat late clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Sporae ellipsoideae, long. circ. O.012—O.013, crass. O.ooo—O.007 mm, subglobosis et globosis immixtae, diam. O.ooe mm aut long. O.oos et crass. 0.005 mm. Gonidia cystococcacea. Sectio Lecidea leucophaea. Thallus cinerascens vel virescenti-straminea, apothecia obscure rufescentia, fuscescentia vel nigricantia, hypo thecium pallidum, paraphyses apicem versus coloratae, sporae mediocres vel minutae, pycnoconidia (ubi visa) longa, acicularia. Hyphae medullares non amyloideae. The editor has formerly separated the species with a brown or a dark brown thallus from this section and referred them to a sectio Lecidea aenea. [Lich. Nov. Zemlya (1928) p. 107]. Lecidea aenea itself has not been found in Finland. Th. M. Fries was of opinion that Lecidea fuscescens Somrft was a Lecidea of the leucophaea section [Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 461], but Vainio referred it to the genus Lecanora. 78. L. luteoatra Nyl. Flora 1873 p. 299; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 184; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 795. Bialora viridiatra Stenh. in Fr. Lich. Eur. Ref. (1831) p. 457 (sec. Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II, 1874, p. 457); Stenh. in Fr. Sched. Crit. XIV (1833) p. 8, 11. 403. Lecidea viridiatra Schaer. En. Lich. Eur. (1850) p. 108 (non Floerk. Deutsch Lich. IV, 1819, [). 4, conf. Vain. L. F. II p. 283); Th. FT'. I.e. Bialora leucophaea var genuina f. viridiatra Koerb. Par. Lich. 2 Lief. (1860) p. 148. Acta Socielatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 187 xcanora varia var. iniricaia f. viridiatra Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 164 (sec. spec. orig. in Mus. Fenn.). Lecanora polylropa ^viridiatra Nyl. Fl. 1872 p. 251. Exs. Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. XIV (1833) n. 403 (hb. Nyl.). — Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. VII (1885) n. 333. — Flavaas Lich. Norv. Exs. (1904) n. 212 (Vain, determ.). — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. VII (1910) n. 170 (Mus. Fenn.). Thallus sat crassus aut modice incrassatus, areolatus, areolis supra hypothallum nigricantem dispersis aut partim contiguis, planis aut demum convexis, flavescentibus aut impure virescenti-stramineis aut rarius cinereo-glaucesoenti- bus, vulgo laevigatis. Apothecia thallo innata, dein mox emergentia prominentiave, basi non constricta, lat. 0.5—0.8 mm, disco piano, demum convexo, nigro, nudo, laevigato, opaco, margine tenui, integro, nigro aut nigricante, nudo, opaco, demum excluso. Hypothecium pallidum albidumve, in parte superiore crassa hyphis erectis. Perithecium fuli gineum. Epithecium caeruleo- et olivaceo-fuligineum, non granulosum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, ellipsoideae, »long. O.on—-0.014, crass. O.OOO—O.007 mm» (sec. adn. Nyl. in n. 16506). Distr. Locis apricis in rupibus graniticis et silaceis in parte meri- dionali Fenniae sat rara. Al.: Badhusberget prope Mariehamn et ad Öfverby in Jomala (Vain.). Ab.: Pääskyvuoret et prope Hautaus maa in Kaarina (Vain.), Artukainen in Raisio (Vain.), Talkkunamäki in Finby (Vain.). N.: Mäkienpäällys et Somerikonvuoret (Vain.) et »passim» etiam alibi in Suursaari vel Hoglandia sec. Brenner (Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. p. 96), velut Tervamäki, Mustjyrkänvuori, Välikallio, Murronkallio et Mäkienpäällys, olim (saltern usque ad 1896) pluribus locis et abundanter prope Helsingforsiani (Vain., Nyl., Norrl. H. L. F. n. 333), Domarböle (R. Frey), Kyrkslätt (A. Kullhem). Ta.: Supra rupem silaceam in Tiirismaa in Flollola (Vain.). Oa.: Simsiö in Lapua (Räsänen). Ex opinione Nylandri ad stirpem Lecideae parasemae pertinens (sec. Brenner I.e.) aut L. leucophaeae, ut a Lamy (Exp. Lich. Cauter., 1884, p. 76) indicatur. Thallus KOH non reagens (»lutescens» sec. Th. Fr. I.e. et adn. Nyl. in 11. 16506), nec distincte reagens addito CaCl202, »jodo non caerulescens» (Th. Fr.), areolis circ. 0.3—1 mm latis aut p.p. minoribus, saepe leviter nitidis (aut morbose opacis), difformibus, saepe angulosis aut p.p. parce subcrenatis, aut rotun- 188 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. datis, raro inaequalibus, sorediis destitutus (conf. f. subleprodes), non pruinosus. Apothecia dispersa aut sat crebra. Hypothecium hyphis conglutinatis, in parte inferiore irregulariter contextis. Peri thecium hyphis tenuibus, radiantibus, conglutinatis, fusco-nigricans aut in summo margine olivaceo-nigricans, in basi apothecii deficiens. Hymenium »jodo caerulescens, KOH non reagens» (Th. Fr.). Para physes leviter gelatinosae, crass. O.002—O.0015 mm, apice parum incrassatae. Gonidangia »immersa, ostiolis nigricanfibus», conidia »longa, acicularia, curvata» (sec. Th. FT.), »long. O.020—O.032, crass. 0.0005—O.0000 mm» (sec. adn. Nyl. in hb. suo). Gonidia cystococcacea. — Sporae raro bene evolutae, long. 0,009, crass. 0,004 mm a me visae. Obs.: L. Inleoalra f. subleprodes Nyl. in Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. (1885) p. 06 (nomen nudum) in Mus. Fenn. non reperi. Si sorediis instructa sit, ad L. luleoalram non pertinet. 79. L. tumidior Nyl. Lecanora lenebrosa *lumidior Nyl. Lich. Delph. (1863) p 399 (sec. specim. orig. in hb. Nyl.). Lecidea lenebrosa *L. tumidior Nyl. in Stizenb. Lich. Helv. 1 (1882) p. 199; Lamy Suppl. Cat. Lich. Mont-Dore (1882) p. 18. L. tumidior Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 88. L. lenebrosa f. tumidior Nyl. in Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 210. L. subplumbea Anzi Anal. Att. Soc. It. Nat. XI (1868) p. 16 (169) (sec. specim. orig. n. 16540 a in hb. Nyl.); Nyl. Fl. 1881 p. 534; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 80. Lecidella inserena var. subplumbea Arn. Lich. Tirol XIV (1875) p. 442; Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 600. Lecidea inserena f. subplumbea Arn. I.e. XXV (1893) p. 383. L. inserena Nyl. Fl. 1869 p. 84 (sec. specim. orig. n. 16530 in hb. Nyl.); Arn. I.e. XXX (1897) p. 25; Zahlbr. I.e. p. 599. Lecidella inserena Arn. I.e. XIII (1874) p. 239, XIV (1875) p. 442. Lecidea obnubila Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 459 (sec. ann. Nyl.). Exs. Anzi Lich. Langob. XIV (1873) n. 573 (sec. Arm I.e. XIV p. 10). — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1877) n. 714 et (1878) n. 757 (hb. Nyl.). Thallus crassus aut sat crassus, areolatus, areolis circ. 0.3—2.5 mm latis, contiguis aut raro dispersis, vulgo depresse convexis, rarius bene convexis et verrucaeformibus, verrucu- loso-inaequalibus, livido- vel subeaesio-cinereis aut subfu- scescenti-cinereis, KOH non reagens, sorediis destitutus, hy pothallo nigricante. Apothecia primum emergentia, dein late adnata, lat. circ. 0.5 —1.2 mm, tenuia, vulgo p. p. conferta, saepe angulosa, basi nun constricta, disco piano, laevigato, Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 180 atro, nudo, leviter nitido, margine tenui, atro, nitido. Hypo thecium albidum pallidumve, in parte inferiore crystalla obscurata continens, hyphis in parte superiore erectis, in parte inferiore irregulariter contextis. Epithecium aerugi noso-fuligineum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Asci clavati. Sporae 8:nae, oblongae ellipsoideaeve, long. 0.ou9—O.013, crass. 0.005—-0.006 mm (»long. 0.012—O.ois, crass. O.ooo—O.oos mm» in »L. inserena» sec. ann. Nyl.). Conidia filiformia, arcuata (conf. infra). Dislr. Lin.: Ad rupem graniticam in reg. subalp. montis Hammas tunturi (»L. subplumbea» in Vain. I.e. p. 80). LEnont.: Simili loco prope templum in Enontekiö (L. Kari). Affinis est L. leucophaeae, nec L. alrocinereae (L. lenebrosae). Thallus nec KOH nec CaCl202 reagens, sed his solutionibus conjunc- tis intus leviter (parum distincte) diluteque fulvo-subroseus, jodo non reagens, opacus, non pruinosus, strato corticali ex apicibus hypharum formato incrassatis (crass. O.003—O.005 mm), constipatis conglutinatisque, obscuratis, strato decolore non obtecto. Apothecia gonidiis et strato myelohyphico destituta, disco laevigato, margine non aut leviter prominente, subpersistente. Hypothecium jodo caerulescens, in parte inferiore hyphis crassioribus et magis pachyder maticis. Perithecium hyphis radiantibus, conglutinatis, tenuibus, membranis leviter vel parum pachydermaticis, intus pallidum vel dilute fuscescens, extus fuscescens, KOH leviter rubricosum, infra hypothecium late continuatum. Hymenium circ. O.070—O.090 mm crassum, jodo caerulescens, ascis sordide vinose rubentibus. Para physes crass, vix O.0015 mm, apice leviter incrassato, vix distincte gelatinosae. Epithecium non granulosum (olivaceo-fuscescens in »L. inserena», ab Arn. collecto), KOFI non reagens, HNOa violascens. Asci in apice membrana incrassata. Sporae distichae. Gonidia pleurococcoidea, globosa et p.p. subglobosa (et parce ellipsoidea), simplicia, diam. O.005—-O.012 mm, parce 2-cellulosa, membrana leviter incrassata. Obs. 1. In specim. orig. »*lumidioris» (n. 14045 in hb. Nyl.) thallus areolis planis et apotheciis p.p. minus prominentibus, quam in specim. orig. »L. subplurnbeae» Anzi (quae tamen partibus juniori- bus ab ea parum differt). Hypothecium in parte inferiore crystalla obscurata continens. Perithecium exterius fuscum, infra hypothecium late continuatum. Obs. 2. In »L. subplumbea» Anzi (sec. orig. n. 16540 in hb. Nyl.) thallus areolis planis aut demum leviter convexis, difformibus, lae vigatis, cinereis, 0.4—1.8 mm latis, apothecia lat. 0,5—0.8 mm, adnata 190 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. aut demum inter areolas immersa, sporae long. »O.on—O.014, crass. 0.005—0.006 mm», conidia »bene aut leviter arcuata, long. O.022—O.030, crass. 0.0007—O.ooos mm» sec. ann. Nyl. Obs. 3. In »L. inserena» Nyl. conidia »arcuata, long. O.019—O.020, crass. 0.0005 mm» sec. ann. Nyl., »long. O.024—O.027 mm», conidangia »punctiformia, thalli areolis impressa» sec. Arn. Lich. Tirol XIV p. 442. Obs. 4. Lecidea plumbea Garov. in Anzi Lich. Langob. Exs. IV (1861) n. 154 (Nyl. Fl. 1881 p. 187) sec. specim. in hb. Nyl. ad Leca noram (Aspiciliam) pertinet, apotheciis thallo immersis, immarginatis instructa. 80. L. distensa Vain. Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 81. Thallus crassus, areolatus et verrucosus, areolis circ. 1—1.5 mm latis, p.p. etiam minoribus, dispersis et p.p. subcontiguis, convexis, demum verruculoso-inaequalibus, lividis vel subfuscescenti- aut subcaesio-cinereis, demum laxe affixis, sorediis destitutus, KOH non reagens, hypothallo nigro, demum indistincto. Apothecia inter areolas thalli sita easque vix superantia, in acervulos aggregata prolificantiave, vulgo rotundata, lat. circ. 0.7-—1 mm, sat tenuia, basi non constricta, disco piano aut rarius demum leviter convexo, atro, nudo, opaco, margine tenui, atro, opaco, demum saepe excluso. Hypothecium albidum, in parte inferiore crystalla plus minus obscurata continens, hyphis in parte superiore erectis, in parte inferiore irregulariter contextis. Epithecium aeruginoso- aut cyaneo-fuligineum. Paraphyses arcte cohae rentes. Asci clavati. Sporae 8:nae, oblongae, long. O.013— 0.015, crass. O.005—0.006 mm. Distr. Kb.: Ad rupem gneissaceam prope Mujejärvi in Nurmes (Vain. I.e.). Forsan in L. tnmidiorem non transit, areolis thalli magis inae- qualibus, laxe affixis, apotheciis inter areolas sitis ab ea differens. Thallus nec KOH, nec CaCl202, nec his solutionibus conjunctis, nec jodo reagens, opacus, non pruinosus, strato corticali ex apicibus hypharum formato O.003—O.004 mm crassis, obscuratis, constipatis conglutinatisque, strato decolore non aut parum evoluto (supra stratum corticale). Apothecia gonidiis et strato myelohyphico de- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 191 stituta, disco laevigato, margine non prominente. Hypothecium jodo caerulescens, hyphis tenuibus, sat leptodermaticis, in parte inferiore saepe crystalla obscurata continens. Perithecium hyphis radiantibus, tenuibus, conglutinatis, membranis leviter aut parum pachyderma ticis, intus pallidius, extus fuscescens, KOH non reagens aut partim rubricosum, infra hypothecium late continuatum. Hymenium circ. 0.060—O.oso mm crassum, jodo caerulescens. Paraphyses crass. O.0015 mm, apice leviter incrassatae, vix distincte gelatinosae. Epithecium non granulosum, KOH distinctius smaragduium aut subfuscescens, HNO3 violascens. Asci in apice membrana incrassata. Sporae dis tichae. Gonidia globosa et subglobosa, diam. O.007—O.014 mm, tan tum simplicia visa (in thallis vetustis lichenum divisio gonidiorum minus saepe observatur). 81. L. subdita Nyl. Flora 1876 p. 236; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 199; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 700. Thallus sat crassus, verrucosus, verrucis dispersis, con vexis, demum verruculoso-tuberculatis, albido-cinerascenti- bus, KOH non reagentibus, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia thallo adnata, lat. 0.8—1.5 mm, simplicia, sat tenuia, basi non aut leviter constricta, disco primum subplano, demum convexo, atro, nudo, nitido, mar gine tenui, atro, nitido, demum excluso. Hypothecium palli dum, in parte infima stratum myelohyphicum tenue, KOH non reagens, continens, in parte superiore hyphis erectis, ceterum irregulariter contextis. Epithecium subcaerulescens et parte summa sordide subviolascens, strato gelatinoso, decolore, sat distincto obductum. Paraphyses arcte cohae rentes. Asci clavati. Sporae oblongae, »long. O.on—O.014, crass. 0.0045—O.0055 mm» (sec. Nyl.). Distr. Supra saxum micaceo-schistosum in reg. subalp. in monte Naimakka in Lapponia Tornensi in territorio Suecico (J. P. Norrlin). Proxima sit L. distensae. Hypothallo indistincto, verrucis thalli convexioribus, apotheciis stratum myelohyphicum continentibus et perithecio dissimili a L. leucophaea differt. Thallus laxe affixus, sat opacus, jodo non reagens. Apothecia crass, circ. O.350 mm, gonidiis destituta, crystalla parum continentia, margine integro, non promi- E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica I\ iiente. Hypothec uin jodo intense caerulescens, hyphis sat tenuibus, sat leptodermaticis. Perithecium partim dilute sordide violascens v. fuscescens partim subdecoloratum, hyphis radiantibus, sat tenui bus, conglutinatis, leviter pachydermaticis, infra hypothecium late continuatum, jodo non reagens. Hymenium circ. O.070 mm crassum, jodo caerulescens, dein vinose rubens. Paraphyses graciles, tenuiter gelatinosae, apice leviter aut parum incrassatae, simplices. Epithe cium non granulosum. Gonidia cystococcacea, globosa, simplicia. Obs. 1. Lecidea mesoiropa Nyl., Fl. 1867 p. 328 (Hue Addend. II, 1888, p. 198, A. L Smith Mon. Brit. Lich. II, 1911, p. 77), sec. specim. orig. 11. 15891 et 15892, in Scotia collecta, facie externa subsimilis est L. subditae, epithecio fuscescente ab ea differens. Specimen n. 15886 in Naimakka in LEnot. in territ. Suec. a Norrl. collectum, »L. mesoiropa» et postea »L. spilota» a Nyl. nominatum (11. 813 in herb. Norrl.), revera ad L. tessellatam (L. spilotam Fr.) pertinet (conf. etiam Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II p. 490). Obs. 2. Lecidea mesolropiza Nyl., Fl. 1873 p. 20 (Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill p. 638 et denuo 798), apotheciis bene convexis, sat opacis, immarginatis et »thallo KOH flavescente, sporis long. O.oio—- 0.014, crass. O.ooo—O.0075 mm» (sec. adn. Nyl.) differt a L. subdiia Nyl. Planta» apotheciis planis planiusculisve, margine tenui elevato cinctis» descripta in Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 458 hue non pertinet. Obs. 3. Lecidea mesotropoides Nyl., Fl. 1872 p. 359, apotheciis opacis, convexis, immarginatis, »epithecio fuscescente aut nigricante, sporis long. O.009—O.on, crass. O.ooe—O.007 mm, conidiis rectis, long. 0.007—O.oio, crass. O.ooi mm, thallo KOH flavescente» instructa (sec. adn. Nyl. in specim. orig. e Scotia), his speciebus habitu subsimilis est. 82. L. leucophaea (Floerk.) Nyl. Flora 1870 p. 35; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (T874) p. 459 (emend.); Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 43, Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai (1909) p. 123; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 789. Bialora leu cophaea Floerk. in Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 194 (non Lichen leucophaeus Vahl in Fl. Dan. t. 955 f. 2 (1787), nec Retz., Fl. Scand. ed. alt. (1795) p. 278, nec Dicks. Fasc. 2 Gr. Britt. (1790) p. 20 sec. Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 78 et Schaer. Spic. Lich. Helv. p. Ill); Arm Lich. Tirol XIV (1875) p. 486, Arn. Lich. Fragm. XXXV, Neu- fundl. (1896) p. 24; Tuck. Syn. North Am. Lich. II (1888) p. 24. Lecanora Nyl. in Gromb. Lich. Brit. (1870) p. 51; Hedl. Krit. Bern. Lec. Micar. (1892) p. 42. Bialora panaeola Fr. Lich. Eur. Ref. (1831) p. 273 p.p. (sec. Th. Fr.), non Ach. Lecidea panaeola Nyl. Ess. Glass. Lich. II (1855) p. 182. L. panaeoloides Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 193 (sec. Th. Fr.). Bialora consanguinea Anzi Manip. (1862) p. 152 (23) (sec. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 103 13 orig. in hb. Nyl.). Lecidea incongrua Arn. Lich. Tirol XVII (1877) p. 551 (sec. specim. in lib. meo), non Nyl. Exs. Koerb. Lich. Sel. Germ. II (1856) n. 43 (sec. Lynge). - Anzi Lich. Exs. Langob. IX (1863) n. 351 (lib. Nyl.). — Erb. Crit. Ital. XXII (1863) ri. 91 (1091) sec. Th. Fr. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. Exs. I (1874) n. 63 (hb. Nyl.), 64 (»Lecan. nigroglomerala Leight.», hb. Nyl.). — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1875) n. 620 (lib. Vain.). — Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1881) n. 668 A, B, (1883) n. 784 (lib. Vain.). - - Lojka Lich. Univ. II (1885) n. 82 (hb. Vain.). — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. XXVI (1917) n. 646. Thallus sat crassus aut sat tenuis, areolatus, areolis planis aut p. p. convexis, laevigatis aut verruculoso-inaequalibus, cinereo-albidis aut cinerascentibus aut fuseescentibus, KOLI non reagens, sorediis instructus aut destitutus, hypothallo nigro aut indistincto. Apothecia thallo adnata, lat. 0.3—1.2 mm, sat tenuia, basi non aut parum constricta, disco piano aut demum depresso-convexo, atro aut fuscescente, nudo, leviter nitido, margine tenui, fuscescente atrove aut pallido- fuscescente, nitido, subpersistente. Hypothecium pallidum aut partim albidum, crystalla nulla continens, hyphis in parte superiore erectis, in parte inf. irreg. contextis. Epithe cium aeruginoso-fuligineum aut rarius fuscescens rufescensve, strato gelatinoso decolore plus minusve distincto obductum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Asci clavati. Sporae 8:nae, oblongae ellipsoideaeve, long. O.oos—O.014, crass. 0.004— 0.007 mm. Distr. Ad saxa granitica et porphyrica et quarzitica in Fennia boreali et Lapponia et in ins. Suursaari v. Hoglandia, in Ajonpää ad Naantaali (Vain.), ad Mariehamn et Geta Alandiae (Vain.), locis tribus poster, ster. Obs. 1. Thallus typice est sorediosus, sorediis (soraliis) numerosis aut parcis, evolutione regressiva rarius etiam sorediis omnino desti tutus. Obs. 2. Lichen leucophaeus Vahl et Ach. ad hanc speciem non spectat, sed quia hoc nomen alii speciei non adhibitur, prioritatem L. panaeoloidis Nyl. auctores agnoscere noluerunt. Var. genuina (Koerb) Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 123; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 459 (emend.). Biatora leucophaea a genuina Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 195 (sec. Th. FT.). L. panaeoloides Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 193 (nomen hybridum). 194 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Thallus bene evolutus, areolis contiguis aut partim dispersis, cinereo-albidis aut cinerascentibus, sorediis destitutus. Apothecia disco atro. Epithecium aeruginoso-fuligineum aut aeruginoso-olivaceum. Dislr. AL: In montibus Getabergen (Vain.). N.: In montibus in ins. Suursaari v. Hoglandia (Vain.). Kuus.: In reg. subalp. montis Mäntytunturi (»L. leucophaea var. griseoatra» Vain. 1. c). Gonidia tantum simplicia vidi in specim. Alandico. Var. sorediosa Vain. Lecidea leucophaea f. sorediosa Vain. in Brenn. Bidr. llogl. Lafv. (1885) p. 96. L. leucophaea v. genuina f. sorediosa Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 123, Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai (1909) p. 123. Thallus bene evolutus, areolis contiguis aut dispersis, cinereo-albi dis cinerascentibusve, sorediis instructus. Apothecia disco atro. Epithecium aeruginoso-fuligineum. Dislr. AL: Badhusberget in Mariehamn ster. et Getabergen ster. (Vain.). Ab.: Ajonpää in Naantali ster. (Vain.). N.: Suursaari v. Hoglandia, velut in Somerikonvuoret, Kotimäki, Mäkienpäällys (Vain.). LTul.: Petsamo (L. Kari.). Thallus areolis circ. 0.2—2.2 mm latis, contiguis aut dispersis, nitidis aut opacis, nec GaCl202 (sec. Th. Fr.), nec jodo reagentibus, sorediis (soraliis) numerosis aut parcissimis, subtilissime farinosis, nigricantibus aut cinereis, parum prominentibus, granulis sorediorum diam. circ. O.oio—O.020 mm, gonidia pleurococcacea, globosa aut parce subglobosa, simplicia et 2—3-cellulosa, saepe leviter pachydermatica, hyphis p. p. obscuratis crebre obducta, continentibus. Apothecia rotundata, interdum lobulata, dispersa aut sat crebra, raro aggregata, margine vulgo integro, atro. Hypothecium pallidum, interdum par tim (praesertim in latere) rubricosum, jodo bene caerulescens, hyphis tenuibus, sat leptodermaticis, conglutinatis, gonidiis et strato myelo- hyphico et crystallis destitutum. Perithecium hyphis radiantibus, tenuibus, conglutinatis, leviter pachydermaticis, intus pallescens, extus fuscescens, KOLI non reagens, infra hypothecium anguste continuatum. Hymenium circ. O.ooo—O.oso mm crassum, jodo caeru lescens. Paraphyses crass. O.ooi mm, apice O.003—O.0045 mm et KOH subolivaceae, simplices. Epithecium parum granulosum. Asci clavati, apice pachydermatici. Sporae distichae. Var. sanguineella Vain. Thallus bene evolutus, areolis contiguis, laevigatis, cinereo-albidis aut cinerascentibus, sorediis instructus. Apothecia disco fuscescente aut fusco-nigricante, margine subconcolore. Epithecium fuscescens rufescensve. Distr. OKaj.: Ad lapides quarziticos in Lehtovaara in Kianta (»L. leucophaea f. propagulifera» Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 43). Kuus.: Ad. rupem graniticam in reg. subalp. montis Nuorunen Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 105 (»v. genuina» Vain. 1. c). LKem.: Flimmelrik in Pallastunturit in Kittilä (L. Kari). Var. rugosa Vain. . Thallus bene evolutus, areolis contiguis, impure albidis, verrucu- loso-inaequalibus, sorediis instructus. Apothecia disco subfusco, margine saepe paullo pallidiore. Epithecium subfuscescens. Dislr. N.: In rupe quarzitica in Lounatpuoli in ins. Suursaari v. Hoglandia (Vain.). Thallus KOH non reagens, partim sorediis destitutus. Var. dispersa Vain. Thallus minus evolutus, areolis parvis, sat tenuibus, dispersis, subalbidis, sorediis destitutus. Apothecia disco cinereo-fuscescente, margine subconcolore. Distr. N.: Loco subumbroso in latere rupis porphyricae in Someri- konvuoret in ins. Suursaari v. Hoglandia (Vain.). Thallus KOH non reagens, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia minora. Var. propagulifera Vain. Lecidea leucophaea var. griseoatra f. propagulifera Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 43. Thallus bene evolutus, areolis laevigatis, obscure cinereis, sorediis nigricantibus instructus. Apothecia disco atro. Epithecium aerugi nosum (aut p. p. sordide violascens in eodem apothecio). Distr. Ab.: Ad rupem graniticam in Pääskyvuoret in Kaarina ster. (Vain.). KLad.: Insula Kotiluoto in Laatokka ster. (Vain.). Kuus.: Ad rupem graniticam in reg. subalpina montis Nuorunen (Vain. 1. c.). Lin.: Edlehjärvenpahta (F. Silen). Perithecium extus aeruginosum. Epithecium strato gelatinoso, hyalino obductum. Var. perrugosa Vain. Thallus bene evolutus, areolis obscure cinereis, demum p. p. minute crebreque verruculoso-inaequalibus, sorediis nigricantibus instructus. Apothecia disco nigricante aut fusco-nigricante, margine concolore aut demum excluso. Epithecium sordide violascens (aut p. p. rubricosum in eodem apothecio). Dislr. Kuus.: Ad rupem graniticam in reg. subalpina montis Nuorunen (Vain.). Thallus jodo non reagens, areolis sat crassis, demum laxe affixis. Apothecia crebra numerosaque in partibus sorediis destitutis, demum depresso-convexa. Hypothecium pallidum. Perithecium extus vio- laceo-fuscescens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Epithecium strato hyalino leviter evoluto. Var. obscurescens Vain. Lecidea leucophaea var. griseoatra Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 460; Vain. Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai (1909) p. 123 (non Flot., conf. infra.). 196 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV Thallus bene evolutus, areolis obscure cinereis aut nigricantibus, sorediis destitutus. Apothecia disco atro, margine concolore. Epithe cium aeruginoso-fuligineum aut aeruginoso-fuscescens. Distr. Kuus.: Supra rupem graniticam in reg. subalp. montis Nuorunen (»v. griseoatra Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 43). LKem.: Himmelrik in Pallastunturit (L. Kari). Var. consanguinea Vain. Thallus bene evolutus, areolis cinerascentibus albidisve, sublae- vigatis, sorediis destitutus. Apothecia disco nigro, margine concolore. Epithecium fusco-nigricans aut violaceo-fuligineum. Dislr. LEnont.: In rupe granulitica in Pyhäkero in Enontekiö (L. Kari). Hoc specimen a L. leucophaea differt strato gelatinoso epithecium obtegente tenuiore aut vix ullo et strato fusconigro perithecii infra hypothecium partim late continuato. Hypothecium albidum, hyphis irregulariter contextis, in parte summa angusta erectis. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Asci clavati. Sporae distichae, long. O.007—O.013, crass. 0.005—0.006 mm. Apothecia tenuia, crebra. Thallus areolis contiguis et p. p. dispersis, hypothallo nigro inter areolas conspicuo. Obs. 1. In specimine orig. Bialorae consanguineae Anzi in hb. Nyl. thallus est sorediis destitutus, et »hypothecio pallido, ascis clavatis, sporis long. O.oio, crass. O.004 mm» haec planta ab Anzi descripta est. Obs. 2. Lecidea disjecta Nyl., Fl. 1881 p. 184, Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1881) n. 668 A et B, est var. L. leucophaeae, areolis thalli sub albidis (KOH non reagentibus), hypothallo parum conspicuo et mar gine apotheciorum pallidiore a v. consanguinea differens. Obs. 3. In L. leucophaea in Paneveggio in Tirolia ab Arn. collecto conidia sec. annot. Nyl. »filiformia, arcuata, long. O.016—O.020, crass 0.0005 mm». Obs. 4. Lecidea panaeola var. griseoatra Flot., Bot. Zeit. 1828 p. 675, Lich. Schles. (1829) p. 10, Lich. Exs. (1829) n. 210 (L. griseo atra Schaer. En. Lich. Eur., 1850, p. 101), sec. Nyl. Fl. 1881 p. 186 (Hue addend. II, 1888, p. 184) autonoma est species, paraphysibus arcte cohaerentibus gelatinosisque a L. atrocinerea {lenebrosa) et hypothecio rubricoso-rufescente a L. leucophaea differens (ut in spe cim. orig. n. 16460 a in lib. Nyl. observavi). In Fennia non collecta est. Obs 5. Lecidea leucophaeiza Nyl. in Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 183 {Lecanora Nyl. Fl. 1874 p. 308), in Scotia collecta, »thallo KOH leviter flavescente et gel. hym. jodo non reagente, thecis solis tinctis» a Nyl. distinguitur. In Getabergen in Al. specimen thallo KOH dilute lutescente, hymenio et hypothecio jodo caerulescente instruc- tum a me collectum est. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 107 Obs. 6. Lecidea discolorella Nyl., Fl. 1877 p. 459 (Hue Addend. II p. 183), subsimilis est L. leucophaeae, sed sec. specim. orig. in hb. Nyl. autonoma est species, thallo albido, areolis subnitidis, planis, KOH flavescentibus, (»addito CaCl202 erythrinose rubentibus» sec. Nyl.), apotheciis leviter prominentibus, totis adnatis, disco fusco, nudo, subnitido (conidiis »filiformibus, arcuatis, long. O.020, crass. 0.0005 mm» sec. Nyl.) instructa. 83. L. tenebricans Nyl. in Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 183; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 708. Lecanora tenebricans Nyl. Fl. 1874 p. 7. Thallus sat tenuis aut modice incrassatus aut partim sat crassus, verruculosus verrucosusve aut areolatus, areolis bene convexis aut p. p. planis, dispersis aut p. p. contiguis aut confluentibus, fuseescentibus aut cinereo-fuscescentibus, opacis, sorediis destitutus, KOH non reagens, medulla jodo non reagente, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia primum verruculis immersa, demum lecanorina aut subzeorina, lat. 0.8—0.4 mm, disco nigricante, humido fusco, nudo, opaco, interdum demum protruso sublecideinoque, margine thallino thallo concolore, sat tenui, integro aut rarius verruculoso- crenulato, vulgo non prominente, persistente. Hypothecium albidum pallidumve, hyphis erectis, conglutinatis. Epithe cium fuscum, KOH sordide purpureum. Paraphyses sat arcte cohaerentes. Asci late clavati. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, ellipsoideae, »long. O.009—-O.012, crass. 0.005—O.006 mm» (sec. Nyl.), in eodem apothecio ascoque etiam globosae, diam. O.006—0.007 mm. Distr. Ta.: Supra lapidem gneissaceum graniticumque in silva deserta prope Nyystölä in Padasjoki a. 1872 legi (a Nyl. determinata). Cum Rhizocarpo badioalro collecta. Affinis sit Lecanorae (Aspiciliae) complanalae (praesertim f. coracodi), perithecio saepe demum in uno latere apothecii evoluto et areolis nec subsquamulis, nec crenulatis, nec pruinosis ab ea diffe rens. Discus humidus non rubricosus. Perithecium fuscum aut in terne dilutius coloratum pallidumve, saepe O.025 mm crassum. Margo thallinus gonidia continens, strato myelohyphico aerem continente hyphisque irregulariter contextis. Hypothecium gonidiis destitutum, jodo bene caerulescens. Epithecium strato decolorato nullo obduc- 198 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV turn. Paraphyses gelatinosae (quod in KOH bene videtur), simplices, crass. 0.0015—O.0017 mm, apice O.002 mm, increbre septatae aut ad apicem crebrius septatae. Asci in apice membrana bene incrassata. Conidia incognita. Gonidia cystococcacea, etiam autosporis visa. Obs. Nylander wrote: »Forsan affinis Lecideae leucophaeae» (Hue Addenda 1. c.). 84. L. submilvina Vain.1). Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 43. Tab. III, fig. 1. Areolae thalli supra hypothallum dispersae vel subdispersae, verrucosae, peitata e, rotundatae, interdum crenatae, diam. circiter 0.5 mm, nitidiusculae, pruina, sorediis isidiisque destitutae, cinereo-albican- tes vel cinereae. Hypothallus ater, crassus, filamentosus, crustam fere formans diffracto-areolatam. Apothecia in centro vel deinde magis versus marginem areolarum immersa, in aetate plus minusve emergentia, diam. 0.3—0.5 (sec. Vainio usque ad O.7) mm. Discus ater, made- factus obscure fuscescens, nitidiusculus, epruinosus, rugulo- sus, ab initio planus, deinde depresso-convexus, margine inconspicuo concolori demum evanescenti circumdatus. Ex cipulum in margine fusco-fuligineum, praeterea incoloratum, hypothecium incoloratum. Hymenium angustum, 45—50 /A altum, in parte superiori olivaceo-fuscescens vel olivaceo-fuligineum, strato amorpho incolorato tenui tectum, in parte inferiori hypothecio concolor. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, increbre ramosae, (addito KOH) capitato- incrassatae. Asci late clavati vel subsaccati, octospori. Sporae ellipsoideae vel oblongae, 9—12 x 4—5 u. Pycnoconidia ignota. Hymenium J caerulescens, asci persistenter caeruleo- nigricantes vel sec. Vain. 1. c. vinose rubentes, gelatina hymenialis sordide decoloratur. Medulla J -f-, KOH (^aCl202-^ . *). By B. Lynge. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 199 Distr. »In rupe granitica littorali ad lacum Inarijärvi in regione pinifera Lapponiae Inarensis, Habitu est quasi Lecanorae miluina vel Lecidea alroalba, sed Lecideae leucophaeae maxime affinis videtur» (Vain. 1. c. p. 44), leg. Vain. Its pycnoconidia are unknown, but its other characters agree so well with those of Lecidea leucophaea that the editor has found the specific distinction difficult enough. It may be a Lecidea leucophaea, affected by frequent irrigation. 85. L. Lulensis (Hellb.) Stizenb. Ind. Lich. Hyperb. (1876) p. 43. Bialora Lulensis Hellb. Sv. Vet. Ak. Förh. 1865 p. 463. Lecidea leucophaea f. Lulensis Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 460. L. leucophaeoides Nyl. Flora 1870 p. 35, 1881 p. 187; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 180; A. L. Sm. Mon. Brit. Lich. II (1911) p. 56. Exs. Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. XVIII (1914) n. 449. Thallus modice incrassatus aut crassus, areolatus, areolis plus minus convexis aut planis, laevigatis aut verruculoso- inaequalibus, albidis aut rarius cinerascentibus, KOH lute- scentibus deindeque rubescentibus, sorediis destitutus, hypo thallo nigro. Apothecia thallo adnata, lat. 0.5—1.2 mm, con fluentia etiam latiora, tenuia aut modice incrassata, basi non aut parum constricta, disco piano aut demum convexo, fusco-nigricante aut rarius atro, nudo, nitido aut rarius opaco, margine tenui, concolore, vulgo nitido, saepe demum excluso. Hypothecium pallidum decoloratumve, in parte infima angusta crystalla obscura et stratum myelohyphicum KOH rubescens continens, in parte summa angusta hyphis erectis, ceterum hyphis irregulariter contextis. Epithecium fusco-rubricosum aut raro glaucescens, strato gelatinoso decolor'e plus minus distincto obductum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Asci clavati. Sporae 8:nae, oblongae ellipsoide- aeve, »long. O.oio—-O.017, crass. O.004—0.006 mm» (sec. Nyl.). F. leucophaeoides Vain. Thallus albidus. Epithecium fusco-rubricosum fuscescensve. Dislr. Kuus.: In monte Hukavaara (F. Silen), ad rupem granit, in reg. subalp. montis Nuorunen (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 44). LTul.: In rupibus dioriticis et argillaceo-schistosis ad Vaitolahti in Petsamo (L. Kari). 200 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Thallus areolis circ. 1.5—0.2 mm latis, opacis, contiguis aut disper sis, sicut etiam basis hypothecii KOH praecipitatum granulosum rubrum formans. Apothecia crebra, simplicia aut confluentia, stra tum myelohyphicum, KOH demum rubescentem et crystalla obscu rata in parte interiore perithecii continentia, margine non prominente, integro. Hypothecium jodo caerulescens, hyphis tenuibus, sat lepto dermaticis. Perithecium hyphis radiantibus, tenuibus, conglutinatis, leviter pachydermaticis, subviolaceo-fuscescens aut in basi extus tenuiter pallescens, infra hypothecium sat late continuatum. Hyme nium circ. O.ooo—0.070 mm crassum, jodo caerulescens, dein v a- scens. Paraphyses tenues, apice leviter incrassatae, tantum simpli ces visae. Epithecium non granulosum, KOH non reagens. Asci clavati, apice pachydermatici. Sporae distichae. Gonidia »filiformia, elongata, arcuata, sicut in L. leucophaea» (sec. Nyl.). F. cinerella Vain. Thallus cinereus. Epithecium glaucescens et fuscescens in eodem apothecio quoque. Dislr. LTul.: In rupe argillaceo-schistosa ad Vaitolahti in Pet samo (L. Kari). Thallus sat crassus, KOH lutescens deindeque rubescens, areolis contiguis, planis aut leviter convexis, opacis, strato corticali non evoluto, hypothallo nigro. Apothecia contigua aut dispersa, disco piano aut demum convexo, nigricante, nitido, margine tenui, saepe demum excluso. Hypothecium pallidum, crystallis obscuratis stra tum myelohyphicum impleentibus. Perithecium fuscescens. Epithe cium sordide dilute caerulescenti-\ irescens et partim fuscescens, strato gelatinoso hyalino obductum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, tenuiter gelatinosae, apice leviter incrassatae. Asci clavati, apice saepe pachydermatico. Sporae distichae, ellipsoideae, long. O.oos— O.011, crass. 0.004—O.ooo mm. Gonidia pleurococcoidea, globosa aut subglobosa, diam. O.ooo—O.oio mm, simplicia et parce 2—3-cellu- losa. Obs. 1. F. Transsylvanica (Nyl.) Vain. [Lecidea Transsylvanica Nyl. Fl. 1881 p. 450, Hue Addend. II, 1888, p. 182) f. cinerellae Vain. est proxima, thallo glaucescenti- vel pallido-albido ab ea differens (see. hb. Nyl.). »Epithecium et perithecium glauco-obscurata, acido nifrico rosello-tincta, sporae oblongae vel oblongo-ellipsoideae, long. O.oio—0.015, crass. O.005—O.ooo mm, spermatia (conidia) leviter curvata, long. O.ois—0.023, crass. O.0005 mm» sec. Nyl. 1. c. In Transsylvania collecta est. Obs. 2. L. Lulensis f. epichlora Vain., Lich. Nov. Semlj. (Fledwigia 1808) p. 86, epithecio aeruginoso-fuligineo instructa est. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 201 86. L. Nylanderi (Anzi) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 462. Bialora Nylanderi Anzi Cat. Lich. Sondr. (1860) p. 75; Arn. Lich. Munch. (1891) p. 72, Lich. Tirol XXX (1897) p. 23. L. fuscescens *L. Nylanderi Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 44. L. fuscescens var. leprodea Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 213. L. leprodea Nyl. in Norrl. Bidr. Sydöstr. Tav. Fl. (1870) p. 190, Nyl. Lich. Paris (1896) p. 80. Bialora Kullh. Lich. Rar. Must. (1871) p. 275. L. fuscescens Nyl. Herb. Lich. Par. Ill (1855) n. 133, Prodr. Lich. Gall. (1857) p. 117 (363) p. p. (haud Sommerf. sec. Nyl.); Koerb. Par. Lich. (1860) p. 157. Exs. Nyl. Herb. Lich. Par. Ill (1855) n. 133 (herb. Nyl.). — Anzi Lich. Langob. Exs. V (1861) n. 172. —- Rabenh. Lich. Eur. Exs. XXXII (1870) n. 853. — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1872) n. 499 a, b, (1877) n. 711, (1892) n. 1525, p. p., Lich. Monac. (1892) n. 239. — Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1881) n. 662. — Zahlbr. Krypt. Exs. Vindob. II (1896) n. 167. — Malme Lich. Suec. F:xs. VI (1909) n. 141. (Sec. cit.). • Thallut tenuis aut modice incrassatus, totus sorediosus aut simul verruculis parcis instructus, soraliis confluentibus aut rotundatis dispersisque, subtiliter farinosis, cinerascenti bus aut subfuscescenti- vel glaucescenti-cinereis, hypothallo cyaneo-nigricante saepe evoluto. Apothecia raro evoluta, sat dispersa, sat parva aut fere mediocria, adnata, basi con stricta, disco piano aut rarius demum convexo, rufo-fusco aut nigricante, opaco, haud pruinoso, margine sat tenui, pallido-fuscescente, persistente aut demum excluso. Llypo- thecium irregulariter contextum, decoloratum. Epithecium fuscescens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae 8:nae, globosae, diam. 0.004—0.006 mm. Distr. Ad corticem Juniperi, Betulae, Pini cet. et ad ligna vetusta passim in prov. meridionalibus et mediis F'enniae. Ab.: Prope Rak- kaudenlähde et Ajonpää (fert.) in Luonnonmaa (par. Naantaali) et Littoinen (Vain.). N.: Ingels in Kyrkslätt (A. Kullhem). Ka.: Vanha-Viipuri et Uuras (fert., Vain. Lich. Vib. p. 65). KLad.: Himo- hirsi in Kurkijoki (V. Räsänen). KOI.: Gorki (F. Elfving Ant. Veg. Svir p. 169). KOm: Perttiniemi (Kullh.). Ta.: Mustiala (Kullh. Lich. Rar. Must. p. 275), Hälvälä (Norrl. Bidr. Sydöstr. Tav. Fl. p. 190), Hersala (fert., Vain.), Messilä in Hollola (Vain.), Evo (Norrl. 1. c), Nyystölä in Padasjoki (Vain.), Judinsalo et Kesäin in Luhanka, Piililä in Korpilahti (Vain. FT. Tav. Or. p. 115). Tb.: Norola in Jy väskylä (Vain.). Kb.: Pag. Lieksa et Koriseva in par. Lieksa (Vaim 202 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 45). OKaj.: Kylmälä in Kuhmo (fert., Vain. 1. c). Apothecia lat. 0.3—-0.9 mm, gonidiis destituta, margine saepe levi ter prominente. Hypothecium jodo non reagens, hyphis ramoso- connexis, conglutinatis, in parte superiore leptodermaticis, in parte inferiore pachydermaticis, cavitatibus oblongis, O.ooi mm latis. Perithecium in margine rufescens aut intus pallidum, parum pachy- dermaticum, hyphis radiantibus, ceterum pallidum, pachydermati- cum, in KOH turgescens et hyphis distinctius ramoso-connexis, jodo non reagens, cavitatibus elongatis, O.ooi mm latis. Hymenium circ. O.OOO mm crassum, jodo caerulescens deindeque vinose rubens. Epithe cium KOH non reagens, HN03 roseo-violascens. Paraphyses sim plices, crass. 0.0015 mm, apice O.002—O.004 mm, increbre septatae, membrana tenui, gelatina hymeniali vix conspicua. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, »diam. usque ad O.007 mm» sec. Th. Fr., membrana leviter incrassata. Conidia »filiformia, subrecta aut leviter arcuata, long. 0.014—O.oio, crass. O.0005 mm» (sec. Nyl. Lich. Paris p. 80). Gonidia pleurococcoidea, globosa aut partim subglobosa, diam. O.oio—O.014 mm, etiam simplicia et 2-cellulosa visa, membrana gelatinoso-incras- sata, sorediis inclusa et hyphis fere impellucidis obducta (»syngonidia» secundum terminologiam Nylandri, 1. c). Obs. 1. Nonien hujus speciei rectius scriberetur »L. Nylandri», quia »Alexander» in genitivo est »Alexandri» nec »Alexanderi», sed nomen ab Anzi datum ab omnibus lichenologis abhibitur. Nomen »L. leprodea» ab Nylandro ipso praefertur, quia nomen Anzianum »etiam alii datum est in.tribu Lecano-Lecideorum» (Nyl. Lich. Paris p. 81). Obs. 2. Huic speciei proxima L. Ghisleri (Anzi Lich. Langob. Exs. n. 380, Arn. Lich. p]xs. n. 415 a—-c, 1525 p.p. sec. auct. ipsum, Zwackh Lich. Exs. n. 463) »sporis ovalibus oblongisve» sec. Arn. Lich. Tirol XXV p. 307 ab ea differt. 87. L. pullata (Norm.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 471. Bialora pullala Norm. Vet. Ak. Förh. 1870 p. 803; Arn. Lich. Tirol XXV (1893) p. 397, XXX (1897) p. 23. L. perobscurans Nyl. Fl. 1875 p. 11 (Hue Addend. II, 1888, p. 135). L. amaurospoda Nyl. VI. 1881 p. 184 p. p. (error typogr. pro »L. porplujrospoda» Anzi, quae autem est diversa species); Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 45. Exs. Zwackh Lich. FLxs. (1883) n. 776 (in herb. meo). — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1892) n. 1526 a, b (sec. Arn.). - - Zahlbr. Krypt. Exs. \ indob. XIII (1905) n. 1228. — Havas Lich. xNorv. Exs. n. 525. — Suza Lich. Boh-Slov. F:xs. IV (1929) 11. 99. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 203 Thallus sat tenuis aut modice incrassatus, verruculis verrucisque dispersis aut partim contiguis, depressis plani- usculisve aut convexis, cinerascentibus fuscescentibusve aut obscuratis, maxima parte demum in soredia concoloria aut partim albida, farinosa fatiscentibus, hypothallo cyaneo- nigricante bene evoluto aut evanescente. Apothecia fere mediocria aut sat parva, vulgo tota adnata neque basi constricta, disco convexo, livido-nigricante, tenuissime prui noso, aut rarius nigra nudaque, opaca, immarginata aut primum margine tenuissimo, concolore instructa. Hypothe cium pallidum aut partim dilute subolivaceum, in parte superiore hyphis erectis. Epithecium pallidum aut sordide pallescens vel subolivaceum aut caerulescens aeruginosumve. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae 8:nae, ellipsoideae oblongaeve, long. 0.006—-O.012 (— O.019), crass. O.004—O.007 mm. vel »long. 0.009—O.015, crass. 0.004—O.007 mm» (sec. Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 471). Distr. Ad corticem Betulae in silvis (et Pini montanae sec. Zwackh 1. c.) et ad lignum putridum in turfoso collecta. Tu.: Soima (»L. perobscurans sec. determ. Nyl. in Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. p. Ill) et Piililä (»L. pullata» sec. determ. Nyl. 1. c.) in Korpilahti. OKaj.: Pietari in Kianta (»L. amaurospoda» in Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 45). F. perobscurans (Nyl.) Vain. Hypothallus cyaneo-nigricans bene evolutus. Epithecium typice pallescens vel subcinereo-pallescens, hymenium ceterum decolora- tum. Dislr. Ad corticem Betulae putridae loco umbroso in silva ad Soima in Korpilahti (supra indicata). Thallus sorediis rotundatis, crebris (aut partim demum subcon- fluentibus), lat. circ. 0.2—0.5 mm, verruculis esorediatis — O.05 mm, hypothallo obscurato vulgo disjunctis. Apothecia lat. 0.3—1.2 mm, dispersa confertave, gonidiis destituta, depresse (aut bene) convexa, livido-nigricantia, tenuissime pruinosa. Hypothecium jodo maxima parte superiore jodo caerulescens, ab hymenio haud distincte limi- tatum, cellulis rotundatis, O.002—O.005 mm latis, sat leptodermaticis, in seriebus verticalibus dispositis, hyphis tenuissimis, item verticali- bus, cavitate oblonga angustissimaque instructis, intermixtis, in parte infima sat tenui cellulis sat pachydermaticis, irregulariter dispositis, cavitatibus rotundatis, O.002—O.003 mm latis. Perithecium 204 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. pallidum aut decoloratum, jodo non reagens, crass. O.070 mm aut tenuius, hyphis radiantibus, conglutinatis, membranis parum in crassatis, cavitatibus circ. O.ooi mm latis, oblongis. Hymenium jodo caerulescens. Epithecium impellucidum (in HN03 demum pelluci- dum et corpuscula subfiliformia saepe curvata, pallida formans), pallescens vel sordide pallescens (HN03 non reagens) aut raro in apotheciis obscurioribus (in eodem specimine) partim parceque dilu- tissime caerulescens (et HN03 violascens). Paraphyses simplices, apice haud incrassatae, increbre septatae, cavitate O.ooi mm Iata, membrana gelatinosa sat tenui. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, simplices, long. O.ooo—O.oio, crass. O.004—O.007 mm. Gonidia globosa, diam. O.ooo—O.oio mm. Var. Normani Vain. Bialora pullata Norm. 1. c. Hypothallus cyaneo-nigricans, bene evolutus. Hymenium totum aut parte superiore intense diluteve cyanescens aeruginosumve. Distr. Ad lignum putridum trunci delapsi in littore stagni in palude turfoso prope Pietari in Kianta (supra hidicata). In hoe specimine partim thallus hypothallusque evanescentes, partim bene evoluti. Apothecia nigra nigricantiave, nuda, bene convexa. Perithecium partim dilute sordide violascens. Hymenium epitheciumve KOH dilute aeruginosum, HN03 demum violascens. Var. impullata Vain. Hypothallus evanescens aut parum evolutus subcinerascensque. Hymenium partim dilute cyanescens, epithecio pallescente. Dislr. Ad corticem Betulae in Piililä in Korpilahti (supra indi- cata). Thallus sat crassus. Apothecia nigricantia, haud pruinosa, goni- diis destituta. Hypothecium pallidum. Obs. In his manuscript Vainio had finished his description of L. pullala on one sheet, and started his description of L. porphy.ro- spora 011 the same sheet. This suggests a definitive arrangement. The long conidia of the latter species refer it to the leucophaea section. The conidia of L. pullata are unknown, accordingly we do not know whether it belongs to that section or to the erythrophaea section. — The editor concludes from Vainio's arrangement that he referred L. pullala to the leucophaea section. Th. M. Fries referred it to the erythrophaea section (Lich. Scand. p. 471). 88. L. porphyrospoda (Anzi) Th. Fr. Lich.. Scand. II (1873) p. 463 (haud »L. amaurospoda» Nyl. Fl. 1881 p. 184, error typogr. pro »/.. porphyrospoda»). Bialora porphyro spoda Anzi Lich. Lan^ob. Exs. IX (1863) 11. 339, Symb. Lich. Rar. (1864) p. 13. Bialora leprosula Arn. Lich. Exs. (1873) n. 545, Lich. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 205 Tirol XIV (1875) p. 462, 489, XV (1876) p. 378, XXV (1893) p. 397. Lecidea rufofusca var. planior Nyl. in Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1883) n. 775. L. rufofusca *planior Nyl. in Lojka Lich. Hung. Exs. IV (1884) n. 188. Thallus sat tenuis, verruculis dispersis contiguisque, con vexis, pallido- aut albido-glaucescentibus, maxima parte demum in soredia rufidulo-pallescentia, farinosa fatiscenti- bus, hypothallo inconspicuo aut parce evoluto obscuratoque. Apothecia sat parva, late adnata, basi leviter constricta, disco rufo aut fusco-rufescente, primum piano, demum con vexo, saepe leviter nitido, nudo, margine sat tenui, concolore aut paullo pallidiore, leviter prominente, demum excluso. Hypothecium decoloratum, irregulariter contextum. Epi thecium rubricoso-rufescens. Paraphyses arcte (in KOH laxius) cohaerentes. Sporae 8:nae, ellipsoideae oblongaeve, parce etiam subglobosae, long. O.ooo—0.016 (—O.007), crass. 0.006—0.007 mm, sec. Anzi long. 0.0189—O.0223, crass. 0.0086— 0.0103 mm. Distr. In Fennia nondum collecta est, ad corticem vetustum in Härjedalen et Jämtland in Suecia obveniens sec. Th. Fr. 1. c. Sec. Zwackh L. E. n. 775 hanc speciem descripsimus. Apothecia lat. 0.5—10.8 mm, sat dispersa, gonidiis destituta. Hypothecium jodo caerulescens, pachydermaticum, hyphis ramoso-connexis, cavitati bus O.ooi mm latis, oblongis elongatisve. Perithecium circ. O.oso mm crassum, extus rufescens aut pallido-rufescens, hyphisque radianti- bus et leviter pachydermaticis, intus decoloratum et hyphis pachy dermaticis, ramoso-connexis, cavitatibus elongatis, O.ooi mm latis, jodo non reagens. Hymenium non granulosum, circ. O.070 mm cras sum, jodo caerulescens, dein partim vinose rubens. Epithecium KOH non reagens. Paraphyses simplices, haud distincte gelatinosae, circ. 0.0005 mm crassae, apicibus clavatis, circ. O.003 mm crassis. Gonidia globosa, diam. O.005—O.012 mm, cystococcoidea. Gonidia »filiformia, arcuata, long. O.020, crass. O.0005 mm» sec. annot, in herb. Nyl. 89. L. hypopta Ach. Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 61 (sec. specim. orig.); Nyl. Flora 1872 p. 249; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 463; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 142; Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 783. Lecidea luleola 7] hypopta Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1808 p. 266, Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 196. Lecanora subfusca var. biatorea Nyl. Ad Veg. Lich. Hels. (Not. Sällsk. F. et 206 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV Fl. Fenn. FV, 1859) p. 230 (sec. orig. n. 21354 in herb. Nyl.), Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 161. L. vulpinaris Nyl. Flora 1869 p. 410 (sec. specim. orig.), conf. Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 438. Exs. Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. IV (1898) n. 94. — Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. Cont. (1921) n. 742. Thallus tenuissimus aut evanescens, macula albida indi catus aut verruculis minutissimis, albidis aut cinereo-glau- cescentibus, vulgo .dispersis, inspersus, hypothallo indi stincto. Apjothecia parva aut partim vulgo numerosa et crebra vel sat crebra, sat parva vel minutissima, tota adnata, basi haud constricta, vulgo hemisphaerica, disco vulgo bene convexo, fusco-nigro aut rarius nigricante rufescenteve, haud pruinoso, vulgo leviter nitido, primum tenuissime marginata margineque concolore, dein immarginata. Hymenium parte inferiore et hypothecium subhymeniale vulgo subrufescens, ceterum hypothecium decoloratum pallidumve, irregulariter contextum chondroideumque. Epithecium dilute fuscescens aut subrufescens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae 8:nae. fusiformi-oblongae aut oblongae, long. O.oos—O.on, crass. 0.0035—0.005 mm. Distr. Ad ligna vetusta pinea in littoribus lacuum et in ripis rivulorum et interdum ad lignum truncorum locis humidis crescens sat rare aut passim in F'ennia ob\enit. Ab.: Qvidja in Pargas (F. Elfving). N.: Helsingforsiae (Nyl.), Meilans prope Helsingforsiam (Vain.), Vihti (»L. subfusca v. biatorea» Nyl. 1. c). Ik.: Sakkola (Räsänen). Ta.: Ronni in Lammi (G. Leopold), Hollola (Norrl., 21349 in herb. Nyl., H. L. F. Cont. n. 742), Asikkala (Norrl.), Nyys- tölä, Kivistö in Padasjoki (Vain.), ad templum (Norrl.) et ad Tyyst- joki et Soima n. 98 (Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. p. 110) in Korpilahti. Tb.: Norola et Laurinniemi in par. Jyväskylä et ad oppid. Jyväskylä (Vain. 1. c). KOm: Pyhäniemi (Norrl. FT. Kar. Oneg. II p. 29, n. 21356 in herb. Nyl.). Kb.: Ad pag. Lieksa, Nevala, Matovaara et Pankajärvi in par. Lieksa (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 45), Petäinen in Nurmes (Vain.). OKaj.: Lentiira in Kuhmo, ad templum, Saaren- koski (Vain. 1. c), Suomula et Saukko (»L. br achy s per ma» Vain. 1. c. p. 102) in Kianta. Kuus.: Ad Paanajärvi (P. A. Karsten, »L. lurgidula» in Mus. Fenn.; F. Silen, n. 166 »L. minula var. sarcopioi- des» sec. det. Nyl.). Ob.: Alkula (»L. vulpinaris» Nyl. in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 346, »L. hypopla f. insequens» sec. det. Nyl. in Norrl. 1. c, n. 21348 in herb. Nyl.). KKer.: Soukelo (P. A. Karsten Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 207 sec. Th. Fr. 1. c. p. 464). LKem.: Muonio (»L. hypopla f. insequens» Nyl. in Norrl. 1. c. p. 335, n. 750, 21350 in herb. Nyl.). Lin.: Prope basin montis Hammastunturi (Vain.). F. biatorea (Nyl.) Vain. Lecanora subfusca v. bialorea Nyl. (vide supra). Apothecia fusco-nigra aut fuscescentia. Hypothecium subhyme niale fuscescens. Epithecium dilute fuscescens. Est forma typica et maxime distributa hujus speciei. Apothecia lat. 0.4—0.6 (0.3—0.7) mm., gonidiis destituta, medio crass, circ. 0.230 mm. Hypothecium jodo non reagens, hyphis pachydermaticis, conglutinatis, ramoso-connexis, cavitatibus oblongis, O.0005—O.ooi mm latis. Perithecium decoloratum aut extus dilute fuscescens palli dumve, jodo non reagens, hyphis radiantibus, plus minus pachyder maticis, conglutinatis, cavitatibus vulgo oblongis, angustis (circ. O.ooi mm latis). Flymenium circ. O.055 mm crassum, jodo caerulescens, dein obscuratum. Epithecium nec granulosum, nec gelatinoso-obduc- tum, KOH dilutius coloratum, demum decoloratum. Paraphyses simplices, tenues, apice leviter incrassatae (circ. O.ooi5—O.0025 mm crassae), membrana haud distincte gelatinoso-incrassata. Sporae distichae, simplices. Conidia »bacilliformia, recta, long. O.0045, crass. O.ooi mm» sec. adnot. in n. 21354 in herb. Nyl. (brevia etiam ipse vidi, conf. infra), »acicularia, arcuata, long. O.ou—O.ois mm» sec. Th. Fr. 1. c, »filiformia, parum arcuata, long. O.on—O012., crass. O.0005 mm» in »L. insequenle» sec. Nyl. in Flora 1868 p. 142, »filiformia, arcuata, long. O.oio—O.012, crass. O.0005 mm» in specim. Ilelsingforsiae a Nyl. collecto sec. adn. ejus. Conidia duarum formarum igitur in hac specie observata sunt. Gonidia cystococcacea, globosa. F. ruficeps Vain. Apothecia rufescentia. Hypothecium subhymeniale intense palli dum. Epithecium rufum. Distr. Ad truncum pineum vetustum in lacu prope oppid. Jy väskylä (supra indicata, »L. hypopta» sec. determ. Nyl.). »Lecanoram paroploidem» Nyl. in memoriam revocans, sed textura apotheciorum omnino similis Lecideae hijpoptae. Apothecia crebra numerosissimaque, simplicia aut parce duo confluentia, bene con vexa, gonidiis destituta, haud distincte marginata. Perithecium ö*fs>- loratum aut partim extus rufescens. Hypothecium chondroidt hyphis pachydermaticis conglutinatis, irregulariter contextis, ramoso- connexis. Sporae simplices, »long. O.oos—O.oio, crass. O.0035—O.0045 mm» sec. annot. Nyl. F. insequens Nyl. in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lapp. (1873) p. 335, 346. L. insequens Nyl. Flora 1868 p. 474, Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 142. Apothecia atra aut parce etiam fusco-nigra. Hypothecium supe- rius sordide pallidum aut dilute subfuscescens. Epithecium fuscum. 208 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Distr. Ta.: Ad lignum trunci pinei vetusti in Soima in Korpilahti (n. 98, Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. p. 111). OKaj.: Ad lignum in rivulis prope Suomula et Saukko in Kianta (»L. brachysperma» Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 102). Ob.: Ad alveum ligneum molae in Alkula (Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 346). LKem.: Ad lignum pineum vetustum in Muonio (Norrl. 1. c. p. 335, n. 750). LIm: Ad lignum pineum prope basin montis Fiammastunturi (Vain.). Perithecium extus fuscescens, intus decoloratum pallidumve. Paraphyses apice distinctius clavatae, clava fuscescente, O.002—O.003 (—O.005) mm Iata. Sporae »long. O.007—O.oio, crass. O.003—O.004 mm» (sec. Nyl.). Gonidia supra indicata. Apothecia textura sicut in f. bialorea. Obs. Lecidea brachysperma Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 101 (in Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. III, 1925, p. 529 false »saxicola» indicatur), ad lignum in rivulis prope Suomula et Saukko in Kianta collecta, apotheciis magis depressis, majore parte planis, atris, con- ceptaculis conidangiorum violaceo-nigricantibus, conidiis eylindrico- oblongis, long. O.005—O.ooo, crass. O.ooi mm, rectis instructa, praeser tim ob descriptionem falsam conidiorum (»spermatiorum») a Th. Fr. et Nyl. datam, a Lecidea hypopta separatam, revera ad f. insequentem Nyl. pertinet. 90. L. Petsamoensis Räsänen n. sp.1) Thallus effusus, crassitudine mediocri, areolatus, areolae 0.2—0.5 mm. latae, contiguae et angulosae vel hinc inde subdiscretae et magis rotundatae, opacae, depresse convexae, cinerascentes vel plumbeo-cinerascentes. Thal lus sorediis conspicuis, numerosissimis, suis locis confluentibus, instructus, soredia albida, granulosa, diam. usque ad 0.8 mm. (vulgo 0.4—0.5 mm.). Hypothallus in- distinctus. Apothecia numerosa, dispersa vel rarius confluentia, ad ^ressa, sed thallum superantia, mediocria, diam. 0.4—0.7 'Rim. Discus ater, etiam madefactus, epruinosus, nitidus, planus. Margo crassus, tumidulus, persistens, integer, optime nitidus. Excipulum in parte centrali incoloratum vel dilute fuscescens, infra hy^pothecium et versus marginem obscurius, x). Dr. Räsänen had found it to be a new species, the diagnosis has been prepared by the editor. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 209 !). By B. Lynge. 14 fuscescens vel fusco-nigricans. Hypothecium incolora tum. Hymenium strato amorpho incolorato tectum, 85—90 u altum, in parte superiori fuligineum vel fusco-fuligineum. Paraphyses cohaerentes, septatae, versus apicem leviter solum incrassatae. Asci pyriformes. Sporae (saepe male evolutae) ellipsoideae, 13—16 x 6.5—8 ju. Pycnides frustra quaesitae. Hymenium J e caeruleo mox fusco-rubescens, etiam cum hypothecio. Medulla J , KOH rubescens, (crystalla sanguinea praecipituntur), CaCl202 -f-. Lt.: Petsamo, leg. Veli Räsänen, 1921. Obs. As long as its pycnoconidia are unknown it is hardly possible to place it with certainty in any of the many sections of Lecidea. The editor is of opinion that its spores are rather large for the L. litho phila section, he might suggest the L. leucophaea section. It is well distinguished from L. Lulensis, which has the same reaction, by its conspicuous soredia. 91. L. superlata Vain.1). Vainio Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 79. Tab. II, fig. 1. Thallus crassitudine mediocri vel crassiusculus, cine rascens, opacus vel nitidulus, sorediis isidiisque destitu tus, verrucoso-areolatus, areolis parvis, 0.2—0.5 mm, contiguis, angulosis variis formis. Hypothallus ater inter areolas distincte visus et zonam angustam minus distinctam circum thallum formans. Apothecia parvula, diam. 0.5—0.7 mm, numerosissima, thallum densissime tegentia, primo innata, plana et thallum subaequantia, dein depresso-convexiuscula et thallum leviter superantia. Discus ater, epruinosus, immarginatus. Excipu lum parte interiori decoloratum-pallidum, parte exteriori fusco-fuligineum. Hypothecium incoloratum. Hy menium 85—100 fi altum, epithecium fusco-vel olivaceo- fuligineum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, indistinctae, in KOH visae tenues distincteque constricte articulatae. Asci 210 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. ventricosi. Sporae octonae, incoloratae, simplices, guttulas oleosas continentes, majusculae: 14—20 x 10—12 ju. Pycnides ignotae. Medulla J : , KOH flavo-aurantiaea (sec. Vain I.e.: thallus hydrate kalico f ere immutatus), CaCl202 -s-, hymenium J, praecedente haud intense caerulea, pulchre vinose rubens. Dislr. Ad rupem graniticam in regione subalpina montis Nuoru nen in par. Kuusamo. (Vain.). Obs. »Facie externa fere similis est Lecan. gibbosae v. subdepressae, neque valde dissimilis L. obscurissimae Nyl. Flora 1872 p. 553 (Arnold Lich. Exsicc. No. 843), sed L. aspicilioideae Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 542 forsan maxime affinis (Vain. 1. c). If the medulla is white, it is KOH -f-, the editor also found a yellowish medulla, with a distinct reddish-orange KOFI reaction. As stated by Vainio 1. c. it resembles Lecidea aspicilioidea habitually, but it differs considerably from that species in its very coherent paraphyses. A very isolated species in its genus. The editor might suggest the Lecidea leucophaea section, but unfortunately its pyenoconidia are unknown. 92. L. Altensis Th. Fr.1) Th. Fries Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 552, Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 96. Plant a minut a. Thallus obsoletus vel tenuissime verruculosus granulosusve, albidus vel glaucescens. Hypo thallus albidus, valde indistinctus. Apothecia anguste affixa, subelevata, parva, diam. 0.3—0.7 mm, primo plana et indistincte tenuiter elevato- marginata, dein mox convexa immarginata. Discus ater vel (madefactus) obscure a t r o p u r p u r e u s, epruino- sus, laevigatus, nitidiusculus. Excipulum incoloratum vel p.p. fuscescens. Hypothecium incoloratum vel dilute flavescens. Hymenium 50—60 // altum, incolo ratum vel dilute flavescens, strato incolorato amorpho (haud granuloso) tectum. Paraphyses modice cohaerentes, J) By B. Lynge. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 211 satis validae, plus minusve ramosae, fusco-capitatae (4 ii). Asci anguste clavati, pachydermatici. Sporae incoloratae, simplices, octonae, anguste ellipsoideae vel oblongae, 9—12 (—15) x 4—4.5 ( — 5) ju. Pycnoconidia ignota. Medulla J KOH GaCl202 -f-. Hymenium J primo caerulescens, dein asci subpersistenter caerulescentes (Vain. 1. c. »asci. . . demum. . . vinose rubentes») et gelatina hyme nialis subdecolorate vel sordide vinose rubet. Disir. Acl rupes talcaceo-sehistosas et calcareas prope Sirkelä in regione coniferarum mixtarum paroeciae Kuusamo. Even the young, not full-grown paraphyses have dark incrassated tips, giving the hymenium a variegated to brownish colour. Var. fusco-rubescens Vain. Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 96. Differt a typo thallo melius evoluto fusco-cinerascenti, apotheciis fusco-rubescentibus, diutius planis, hymenio 80—90 ju, et paraphysi bus ut videtur arctius cohaerentibus. Dislr. Ks.: ad Kuoppaoja in Kuusamo (Vain.). Gelatina hymenialis J persistenter caerulescens, demum obscure caerulescens. Ad saxa schistosa prope Sirkelä in par. Kuusamo. Obs. The type plant (leg. Norman, in herb. Oslo) has »paraphyses conglutinatae, nigro-capitellatae». (Norm. herb. not.). The habitus is very like some minute formae of Lecidea elaeochroma (Ach.) Th. FT. Lich. Scand. p. 542, as stated by Th. FTies 1. c. But the paraphyses are so coherent that it is difficult to find a place for it in the Lecidea elaeochroma section with its »paraphyses facillime liberae». In a herb, note Vainio has suggested a »Bialora». The editor thinks this a good suggestion. It would place the species in the Lecidea leucophaea section of Th. FTies Lich. Scand. II p. 457. — The hypo thecium, which the editor studied, was decidedly pale, Th. Fries as well as Vainio made the same observation. Sect. Lecidea erythrophaea.1). Apothecia parva, (vulgo) obscurata, hypothecium (nor- maliter) pallidum, paraphyses plus minusve concretae, !). In his herbarium Vainio had referred the two species Lecidea obscurella (Somrft) Nyl. and Lecidea Cadubriae (Mass.) Nyl. to the genus Lecanora. Th. M. FTies referred them to his section erijlhro- phaea of the genus Lecidea (Lich. Scand. lip. 467 and 468). 212 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. sporae mediocres vel minutae, pycnoconidia (ubi visa) minuta, brevia. Obs. In Vainio's manuscript the editor found one sheet, reserved for Lecidea humida (Kullh.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II p. 477. But it was quite evident that he had resolved to drop it, on the reason that it was not a Lecidea, but »LJannularia humida (Kullh.) Vain.». — There was another remark: »Lecidea subhurnida Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 50 omnino diversa.» 93. L. erythrophaea Floerk. in Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 163; Th. FT. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 465. Bialora Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 196. Lecidea minuta Mass. Ric. Lich. Crost. (1852) p. 76 (sec. A. L. Smith Mon. Brit. Lich. II p. 34); Mudd Mon. Brit. Lich. (1861) p. 195 (L. anomala v. minuta Schaer. Lich. Helv. Exs., 1836, n. 211 p. p., sec. cit.). Bialora hijalinella Koerb. Syst. Lich. (1855) p. 201 (sec. Th. Fr.). Lecidea mulabilis var. sienospora Nyl. Flerb. Mus. Fenn. (1859) p. 88. L. vernal is *L. lenebricosa Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 201. L. iene- bricosa Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 145. Bialora lenebricosa Norm. Spec. Loc. Nat. (1868) p. 112 (352). B. alnicola Anzi Lich. Etrur. Exs. (1863) ii.27 (sec. Nyl. I.e.). Exs. Leight. Lich. Brit. Exs. X (1858) n. 298, XI (1858) n. 326 (sec. A. L. Sm. 1. c, Nyl. 1. c). — Mudd Lich. Brit. Exs. II (1861) n. 163 (sec. Nyl.) — Anzi Lich. Etrur. Exs. (1863) n. 27 (sec. Nyl.). — Havas Lich. Norv. Exs. (1915) n. 492. Thallus tenuis aut sat tenuis, verrucoso- vel verruculoso- inaequalis, albidus, continuus, aut subevanescens, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia sat parva aut partim mediocria, late adnata, basi demum leviter constricta, disco fusco aut fuseo-nigro aut fusco-rufescente aut raro testaceo, haud pruinoso, saepe leviter nitido, piano aut depresso-convexo aut demum bene convexo, margine tenui aut sat tenui, leviter prominente, nigricante fuscove aut raro testaceo, nitido, persistente aut vulgo demum excluso. Hypo thecium decoloratum, aut raro sublutescens pallidumve, irre gulariter eontextum, chondroideum. Epithecium fuscum aut rarius rufescens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae 8:nae, oblongae aut subfusiformi-oblongae, long. O.oio—O.oie, crass. 0.003—-O.oos mm (»long. O.oio—O.ois mm» sec. Th. Fr.). Acta Societatis pro Fauna et FTora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 213 Dislr. Ad corticem arborum (praesertim frondosarum), velut Populi, Aini, Salicis, Tiliae, rarius etiam Juniperi et ad lignum pineum resinosum atque saxa crescit, in maxima parte Fenniae passim obve- niens. N.: Kyrkslätt (Lang). Pohjoiskorkia Hoglandiae (Brenn. Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. p. 85), Fredriksberg, Tölö et alibi ad Helsingfor siam (Vain.), Degerö ad Helsingforsiam (Lang). Esbo et Vihti (Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 201). Ka.: Vanha-Viipuri et Hietala ad Viburgum (Vain. Lich. Vib. p. 61). KOI.: Nikola et Humbaritsa (Elfv. Ant. Veg. Svir p. 168). St.: (A. J. Malmgren sec. Nyl. 1. c). Ta.: Tiiris maa locis numerosis, Hersala, Messilä in Hollola (Vain.), Nyystölä, Vieru, Kirkonkylä in Padasjoki (Vain.), in territorio ad Vesijärvi passim (sec. Norrl. Bidr. Sydöstr. Tav. Fl. p. 186), Kesäin in Luhanka (Vain.), sat frequenter in Korpilahti (Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. p. 110). Haarajärvi in Evo par. Lammi (Lang). KL: Remtjinkorpi in Soan- lahti (Lang). KOm: pluribi sec. Norrl. (Fl. Kar. Oneg. II p. 20). Tb.: Norola et Laurinniemi in Jyväskylä (Vain.). Sb.: Rautalampi (Nyl. 1. c), Kuopio (Lang Lich. Sav. Bor. p. 33). Maljalampi prope opp. Kuopio (Linkola). Kb.: passim (sec. Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 46). Lieksa (Lang). KPom. Occ: Koroppi, Kiimosvaara (Vain.). OKaj.: Pietari et Hossa in Kianta (Vain. I.e.). Ob.: Simo (Räsänen). Alkkula (Norrlin). Turtola (Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 346). Kuus.: Näränkävaara (Vain. 1. c.), Iivaara (F. Silen). KKer.: Kivakka (Vain. 1. c.). LKem.: Jerisjärvi, Vähäniva, Karesuanto (Norrl. 1. c.). Lin.: In reg. bet. ad Köngäs prope Mare Glaciale (Vain. 1. c.). F. lenebricosa (Nyl.) Vain. Apothecia disco fusco aut fusconigro aut fusco-rufescente. Dislr. Est f. typica et maxime distributa hujus speciei. Thallus KOH non reagens. Apothecia sat crebra aut dispersa, lat. 0.4—1 mm, simplicia aut rarius demum p. p. tuberculosa con- fluentiave, gonidiis destituta. Hypothecium jodo non reagens, hy phis pachydermaticis, conglutinatis, ramoso-connexis, cavitatibus oblongis, 0.ooo5 mm latis. Perithecium in margine aut extus fusce scens et intus subtusjque decoloratum, jodo non reagens, hyphis radi- antibus, pachydermaticis, conglutinatis, cavitatibus oblongis, O.ooi— 0.0005 mm latis. Hymenium circ. O.070 mm crassum, jodo caerulescens. Epithecium fuscum, tenue, granulis parcis fuscis, haud gelatinoso- obductum, KOH nec reagens, nec dissolutum. Paraphyses simplices, membrana haud gelatinosa, in KOH sat laxe cohaerentes, tenues, p. p. apice vix incrassatae, p. p. clavatae. Sporae distichae. Gonidia cystococcoidea. Obs. In specimine (n. 19905 in herb. Nyl.) in Kylemore a Larbal. collecto (Larbal. Lich. Herb. Ill, 1879, n. 102), »L. rufofusca» a Nyl. perperam determinato, conidia sec. annot, (et icon.) Nyl. »filiformia, 214 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. bene aut parcius leviter curvata, long. O.020—0.024, crass. O.0005— O.0006 mm». Facie externa similis est L. erylhrophaeae, thallo sublae- vigato, continuo, tenui instructa, sed sporis sec. Nyl. »long. O.012— O.020, crass. O.oos—O.011 mm» ab hae specie differt. F. rufescens Vain. Apothecia disco rufescente. Distr. Ad corticem Sorbi in Tiirismaa (Vain.) et ad. corticem Aini incanae ad Vieru in Padasjoki (supra indicata). F. testacea Vain. Apothecia disco testaceo. Dislr. Ad corticem Salicis in Padasjoki (Vain.) et in Sutonen in Korpilahti (Vain., supra indicata). Hypothecium subhymeniale dilute pallidum. Perithecium in parte superiore extus rufescenti-testaceum, ibi partim etiam cavita tibus rotundatis, diam. O.004—O.ooo mm, in seriebus subsimplicibus dispositis, sat leptodermaticis. In membranis hypharum hypothecii et perithecii stratum interius tenue a strato exteriore gelatinoso- incrassato distincte limitatum. Flymenium circ. O.ooo mm crassum. Epithecium tenue, testaceo-rufescens. Ceterum haec forma simile est f. ienebricosae. 94. L. turgidula Fr.1). Sched. crit. I (1842) p. 10, Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 337; Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 201, Lich. Lapp, orient. (1866) p. 146 p. p.; Th. M. Fries Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 469, ubi syn. crit.; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1881) p. 48, Lich. Konda (1928) p. 100; Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un III (1925) p. 840. Lecidella turgidula Fr. Kbr Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 243. Bialora turgidula FT. Arn. Lich. Ausfl. Tirol XXI (1880) p. 40 (132); Elenkin Lich. Florae Ross, med., fasc. 3—4 (1911) p. 384. Exs. Arn. Lich. Exs. (1894) n. 1621. — Fries Lich. Suec. I (1818) n. 25. — Krypt. Vindob. XIII (1905) n. 1229. — Malme Lich. Suec. V (1909) n. 116. — Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. IV (1875) n. 172. — Stenh. Lich. Suec. VIII n. 215. — Suza Lich. Boh.-Slov. IV (1929) 11. 100. — Vide Lynge Index Lich. Exs. II (1920) p. 40, 186 et 187. Thallus vulgo tenuissimus usque evanescens, hypophloeodes, interdum melius evolutus, sed semper tenuis, albidus, rarissime minute granulosus. Apothecia numerosa, dispersa, parva vel minuta: diam. 0.2—0.5 mm., primitus plana et indistincte marginata, !). By B. Lynge. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 215 deinde mox convexa et i m m a r gi n a t a. Discus ru- gulosus, fusco-nigrescens vel ater, strato amorpho incolorato tectus (KOH), ab initio saepe caesiopruinosus, deinde nudus, nitidus. Excipulum flavo-fuscescens vel (sec. Th. Fr. 1. c.) plus minus sordide obscuratum, extus hyphis radiantibus conglutinatis, sat tenuibus, cavita tibus angustis, contextum. Hypothecium dilute flavescens. Hymenium angustum: 40—45 //, superne olivaceo-nigricans. Paraphyses conglutinatae, ramosae et hinc inde anastomo- santes, sat validae, in apice capitatae: 4—5 et obscuratae, olivaceo-fuligineae vel fusco-fuligineae vel (KOH) plus minusve caerulescentes. Asci pyriformes, octospori. Sporae distichae, oblongae, lateribus subcylindricae, apicibus obtu- sae aut rotundatae, 6—12 x 2—4 p. Sec. Th. F>ies 1. c. »Spermatia Lecideae Cadubriae similia», i. e. »Spermogonia semiimmersa, nigra. Spermatia anguste linearia v. cylindrica, vulgo paullum curvula, 5—6 X l.o—1.5 p.» Hymenium J caeruleo-nigricans, asci persistenter colo- rati. — Sec. Th. FVies I.e.: »Hymenium jodo intense cae- rulescit, dein sordidescit.» Dislr. Ad cortices, praecipue Pini, sed etiam Piceae et Juniperi, atque ligna nuda vetusta. Ut videtur in toto territorio. — N.: Hel singforsia (Lang). Ik.: Muola (Kihlman). Sakkola (Lang). Ta.: Tiirismaa in Hollola (Vain.). Evo in Lammi (Lang). Korpilahti pluribi (Vain.). Sb.: Kuopio (Collan et Lönnbohm). Kb.: Lieksa (Lang). Lipinlahti in Nurmes (Vain.). OKaj.: Kiannanniemi in Kianta (Vain.). Li.: Paatsjoki (Vain.). Veskoniemi in Inari (Vain.). In Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 48 Vainio records the following formae: F. lypica Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 470 p. p. L. sub g lo merellä Nyl., Flora 1875 p. 10. Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. 178 (misprint for 172). »Apothecia nuda vel fere nuda, epithecio olivaceo vel smaragdulo. Thallus vulgo parum evolutus. — Multis locis ad corticem pini et lignum vetustum e Karelia boreali usqve ad regionem piniferam Lapponiae Inarensis (ibi ad Koppelo, Veskoniemi, Paatsjoki).» F. endopella Leight. Lich. Great Brit. ed. 3, p. 261. Exs. Cromb. Lich. Brit. I (1874) n. 84. »Apothecia nuda. Epithecium fuscescens, hydrate kalico sma- ragdulum vel olivaceo-fuscescens. Hypothecium incolorato-fusce- 216 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV scens. Thallus parum evolutus. — In Karelia boreali: ad pag. Lieksa in par. ejusdem nominis, in par. Kuusamo legit F. Silen, in Karelia Rossica: in regione subalpina montis Kivakka. Ad lignum in truncis et parietibus obvia.» In addition to the above mentioned localities the editor found the following plants in the Finnish herbaria: Ab.: Lehmämaa prope Aboam (Sederholm). Vihti (Lang). N.: Gammelstad in Helsingforsia (Vain.). Ka.: Uuras et Vanha-Viipuri in Viburgo (Vain.). Ta.: Tii rismaa in Hollola (Vain.). Luhanka (Vain.). Korpilahti (Vain.). Tb.: Jyväskylä (Vain.). Ob.: Tiuranen in Simo (Räsänen). F. pilhyophila (Somrft) Th. Fr. Suppl. Flor. Lapp. (1826) p. 154. Th. M. Fries Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 470. Exs. Malme Lich. Suec. V (1000) n. 117, XV (1913) n. 360. »Apothecia nuda vel rarius tenuissime pruinosa. Hymenium cae rulescens (epithecio fuligineo), hydrate kalico smaragdulum. Thallus obsoletus. — Multis locis a Karelia boreali usque ad Lapponiani Ina- rensem, velut in regione coniferarum mixtarum ad Ivalojoki, in re gione subalpina montis Hammastunturi, ad Veskoniemi in regione pinifera. Ad lignum in ramis et caudicibus pini (etiam juniperi) lecta.» In addition to the above mentioned localities the editor found the following plants in the Finnish herbaria: Ab.: Vihti (Vain.). N.: Helsingforsia (Vain.). Gesterby in Kyrkslätt (Lang). Ta.: Evo in Lammi (Lang). Sutonen in Korpilahti (Vain.). K. Pom. occid.: Koroppi in Repola (Vain.). L.Kerm: Muonio (Norrl.). Le.: (Norrlin). F. subalbida Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 49. »Apothecia pruinosa. Thallus tenuis, laevigatus vel granulosus — granulato-rugosus. — Ad corticem pini nonnullis locis saltern in Kare lia boreali. Transitum in var. sequentem praebet.» The editor found the following plants in the Finnish herbaria: Ta.: Hollola (Vain.). Prusila in Padasjoki (Vain.). Sutonen in Korpilahti (Vain.). Var. pulveracea Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 470. Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 49. Exs. Krypt. Vindob. XXI (1913) n. 2059. Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. VII (1882) n. 309. »Apothecia plus minusve pruinosa. Thallus crassior, albidus, fari- naceo vel granuloso-sorediosus. In regione infralapponica: ad corti cem abietis in montibus Ohtosenvaara et Hiidenvaara in par. Kuhmo.» The editor also found the following plants in the FTnnish herbaria: N.: Fredriksberg ad Helsingforsiam (Vain.). Ta.: Kirkonkylä in Padasjoki (Vain.) Tianen in Korpilahti (Vain.). Ob.: Sistola in Oulu (Räsänen). Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57. N:o 2. 217 F. lividula Nyl. apud Vain. FTorula Tavastiae orientalis (1878) p. 111. Thallus pulveraceus. Apothecia pallescenti-lividula. Dislr. Ta.: Piililä in Korpilahti (Vain.). 95. L. olivascens Th. Fr.1) Th. Fries Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 471. Thallus tenuis vel tenuissimus, effusus, granulis dispersis vel sub contiguis supra corticem Alni for- matus. Granulae minutae: O.i—0.2 mm latae, rotunda- tae vel varie crenatae, subverrucosae, molles, sed non fatiscentes, cinereo-olivascentes vel flavo-cinerascentes. Apothecia numerosa, dispersa, mollia, parva: diam. 0.2—0.4 (—0.5) mm, adpressa, primitus plana et indis- tincte marginata, dein mox depresse convexa, immargi- nata. Discus epruinosus, subnitidus, olivaceo-nigri- cans vel fusco-nigricans, madefactus fuscescens vel olivaceus. Excipulum incoloratum, molle, etiam cum hypothecio. Hymenium 65—70 ju altum, incolora tum vel dilute flavescens vel flavo-fuscescens, saltern in parte superiori, strato incolorato, amorpho, plus minusve granuloso tectum. Paraphyses concretae, indistinctae, satis validae (KOH), in apice non incrassatae. Asci inflato- vel subventricoso-clavati. Sporae oblongae, vel fusiformi- oblongae, utrinque obtusae, 13—17 X 4—5 p. Thallus KOH pallide flavescens, CaCl202 dilute rubescens. Gelatina hymenialis J haud tingitur, sed asci J persistenter caerulescentes, saltern versus apicem. Distr. Ad corticem Alni prope Mustiala, socia Periusariae prolube- raniis (P. A. Karsten). 96. L. microsphaeroides Vain. (n. sp.) Exs. Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. Cont. (1921) n. 739. Thallus tenuis aut tenuissimus, macula alba indicatus, verruculis convexis passim inspersus, sorediis destitutus, !). By B. Lynge. 218 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. hypothallo indistincto (conf. infra). Apothecia sat crebra, parva aut minutissima, late adnata, basi demum constricta, disco convexo, atro, haud pruinoso, parum nitido, margine tenuissimo, subalbido primum instructa aut f ere mox immar- ginata. Hypothecium irregulariter contextum, superne sor dide subcinerascens, inferne decoloratum. Hymenium haud granulosum, epithecio cyaneo-fuligineo, KOH non reagente. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae 8:nae, oblongae ellip- soideaeve, long. O.007—-O.012, crass. O.002—O.004 mm. Dislr. Ad corticem Abietis putrescentis in Kotomäki in Pyhäniemi par. Hollola (a. 1882 a Norrl. collecta, »L. alroviridis v. subglobulosa» in II. L. F. cont. n. 739). Intermedia est inter L. lurgidulam, cui habitu subsimilis, et L. atroviridem, a priore colore perithecii et reactione epithecii et a posteriore apotheciis constanter minoribus (etsi abundanter collectis) et textura leviter dissimilibus differens. Thallus KOH non reagens, gonidiis tantum in verruculis inclusis, quare partes albae inter verru- culas sitae revera ad hypothallum pertinent. Apothecia lat. 0.5— 0.2 mm, crass. ad marginem O.140, medio 0.2 mm, gonidiis destituta, partibus obscuratis HN03 demum violascentibus. Flypothecium jodo caerulescens, dein partim vinose rubens, irregulariter contextum, inferne pachydermaticum, cavitatibus difformibus, O.0015-—O.002 mm latis, superne leptodermaticum et HN03 dilute violascens. Perithe cium 0.030—0.040 mm crassum, decoloratum, in margine intus sub- fuscescenti- aut subcyanescenti-obscuraturn, KOH non reagens, in tus jodo caerulescens, hyphis radiantibus, parum vel leviter pachy dermaticis, cavitatibus oblongis, O.ooi mm latis. Hymenium circ. 0.050 mm crassum, jodo caerulescens, dein partim vinose rubens. Epithecium KOH distinctius caerulescens, dein dilutescens. Para physes simplices, membrana leviter gelatinoso-incrassata, in KOH visae partim discretae et apice leviter incrassatae. Sporae distichae, simplices. Gonidia cystococcoidea. 97. L. atroviridis (Arn.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 472; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 45; Hedl. Krit. Bern. Lee. Micar. (1892), p. 64. Lecidella turgidula var. atroviridis Arn. Fl. 1864 p. 596. Bialora atroviridis Flellb. Ner. Laffl. (1870) p. 69; Arn. Lich. Frank. Jura FL 1885 p. 152. Lecidea ocelliformis Nyl. Fl. 1865 p. 145, Fl. 1882 p. 453; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 145. Bialora admixla Kullh. Lich. Rar. Must. (1871) p. 275 (sec. specim. orig.), haud Th. Fr. Bot. Not. 1863 p. 9 (sec. Lich. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 219 Scand. II p. 469). Lecidea subocelliformis Nyl. Fl. 1882 p. 453 (conf. infra). Exs. Arn. Lich. Exs. (1865) n. 277. — Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1881) n. 681. — Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. VII (1882) n. 307, cont. (1921) n. 738, 739 (in herb. Vain.). - - Lojka Lich. Univ. V (1886) n. 234. — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. IV (1898) n. 93, VI (1909) n. 142. Thallus tenuis aut sat tenuis, verrucoso- et verruculoso- inaequalis, verrucis vulgo depresso-convexis, contiguis, albido- glaucescens vel impure albidus, sorediis destitutus, hypo thallo cinereo-cyanescente nigricanteve aut obsoleto. Apo thecia vulgo sat crebra, sat parva aut partim mediocria, tota adnata, disco depresso-convexo aut rarius bene convexo. nigro atrove aut vulgo saltern partim livido- vel subcaeru- lescenti-nigricante aut livido-fuscescente, haud pruinoso. vulgo subnitido, margine sat tenui depressoque subcinereo- pallescente vel caeruleo-nigricante demum aut fere mox excluso. Hypothecium sordide subdecoloratum aut pallidum aut inferne fulvescens vel subviolascens aut medio toto sor dide subviolascens, textura variabili. Hymenium haud granulosum, totum aut partim inferne superneve cyanescens aut partim epithecio decolorato pallidove. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, ellipsoideae aut oblon gae, long. 0.006—0.013, crass. 0.003—0.004 mm (sec. Hedl. long. O.oos—O.016, crass. O.003—O.004 mm). Distr. Ad corticem Alni, Abietis, Sorbi, Tiliae, Salicis, Goryli, Padi, Juniperi collecta, passim in prov. med. Fenniae proveniens, meridiem versus rarescens et prov. septentrionalibus deficiens. Ab.: Ruissalo vel Runsala prope Aboam (Vain.). N.: Gumtäckt Helsing- forsiae (Vain.), Gesterby in Kyrkslätt (A. Kullhem). Ka.: Pietarin- puoli Viburgi (Vain.), Vammelsuu in Uusikirkko (A. O. Kihlman). Ta.: Passim in Tammela (»B. admixla» Kullh. Lich. Must. p. 275), Tiirismaa (Vain.) et Flersala (Vain.), Uusikartano (Norrl. H. L. F. n. 307), Pyhäniemi (Norrl. 1. c. n. 739) et Enonsaari (Norrl.) in Hol lola, Kaila in Asikkala (Norrl.), Evo (Norrl.), Sutoinen et Soima in Korpilahti (Vain.). KOm: Perttiniemi et Mundjärvi (Norrl., Fl. Kar. Oneg. II p. 28). Sb.: Ad Neulalampi in Kuopio (K. Linkola). Kb.: Kivivaara et Koriseva in Lieksa (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 45). Indicationes in litteratura de distributione hujus speciei in- certae sunt, quia a Nyl. aliisque auct. cum L. plusiospora commixta est. 220 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Thallus KOFI leviter flavescens, demum subfulvescens, GaCl202 non reagens [hypothallus in var. irislicolore Vain. (in Flavaas Beitr. Westnorw. Flecht. I p. 27) nigricans, bene evolutus continuusquej. Apothecia lat. 0.5—0.8 (—0.3) mm, saepe sat tenuia, gonidiis desti tuta, partibus subcyanescentibus HN03 violascentibus. Hypothe cium jodo reagens (sicut hymenium), vulgo tenue (in f. subglobosa crassius), hyphis suberectis aut partim sat irregulariter contextis, leviter pachydermaticis, crebre septatis, cavitatibus subglobosis aut ellipsoideis, O.005—O.0015 mm latis, ceterum valde variabile. Perithe cium circ. 0.040—O.120 mm crassum, subdecoloratum aut intus dilute vel intense cyanescens, sat pachydermaticum, jodo partim aut totum dilute caerulescens, hyphis radiantibus, sat pachydermaticis, sim- plicibus aut in limite hymenii ramoso-connexis, cavitatibus angustis- simis, vix O.ooi mm latis, oblongis. Hymenium O.070—O.140 mm cras sum, jodo caerulescens, dein obscure vinose rubens aut partim ful vescens. Paraphyses simplices aut in latere hymenii ramoso-con nexae, apice parum incrassatae, membrana leviter gelatinoso-in- crassata, cavitatibus O.ooi—O.0015 mm latis, saepe elongatis. Sporae 8:nae aut saepe abortu pauciores, distichae, simplices. Gonidia cystococcoidea, globosa et subglobosa. I7, dilulescens Vain. L. atroviridis f. ocelliformis Hedl. 1. c. p. p. Apothecia depresso-convexa, disco livido- vel cinereo-rufescente aut fusco-nigricante, marginem versus saepe pallidiore. Distr. Ad corticem Abietis excelsae junioris, Juniperi, Sorbi aucu- pariae, Salicis capreae et Goryli collecta. Ka.: Vanhaviipuri (Vain.). Ta.: Hersala (Vain.), Tiirismaa (Vain., Norrl. H. L. F", n. 738) et Isosaari (Vain.) in Hollola, Sutoinen, Tianen et Rutalahti in Korpi lahti (»L. ocelliformis» in Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. p. 112). Textura apotheciorum cum L. alroviridi nec L. lignaria con- gruens, quamquam facie externa posteriori similis, ab ea reactione partium subcyanescentium HN03 violascentium etiam sterilis dig- nota. Hymenium parte inferiore subcyanescens, parte superiore decoloratum aut totum dilute caerulescens. F. ocelliformis (Nyl.) Vain. (Hedl. 1. c. p. p.). Apothecia depresso-convexa, disco nigricante aut subcaeruleo- nigricante, novella margine pallidiore saepe conspicuo. Distr. Locis numerosis collecta. F. subglobosa (Nyl.) Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 45; Hedl. 1. c. Lecidea subglobulosa Nyl. Fl. 1867 p. 327; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 148. Calillaria globulosa f. subglobulosa Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. Il (1874) p. 576. Apothecia bene convexa, nigra aut nigricantia, vulgo simplicia, margine inconspicuo. Hymenium totum caerulescens aut epithecio partim decolorato, KOH dilutius caerulescens aut demum decoloratum. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 221 Distr. Ad corticem Alni, Sorbi et Salicis capreae et Abietis col lecta. Ta.: Mustiala (A. Kullhem), Tiirismaa in Hollola (Vain.), Evo (J. P. Norrlin), Kesäin in Luhanka (Vain.), Soima in Korpilahti (Vain.). KOm: Perttiniemi et Mundjärvi (Norrl. Fl. Kar. Oneg II p. 28). Kb.: Kivivaara in Lieksa (Vain. 1. c). F. Tiirismaensis Vain. Apothecia depresse aut bene convexa, vulgo acervulato-proli- ficantia aut tuberculato-divisa, nigricantia aut partim subfuscescen- tia, margine inconspicuo. In apotheciis nigricantibus hymenium superius subcyanescenti-nigricans, KOH fuscescens aut sordide subviolascens. Distr. Ad corticem Sorbi in Tiirismaa in Hollola (a. 1873 abun danter legi). Notis internis externisque ab L. alroviridi differt, sed apotheciis simplicibus fuseescentibus f. dilulescenti similis. Perithecium deco loratum et in margine intus aut fere totum dilute sordide subolivaceo- fuscescenti-pallidum. Hypothecium sordide pallidum, jodo caeru lescens deindeque vinose rubens, tenue et irregulariter contextum aut crassum et hyphis erectis. Hymenium inferius sordide pallidum, jodo caerulescens, dein vinose rubens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, crebre septatae, membrana leviter gelatinosa, cavitate O.ooi—O.0015 mm lata, apicem versus rarius O.003 mm, parte inferiore ramoso-con nexae. Sporae 8:nae, simplices, long. O.013—O.017, crass. O.003—O.ooo mm, apicibus obtusis. Apothecia gonidiis destituta. In apotheciis fuseescentibus hymenium totum sordide pallidum aut partim pallido- fuscescens aut epithecio subdecolorato (haud caerulescens). Obs. Lecidea subocelliforrnis Nyl. Fl. 1882 p. 453 sec. herb. Nyl. spectat ad Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1881) n. 681, ubi sec. Lynge (Ind. p. 553) nominatur L. pleiotaea Nyl. »Sporis variantibus 1-septatis» a Nyl. descripta, sed ceteris notis ab eo indicatis et facie externa (in herb. Nyl.) non differt a L. lignaria Koerb. 98. L. phaeopelidna Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 99. Tab. IV, fig, 1. Thallus tenuis aut tenuissimus, verruculis sat crebris inspersus, albus, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia sat crebra, minuta, lat. 0.3—0.5 mm, tenuia, basi non distincte constricta, fere tota adnata, disco piano aut demum leviter convexo, nigro aut raro fusco-atro, nudo, sat opaco, fere mox immarginata. Hypothecium pallide fulvo- 22 2 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. fuscescens, in parte superiore hyphis erectis. Perithecium fulvo-fuscescens aut subviolascens. Epithecium decolora tum interdum granulosum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, leviter gelatinosae. Sporae 8:nae, ellipsoideae aut ellipsoideo- oblongae, long. O.on—O.ois, crass. 0.005—0.009 mm. Distr. OKaj.: Ad corticem Salicis desiccatae in abieto prope liossa in par. Kinuta. Facie externa subsimilis est Bilimbiae populorum (Mass.) Vain. (L. acclini Flot.), sed textura apotheciorum affinitatem ejus cum L. alroviridi (Arn.) Th. Fr. indicat. Thallus verruculis 0.05—0.15 mm latis, convexis. Apothecia crass. circ. 0.2 mm. Hypothecium membranis modice incrassatis, KOH non reagens. Perithecium chon- droideum, hyphis radiantibus, parce ramoso-connexis, cavitatibus angustis, elongatis, membranis leviter gelatinoso-incrassatis, KOH modice turgescentibus. Hymenium circ. O.ooo—O.ioo mm crassum, basin versus saepe fulvescens, jodo caerulescens deindeque sordide vinose rubens. Paraphyses simplices et partim parce ramoso-con nexae, apice non incrassatae, membrana in KOH modice turgescente. Asci clavati, long. O.045—O.050, crass. O.015—O.017 mm. Sporae di stichae aut rarius monostichae, simplices, long. O.011—-O.ois, crass. O.ooo—0.009 mm. Gonidia globosa et subglobosa, membrana incras sata, tantum simplicia visa, forsan pleurococcoidea. 09. L. subfuscescens Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 100. Thallus obsoletus aut tenuissimus, sat laevigatus aut leviter verruculoso-inaequalis, albidus, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia minuta, lat. 0.3—0.4 mm, tenuia, basi parum leviterve constricta, disco piano, nigro aut raro sub- fuscescente, nudo, sat opaco aut leviter nitido, margine tenui, concolore aut fuscescente, nitido aut opaco, saepe demum excluso. Hypothecium albidum pallidumve, tenue, hyphis irre gulariter contextis, strato thallino gonidia continente imposi tum. Perithecium laterale in parte inferiore strato myelohy- phico gonidiis destituto instructum. Epithecium intense aeru ginoso-nigricans aut subolivaceum, KOH immutatum. Para physes arcte cohaerentes, non gelatinosae, apice capitatae clavataeve. Sporae 8:nae, ellipsoideae aut partim globosae, long. 0.007—0.009 (—O.005), crass. O.005 (O.oos-—0.006) mm. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 223 Distr. LIn.: Ad corticem desiccatum Salicis in reg. pinifera ad Veskoniemi (Vain.). LTul.: Petsamontunturit in Petsamo (Kujala). Facie externa Caiillariae alropurpureae similis et quasi forma in Biatoras regressa Lecanorae obscurellae (Sommerf.) Iledl. Apothecia crass, circ. O.120 mm, margine integro, primum leviter prominente. Hypothecium hyphis conglutinatis, sat leptodermaticis. Perithecium in margine extus olivaceum aut subaeruginosum, intus subpallidum, hyphis radiantibus, sat leptodermaticis, conglutinatis, cavitate tenui, gonidiis destitutum. Hymenium circ. O.045 mm crassum, »jodo caeru lescens» (Vain. 1. c). Paraphyses simplices, tenues, apice O.003— 0.004 mm crasso. Sporae distichae. Gonidia cystococcoidea, globosa, diam. O.oio—O.oie mm, membrana sat tenui. 100. L. subhumida Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 50. Thallus tenuis aut sat tenuis aut modice incrassatus, ver- ruculosus aut verruculoso-inaequalis, dispersus, fuscus aut fusco-nigricans aut passim parcius olivaceo-pallescens, sore diis destitutus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia simplicia, minuta et lat. 0.3—0.6 mm, demum vulgo tuberculoso-divisa et lat. usque ad 1.2 mm, primum depresso-convexa, demum elevata et subglobosa, basi primum late adnata, demum con stricta, fusca aut fusco-nigricantia aut raro rufescentia, nuda, nitida, immarginata. Hypothecium pallidum aut decolora tum, basi hyphis partim irregulariter contextis, ceterum erec tis. Epithecium rufescens fuscescensve. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae 8:nae, ellipsoideae aut subglobosae et long. 0.005 —O.ooo et crass. O.ooe—O.oos mm, aut p. p. globosae et diam. O.003—0.005 mm. Distr. LIn.: Ad lignum durum et intus resinosum Pini sijtveslris in reg. pinifera prope Paatsjoki una cum Lecidea melancheima. Facie externa et textura apotheciorum vix differt a L. Tornoensi, sed sporis omnino dissimilibus et gonidiis ad aliam speciem pertinen- tibus et thallo vulgo obscuriore, sporae autem non satis abundanter evolutae. Apothecia dispersa aut partim sat crebra, KOH non rea gentia. Hypothecium hyphis conglutinatis, sat tenuibus, leviter pachydermaticis, cavitatibus angustis, saepe oblongis, jodo caeru lescens, in parte infima dilutissime carulescens aut lutescens. Perithe cium in parte inferiore laterali apothecii evolutum, circ. O.030—O.040 224 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. mm crassum, jodo non reagens aut dilutissime caerulescens, hypothe cio subsimile. Hymenium jodo caerulescens. Paraphyses ramoso- connexae, membrana gelatinosa, leviter incrassata, KOH turgescente, apice capitato obscuratoque, non gelatinoso, O.003—O.ooo mm crasso. Epithecium strato gelatinoso decolore non obductum. Sporae mem brana sat tenui, distichae, decolores, simplices. Gonidia pleuro- coccoidea, glomerulosa, subglobosa, membrana incrassata. 101. L. lignaria (Koerb.) Nyl. Flora 1881 p. 184, 455; Vain. Lich. Gaucas. (1899) p. 322; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 142 et in Lamy Suppl. Cat. Lich. Mont-Dore (1882) p. 15, Exp. Lich. Cauter. (1884) p. 70. Bialora glomerala b. lignaria Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 204 (sec. Arn.), Par. Lich. 2 Lief. (1860) p. 154. B. lignaria Arn. Lich. Tirol XI (1873) p. 34 (518), nec Lecidea lignaria Ach. (ad Bilimbiam pertinens, conf. Vain. Lich. Fenn. II p. 247), nec Hepp (Flecht. Eur. n.20, conf. Vain. 1. c. p. 255). B. Cadubriae var. symphicarpoides Mull. Arg. FTora 1870 p, 163 (sec. Arn. et specim. in herb. Nyl.). B. betulicola Kullh. Lich. Rar. Must. (1871) p. 275. L. sapinea Nyl. in Lamy Gat. Lich. Mont-Dore (1880) p. 102 (sec. n. 21408 in herb. Nyl.). L. plusiospora Th. Fr. (et Hulting) Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 473 (sec. Nyl. Flora 1881 p. 184); Hedl. Krit. Bern. Lee. Micar. (1892) p. 62. Thallus tenuis aut sat tenuis, verrucoso- et verruculoso- inaequalis, verrucis vulgo depresso-convexis, albido-glau- cescens vel impure albidus, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia vulgo sat crebra, sat parva aut partim fere mediocria, tota adnata, disco depresso-convexo aut bene convexo, livido-fuscescente aut rufescente aut nigricante, haud pruinoso, subnitido, margine sat tenui, concolore palli diore, saepe demum aut fere mox excluso. Hypothecium superne fuscescenti-lividum vel sordide pallidum, inferne (aut totum sec. Th. Fr., Arn. et Hedl.) decoloratum. Hyme nium haud granulosum, parte inferiore late angusteve fusce scenti-lividum vel pallidum (aut »fuscidulo-sordidum aut incoloratum» sec. Hedl., aut »epithecio leviter fuscescente» sec. Arn.), epithecio vulgo decolorato. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae 12:nae (»—16:nae» sec. Th. Fr., »— 32:nae» sec. Hedl.), ellipsoideae aut oblongae, »long. O.ooe — 0.009 (—O.012), crass. O.003—O.004 mm» (sec. Hedl.). Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 225 15 Dislr. »Ad corticem Abietis, Juniperi, Betulae, Alni et ad lignum nudum sec. Hedl. erescit. Ad corticem Betulae in Mustiala (B. Belu- licola Kullh. 1. c.) et ad corticem Pruni padi in Enonsaari in Hollola (J. P. Norrlin, n. 21403 in herb. Nyl.) collecta. A formis apotheciis subfuscescentibus instructis L. atroviridis facie externa distingui non potest, quare facile praetervisa est. Apothecia lat. 0.25—0.7 mm, gonidiis destituta. Hypothecium nec jodo, nec HNOs reagens, hyphis irregulariter contextis, pachyder maticis (in parte summa minus pachydermaticis), ramoso-connexis, cavitatibus saepe oblongis, O.ooi—O.002 mm latis. Perithecium saepe circ. 0.060—0.050 mm crassum (haud distincte limitatum), subdecolo- ratum aut in margine saepe intus livido-fuscescens, jodo non reagens (aut in f. endamylea Hedl. jodo »intense caerulescente vel violaceo- caerulescente» sec. Hedl.), hyphis radiantibus, sat pachydermaticis, simplicibus (aut in margine etiam ramoso-connexis), cavitatibus vulgo oblongis, vix O.ooi mm latis aut in eodem apothecio partim etiam latioribus. Hymenium circ. O.050—-O.070 mm crassum, jodo caerule scens deindeque obscure vinose rubens. Paraphyses simplices, mem brana leviter gelatinoso-incrassata, cavitatibus vulgo angustissimis, apicalibus saepe clavaeformi-dilatatis, septatae. Asci clavati. Spo rae distichae aut tristichae, simplices ( sed saepe ob nucleum media- num saepe »spurie 1-septatae» apparent). Obs. Specimina Fennica ad f. belulicolam (Hedl.) Vain. (L. plusiospora f. betulicola Hedl. 1. c. p. 63), »apotheciis spadiceis — nigri cantibus, margine concolore vel saepissime pallidiore demum con vexis vel semiglobosis, excipulo non vel obsolete caerulescente» digno- tam pertinent. — F'. Hullingii (Hedl.) Vain. (L. plusiospora i. Hul- tingii Hedl. 1. c), apotheciis nigricantibus, subpersistenter planius- culis, margine elevato, concolore, nitidulo, excipulo jodo haud caeru lescente descripta, a nobis non est visa. —- F. endamylea (Hedl.) Vain. (L. plusiospora f. endamylea Hedl. 1. c.), »apotheciis pallide vel obscure spadiceis mox vel jam primitus convexis, margine pallidiore, demisso, excipulo toto jodo intense caerulescente vel violaceo-caeru- lescente» describitur. 102. L. globularis (Ach.) Nyl. in Lamy Gat. Lich. Mont-Dore (1880) p. 99. L. resinae *L. glo bularis Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 213. Arlhonia lurida var. globu laris Ach. in herb. suo. Lecidea anomala f. misella Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 202. L. misella Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 177. L. deni- grala *L. misella Nyl. Lich. Paris (1896) p. 81. L. asserculorum Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 170 et Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 26 p. p. (descr. haud congruens, conf. Hedl. Krit. Bern. Lec. Micar. p. 89 et Th. Fr.); E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV lii. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 473. Bialora Arn. Lich. Tirol XIV (1875) p. 483, Lich. Munch. (1891) p. 72. Lecidea melanochroza Leight. Lich. Great Brit. 2 ed. (1872) p. 267 (sec. 3 ed. p. 265). Exs. Gromb. Lich. Brit. Exs. II n. 174. — Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1889) n. 1085 (in herb. meo). — Elenk. Lich. Ross. IV (1904) n. 189. — Zahlbr. Krypt. Vindob. XVI (1907) n. 1532. — Claud, et Harm. Lich. Gall. Exs. IX (1908) n. 445. — Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. cont. (1921) n.744, 745. (P.p.). Thallus tenuissimus, verruculoso-inaequalis aut vulgo evanescens, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia crebra, minu tissima minutave, basi leviter aut parum constricta, convexa, nigra aut nigricantia, nuda, immarginata. Hypothecium sordide pallidum aut pallescens, aut rarius decoloratum, jodo reagens. t^pithecium haud granulosum, fuscescens vel fusco- nigrum aut lividum aut partim subdecoloratum, KOH vio lascens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, tenuissimae, parce ramoso-connexae vel subsimplices, gelatinam in KOH tur- gescentem percurrentes, apice haud incrassatae. Sporae oblongae ellipsoideaeve aut subovoideae, long. O.007—O.012, crass. O.002—0.003 (—O.0015) mm. Dislr. Ad lignum putridum truncorum pineorum praesertimque arborum frondosarum in silvis et raro ad saepirnenta lignea in pratis erescit, sat rare aut passim in parte meridionali Fenniae obvia et usque ad OKaj. proveniens. Ab. Pyhänsuu in Pargas (K. Linkola, 107). N.: Kotikallio Hoglandiae (Edwin Nylander, 18914 in herb. Nyl., Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. p. 85), Mjölö et Helsingforsia (W. Nyl., Lich. Scand. p. 202, Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 177, Norrl. H. L. F. cont. 11. 745), Tölö (Vain.), Kerava in Tuusula (Vain.). Ka.: Ad Sorvarinsalmi, Hietala et Huusniemi Viburgi (Vain. Lich. Vib. 62). lk.: Perkjärvi (Kihlman). Ta.: Mustiala (A. Kullhem), ad Särkkä (Norrl. H. L. F. cont. 744) et alibi (Vain.) in Hollola, Prusila, Osola in Padasjoki (Vain.), Rutalahti in Korpilahti (Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. p. 112). Tb.: Haukkavuori in Korpilahti, Norola, Kanavuori et ad Tourujoki in par. Jyväskylä (Vain. 1. c). Sb.: Vanuvuori in Kuopio (Linkola). Kb.: Jännevaara in Lieksa (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 49). OKaj.: Kylmälä in Kuhmo (Vain. 1. c). Apothecia lat. O.i—-O.25 mm, gonidia haud continentia. Hypothe cium baud granulosum, pallidum aut decoloratum, KOH non rea gens, jodo persistenter caerulescens aut demum subvinose fulvescens, hyphis tenuibus, sat leptodermaticis, conglutinatis, erectis aut leviter irregulariter suberectis, cavitatibus circ. O.0015 mm latis, brevibus aut Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 227 globosis, membranis in KOH leviter turgescentibus. Perithecium evanescens. Hymenium O.030—O.040 (—O.ooo) mm crassum, parte superiore aut striatim fuscescens aut livido-violascens aut raro subolivaceum, jodo persistenter caerulescens aut demum obscure vinose rubens aut ascis solis demum violascentibus. Conidangia haud rara, apotheciis immixta, prominentia, lat. circ. O.045 mm, nigri- cantia, sub micr. parte superiore fuscescentia (basi decolorata), KOH leviter violascentia. Sterigmata parum conspicua. Conidia recta, ceterum variabilia, vulgo oblonga, long. O.0035—O.004, crass. O.0015— O.ooi mm, in Norrl. et Nyl. H. L. F. cont. n. 744 bacilliformia, long. 0.004—0.005, crass. O.0005 mm, in f. olivascenie ovoidea ellipsoideave, long. 0.003, crass. O.0015 mm. Gonidia globosa subglobosave aut sub- ellipsoidea, diam. O.004—O.oos mm, simplicia aut glomerulosa, mem brana sat tenui, potius pleurococcoidea, quam micareoidea. F. olivascens Vain. Hymenium superius striis olivaceo-nigricantibus (KOH pulchre violascentibus), haud granulosum, ceterum hymenium et hypothe cium sordide pallida, jodo persistenter caerulescentia. Distr. Ad lignum trunci prope Sorvarinsalmi Viburgi (Vain.). F. misella (Nyl.) Vain. Lecidea anomala f. misella Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 202 p. p. (specim. ex Flelsingforsia sec. Nyl. in Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 177). L. misella Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 177. Micarea misella Hedl. Krit. Bern. Lec. Micar. (1892) p. 78, 88. Bialora misella Falk Blek. p. 15. Lecidea melanochroza Leight. Lich. Great Brit. 2 ed. (1872) p. 267 (sec. 3 ed. p. 265). Exs. Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1889) n. 1085 p. p..(partim in f. deviel- lam transiens). Hymenium et hypothecium jodo caerulescentia deindeque vinose rubentia. Dislr. Speciminibus, ab auctoribus pluribus nomine L. misellae indicatis, ad f. deviellam Vain, pertinent. Obs. 1. Micarea globularis et M. misella Fledl. reactione hymenii solutione jodetica producta in Hedl. Krit. Bern. Lec. Micar. (1892) p. 78, 88 distinguuntur. In L. globulari (Ach.) autem haec nota est valde vacillans, etiam multum gradu concentrationis solutionis jode- ticae dependens. In ambabus formis hymenium solutione minus concentrata persistenter caerulescit, sed in aliis speciminibus nequi- dem solutione concentrata vinose rubet. In specimine orig. *L. glo bularis Nyl., »gelatina hymenea jodo caerulescente» descriptae (Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 214), hymenium duorum apotheciorum a me exami- natorum jodo obscure vinose rubens vidi, sicut res se habet sec. Nyl. (Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 177) in specimine ad Helsingforsiam collecto L. misellae Nyl. Ad hanc f. misellarn (Nyl.) Vain, etiam Zwackh Lich. Exs. et specimina supra citata locis sequentibus collecta pertinent: 228 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV Pargas, Kerava, Teurois prope Mustiala, Haukkavuori in Korpi lahti, Kanavuori in Jyväskylä, Kuopio, Kuhmo. Conidia, duobus locis exarninata, long. O.003—O.004, crass. vix O.ooi—O.0015 mm. — F. deviella Vain. (Micarea globularis Hedl. 1. c), hymenio et hypothecio jodo persistenter caerulescente (aut ascis demum violascentibus) dignota, locis numerosis collecta est, velut ad Helsingforsiam (Norrl., H. L. F. cont. 11. 745, conidia supra indicata), Mustiala, Särkkä in Hollola (Norrl. 1. c. n. 744), Prusila in Padasjoki, Tourujoki (conidiis 3—4 x 1 ju) et Norola (conidiis 3.5—4 x 0.7 ju) in Jyväskylä. Obs. 2. Vain. Lich. Bras. Exs. n. 1420 et 1450, hypothecio vire- seeiite, KOH reagente, a f. olivascente differentes, ad L. Brasilianani Vain. pertinent. 103. L. phaeotera Nyl. Flora 1865 p. 5, Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 143; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. Il (1874) p. 476; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 137 (n. 893). Thallus sat tenuis, verruculoso-inaequalis, impure albi dus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia parva, perithecio cupuliformi-subturbinato, basi bene constricta, disco piano aut concaviusculo, fusco- aut subtestaceo-rufescente,. nudo, laevigato, margine pallidiore, tenui, saepe prominente. Hy pothecium subhymeniale pallidum (aut »incolor» sec. Nyl.), irregulariter contextum. Paraphyses laxe cohaerentes, haud gelatinosae, apice incrassatae. Sporae 8:nae, ellipsoideae, »long. 0.007—0.014, crass. O.005—0.006 mm, rectae. Distr. Supra muscos ad oram Maris Glacialis prope Kletni in LMur. (N. I. Fellman), parce collecta. Affinis sit L. vicariae Th. Fr. Apothecia lat. 0.3—0.5 mm (»—0.7 mm» sec. Nyl.), haud flexuosa, margine testaceo, gonidia non conti nentia, KOH non reagentia. Hypothecium subhymeniale chondroi- deum, hyphis pachydermaticis, conglutinatis, cavitatibus angustis- simis, brevibus, strato gonidioso, aerem inter hyphas continenti impositum. Hymenium O.050 mm crassum, »jodo caerulescens, dein violaceum» (sec. Nyl.). Sect. Lecidea Tornoensis. Apothecia parva, obscurata, sporae niajusculae vel magnae, dupliciter limbatae. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 229 104. L. Tornoensis Nyl. Herb. Mus. Fenn. (1859) p. 110, Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 195, Lich, Lapp. Or. (1866) p 142, En. Lich. Fret Behr. (1888) p 21, 45, 54, 66, 68, Lich. Jap. (1890) p. 61; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 464, On Lich. Engl. Pol. Exp. (1879) p. 360; Vain. Lich. Gaucas. (1899) p. 322, Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai (1909) p 125. BialoraTh. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 196, Lich. Spitsb. (1867) p. 37; Am Lich. Tirol XI (1873) p. 514, XIV (1875) p. 491; Tuck. Syn. North Am. Lich. II (1888) p. 26. B. oospora Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (I860) p. 126. B. Nowajae Koerb. Lich. Spitzb. Now. Semlj. Wilcz. Exp. (1875) p. 523 (sec. descr.). Lecidea frigidella Nyl. Flora 1868 p. 473 (conf. infra). Exs. Fellm. Lich. Arct. (1864) n. 148 (Mus. Fenn.). — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1872) n. 500. — Hav. Lich. Norv. Exs. (1003) n. 174 (in hb. meo). Thallus evanescens aut tenuissimus aut raro sat tenuis, verruculoso-inaequalis verruculosusve, subdispersus, oliva- ceus aut fuscescenti-pallidum aut cinerascens vel albido- glaucescens, sorediis destitutus, interdum hypothallo obscure cinerascente limitatus. Apothecia minuta, lat. 0.3—0.5 mm, raro mediocria, — 1 mm, elevata et demum subglobosa, basi constricta, fusca aut fusco-rufescentia aut nigricantia, nuda, vulgo nitida, immarginata. Hypothecium dilute rubricosum aut fulvescens aut decoloratum, basi hyphis partim irregu lariter contextis, ceterum erectis. Epithecium rufescens aut fusco-rufescens, superne decoloratum gelatinosumque. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae 8:nae, ellipsoideae aut raro subglobosae, membrana incrassata, long. O.015—0.023 (—-O.on), crass. O.oos—O.013 mm. Distr. Ad corticem Betulae, Abietis, Juniperi, Sorbi et lignum nudum et muscos destructos, praesertim in regionibus borealibus proveniens. LIn.: Ailigadsch in Utsjoki (F. Silen), in reg. subalp. montis Flammastimturi (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lap}). II p. 46). LEnont.: in summo monte Pahtavaara (Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 334). LTul.: Kola (»frequens» sec. Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 142). (Fellm. L. A. n. 148). LMur.: Varsina (Fellm.). LP011.: Ponoi (Fellm.) LVar.: Olenitsa (P. A. Karsten). LKem.: Muonio (Norrl.), ad Lai- miojoki in Kittilä (G. Lang), pag. Sodankylä et Pyhätunturi in par. Sodankylä (Vain. 1. c). Ob.: Tengli (E. Nylander), Turtola (Norrl.). Kuus.: Ad Oulankajoki et in reg. subalp. montis Iivaara (Vain. 1. c). OKaj.:# Tauriainen in Kianta, Ohtosenvaara, Lentiira, Kylmälä in 230 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Kuhmo (Vain. 1. c). Kb.: Koriseva in Lieksa (Vain. 1. c). KOm: Suojärvi (Norrl. Fl. Kar. On. II p. 27). Ta.: Ad Särkijärvi (Kullh 1. c. p. 275). Apothecia simplicia aut demum tubereulato-confluentia, KOH non reagentia. Hypothecium hyphis sat tenuibus (circ. O.003 mm crassis), leviter pachydermaticis, cavitatibus angustis, saepe oblon gis. Perithecium ceterum parum evolutum, extus rufescens, intus pallidum, hyphis radiantibus, leviter pachydermaticis, conglutinatis, cavitatibus angustis, vulgo oblongis. Hymenium jodo caerulescens, ascis demum violascentibus. Paraphyses ramoso-connexae, mem brana gelatinosa, leviter incrassata, KOH leviter turgescente, apice fuscescenti-clavato. Asci late clavati, long. 0.046—O.OÖO, crass. circ. 0.024 mm, in apice membrana incrassata. Sporae distichae, simplices, saepe stratis duobus aequalibus distinctis. Gonidia cystococcoidea, globosa. Obs. L. frigidella Nyl., Fl. 1868 p. 473 (Hue Addend. II, 1888, p. 133), sec. specim. orig., in jugo alpino prope Kilpisjärvi in Lappo nia Norvegica a Norrl. collectum, nulla nota differt a L. Tornoensi, etiam textura apotheciorum ei congruens. Hypothecium electrino- fulvescens aut partim superne pulchre rubricosum, »gel. hym. jodo caerulescens, dein thecae vinose rubescentes, sporae long. O.ois— 0.023, crass. O.on—0.012 mm», pachydermaticae. Ad Alecloriam vetus- tam erescit sec. Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. (1873) p. 334. Sect. Lecidea elabens. Thallus pallidus, hypothecium pallidum, paraphyses concretae. Hyphae medullares non amyloideae. 105. L. Kolaensis Nyl. Flora 1863 p. 306 p. p. (excl. specim. saxicolae, conf. sub L. confe- renda, et f. dolosula), Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 146 p.p.; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. IT (1874) p. 553 p.p. (excl. »f. dolosula, Nyl.»); Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. 111 (1925) p. 604 p. p. (excl. f. dolosula). Exs. Fellm. Lich. Arct. (1864) 11. 181 (hb. Nyl. et Mus. Fenn.). Thallus modice incrassatus aut tenuis, vcrruculosus aut subareolatus, areolis parvis, verruculoso-inaequalibus aut laevigatis, subcontiguis, albidus, KOH lutescens, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo indistincto (aut albo). Apothecia parva, lat. 0.4—0.6 mm, crebra, parce contigua confluentiave, tota adnata, basi non constricta, disco nigro, nudo, opaco, Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora F'ennica, 57, N:o 2. 231 depresso-convexo, margine inconspicuo exclusove. Hypothe cium pallidum aut decoloratum, hyphis erectis, in parte in- fima irregulariter contextis. Hymenium parte superiore im pure caerulescens, inferne decoloratum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, gelatinosae. Sporae 8:nae, oblongae, »long. O.on—0.021, crass. 0.004—0.0045 mm». Distr. LTul.: In ligno ad arcem Kolaensem (N. I. Fellman 1. c). Proxima est L. melancheimae Tuck., sed apotheciis opacis et numquam marginatis facie externa ab ea differens. Thallus leviter nitidus aut subopacus, »CaGl202 non reagens» (sec. adn. Nyl.), jodo non reagens. Hypothecium jodo superne caerulescens, hyphis con glutinatis, membranis modice incrassatis, cavitatibus sat brevibus, circ. O.002 mm latis, inferne jodo non reagens. Perithecium passim circ. 0.030 mm crassum, decoloratum, jodo parum reagens, hyphis radiantibus, tenuibus, conglutinatis, cavitatibus subellipsoideis, circ. 0.0015 mm latis. Hymenium O.060 mm crassum, jodo persistenter caerulescens (»dein vinose rubescens» sec. Nyl., quod affirmare non potui). Paraphyses modice gelatinosae, tubulo circ. O.ooi mm lato, in apice non dilatato, clava obscurata nulla. Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Sporae distichae. Gonidangia »nigri- cantia», conidia »filiformia, arcuata, long. O.015, crass. O.0005 mm» (sec. adn. Nyl.). Gonidia cystococcacea. Obs. Planta saxicola ad Sinum Kolaensem collecta (Fellm.) non differt a planta a Nyl. nominata »L. lapicida f. minor» (Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 160). »L. Kolaensis ecrustacea Nyl.», ad Kiidin collecta, saxicola (Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 160), teste Nyl. ipso (in lift, ad Norrl. 1872) est L. conferenda. 106. L. dolosula (Nyl.) Vain. Lecidea Kolaensis f. dolosula Nyl. Fl. 1863 p. 306; Th. FT. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 553; Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 604. Thallus sat tenuis, verruculoso-inaequalis, sat dispersus, albus, KOH lutescens, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo cinereo- nigricantc, tenuissimo, inter plagas thalli conspicuo. Apothe cia parva, lat. O.35—0.15 mm, crebra aut sat crebra, tota ad nata, basi non constricta, disco nigro, nudo, opaco, depresso- convexo, margine inconspicuo exclusove aut primum di- stincto tenuissimoque, nigro, integro. Hypothecium superne decoloratum et dilute lutescens, inferne fulvescens et fulvo- rubescens, irregulariter contextum. Hymenium parte supc- 232 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. riore nigricans aut in cyanescenti-nigricantem vergens, in ferne decoloratum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, gelati nosae. Sporae 8:nae, oblongae, long. 0.009—0.012, crass. 0.003— 0.004 mm aut sec. Nyl. »long. O.014—O.ois, crass. 0.003— 0.004 mm.» Distr. LTul.: In ligno subputrido ad Siriuni Kolaensem (N. I. Fellman, specim. in Mus. Fenn.). Forsan est variatio L. Kola sis, sed hypothecio valde dissimili. Thallus subopacus, jodo non reagens. Hypothecium circ. O.iso mm crassum, jodo caerulescens, KOH non reagens, in hypothecio sub- hymeniali anguste hyphis suberectis. Perithecium circ. O.oso mm crassum, decoloratum et infra apothecium fulvo-rubescens, jodo non reagens, hyphis radiantibus, pachydermaticis, cavitatibus saepe subellipsoideis aut oblongis, O.ooi—-O.0015 mm latis. Hymenium circ O.oos—O.oso mm crassum, jodo intense persistenter caerulescens »deinde obscure vinose rubens vel violacee tincta» sec. Nyl.). Para physes simplices, tubulo O.ooi—0.0015 mm lato, in apice non dilatato, clava obscurata nulla. Epithecium KOFI non reagens. Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice aut sat bene incrassata. Sporae distichae, simplices. Gonidia cystococcacea. 107. L. elabens Fr. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1822 p. 256, Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 344; Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 217, Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 554; Tuck. Fl. (1875) p. 63. Lecidella elabens Koerb. Par. Lich. 3 Lief. (1861) p.215; Arn. Lich. Tirol XIV (1875) p. 468. Lecidea melancheima Tuck. Syn. Lich. New Engl. (1848) p. 68 (sec. orig. in hb. Nyl.), Syn. North Am. Lich. IT (1888) p. 81; Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 164; Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 636. L. sabuletorum var. microspora Mass. Hie. Lich. (1852) p. 66. Lecidella eluta Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 246; Habenh. Flecht. Eur. VII (1857) n. 196. Lecidea euphoroides Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 244 (hb. Nyl.). Exs. Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. VI (1825) n. 154 (hb. Nyl.). — Schaer. Lich. Helv. Exs. XIX (1843) n. 472 (sec. Arm). — Hepp Syst. Samml. XVI (1852) n. 205 (Lynge). - - Tuck. Lich. Am. Sept. VI (1854) 11. 138 (hb. Nyl.). — Habenh. Lich. Eur. Exs. VII (1857) n. 196 (Mus. Fenn.). — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1862) n. 202, (1874) n. 202 b (hb. Nyl.). Koerb. Lich. Sel. Germ. XIV (1873) n. 405 (Arn.). — Anzi Lich. Langob. Exs. XIV (1873) 11. 552 (Arn.). — Havaas Lich. Norv. Exs. (1906) n.313 (Mus. Fenn.). — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. VIII (1910) n. 190 (Mus. Fenn.). Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 233 Thallus sat tenuis aut modice incrassatus, verrucosus et verruculosus, verrucis contiguis aut rarius dispersis aut parce confluentibus, convexis aut depresso-convexis, albidis aut albido-glaucescentibus aut rarius pallidis, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia crebra aut sat crebra, lat. 0.3—0.8 mm, adnata, basi non aut parum constricta, primum plana, demum convexa aut depresso-convexa, margine tenui, integro, non prominente vel depresso, demum excluso, atra, nuda, nitida. Hypothecium pallidum, hyphis erectis. Para physes arcte cohaerentes, gelatinosae. Sporae oblongae ellipsoideaeve, long. 0.006—O.oio (»—O.012» sec. Th. Fr.), crass. 0.003—0.004 mm. Distr. Ad ligna pinea erescit. Al.: In pariete tabernae scaphariae ad Pantsarnäs in Geta (K. Linkola). N.: Jollas in Degerö (E. Nylan der). St.: Nuoliala in Birkkala (R. Frey). Ta.: Ad Mustiala et alibi in Tammela (A. Kullhem), Hersala in Hollola (J. P. Norrlin), Asikkala (»parce et sat rara» sec. Norrl. Bidr. Sydöstr. Tav. Fl. p. 192), Evo (Vain.), in pariete ligneo domi in Piililä et in trunco erecto Pini desic- cati in Haukkavuori in Korpilahti (Vain. FL Tav. Or. p. 118). Sa.: Loco non indicato (ad Ristiina?) ab E. Nylandro collecta. KLad.: Puutsalo in Sortavala (Norrl. Symb. Fl. Lad.-Kar. p. 31). KOm: Dianovagora et Tiudie (A. Kullhem, Norrl. Fl. Kar. Oneg. II p. 35). Tb.: In saepimento ligneo ad Norola in Jyväskylä (Vain. 1. c, n. 13035 in hb. Nyl.), »abundanter in radice Pini ad Pihlajaselkä in Pihlajavesi (Norrl. Not. Sällsk. F. Fl. Fenn. XIII p. 435, hb. Vain.). Sb.: Ad Kuopio (G. Lang Lich. Sav. Bor. p. p. 35). Suovu in Kuo pio (Linkola). Kb.: Matovaara in Lieksa, Mujejärvi in Nurmes (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 101). Lieksa (Lang). Om.: In pariete ligneo horrei ad Neulaniemi in Lappajärvi (A. L. Backman FL Lap- paj. p. 132, determ. G. Lang). Alajärvi (Backman). OKaj.: In ramo arboris delapsae in littore ad Hiidenvaara et in Len- tiira in Kuhmo, in trunco erecto Pini desiccati in turfoso ad Hossa in Kianta (Vain. 1. c). KPom. Occ: Vuosiniemi (Vain. 1. c). Ob.: In turfoso ad Martimo et in Leipäröinen in Simo (V. Räsä nen Flecht. Ostrob. Bor. p. 336). Kuus.: In reg. abiet. montis Nä- ränkävaara (Vain. 1. c). KKer.: In reg. abiet. montis Kivakka (Vain. 1. c.). LIn.: Kaamas et Muddusniemi (F. Silen), Inari (R. Hult). LTul.: Tuloma (N. I. Fellman, »L. melancheima» Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 164). Thallus leviter nitidus aut opacus, jodo non reagens, KOH leviter subluteseens, »GaGl202 non reagens» (Th. Fr.), verrucis O.2—0.5 (O.0015 —O.oos) mm latis. Hypothecium pallidum aut decoloratum, impellu- 23 4 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV eidum, grumosum, guttulosum, jodo caerulescens, dein vinose rubens. Perithecium extus purpureo-nigricans (KOH distinctius purpureum), intus dilutescens aut subdecoloratum, hyphis radiantibus, tenuibus, gelatinosis, cavitatibus oblongis, circ. O.ooi mm latis, leviter ramoso- connexis (in KOH visum). Hymenium circ. O.ooo mm crassum, jodo caerulescens, dein vinose rubens. Epithecium purpureo-fuligineum, KOH distinctius purpureum. Paraphyses gelatinosae, cavitate circ. 0.0005 mm Iata, apice gelatinoso-incrassatae, clava purpurea, O.004— O.ooo mm crassa. Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice aut sat bene incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, simplices. Conidia »filiformia, arcuata, long. O.on—O.015, crass. O.oooe—O.0007 mm» (sec. adn. Nyl. in n. 13035). Gonidia cystococcacea. Obs. L. elabens Fr., sec. specim. orig. a Th. Fr. visum, etsi disco saepe elabente apotheciisque dein plus minus corrugatis instructa, ad L. melancheimam Tuck, pertinet, quare hoe nomen antiquissimum retinendum est- —- Lecidea elabens Schaer. Lich. Helv. Exs. X (1833) n. 232 (Lich. Helv. Spic. sect. 4, 1833, p. 199, En. Lich. Eur., 1850, p. 131) sec. Arn. Lich. Munch. (1891) p. 99 ad Arlholhelium Flotow- ianum Koerb. (Hepp Flecht. Eur. n. 230) pertinet. 108. L. infralapponica Vain. Oliv. in Bull. Geogr. Bot. XXV (1915) p. 100, 168; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 599. L. antiloga Stirt. *L. infralapponica Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 100. Thallus evanescens. Apothecia crebra, parva, lat. 0.2— 0.4 mm, atra, nuda, basi parum aut leviter constricta, disco opaco, margine tenui, leviter nitido aut opaco, persistenter plana marginataque aut rarissime demum leviter convexa immarginataque. Hypothecium pallidum aut decoloratum, irregulariter contextum. Epithecium cyanescens aut aerugi nosum aut partim nigricans, KOH non reagens. Paraphyses arcte aut sat arcte cohaerentes, leviter gelatinosae, apice clavatae. Sporae 8:nae, simplices, globosae, diam. O.004— O.oos mm. Dislr. OKaj.: Ad pontein ligneum prope Säynäjä in Kuhmo (Vain. 1. c). Lecanoram obscurellam (Sommerf.) Hedl. et Lecideam (Biatoram) subf use escenlem Vain. in memoriam revocans, sed jam facie externa apotheciis semper atris ab iis differens. Thallus indistinctus, hyphis et gonidiis cystococcaceis inter fibras substrati evolutis, hypothallo Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 235 indistincto. Apothecia substrato adnata, strato thallino gonidia con- tinenti non imposita, gonidiis et strato myelohyphico (medullari) destituta, margine integro. Hypothecium hyphis tenuibus, congluti natis. Perithecium parte marginali sordide fusco-fuligineo, parte ba- sali fuscescente aut toto pallescente, hyphis radiantibus, conglutina tis, modice pachydermaticis, cavitatibus oblongis, O.ooi—O.ooos mm latis. Hymenium circ. O.040—O.oso mm crassum, parte superiore sat late cyanescens aut aeruginosum aut partim nigricans, jodo intense persistenter caerulescens. Paraphyses sat crebre distincte septatae, crass. 0.002 mm, apice clavatae (saepe sensim incrassatae), clava 0.004—0.003 mm crassa, cyanescente aut subaeruginosa obscuratave. Asci clavati (saepe late clavati), in apice membrana modice incras sata. Sporae distichae. Obs. In Vainio's manuscript the species were not always defini tively arranged. L. infralapponica was placed between two species of the xanlhococca section. It has the small spores of that section, but the editor has found it difficult to retain it there, on account of its uncoloured hypothecium. The editor really does not know how to place this species in any of the sections of Th. M. Fries, and the same is the case with Lecidea subfuscescens. He might suggest the Lecidea elabens section. But it is difficult, if possible, to find a clear character of distinction between this section and the Lecidea erythrophaea section. This is one of many cases where the subgenera Bialora and Eu-Lecidea are quite confluent. Sect. Lecidea xanthococca. Thallus pallidus vel evanescens, hypothecium obscurum, hyphae medullares non amyloideae. Species lignicolae. 109. L. xanthococca Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 154; Fr. Lich. Eur. Ref. (1831) p. 345; Schaer. En. Lich. Eur. (1850) p. 125; Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 222, Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 517 (p. p.); Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 243; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 103; Lamy Exp. Lich. Gauter. (1884) p. 03; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 233; Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 726. Lecidella Koerb. Par. Lich. 3 Lief. (1861) p. 218. Psora Arn. apud Lojka in Math. Term. KözL XII (1874) p. 106. Lecidea praestabilis Nyl. FL 1874 p. 13 (sec. Nyl. Fl. 1874 p. 318). Thallus verruculosus aut verrucosus aut partim subsqua- mulosus, verruculis dispersis aut partim contiguis, pallidis 236 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV aut subalutaceis aut cinerascentibus vel impure albidis sub- stramineisve, tenuis aut sat tenuis aut evanescens aut ra rius modice incrassatus, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo in distincto. Apothecia crebra aut sat dispersa, lat. 0.5—0.7 (0.3—1.2) mm, sat tenuia, adnata, basi leviter constricta, disco piano aut demum depresso-convexo, atro, nudo, mar gine tenui, atro, nudo, persistente. Hypothecium parte in feriore aut totum fusco-nigrum, KOH solutionem purpureo- violaceam effundens, aut superne cinerascens, hyphis erectis. Epithecium fusco- aut violascenti- aut aeruginoso- aut cya- nescenti-nigricans (in eodem specimine), KOH solutionem purpureo-violaceam effundens aut raro non reagens. Para physes in epithecio arcte cohaerentes, ceterum minus arcte, in KOH laxe cohaerentes. Sporae oblongae aut ellipsoideae, long. O.oos—0.018, crass. 0.003—0.005 mm. Var. praeslabilis (Nyl.) Vain. Lecidea praesiabilis Nyl. Fl. 1874 p. 13. Exs. Arn. Lich. F]xs. (1873) n. 550 (hb. Nyl.). — Lojka Lich. Hung. Exs. II (1882) n. 88 (hb. Vain.). — Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1883) n. 794 (hb. Vain.). Epithecium KOH solutionem purpureo-violaceam effundens. Dislr. Ad lignum praesertim in truncis erectis Pini sylveslris in parte septentrionali Fenniae erescit. Kb.: Ad truncum Pini in latere turfosi prope Niska in Enontaipale (Vain.), ad pag. Lieksa in par. ejusdem nominis (G. Lang), ad truncum in littore stagni prope Muje järvi in Nurmes (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 103). OKaj.: Ratas- vaara in Paltamo (M. Brenner), ins. Selkäsaari in Kuhmo (Vain. 1. c). Kuus.: In reg. abietina montis Näränkävaara (Vain. 1. c), Iivaara (F. Silen, »L. melancheima» in hb. Nyl. 5523). LIn.: In reg. pinifera in jugo Suoloselkä, Ivalojoki et Paatsjoki (Vain. 1. c). Thallus nitidus aut sat opacus, KOH parum reagens aut subful- vcscens et demum subfuscescens. Apothecia disco leviter nitido aut opaco, margine nitido aut opaco, leviter prominente, saepe leviter flexuoso. Hypothecium interdum superne impure sat dilute fusce scens, inferne fusco-nigrum. Hymenium »jodo caerulescens» (sec. Nyl.). Conidangia verrucaeformia, lat. 0.i6o—O.120 mm, fuliginea (in sectione tenuissima cyanescenti-fuliginea). Sterigmata long. circ. O.012 mm, simplicia, apicibus conidia efferentibus. Gonidia subglobosa aut globosa, diam. O.002 mm aut long. O.003, crass. O.002 mm (sec. Th. Fr. sun! »breviter cylindrica, long. O.003 mm»). Var. immiitala Vain. Lecidea xanlhococca f. immulcda Vain. Adj. Ada Socieialis pro Fauna el Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 237 Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 103; Zahlbr. Lai. Lich. In. Ill (1925) p. 726. Epithecium KOH demum pulchre caerulescens. Distr. LIn.: Ad lignum in trunco erecto Pini sylvestris desiccati in reg. pinifera ad fl. Paatsjoki (Vain. 1. c). Thallus evanescens aut sat tenuis et e verruculis dispersis cinera scentibus aut impure albidis constans, sorediis destitutus (aut sore diis stramineis interdum instructus). Apothecia sat crebra aut dis persa, habitu sicut in v. praeslabili. Hypothecium superne dilute fuscescens aut cinerascens (in eodem apothecio), inferne fusco-fuli gineum, KOH partim purpureum, partim non reagens (in eodem apo thecio), hyphis erectis. Hymenium crass, O.045—O.050 mm, a hypo thecio haud bene limitatum. Perithecium fuligineum, KOH non reagens. Epithecium cyanescenti-fuligineum aut nigricans aut vio- lascenti-nigricans, KOH demum pulchre caerulescens (solutionem violaceam non effundens). Paraphyses sat arcte aut sat laxe cohae rentes (in KOH laxe cohaerentes), simplices, increbre septatae, leviter gelatinosae, crass, circ. O.0015 mm, apice haud aut parum incrassatae. Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Sporae ovoideae aut ellipsoideo-ovoideae, long. O.oos—O.011, crass. O.004—O.005 mm. Gonidia cystococcacea. 110. *L. sorophora Vain. (n. subsp.) Thallus sat tenuis, verruculosus, verruculis dispersis aut contiguis, fulvescentibus aut glauco-fulvescentibus aut albi dis, p. p. demum in soredia granulosa fatiscentibus, hypo thallo indistincto. Apothecia sat crebra aut dispersa, lat. 0.5—0.3 mm, sat tenuia, adnata, basi leviter constricta, disco piano, atro, nudo, margine tenui, atro, nudo, persi stente. Hypothecium parte majore inferiore fusco-nigrum, KOH solutionem purpureo-subviolaceam effundens, superne plus minus late subdecoloratum aut dilute fuscescens, hyphis erectis. Epithecium fusco-fuligineum, KOH solutionem pur pureo-violaceam effundens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, in KOH laxe cohaerentes. Sporae oblongae, long. circ. O.009, crass. 0.004 mm. Distr. Ta.: Ad lignum in truncis erectis Pini sylvestris in turfosis ad Tianen et Soima in Korpilahti (»L. xanthococca» sec. determ. Nyl. in Vain. FT. Tav. Or. p. 111). OKaj.: Paltamo (F. Silen, 13040 in hb. Nyl ) 238 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV Thallus KOH leviter sublutescens aut parum reagens. Apothecia tenuia, disco opaco, margine prominente, leviter flexuoso aut in- tegro, nitido aut opaco. Perithecium fuligineum, in KOH demum subpurpureum, hyphis radiantibus, tenuibus, leptodermaticis, con glutinatis, cavitatibus oblongis, tenuissimis. Paraphyses crass. O.0015 mm, simplices, leviter gelatinosae, apicibus parum incrassatis. Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, di stichae, decolores, simplices (bene evolutae parce visae). Gonidia cystococcacea. 111. L. consimilis Nyl. Flora 1867 p. 178; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 518; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 146; Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 750. Bialora consimilis Arn. Fl. 1870 p. 476. Thallus evanescens, macula albida indicatus. Apothecia partim crebra, lat. 0.8—0.5 mm, atra, nuda, leviter nitida, late adnata, basi leviter constricta, disco primum piano, demum subdepresso-convexo, margine tenui, persistente aut demum excluso. Hypothecium subfuscum, hyphis erectis. Hymenium totum pallidum aut subfumose sordidescens, epithecio consimili. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, gelati nosae, apice parum incrassatae. Sporae 8:nae, subfusiformes aut oblongae, »long. O.006—O.oio, crass. O.002—-O.003 mm». Dislr. Ta.: Ad lignum pineum non putricium in Evo (Norrl. Bidr. Sydöstr. Tav. Fl. p. 187). Species insignis nulli alii bene affinis. Ad Biatoras non pertinet. Glomerulos gonidiorum in mycelio ex hyphis tenuissimis decoloratis constante continet. Hypothallus indistinctus. Apothecia margine integro, non prominente. Hypothecium crassum, intense subfuscum, KOH demum subpurpureo-rufescens, hyphis tenuibus, conglutinatis. Perithecium strato tenui pallido decoloratove obductum, ceterum intense subfuscum, hyphis radiantibus, tenuibus, conglutinatis, membranis modice incrassatis, cavitatibus oblongis, tenuibus. Hyme nium circ. 0.040 mm crassum, »jodo dilute caerulescens» (sec. Nyl.). Paraphyses vulgo simplices, crass. O.ooi—O.0015 mm, apicibus circ. O.002 mm crassis aut paruin incrassatis, in KOH sat laxe cohaerentes. Asci anguste clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, simplices. Conidangia »papilliformia (pyrenothidea)» sec. Nyl. Gonidia oblongo-cylindrica, long. O.003—O.0035, crass. O.ooi mm» (sec. Nyl.). Gonidia globosa, parva, diam. O.005—O.oos mm, sim plicia et parce 2-connata, forsan pleurococcoidea. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 239 112. L. enclitica Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 148, Fl. 1866 p. 369, 1872 p. 355; Th Fr Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 518; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 237; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 574. L. myriocarpoides Nyl. in litt. ad Tuckerm., Fl. 1865 p. 355, Fl. 1866 p. 86 (nec. L. expansa Nyl., nec L. myriocarpoides Nyl. FL 1873 p. 23); Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 236. Conf. p. 29. Thallus evanescens (conf. infra) aut e verruculis dispersis constans. Apothecia sat crebra, minutissima, lat. 0.2—0.3 (»—-0.4») mm, nigra, nuda, opaca, immarginata, basi parum constricta. Hypothecium subpurpureo-fuligineum, in KOH distinctius purpureum, hyphis tenuibus, irregulariter contex tis. Epithecium fusco- aut subpurpureo-fuligineum, KOH parum mutatum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, leviter gela tinosae. Sporae oblongae aut ovoideo-oblongae, »long. 0.008— 0.014, crass. O.003—O.004 mm» (sec. Nyl.). Dislr. Kb.: In saepimento ligneo ad Nevala in Lieksa (»/„. ple- be/a v. piiyophiloides specimina transitoria» Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 103). LIm.: Ad lignum abietinum prope Imandra leg. P. A. Karsten sec. Nyl. 1. c). Apothecia »late dispersa» sec. Nyl. Hypothecium sat crassum. Perithecium tenue, subfusco-fuligineum, KOH parum mutatum, mem branis hypharurn modice incrassatis, cavitatibus angustissimis, ob longis aut ellipsoideis. Hymenium circ. 0.045—0.050 mm crassum, »jodo caerulescens, deinde sordide vinose tinctum» (sec. Nyl.). Para physes simplices, crass. O.ooi mm, apice gelatina fuscescente obducto et O.002—O.000 mm crasso. Epithecium tenue. Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Sporae subfusiformi- aut ovoideo- oblongae, apicibus obtusis aut altero apice rotundato, 8:nae, distichae, simplices. Conidangia »papillaeformia. Conidia breviter cylindrica, leviter curvata, utrinque nonnihil incrassatula, long. O.003—-O.0035 mm» (sec. Th. Fr.). Obs. Sec. adn. Nylandri in bibl. sua »thallo tenui, albido, suble- proso et sporis long. O.oos—O.oio, crass. 0.003—0.004 mm supra thallum Solorinae croceae in Muddusniemi in Lapponia Inarensi F. Silen hanc speciem legit». Verisimiliter est autonoma species (L. croceicola Vain, ad interim), jam thallo subleproso a L. enclitica differens. 240 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV 113. L. plebeja Nyl. Flora 1865 p. 148 (n. 20229 in hb. Nyl.); Norrl. FL Kar. Oneg. 11 (1876) p. 29; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 102, En. Lich. Konda (1928) p. 101; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 144; Arn. Lich. Tirol XXIX (1896) p. 128; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 671. L. enalliza Nyl. Fl. 1867 p. 371 p. p. (excl. specim. corticolis, quae ad L. lurgi- dulam sec. Nyl. ipso pertinent); Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 519; Arn. Lich. Frank. Jura (1885) p. 169. L. myriocarpoides Nyl. Fl. 1873 p. 23 (nec Fl. 1865 p. 355, nec Fl. 1866 p. 86), Nyl. in Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. (1878) p. Ill; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 144 p. p. (excl. cit. FL 1865 p. 355 et Fl. 1866 p. 86). Exs. Arn. Lich. Exs. (1869) n. 408 (»L. plebeja» sec. determ. Ny- laridri in hb. suo). — Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. IV (1875) ii. 173, VII (1882) n. 313. Thallus evanescens aut e verruculis minutissimis eonstans, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia sat crebra aut dispersa, minutissima aut pjarva, lat. 0.2—0.3 (—1) mm, nigra, nuda, opaca, disco piano aut demum convexo, margine tenuissimo, demum saepe excluso, basi leviter constricta. Hypothecium fusco-fuligineum aut fuscum, KOH non reagens, hyphis tenui bus, irregulariter contextis. Epithecium fuscum aut partim pallidum, KOH non mutatum. Paraphyses arcte cohaeren tes, leviter gelatinosae, tenuissimae, clava obscurata, angusta, crass. 0.002—O.oos (—O.004) mm. Sporae subfusiformes aut ovoideae, long. 0.007—-O.on mm, crass. O.002—4).003 (—0.004)mm. F. primaria Vain. Apothecia sat crebra, minora. Dislr. Ta.: Ad lignum Pini in Asikkala (J. P. Norrlin, »L. ple beja» Nyl. Fl. 1865 p. 148), ad lignum in trunco Pini in Keihäsniemi in Luhanka (»E. plebeja» Nyl. in Vain. FL Tav. Or. p. Ill) et ad Pohjola in Korpilahti (»L. plebeja» Nyl. in Vain. 1. c). Evo in Lammi (Lang). Tb.: Ad lignum in trunco Pini prope Piililä in Korpilahti (»L. plebeja» Nyl. in Vain. 1. c). Thallus evanescens aut macula albida indicatus. Apothecia lat. 0.15—0.3 (—O.o) mm, rotundata, leviter nitida aut sat opaca, primum marginata, margine tenuissimo, integro, non aut parum prominente. Hypothecium fusco-nigrum, KOH non reagens (non rubricosum), hyphis tenuibus, irregulariter contextis (specim. orig. hie describitur). Perithecium tenue, extus fuscescens (KOH non reagens), intus dilute fuscescens aut pallidum, hyphis radiantibus, modice pachydermati- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, o7, N:o 2. 241 16 cis, cavitatibus oblongis, angustissimis. Hymenium O.040—O.045 mm crassum, leviter gelatinosum, »jodo caerulescens, dein sordide vinose tinctum» (Nyl.). Epithecium fuscum aut partim pallidum, tenue. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes (in KOH laxius cohaerentes), crass. 0.0005 aut paullo crassiores, apice anguste clavatae, clava O.002—-O.003 mm crassa, vulgo fuscescente. Asci anguste clavati, in apice mem brana modice incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae aut monostichae, oblongae aut ovoideo-oblongae aut subfusiformes, simplices, »long. 0.007—O.on, crass. O.003—O.004 mm», sec. Nyl. (tantum O.002—O.003 mm crassas vidi). F. consimilans (Nyl.) Vain. L. myriocarpoides var. consimilans Nyl. in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. (1873) p. 336, Herb. Lich. Fenn. VII (1882) n. 313; Nyl. in Vain. FL Tav. Or. (1878) p. 111. L. enalliza Nyl. Fl. 1867 p. 371 p. p. (excl. specim. corticolis, conf. supra); Nyl. in Norrl. FL Kar. On. II p. 29. Apothecia magis dispersa, saepe demum majora, saepe diu plana, demum depresso-convexa. Distr. Praesertim ad truncos, radices et ramos siccos decorticatos pineos erescit. Ka.: Supra tectum putridum in sepulcreto Hossico Viburgi (»L. myriocarpoides v. consimilans» Vain. Lich. Vib. p. 62), Pällilä in Muola (A. O. Kihlman). Ta.: Evo (Norrlin H. L. F. n. 313, »L. enalliza Nyl.» in Norrl. Bidr. Sydöstr. Tav. FL p. 187), Onkisalo in Luhanka (»L. myriocarpoides v. consimilans Nyl.» in Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. p. 111). KOn.: Ad Maimalampi (»L. enalliza Nyl. in Norrl. Fl. Kar. Oneg. II p. 29). Tb.: Piililä in Korpilahti (»L. myriocarpoi des v. consimilans» Vain. 1. c), Pihlajavesi (»L. myriocarpoides» Norrl. in Not. Sällsk. F. FL Fenn. XIII p. 435). Kb.: Petäinen in Nurmes (»L. plebeja» Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 102). KPom. occ: Vuosi- niemi in Fiepola (Vain. 1. c). OKaj.: Lehtovaara in Kianta (.Vain. 1. c). LKem.: Lompolotunturi in Kittilä (Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 336). Saepe habitu a L. plebeja f. primaria bene differt, sed valde est inconstans. Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. n. 173 et 313 ad statum inter f. primariam et f. consimilantem intermedium pertinent. Thal lus macula albida indicatus, interdum distinctus, tenuis, e verruculis pallidis, dispersis, minutissimis constans, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia 1—0.3 mm Iata, saepe demum irregularia difformiaque, leviter nitida aut sat opaca, primum marginata, margine tenuissimo, integro, non aut parum prominente. Hypothecium fusco-fuligineum aut fuscum, KOH non reagens, hyphis irregularibus aut sat irregu lariter contextis. Perithecium fuscum, KOH non reagens, hyphis radiantibus, leviter pachydermaticis, cavitatibus elongatis, angustis aut angustissimis. Hymenium O.040 mm crassum, jodo caerulescens, demum p. p. vinose rubens. Epithecium fuscescens, KOH non rea- 242 E. A. Vainio, lichenographia Fennica IV. gens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes (etiam in KOH), leviter gelati nosae, crass. O.ooiö—-vix O.ooi mm, capitatae clavataeve, clava fusce scente, lat. 0.002—0.003 (•—0.004) mm. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, ellip- soideo- aut oblongo- aut ovoideo-fusiformes, simplices aut raro parce 1-septatis immixtae, long. O.oos—O.009, crass. O.002—O.003 mm. Goni dia cystococcacea 114. L. pithyophiloides Vain. Lecidea plebeja var. pithyophiloides Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 102. Thallus tenuis, verruculosus, verruculis dispersis, albido- vel cinereo-glaucescens aut subcinerascens, sorediis destitu tus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia crebra, parva, lat. 0.2—O.35 mm, nigra, nuda, opaca, mox convexa immargi- nataque aut primum plana et margine tenuissimo, integro instructa. Hypothecium purpureo-fuligineum, KOH pulchre purpureum, irregulariter contextum et in parte summa hyphis erectis. Epithecium fuligineum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, leviter gelatinosae. Sporae ovoideae aut ellip soideae, long. 0.005—0.007, crass. 0.003—O.004 mm. Distr. Kb.: Ad pontem ligneum prope pag. Lieksa (Vain. 1. c). Thallus KOLI non reagens. Apothecia basi parum aut leviter constricta, margine non prominente. Hypothecium sat crassum. Perithecium purpureo-fuligineum. Hymenium O.030—O.040 mm cras sum, parte inferiore saepe dilute purpureum, jodo caerulescens. Paraphyses etiam in KOH parum distinctae, cavitatibus angustissi- mis, apicibus non capitatis aut partim apicem versus sensim gelati- noso-clavatis. Epithecium fuligineum, continuum, KOH f ere immu- tatum aut fumoso-nigrescens aut subcaerulescenti-nigricans. Asci anguste clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, simplices. Gonidia cystococcacea. — Proxime affinis est L. encliticae, quacum colore hypothecii congruens, sed epithecio ab ea differt et autonoma species. 115. L. Tianensis Vain. Thallus tenuis, albidus, maculaeformis, verruculis minu- tis, concoloribus inspersus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia subdispersa, parva, lat. 0.2—0.5 mm, nigra, nuda, opaca, primum plana submarginataque, dein convexa immargina- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 243 taque. Hypothecium fuscum, KOH rubricoso-rufescens, hyphis erectis. Epithecium fuscum, KOH demum subru- bricoso-rufescens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, leviter gela tinosae, apice anguste clavatae. Sporae oblongae aut sub- fusiformi-oblongae, long. 0.005—O.OOT, crass. O.002 mm. Dislr. Ta.: Ad corticem Piceae excelsae prope Tianen in Korpi lahti (»Lecidea myriocarpoides» sec. determ. Nylandri a. 1874 in Vain. Fl. Tav. Or., 1878, p. 111). N. 79 in hb. Vain. Conf. infra. Affinis est L. plebejae, sed hypothecio KOH subrubricoso-rufe- scente, ex hyphis erectis formato et thallo magis evoluto (et gonidiis minoribus) ab ea differens, quare autonoma sit species. Thallus KOH non reagens, granulis sorediorum parce inspersus. Apothecia partim etiam crebra, p. p. basi constricta, margine tenuissimo, integro, non prominente. Hypothecium sat crassum. Perithecium fusco-fuligi neum, KOH demum subrubricoso-rufescens, gonidiis destitutum, hyphis radiantibus, tenuibus, conglutinatis, leptodermaticis, cavita tibus angustissimis. Paraphyses tenuissimae, clava O.002—O.003 mm lata, superne anguste fuscescente. Hymenium circ. O.050—O.ooo mm crassum, jodo caerulescens. Asci anguste clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, simplices. Gonidia cystococcacea, globosa, diam. O.005—O.oio mm, pyrenoide et nucleo instructa. Obs. Lecidea myriocarpoides Nyl. in lift, ad Tuckerm., a Nyl. in Fl. 1865 p. 355 commemorata, sec. specim. orig. n. 20223 in hb. Nyl., n. 292 in hb. Tuck., ad LJinum palustrem in Carol, merid. collec- tum, apotheciis instructa est circ. 0.3—0.5 mm latis, hypothecio fuli gineo, irregulariter contexto, KOH purpureo et solutionem subpurpu- ream effundente, paraphysibus arcte cohaerentibus, apice capitato- clavatis, epithecio pallido-fuscescente, KOH purpureo, »hymenio jodo caerulescente, persistenter aut demum sublutescente, sporis long. 0.007—O.oos, crass. O.003—O.0035 mm» (sec. adnot. Nyl.). Non distinguenda sit a L. enclitica Nyl. 116. L. paraclitica Nyl. Flora 1872 p. 355; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 237; Vain, in Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. cont. (1921) n. 762. L. expansa f. paraclitica Nyl. in Herb. Lich. Fenn. cont. (1921) n. 762. L. enalliza ji fuliginea Th. Fr. in Kullh. (1871) p. 275 (conf. etiam Nyl. Fl. 1872 p. 355). Thallus tenuis aut tenuissimus, subcontinuus, leviter verruculoso-inaequalis aut sat laevigatus, obscure cinereo- glaucescens, aut evanescens, hypothallo tenui, nigricante 244 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IY aut indistincto. Apothecia crebra aut sat crebra, parva, lat. 0.15—0.4 mm, adnata, basi demum constricta, primum diu plana marginataque (20174 in hb. Nyl.) aut haud diu mar- ginata et demum convexa, nigra, nuda, opaca aut leviter nitida. Hypothecium totum fusco-nigrum, hyphis superne suberectis, inferne sat irregulariter contextis. Perithecium extus subcaerulescenti-nigricans aut fuligineum, intus dilu tius coloratum. Epithecium subfuligineum aut subcyane- scenti-nigricans. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, apicibus subfuligineis, gelatinoso-clavatis. Hymenium jodo caerule scens. Sporae ellipsoideae aut subovoideae aut oblongae, »long. 0.005—-O.oio, crass. O.0025—O.0035 mm» sec. adn. Nyl. Distr. N.: Ad lignum vetustum Pini ad terram humidam in Fredriksherg (Norrl. H. L. F. cont. n. 762). Ta.: Ad lignum vetustum Pini prope Mustiala in Tammela (A. Kullhem). Proxima L. erraiicae, sed lignicola et hymenio jodo non rube- scente et paraphysibus minus bene evolutis ab ea differens. Perithe cium hyphis radiantibus, cavitatibus tenuissimis, striis fuligineis inter membranas subdecoloratas. Paraphyses in aqua haud bene conspicuis, clava gelatinosa circ. 0.004—O.ooo mm crassa, superne in sectione horizontali visa, intus subdecolorata, extus nigricante, in subc\ anescenti- aut subaeruginoso-nigricantem vergente. Gonidia cystococcacea. Sect. Lecidea tenebrosa. Thallus obscure vel pallide cinerascens, paraphyses facil lime liberae, asci (vulgo) subcylindrici, pycnoconidia brevia, recta. Hyphae medullares non amyloideae. Species saxicolae. 117. L. atrocinerea (Schaer.) Vain. Urceolaria cinerea d. atrocinerea Schaer. Lich. Helv. Spic. II (1826) p. 72. Aspicilia atrocinerea Mass. Ric. Lich. Grost. (1852) p. 30 (conf. infra). Lecidea tenebrosa Flot. in Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1852) n. 134 (15046 in hb. Nyl.); Nyl. Prodr. Lich. Gall. (1857) p. 127, Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 231, Lich. Delph. (1863) p. 399, Lich. Paris (1896) p. 93; Th. Fr. Lich. Spitsb. (1867) p. 41, Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 540; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 87, Lich. Gaucas. (1899) p. 324, Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai (1909) p. 138; Tuck. Syn. North Am. Lich. II (1888) p. 77; Arn. Labrador (1896) p. 13. Aspicilia Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 245 Koerb. Par. Lich. 2 Lief. (1860) p. 99. Lecanora Nyl. Fl. 1862 p. 83. Lecidea fuscoaira (j gibba Ach. Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 12 (specim. e Suecia in hb. Ach.), non Wahlenb. Fl. Lapp. (1812) p. 473 (sec. Th. Fr. 1. c. p. 481). Lecidea griseoatra A. L. Sm. Mon. Brit. Lich. II (1911) p. 91 (nec Schaer. En. Lich. Eur., 1850, p. 101, nec Verrucaria griseoatra Hoffm., conf. sub Aspicilia aqualica Koerb.). Lecanora coracina Hepp Flecht. Eur. VII (1857) n. 383 (conf. infra). Lecidea fuscocinerea Nyl. Bot. Not. 1853 p. 99 (etiam sec. Lich. Scand. p. 231), non in Bot. Not. 1852 p. 127. Exs. Moug. et Nestl. St. Crypt. Vog. V (1815) n. 462 (Mus. Fenn.). — Schaer. Lich. Helv. Exs. Ill (1826) n. 129. — Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1852) n. 134, (1876) n. 473 (hb. Nyl.). - Koerb. Lich. Sel. Germ. (1856) n. 9. — Leight. Lich. Brit. Exs. VII (1856) n. 205. - Hepp Fl. Eur. VII (1857) n. 383 (mea coll.). — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1860) n. 114, (1863) n. 227, (1879) n. 842. — Rabenh. Lich. Eur. Exs. XXI (1861) n. 595. — Anzi Lich. Exs. It. V (1865) n.212. — Un. It. n. 55. — Erb. Cr. It. XXVIII (1866) n. 1387 (387). — Flag. Lich. Franche Comte IV n. 189. — Zahlbr. Gr. Exs. Vindob. V (1900) n.448. — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. XI (1912) n. 273. — Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. cont. (1921) n. 750. (Sec. Arn. Lich. Frank. Jur. p. 160). Thallus crassus aut modice incrassatus aut rarius sat tenuis, areolatus, areolis vulgo 0.3—0.5 aut p. p. usque ad 1 (—1.5) mm latis, contiguis, planis aut demum depresso-con- vexis, laevigatis (aut raro demum p. p. leviter verruculoso- inaequalibus), cinereis aut obscure cinereis, sorediis desti tutus, medulla KOH non reagente, hypothallo nigricante. Apothecia primum areolis thalli immersa, demum p. p. adnata emergentiave aut omnia immersa permanentia aspicilioidea- que, lat. 0.3—0.5 (—0.7) mm, basi non constricta, disco piano, nigro, nudo, opaco, in apotheciis adnatis prominentibusque margine paratheciali tenui, nigro, nudo, integro, non promi nente, opaco. Hypothecium superne pallidum, basin versus sensim plus minus subfuscescens, hyphis erectis. Epithecium aeruginoso-fuligineum. Paraphyses laxe cohaerentes. Asci cylindrici aut cylindrico-clavati. Sporae 8:nae, ellipsoideae, long. 0.014—O.016, crass. O.006-—O.oos mm (sec. Th. Fr. »long. O.on—0.017 mm»). Var. tenebrosa Vain. Thallus cinereus aut obscure cinereus, crassus aut modice incras satus, KOH non reagens. 246 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Dislr. Ad rupes et saxa praesertim in montibus sat rare aut pas sim in Fennia. AL (E. Nylander), Öfverby in Jomala (Vain.), Geta (Vain.). Ab.: Viittakari et Vepsänsaari (Vain.), Ispoinen (L. Kari), Peltola et Pääskyvuoret in Kaarina (Vain.), Kultaranta in Naantali (Vain.). N.: Pluribus locis in Suursaari v. Hoglandia (Vain., Brenn. Bidr. Ilogl. Lafv. p. 109), Tvärminne (F. Elfving), Kukubacka in Sibbo (Vain.), pluribus locis ad Helsingforsiam (Vain.). Ka.: Vanha- Viipuri (Vain. Lich. Vib. p. 67). St.: Loimijoki (A. J. Malmgren). Oa.: Kristinestad (A. J. Malmgr.). Ob.: Tiurasenkrunni in Simo (Häs. Meddel. Soc. F. Fl. Fenn. 46 p. 172). Kuus.: In reg. subalp. montium Ukonvaara et Nuorunen (Vain. Adj. II p. 87). LKem. (E. Nyl.). — »Lsque ad Ponoi ad saxa» (»L. tenebrosa») a Nyl. in Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 161 indicatur, sed e Lapponia Kolaensi in Mus. Fenn. tantum specimen n. 301 adest, ad L. lygaeizam Vain. pertinens (conf. infra). Novella, saepe etiam adultior (velut in Arn. Lich. Exs. n. 842 c) similis Aspiciliae, interdum etiam apotheciis sat novellis distincte lecideinis instructa est. Thallus intus KOH non reagens, addito CaCl202 leviter rubescens (Vain. L. Exp. Veg. p. 138) aut non reagens, jodo non reagens, non pruinosus, strato corticali ex apicibus hypha- rum incrassatis (crass. O.004—O.ooo mm), constipatis conglutinatisque, obscuratis formato, strato decolore destructo non obtecto. Apothecia saepe sat crebra, gonidiis et strato myelohyphico destituta. Hypo thecium hyphis sat tenuibus, sat leptodermaticis, conglutinatis. Perithecium fuscescens aut in summo margine cyanescens, bene evo lutum (crass. 0.140 mm) aut valde tenue (in eodem apothecio), partim intus dilute coloratum, hyphis sat leptodermaticis, conglutinatis, tenuibus, apicibus leviter incrassatis constipatisque. Hymenium circ. O.120—0.140 mm crassum, »ascis jodo caerulescentibus, dein vio- lascenti-decoloratis» (sec. Th. Fr.). Epithecium aeruginoso-fuligi neum, 11011 granulosum, KOH non reagens aut pulchrius caerulescens. Paraphyses crass. circ. O.0015 aut fere O.002 mm, apices versus sensim leviter incrassatae, non gelatinosae. Asci in apice membrana parum incrassata. Sporae monostichae aut distichae, rectae. Gonidia »bacillaria, long. O.ooe, crass. vix O.ooi mm» (sec. Nyl. Lich. Paris p. 93, »long. O.ooo—O.ooo mm, recta» sec. Th. Fr. 1. c). Gonidia globosa, sim plicia, diam. O.ooo—O.oos mm, parce etiam 4-cellulosa visa, membrana modice incrassata, forsan pleurococcacea. Var. Eellmanii Vain. Thallus sat tenuis, areolis planis, cinerascentibus. Distr. LP011.: In saxo granitico ad Ponoi (N. I. Fellman, n. 501, »Lecidea tenebrosa» Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 161). Areolis thalli non cinereo-albido-marginatis a L. lygaeiza differt. Thallus strato corticali ex apicibus hypharum clavatis, erectis, con- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 247 stipatis, obscuratis formato, instructus, strato decolorato non obduc- tus, medulla KOH non distincte reagente. Apothecia primum innata, dein mox adnata elevataque, basi non constricta, disco nigro, nudo, opaco, laevigato, margine modice incrassato, nigro, nudo, leviter prominente aut discum non superante, persistente. Perithecium hyphis leptodermaticis, in parte exteriore radiantibus, conglutinatis, saepe aeruginoso-fuligineis et inferne fusco-fuligineis, intus albidum, irregulariter contextum, aerem inter hyphas passim continens, goni diis destitutum, KOH non reagens. Hypothecium hyphis sat erectis, fuscescens rufescensve, in parte superiore angusta albidum. Epithe cium aeruginoso-fuligineum, KOH non reagens. Paraphyses laxe cohaerentes, increbre septatae, non constrictae, simplices, apice levi ter incrassatae, non gelatinosae. Asci cylindrico-clavati. Sporae decoloratae, simplices, ellipsoideae aut suboblongae, long. O.0075— 0.0113, crass. O.005 mm (parce visae). Gonidia cystococcacea, globosa, simplicia. Obs. 1. Urceolaria cinerea Ö atrocinerea Schaer. Lich. Helv. Exs. VI (1826) n. 129, En. Lich. Eur. (1850) p. 87, sec. Stizenb. Lich. Helv. I (1882) p. 198 et Arn. Lich. Frank. Jura Fl. 1885 p. 160 pertinet ad L. lenebrosam Flot. Lichen atrocinereus Dicks. Ease, tert. Crypt. Brit. (1793) p. 14, tab. 9, fig. 2 est Rinodina atrocinerea Mudd (sec. Cromb. Mon. Lich. Brit. I, 1894, p. 398). Verrucaria coracina Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. II (1796) p. 183 sec. Hoffm. ipsum ad Lichenem atrocinereum Dicks, pertinet, sed exactius non est cognita. Lichen coracinus Ach., Lich. Suec. Prodr. (1798) p. 79, ad V. coraci- nam Hoffm., ab Achario 11011 visam, spectat. Postea Lecideam cora- cinam Ach., Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 161 et Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 11, et min. p. etiam alias species Ach. ad speciem nostram duxit sec. Th. Fr. 1. c. p. 607. Obs. 2. Lecidea tenebrosa var. Caucasica Vain., Lich. Cauc. (1899) p. 324, praesertim sporis a L. atrocinerea differens, autonoma est species, L. Caucasica nominanda. 118. L. cuculi Vain. (n. sp.) Thallus sat crassus aut modice incrassatus, areolatus, areolis circ. 0.2—0.5 (—-1) mm latis, contiguis, convexis aut p. p. planis, obscure cinereis et p. p. impure subalbidis, opacis, sorediis destitutus, medulla KOH lutescente, hypothallo nigricante. Apothecia primum areolis thalli immersa, demum adnata, lat. 0.3—0.5 mm, basi non constricta, disco piano, nigro, nudo, opaco, margine tenui, integro, nigro, nudo, 248 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV opaco, non aut parum prominente. Hypothecium fere totum fuscum aut superne anguste pallescens, in parte superiore hyphis erectis. Epithecium aeruginoso-fuligineum. Para physes laxe cohaerentes, increbre septatae. Asci eylindrici. Sporae ellipsoideae, long. circ. 0.009, crass. O.005 mm (parce visae). Distr. N.: Ad saxa granitica loco aperto ventosoque in sumrao monte Kukubacka (collis cuculi) in Sibbo, una cum Rhizocarpo geo- graphico (Vain. a. 1913). Forsan autonoma species, colore hypothecii et reactione medullae differens a proxima L. atrocinerea, quae eodem loco etiam optime evoluta provenit. Thallus KOH una cum CaCl202 intus intensius lutescenti-fulvescens, sed non rubescens. Apothecia gonidiis et strato myelohyphico destituta. Hypothecium fere totum intense fuscum. Perithecium intense fuligineum vel fusco-fuligineum. Discus orbicula ris, laevigatus. Paraphyses leviter gelatinosae, quamquam laxe cohaerentes, simplices, crass. O.0015 mm, apices versum sensim leviter incrassatae (O.002 mm). Sporae decolores, simplices. Gonidia cysto coccacea. In superficie thalli apices hypharum capitati crebre consti- pati. 119. L. somphotera Vain. Lecidea lenebrosa *L. somphotera Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. Il (1883) p. 88 (excl. v. sereniore); Lich. Exp. V^egae Pitlekai (1909) p. 138. L. somphotera Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 690 (excl. v. sereniore). L. epiiodiza Nyl. Fl. 1884 p. 216, En. Lich. Fret. Behr. (1888) p. 37; Hue Lich. Exot. (1892) p. 211 (conf. infra); Zahlbr 1. c. p. 575. Thallus modice incrassatus, verrucosus vel verrucoso- areolatus, verrucis O.15—-0.4 (raro —1) mm latis, contiguis aut rarius dispersis, bene convexis aut raro primum planius- culis, laevigatis, cinereis aut rarius obscure cinerascentibus vel cinereo-nigricantibus, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo nigricante. Apothecia lat. vulgo 0.5—0.8, raro usque ad 1 mm, rotundata, primum thallo innata, dein mox emergentia adnataque, basi non aut leviter constricta, disco piano aut rarius demum convexo, nigro, nudo, opaco, margine tenui, integro, nigro, nudo. Hypothecium decoloratum pallidumve aut sordide pallidum aut raro subfulvescens aut dilute ru- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 249 fescens, hyphis erectis. Paraphyses laxe aut sat laxe cohae rentes. Epithecium violascenti- aut cyanescenti-fuligineum. Asci eylindrici aut cylindrico-clavati. Sporae 8:nae, mono- stichae aut partim distichae, long. O.oio—O.012 (O.oos—0.016), crass. O.006—O.oos (—-O.oos) mm. F. subcontiguella Vain. Thallus verrucis contiguis, cinereis. Epithecium violascens aut in eodem specimine etiam cyanescens. Distr. Ad saxa granitica et gneissacea et quartzitica. Kb.: Pyssy- vaara in Nurmes (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 89). OKaj.: Lehto vaara et Suomula in Kianta (Vain.). LIn.: In reg. subalp. jugi Suolo- selkä (Vain. 1. c). L. atrocinereae est affinis. Thallus verrucis regularibus aut partim difformibus, vulgo O.15—0.4 mm latis, opacus, non pruinosus, KOH extus non reagens, intus leviter lutescens aut vix distincte reagens, intus CaCl202 leviter rubescens, his solutionibus conjunctis melius rubescens, extus non reagens, intus jodo non reagens, strato corticali ex apicibus hypharum incrassatis (O.oos—O.004 mm) obscuratisque constipatis formato obductus. Apothecia sat crebra aut dispersa, gonidiis et strato myelohyphico destituta. Hypothecium hyphis leviter pachydermatibus, sat tenuibus, conglutinatis, jodo partim praesertimque parte superiore dilute caerulescens. Perithecium extus subviolaceum aut subfuscescens aut cyanescenti-fuligineum (KOH pulchrius coloratum), intus subpallidum, in medio basis non colora tum. Hymenium circ. O.070—O.120 mm crassum, guttulas (forsan resi- nosas) continens, ex hypothecio non bene limitatum, jodo caerule scens aut demum decoloratum. Epithecium KOH cyanescens (aut dilutescens). Paraphyses crass. O.0015 (—O.ooi) mm, apicem versus parum aut leviter incrassatae et arctius cohaerentes. Asci crass, circ. O.012 mm, membrana tota tenui. Gonidia cylindrica, recta, long, circ. 0.005—O.ooe, crass, circ. O.ooi mm. Gonidia pleurococcoidea, glo bosa et parce subglobosa, diam. O.oos—O.oio mm, simplicia et parce 2-cellulosa, membrana vulgo incrassata. Obs. Lecidea epiiodiza Nyl. (*L. somphotera f. epiiodiza Vain. Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai, 1909, p. 138) sec. n. 15373 et 15375 in hb. Nyl. vix nisi thallo obscuriore a L. somphotera Vain. 1. c. (nunc f. subcontiguella) differt et forma est ejus. 120. L. serenior Vain. Lecidea lenebrosa *L. somphotera var. serenior Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 89. 250 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Thallus modice incrassatus aut sat crassus, verrucosus aut verrucoso-areolatus, verrucis vulgo 0.4—0.5 (0.2—0.7) mm latis, bene aut depresse convexis, laevigatis, cinereis, supra hypothallum nigrum dispersis aut p. p. contiguis, sorediis destitutus. Apothecia primum diu verrucis thalli immersa, demum emergentia lecideinaque, basi non constricta, lat. 0.5—1 mm, disco piano, nigro, nudo, opaco, margine peri- theciali nigro, nudo, tenui, saepe leviter prominente, integro. Hypothecium decoloratum pallidumve, hyphis erectis. Epi thecium violaceo-fuligineum. Paraphyses laxe cohaerentes. Asci eylindrici aut cylindrico-clavati. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, ellipsoideae aut p. p. subglobosae, long. O.007—-O.012, crass. 0.005—O.oos mm. Distr. LIn.: Ad rupem graniticam in insula lacus Inarijärvi in regione pinifera (Vain 1. c.) Affinis L. tenebrosae Flot. et L. somphoierae, ab arnbabus differens. Thallus habitu sicut in Rhizocarpo grandi, nec KOH, nec addito CaCl202 reagens, medulla jodo leviter violascente, verrucis opacis, non pruinosis, p. p. difformibus, strato corticali ex apicibus hypharum incrassatis (crass. O.005—O.ooo mm) constipatis conglutinatisque, ob- scuratis, et ex id passim obtegente strato hyalino subamorpho formato instructus. Apothecia dispersa, gonidiis et strato myelohyphico desti tuta. Hypothecium hyphis sat tenuibus, sat leptodermaticis, con glutinatis. Perithecium violaceo-fuscescens aut cyanescens, bene evolutum (crass. circ. O.i mm) aut valde tenue (in eodem apothecio), sub hypothecium anguste continuatum. Hymenium circ. O.070— O.110 mm crassum, jodo caerulescens. Epithecium minutissime vio- laceo-granulosum, KOH caerulescens. Paraphyses apice arctius cohaerentes et leviter gelatinosae et paululum incrassatae, ceterum crass. 0.0015 mm. Asci clavati aut cylindrico-clavati, in apice mem brana paululum incrassata. Gonidia globosa et parce subglobosa, diam. O.ooo—O.014 mm, tantum simplicia et parce etiam glomerulosa visa, membrana vulgo incrassata. 121. L. lygaeiza Vain. Lecidea lenebrosa var. lygaeoides Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 88 (non Bialora lygeoides Anzi Symb. Lich. Rar., 1864, p. 13, Magnuss. Stud. Rivul. p. 48, »L. parasema var.» sec. adn. in hb. Nyl.). I Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 251 Thallus tenuis, areolatus aut partim areolato-diffractus, areolis vulgo minutissimis, circ. 0.15—0.35 mm latis aut p. p. etiam majoribus, planis, contiguis, angulosis, cinerascentibus, p. p. angustissime cinereo-albido-marginatis, subpruinosis, opacis, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo nigricante limitatus. Apothecia dispersa et partim crebra, primum thallo immersa, dein mox adnata, basi non constricta, lat. 0.35—-0.5 (—0.6) mm, disco piano, nigro, nudo, opaco, laevigato, margine tenui, integro, nigro, nudo, primum prominente, persistente aut demum excluso. Hypothecium fuscescens, parte superiore angusta pallida, hyphis erectis. Epithecium aeruginoso- fuligineum. Paraphyses laxe cohaerentes. Asci eylindrici. Sporae ellipsoideae, long. O.oio—O.012, crass. 0.005—0.006 mm. Dislr. LIn.: In latere rupis graniticae in reg. pinifera in Ruoptuin- vaara (Vain., 1. c). Stratum corticate thalli ex apicibus hypharum obscuratis, cla- vatis, 0.005—O.ooo mm latis, constipatis, formatum, strato hyalino destructo tenuissimo, leviter evoluto, partim obductum, quare thal lus subpruinosus apparet, sed pruina e granulis formata deficiens. Thallus KOH non reagens. Perithecium fusco- aut olivaceo-fuligi neum. Hymenium jodo caerulescens, dein decoloratum, crass, circ. O.100—O.110 mm. Paraphyses simplices, increbre septatae, non con- strictae, crass. O.0015 mm, apice leviter clavato-incrassatae. Sporae 8:nae, ellipsoideae, simplices. Gonidia cystococcacea, globosa, sim plicia. 122. L. praenubila Nyl. Flora 1873 p. 21; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 211; Zahlbr. Gat Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 674. Thallus tenuis, areolatus, areolis O.25—-O.45 mm latis, planis aut saepe leviter concavis, medio rufescenti-pallidis (non pruinosis) margine angustissime cinereo-limbatis sub- pruinosisque, in hypothallo nigro aut subcinerascente, leviter rimuloso sparsis aut contiguis, innatis, sorediis destitutus, KOH et GaGl202 non reagens, medulla jodo non reagente. Apothecia dispersa, adnata, basi non constricta, lat. circ. 0.5 mm, disco nigro, nudo, opaco, piano aut demum convexi- usculo, margine obtuso, integro, nigro, nudo, non promi- 252 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. nente, demum excluso. Hypothecium fuscescens, parte supe riore dilutius colorata, hyphis erectis. Epithecium olivaceo- et aeruginoso-fuligineum. Paraphyses laxe cohaerentes. Asci clavati. Sporae ellipsoideae, »long. O.012—O.016, crass. O.ooe—O.oos mm» (sec. Nyl.). Dislr. KOn.: »Ad cataractam prope Koikari supra granitum cum Lecanora argopholi» (Norrl. Fl. Kar. Oneg. II p. 34). Thallo habitu subsimilis L. fuscoalrae f. roridulae in Herb. Lich. Fenn. cont. n. 755, sed proxima est L. lygaeizae, praesertim thallo medio non pruinoso, margine apotheciorum non prominente et ascis clavatis ab ea differens. Potius affinis est L. alrocinereae (L. tene- brosae), quam L. fuscoalrae. Hymenium »jodo intense caerulescens» (Nyl.). Sporae 8:nae, distichae, decolores, simplices. Thallus KOH non reagens Gonidia cystococcacea, globosa, inter autosporas (circ. 5) continentia. Obs. It differs from the other species of this section in its clavate asci. It could also have been referred to the L. elaeochroma section, but Vainio expressly states »proxima est L. lygaeizae», which was first described as a var. of Lecidea lenebrosa = atrocinerea (Schaer.) Vain. Unfortunately its pycnoconidia are unknown, they would have settled the question. Sect. Lecidea elaeochroma. Thallus pallidus. Sporae late ellipsoideae, paraphyses (vulgo) facillime vel facile discretae. Pycnoconidia longa, acicularia, ar cuata vel subrecta. Hyphae medullares non amyloideae. 123. L. stigmatea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 161 p. maj. p., Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 15 p. p. Lichen parasemus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. (1798) p. 64 p. min. p. Lecidea parasema Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 216 p. p. L. elaeochroma Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 542 p. p. (non Ach.). L. enleroleuca Arn. Lich. Jur. Fl. 1884 p. 164, Lich. Munch. (1891) p. 80 (non Ach., conf. Tli. Fr. 1. c. p. 549). L. goniophila Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 90 (nec Floerk., nec Nyl., conf. infra). Thallus evanescens aut tenuis crassusve, verrucosus aut verruculis minutis immixtus, albidus vel impure albidus, KOH lutescens fulvescensve addito CaCl202 lutescens fulve- scensve, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo indistincto. Apo thecia mediocria aut partim sat parva, adnata, basi leviter Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 2o3 aut sat bene constricta, disco piano aut demum convexo, atro aut raro fusco-nigro, nudo, margine tenui aut sat tenui, atro, vulgo nitido, persistente aut demum excluso. Hypo thecium decoloratum pallidumve aut raro subrubescens, hy phis irregulariter contextis. Epithecium fuscescens nigri- cansve aut aeruginosum cyanescensve, KOH parum reagens. Paraphyses sat laxe cohaerentes, apicem versus leviter in crassatae, non distincte gelatinosae. Sporae 8:nae, ellipsoi deae, long. 0.008—0.014, crass. O.005—0.008 (—O.oio) mm. Coni dia filiformia, arcuata, long. circ. 0.016—-0.030, crass. 0.0005 — O.0008 mm. Vulgo saxicola. Distr. Ad saxa rupesque locis apricis subumbrosisque sat fre quenter passimve toto territorio. F. diasemoides (Nyl.) Vain. Lecidea diasemoides Nyl. Fl. 1874 p. 11. L. goniophila var. incongrua f. diasemoides Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 91. Thallus modice incrassatus aut rarius crassus vel sat tenuis, ver rucosus areolatusve, verrucis areolisque dispersis aut partim conti guis, vulgo difformibus, partim minutis, partim mediocribus vel tuberculoso-confluentibus vel verruculoso-inaequalibus, albidis. Apo thecia vulgo mediocria. Epithecium fuscescens aut olivaceo-fuligi neum nigricansve. Hypothecium albidum pallidumve. Distr. Praesertim ad saxa granitica locis apricis passim vel sat frequenter. Areolae et verrucae verruculaeque thalli lat. circ. 1—O.15 mm. Apothecia lat. vulgo 0.4—0.8 mm, tota adnata aut basi leviter con stricta, atra, plana aut demum convexa, margine non aut primum prominente, saepe demum excluso. Conidia »bene arcuata, long. 0.015—O.021, crass. O.0005 mm» sec. ann. Nyl. in specim. orig. e Kongs- vold in Norvegia. In specim. ad Paloniemi in Kuus. collecto coni- dangia subviolascentia, sterigmata simplicia, conidia filiformia, bene arcuata, long. circ. O.020 mm, perithecium extus violaceo- aut cyaneo- fuligineum, intus partim dilutius violascens cyanesöensve, membranis leviter incrassatis. F. spaihea Vain. L. goniophila var. incongrua f. spathea Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 91, Lich. Gaucas. (1899) p. 325. Thallus modice incrassatus aut sat crassus aut sat tenuis, areo- lato-diffractus areolatusve, areolis subplanis aut p. p. convexis, vulgo contiguis, impure cinerascentibus aut dilute cinereo-fuscescen- tibus, saepe mediocribus. Apothecia mediocria aut sat parva. Epi thecium subnigricans aut olivaceo- vel subviolaceo-nigricans aut rarius p. p. subaeruginosum. Hypothecium albidum pallidumve. 254 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV Dislr. Praesertim supra lapides saxave granitica ad domicilia, in pratis et locis cultis passim. Areolae thalli lat. circ. 1—0.3 mm et partim minores, laevigatae, et majores verruculoso-inaequales. Apothecia lat. circ. 0.8—0.3 (—1.3) mm, basi leviter constricta aut tota adnata. Obs. L. diasemoides f. sublaeuigata Vain. (Lich. Vib., 1878, p. 66, Fl. Tav. Or., 1878, p. 115), thallo magis areolato, areolis planis, sub- laevigatis aut leviter verruculosis, apotheciis interdum majoribus (—1.5 mm latis) descripta, a f. spalhea est evoluta. Ad Järvenpää in Tuusula (N.) in rupibus littoralibus abundanter provenit, etiam alibi obveniens — L. goniophila f. grisea Vain., in Räsänen Ein. Flechtenf. (Meddel. F. Fl. Fenn. 46, 1921 p. 171), thallo griseo-obscurato vel cinereo-fuscescente et verruculis verrucisque convexis instructa levi ter differt a f. spalhea. Pluribus locis collecta. F. luxurious Vain. Thallus crassus, cinereus, rimoso-areolatus, areolis verruculoso- inaequalibus. Epithecium olivaceo-fuligineum vel nigricans aut sor dide aeruginosum. Dislr. Ka.: In rupibus et saxis graniticis Viburgi (»L. incongrna» in Vain. Lich. Vib. p. 66). Ta.: In rupe syenitica Haukkavuori in Korpilahti (»L. subcongrua» a Nyl. a. 1874 determinata, »L. incon grua» in Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. p. 115). Intermedia est inter f. diasemoidem et f. caesiocineream, colore epithecii et verruculis thalli minoribus a posteriore differens. Thallus verruculis O.05—O.i mm latis, KOH flavescens. Hypothecium cras sum, hyphis erectis (sicut in L. subcongrua Vain.). Perithecium in eodem apothecio variabile, dilute olivaceum aut nigricans, hyphis sat tenuibus. Paraphyses sat laxe cohaerentes, leviter gelatinosae, apice anguste clavatae colorataeque. Obs. 1. L. parasema *L. incongrua Nyl. (Lich. Scand., 1861, p. 218, Fl. 1874 p. 11, Hue Addend. II, 1888, p. 181), ad lapidem in Kajaani a K. P. Malmgren collecta, exactius non sit determinabilis. Est planta morbosa, thallo instructa crasso, KOH non reagente aut leviter flavescente, addito CaCl202 non reagente. Alia specimina postea hue relata dissimilia sunt. Oblivioni tradenda est. Obs. 2. L. incongrua f. bryobata Nyl. in Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. VII (1882) n. 327, thallo KOH lutescente deindeque rubescente et paraphysibus ramoso-connexis instructa, in stirpem L. parasemae non pertinet. F. granulosa (Arn.) Vain. Lecidella goniophVa var. granulosa Arn. Lich. Tirol IV (I860) p. 644, Lich. Exs. (1869) n. 411 a, b (in herb. Nyl.). Lecidea goniophila var. incongrua f. granulosa Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 92. L. parasema *L. lalypiza Nyl. Fl. 1873 p. 201 (conf. infra). L. perlingens Nyl. Fl. 1874 p. 313 Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 255 (sec. Nyl. Fl. 1881 p. 456, Hue Addend. II p. 179, et sec. herb. Nyl.). Thallus crassus aut mediocris, impure albidum. Epithecium aeru ginoso-fuligineum. Dislr. LIn.: In latere rupis in reg. pinifera ad Paatsjoki. Paraphysibus sat laxe cohaerentibus, non gelatinosis a L. sub congrua differt. — Thallus verrucis areolisque contiguis dispersisve, verruculoso-inaequalibus aut sat laevigatis. Apothecia adnata, p. p. basi leviter constricta, plana aut demum convexa, vulgo medi ocria. Perithecium in margine extus cyanescens aut subaeruginosum. Hypothecium pallidum albidumve. Sporae long. O.on—O.017, crass. O.005—0.007 mm. Obs. L. parasema *L. latypiza Nyl., Fl. 1873 p. 201, Obs. Lich. Pyr. (1873) p. 57, Lich. Pyr. Obs. Nov. (1891) p. 81, Fl. 1881 p. 180 (Hue addend. II, 1888, p. 179), sec. specim. orig. n. 19532 in herb. Nyl. non est distinguenda a f. granulosa Arn. Epithecium cyanescenti- fuligineum aut subolivaceo-nigricans. Paraphyses laxe cohaerentes, non distincte gelatinosae. Hypothecium pallidum. Sporae ellipsoi deae, simplices. Sec. annot. Nyl. in n. 19530, ad St. Janin in Vienne collecto, conidia »filiformia, arcuata, long. O.017—-O.022, crass. O.0005 mm.» L. latypea f. latypiza Nyl. in Vain. FL Tav. Or. 1878 p. 115 (a Nyl. determ.) ad L. Luhankaensem Vain, pertinet. L. par asemia *L. subincongrua Nyl. Obs. Lich. Pyr. Or. (1873) p. 37, Lich. Pyr. Obs. Nov. (1891) p. 63, »thallo crass. 2 mm vel tenuiore (KOH cum CaCl202 aurantiaco-rubescente sec. annot. Nyl.), conidiis arcuatis, long. O.015, crass. O.0005 mm» instructa, in Fennia non est collecta. F. caesiocinerea Vain. L. goniophila var. incongrua f. granulosa sf. caesiocinerea Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 92. Thallus crassus, obscure caesio-cinereus. Epithecium cyane- scenti- vel aeruginoso-fuligineum. Distr. LIn.: In scopulo littorali in Tervaniemi (Vain.). Thallus areolis verrucaeformibus, 2.2—0.3 mm latis, contiguis, convexis, saepe verruculoso-tuberculosis, KOH flavo-lutescentibus. Apothecia tota adnata aut inter areolas thalli semiimmersa, lat. circ. 1.3—0.3 mm, convexa, saepe tuberculosa, gonidiis destituta. Paraphyses sat laxe cohaerentes, non gelatinosae. Hymenium circ. O.ooo—O.oso mm crassum. Perithecium extus cyanescens aut subaeru ginosum, hyphis radiantibus, conglutinatis, membranis modice in crassatis, distincte gelatinosis. L. (Aspiciliam) caesiocineream Nyl. in mernoriam revocans, sed vix satis differens a f. granulosa F. macra Vain. Thallus e verruculis parvis, subalbidis, dispersis constans. Epi thecium fusco-fuligineum aut olivaceo-fuscescens. Hypothecium 256 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV decoloratum pallidumve. Perithecium partim extus aeruginosum, ceterum subdecoloratum. Dislr. KLad.: In rupe gneissacea in Haukkariutta in insula lacus Laatokka (Vain.). Ta.: In rupe granitica ad Vanha-Jutila in Jutin- salo in par. Luhanka (Vain., sec. determ. Nyl. a. 1874 »L. subcongrua macra»). Facie externa similis L. albidocinerellae et L. incongruellae, thallo KOH lutescente ab iis differens. Intermedia est inter f. diasemoidem et f. glabram. Thallus CaCl202 non reagens, verruculis O.05—O.i mm latis. Apothecia sat dispersa, lat. 0.5—1 mm, basi parum aut leviter constricta, disco piano aut demum convexo, atro aut raro fusco atro, subnitido, margine tenui, persistente aut demum excluso. Hypothe cium hyphis irregulariter contextis. Perithecium O.oso—O.ooo mm crassum, hyphis sat tenuibus, modice pachydermaticis, cavitatibus angustissimis, oblongis. Hymenium O.oso mm crassum. Paraphyses sat laxe cohaerentes, simplices, leviter aut vix distincte gelatinosae, apice leviter clavatae. Sporae ellipsoideae aut parce etiam globosae, long. O.011 — 0.015 (—O.007), crass. O.007—O.009 (—O.004) mm. F. glabra (Krempelh.) Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 90. Lecidella glabra Krempelh. in Arn. Lich. Exs. (1859) n. 44, Lich. Bay. (1861) p. 196 (excl. Arn. 1. c. n. 45, conf. infra). Lecidea entero- leuca Nyl. in Vain. FL Tav. Or. (1878) p. 115, Nyl. Fl. 1881 p. 186, Lich. Paris (1896) p. 90, in Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 180 (nec Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 177, nec Syn. Lich. p. 19, conf. Th. Fr. 1. c. p. 549). L. euphorea *L. enteroleuca Nyl. in Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. (1885) p. 99. L. goniophila var. atrosanguinea Vain. iVdj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 90 (non Floerk.). L. leploderma Dub. Bot. Gall. (1830) p. 651 sec. Nyl. in Fl. 1881 p. 187, sed exactius non cognita. Thallus evanescens obsoletusve aut e verruculis dispersis parcis subalbidis constans. Epithecium nigricans aut olivaceo- vel sub- fuscescenti- vel subaeruginoso-fuligineum. Hypothecium pallidum albidumve. Perithecium vulgo totum subfuligineum. Dislr. In laterbus abruptis rupium scopulorumque praesertim graniticorum schistosorumque sat frequenter aut passim provenit. Apothecia basi saepe distincte constricta, disco piano aut demum convexo, margine tenui, persistente aut demum excluso. Hypothe cium jodo non reagens aut superne anguste caerulescens, hyphis sat tenuibus, irregulariter contextis, membranis modice incrassatis, cavi tatibus angustis, saepe oblongis. Perithecium fuscescenti- aut vio- laceo-fuligineum aut in margine subcyanescens, circ. O.050—O.100 mm crassum, hyphis sat regulariter radiantibus, sat tenuibus, modice aut leviter pachydermaticis, cavitatibus angustis, oblongis aut p. p. ellipsoideis, in parte inferiore interdum intus dilute coloratum. Hy menium circ. O.070—0.075 mm crassum. Paraphyses sat laxe cohae- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 257 rentes, simplices, non aut vix distincte gelatinosae, apicem versus sensim leviter incrassatae (clava obscurata crass. O.002—O.003 mm), ceterum crass, circ. O.ooi mm. Sporae 8:nae, distichae aut p. p. mo- nostichae, ellipsoideae aut parce etiam globosae, long. O.oos—0.OL4, crass. O.OOO—O.oos mm. Conidia »filiformia, bene arcuata, long. O.016— 0.030, crass. O.0005—O.ooos mm» sec. annot, in specim. hue pertinentibus in herb. Nyl. Obs. 1. Ob colorem variantein epithecii in duas formas dividi non potest, nam in eodem specimine haec variationes observantur. Obs. 2. In specim. orig. Lecidellae glabrae Krempelh. n. 20017 in herb. Nyl. hymenium superne caerulescens, epithecio fuscescente, KOH non reagente, perithecium intus caerulescens, extus fuscescens, hypothecium albidum, thallus albidus, laevigatus, calci immixtus evanescensque, conidia (sec. annot. Nyl.) »bene arcuata, long. O.020, crass. 0.0005—O.0000 mm». Obs. 3. L.lalijpea Ach., Meth. Lich. Suppl. (1803) p. 10, sec. specim. orig. e Suecia (a Westring missum) ad L. planam Lahm per tinet, thallo instructa verrucoso (nec verruculoso), cinereo, nec KOH nec jodo reagente, hypothecio sordide pallescente, ex hyphis erectis formato, hymenio circ. O.120 mm crasso, indistincte limitato, epithecio olivaceo-fuligineo, paraphysibus arcte cohaerentibus, leviter gelati nosis, apice leviter incrassatis (sporis non visis). In sensu variante hoc nomen a Nyl. adhibitum est; in Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. p. 08 specim. ad Selkapajanlahti lectum sec. Nyl. pertinet ad »L. lerna- riam». L. parasema *L. lalypea f. ecruslacea Brenner 1. c. (1885) exactius non cognita. F. hypoleuca (Th. Fr.) Vain. L. elaeochroma d hypoleuca Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 544. L. enleroleuca var. hypoleuca Vain. Lich. Vib. (1878) p. 66. Thallus tenuis aut sat tenuis, verruculosus aut verruculoso-inae- qualis, cinerascens albidusve. Apothecia atra, vulgo plana margi- nataque. Hypothecium albidum pallidumve. Lignicola. Dislr. Ka.: Ad tectum ligneum putridum Viburgi (Vain. 1. c.). Ta.: In aquaeductu ligneo molinae ad Tammijoki in Luhanka (Vain.). Thallus KOH lutescens, addito CaCl202 non reagens, hypothallo non aut parum evoluto. Apothecia saepe sat crebra, fere tota adnata, lat. circ. 0.5—O.o mm (»1—1.4 mm» sec. Th. Fr.), disco nudo, parum nitido, margine nitido. Hypothecium hyphis sat tenuibus, sat lepto dermaticis, irregulariter contextis. Perithecium circ. 0.060—O.oso mm crassum, in margine extus aeruginosum, ceterum subalbidum, hyphis radiantibus, increbre ramoso-connexis, sat pachydermaticis, cavitati bus angustis, saepe oblongis. Hymenium circ. O.070 mm crassum. Epithecium olivaceo-aeruginoso-fuligineum. Paraphyses sat laxe cohaerentes, leviter gelatinosae, apice anguste obscureque clavatae. 17 258 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. 124. L. Luhankaensis Vain. (n. sp.) Thallus sat tenuis, verruculosus verrucosusque, verrucis dispersis, partim in soredia fatiscentibus, albido-cinerascenti- bus; KOH lutescentibus, CaCl202 non reagentibus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia sat parva aut mediocria, usque ad marginem adnata, disco piano aut demum convexo, atro, nudo, margine tenuissimo, atro, persistente aut demum ex cluso. Hypothecium albidum aut subalbidum aut partim luteo-fuscescens, hyphis irregulariter contextis aut superne partim suberectis. Epithecium fusco-fuligineum aut (in eodem apothecio) partim aeruginoso-fuligineum, KOH parum rea gens. Paraphyses sat laxe cohaerentes, apice leviter incrassa tae, non distincte gelatinosae. Sporae 8:nae, ellipsoideae, long. 0.009—-0.014, crass. 0.007—0.009 mm. Distr. Ta.: In latere rupis gneissaceae, soli exposito ad Varma in Luhanka (»L. latypea f. latypiza» sec. determ. Nyl. in Vain. Fl. Tav. Or., 1878, p. 115). Intermedia inter L. stigmaieam et L. subinsequenlem, sed ab ambabus thallo soredioso differens. Apothecia dispersa, lat. 0.3—-Li mm. Llypothecium jodo dilute caerulescens. Perithecium fuscorub- ricoso-fuligineum, in margine interdum aeruginoso-fuligineum, KOH parum reagens, hyphis radiantibus, sat tenuibus, parum pachyderma ticis. Hymenium circ. O.070—O.oso mm crassum, jodo caerulescens, dein vinose rubens. Sporae distichae, ellipsoideae, simplices. Obs. L. parasema *L. latypiza Nyl., Fl. 1873 p. 201, ad L. stig maieam f. granulosam (Arn.) Vain. pertinet (conf. sub ea). 125. L. goniophila Floerk.1) Berl. Mag. (1800) p. 311 (sec. herb. Ach.); Nyl. Fl. 1881 p. 186, Lich. Paris (1896) p. 00. L. immersa ft alrosanguinea Floerk. 1. c. p. 308 (sec. herb. Ach.). Bialora pungens Koerb. Lich. Sel. Germ. I (1856) n. 13 (in herb. Nyl.). Lecidea pungens Nyl. Fl. 1878 p. 248, Fl. 1881 p. 4. L. goniophila var. alrosanguinea f. glabra (Kremp.) Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 90 (Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 547). Thallus evanescens vel tenuissimus, albidus vel cinerascens. x). Literature and distinction of the 3 formae by Vainio, the de scriptions by Lynge. Acta Societal is pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 259 Apothecia adpressa, diam. 0.4—1.0 mm., plana vel deinde subconvexa, marginata. Excipulum in parte interiori incoloratum, praeterea fusco-fuligi neum vel violascens, hypothecium incoloratum vel dilute flavescens. Hymenium superne aeruginoso-nigrescens, rarius (?) subviolascens, KOH vulgo plus minusve caerulescens. Paraphyses facillime liberae. Sporae late ellipsoideae, lepto- dermaticae, (8—) 9—15 x (5—) 7—9 u. Pycnoconidia acicularia, recta vel arcuata, (10—) 12—30 x 0.8—1 it longa. Thallus J, KOH et CaCl202 non reagens, hymenium J e caeruleo sordide vinosum. Obs. Nylander wrote: »L. goniophila Flk. est prius nomen L. pungen- tis» (Hue Addenda Nov ap. 180). It is evident that Vainio's Lecidea goniophila Flk. corresponds to Lecidea elaeochroma e. pungens (Kbr.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 543. Lecidea goniophila is a saxicolous species. For practical purposes that will distinguish it from the corticolous or lignicolous species Lecidea glomerulosa and Lecidea olivacea. But the editor has been unable to detect how he should distinguish with certainty any plant of Lecidea goniophila from Lecidea siigmalea. The latter species has a much better developed thallus, Vainio attributes a »thallus modice incrassatus aut sat crassus» to its numerous formae, with few excep tions. The editor has got the impression that the excipulum is dar ker in Lecidea siigmalea. F. pungens (Koerb.) Vain. Bialora pungens Koerb. Lich. Sel. Germ. I (1856) n. 13 (in herb. Nyl.). Lecidea pungens Nyl. FL 1878 p. 248, 1881 p. 4 p. p. (excl. Zwackh Lich. Exs. n. 605). L. goniophila Floerk. 1. c. (in herb. Ach.); Nyl. Fl. 1881 p. 188 p. p., Lich. Paris (1896) p. 90 p. p. L. nigrocruenla Anzi Lich. Rar. Langob. X (1863) n. 402 (in herb. Nyl.), Symb. (1864) p. 18 Thallus evanescens vel subevanescens, minutissime disperse in- conspicue verrucoso-granulatus (diam. granularum circiter O.i mm), albidus vel subalbidus. Apothecia mediocria, diam. 0.4—l.o mm, substrato adpressa, dispersa vel interdum hinc inde magis conglomerata. Discus niger, humidus fusco-nigrescens, diu vel persistenter planus, laevigatus, epruinosus, bene marginatus, deinde saepe subconvexus margine excluso. Excipulum in parte exteriori solum obscuratum, fusco-fuli gineum vel plus minusve in violascentem vergens, praeterea incolora tum. Hypothecium cum parte superiori excipuli confluit, incoloratum 260 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV vel dilute flavescens. Hymenium 70—75 n altum, superne aerugi- noso-nigrescens vel interdum in violascentem vergens. Paraphyses distinctae, facile discretae, simplices, in apice non incrassatae. Asci saccati, 14—18 u crassi, membrana matura superne non vel leviter incrassata. Sporae bene evolutae, octonae, leptodermaticae, late ellipsoideae, 10—15 x 7-—8.5 u. Hymenium J e caeruleo sordide vinosum, KOH decoloratum vel pallide aeruginosum. Tballus J et KOH incoloratus. Vainio (note): »conidia recta aut leviter arcuata, 12—18 x 1 (Nyl. Herb. No. 10025).» Vainio (note): »in latere rupium. Non sit rara, sed tantum coni diis certe determinanda.» F. cnieroleuca (Nyl.) Vain. Lecidea enteroleuca Nyl. Fl. 1881 p. 186, Lich. Paris (1806) p. 90; Hue Addend. IT (1888) p. 180 (non Ach. Lich. Univ., 1810, p. 19, nec Syn. Lich., 1814, p. 19). L. ea- pliorea *L. enteroleuca Nyl. in Brenn. Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. (1885) p. 99. Thallus ut in praecedenti forma (f. pungenli), etiam structura apotheciorum. Sporae 9—12 x 7-—9 yi. Obs. Vainio (note): »conidia arcuata 20—30 x 0.8 //, sec. annot. Nyl. in bibl. sua.» Vainio (note): »huc forsan pertinent Lecidea immersa ft alrosan guinea Floerk. Berl. Mag. (1809) p. 308, Lecidea dubia Schaer. Lich. Helv. Spic. (1828) p. 148 et Lecidea leptoderma Dub. Bot. Gall. (1830) p. 651 et Lecidea goniophila ft egena Kremplh. Lich. Bay. (1861) p. 196. Sed conidia eorum incognita sunt. Lecidea glabra Krempelh. in Koerb. Par. Lich. 3 Lief. (1861) p. 211 est intermedia inter f. subsequentem et f. enteroleucam Nyl.» In Brenner Hollands Lafvar p. 99 Nylander writes on his Lecidea euphorea Flk. *L. enteroleuca (Ach.) Nyl.: »F. thallo crassiore, sporis minor ibus.» In numerous plants in Vainio's herb. (Nos. 23883—93), all of them determined by Nylander, there is hardly any visible thallus. Nylander contented himself with the suggestion on the spore size, he gave no measures. In Vainio's herb., there was a note by Vainio: 9—12 x 7—9 ju (No. 23890), the editor examined another plant (No. 23889) and found the same size: 9—11 x 7 ju. Evidently Vainio saw the real difference between f. pungens and f. enteroleuca in the length and form of the pycnoconidia. Un fortunately the pycnides are very rare. The editor does not venture any suggestion on its distribution in Finland. But there are several plants in Vainio's herbarium. F. subpungens Vain. Lecidea pungens Nyl. Fl. 1881 p. 4 p. p. et in Zwackh Lich. Exs. n. 605. L. goniophila var. alrosanguinea f. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 261 pungens Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 90 [Bialora pungens Koerb. Par. Lich. 2 Lief., 1860, p. 161 p. p., sec. descr.). Vainio's description in Adjumenta 1. c: »Thallus obsoletus. Summa pars hymenii nigricans, smaragdulo-caerulescenti- vel oli- vaceo-nigricans.» Obs. The editor has seen some of Vainio's Lapponian plants. There are several herb, notes, as is often the case in Vainio's herb. The editor has collaborated them in the following manner: »Thallus disperse minute verrucosus vel obsoletus. — Apothecia diu plana mar^inata vel interdum primo convexiuscula, margine vix ullo, dein convexa immarginata. Excipulum crassum, margine vio- laceo-fuligineum vel violaseenti-fuscescenti-fuligineum, KOH Hy pothecium fulvescens-lutescens vel subincoloratum. Hymenium 70 ju altum, superne violascenti-fuligineum vel sordide violascenti-olivaceo- fuligineum, J caerulescens, dein obscure violascens, praesertim asci, KOH Epithecium vix granulosum. Paraphyses laxae vel sat laxae, clava 2—3 u crassa, ceterum 1 p. Sporae late ellipsoideae, 8—14 x 5—8 ju.» ' A manuscript note by Vainio: »conidia recta filiformia, 10—-12 x 0.6 JU.» Vainio in Adjumenta 1. c: »in lateribus praeruptis rupium et saxorum erescit.» 126. L. subsequens Nyl. Flora 1874 p. 11, Fl. 1883 p. 108; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 181. L. elaeochroma i. subsequens Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 551. L. goniophila var. subsequens Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 01. Exs. Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. cont. (1021) n. 747. Thallus evanescens tenuissimusve (aut raro sat tenuis: f. Paalsjokensis), dispersus, verruculosus aut verruculoso- inaequalis, albidus aut impure albidus, KOH lutescens, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia sat parva aut partim medi ocria, tota adnata aut basi leviter constricta, disco piano, vulgo demum convexo, atro aut fuscoatro (aut raro livido- nigricante: f. Paalsjokensis), nudo, margine tenui, atro, persistente aut demum excluso. Hypothecium pallidum aut decoloratum, hyphis irregulariter contextis. Epithecium fuscescenti- aut rufescenti-purpureum, KOH distinctius pur pureum. Paraphyses sat laxe cohaerentes, leviter gelati nosae, apice clavatae et p. p. etiam non incrassatae. Sporae 2Ö2 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV 8:nae, ellipsoideae aut parce globosae, long. 0.009—0.015 (0.005—-O.ois), crass. O.006—O.oos (—O.005) mm. Conidia »fili formia, arcuata, long. O.021—-O.028, crass. O.0005—O.0006 mm» (sec. Nyl. Flora 1883 p. 108). Dislr. In rupibus calcareis et raro micaceo-schistosis graniticisque rara. Ab.: Simonby et Skräbböle (F. Elfving) et Storby (L. Kari) in Parras, Pellonkylä in Karjalohja (Norrl., H. L. F. 11. 747). N.: Brändskär prope Tvärminne (E. Häyren), Degerö prope Helsingfor siam (Vain.). Ta.: Evo in Lammi (Lang). LIn.: In reg. pinif. ad Paatsjoki (Vain., f. Paalsjokensis). Apothecia lat. 0.5—0.8 (—-1) mm, disco opaco aut leviter nitido, margine saepe nitido, interdum primum leviter prominente. Perithe cium circ. O.oso—0.090 mm crassum, extus purpureo-fuscescens, intus dilute coloratum aut decoloratum, partes coloratae KOH purpura- scentes, hyphis radiantibus, modice aut sat pachydermaticis, cavita tibus angustis, oblongis aut in margine parcius ellipsoideis latiori- busque, jodo non reagens. Hypothecium interdum dilute subroseum, hyphis sat tenuibus, membranis sat tenuibus, cavitatibus angustis, parte superiore (circ. O.030 mm crassa) jodo caerulescens, parte in feriore non reagens. Hymenium circ. O.ooo—O.oso mm crassum, jodo caerulescens, dein (in solutione magis concentr.) totum fulvo-fusce- scens. Paraphyses simplices aut partim furcatae, in KOH laxius* cohaerentes, tubulis O.ooi mm latis aut p. p. latioribus, saepe clava colorata O.0015 (aut O.003—O.004) mm crassa. Sporae distichae, sim plices. F. Paalsjokensis Vain. Thallus bene evolutus. Apothecia nigricantia et p. p. livido- nigricantia. Dislr. LIn.: In latere rupis graniticae in reg. pin. ad fl. Paatsjoki (»v. subsequens» Vain. I.e. p. 91). Thallus sat tenuis, albidus, KOH lutescens, verruculis et parce etiam verrucis areolisque dispersis et partim parce contiguis, granulis sorediorum parcissimis dispersisque. Apothecia lat. O.5-—1.2 mm, late adnata, disco demum convexo, nitido opacove, nudo, margine atro aut livido, aut demum excluso. Hypothecium albidum palli dumve, jodo parte superiore caerulescens, KOH lutescens, hyphis irregulariter contextis. Perithecium extus fuscescens aut subviola scens aut p. p. violaceo-cyanescens aut partim et subtus sub- decoloratum, intus decoloratum aut fuscescens, jodo non reagens, hyphis modice aut sat pachydermaticis. Hymenium circ. O.08O mm crassum. Epithecium (in ap. obscurioribus) subfuscescens aut sub- purpureo-fuscescens, KOH paullo distinctius subpurpureum. Para physes sat laxe cohaerentes, duarum formarum, aut fuscescenti- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 263 127. L. subcongrua Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 97, Lich. Sibir. Merid. (1896) p. 19, Exp. Antarct. Beige Lich. (1903) p. 34, Lich. Exp. Amdrup (1905) p. 138, Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai (1909) p. 135 (non L. subcongrua Nyl., Fl. 1874 p. 11, ad L. goniophilam f. diasemoidem pertinens). Thallus crassus mediocrisve aut raro tenuis evanescensve, verrucosus et verruculis minutis immixtus, verrucis verrucu- lisque convexis aut raro partim planis, vulgo dispersis et partim contiguis confluentibusve, aut raro partim subcon- tinuus rimosusque, albidus vel impure albidus vel subosseo- albidus, KOH lutescens, addito CaCl202 lutescens fulve- scensve, non sorediosus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia mediocria aut partim sat parva, adnata aut rarius partim semiimmersa subimmersave, basi non aut raro partim leviter constricta, simplicia aut rarius demum tuberculato-divisa vel acervulato-prolifera, disco piano aut vulgo demum con vexo, atro, subopaco aut subnitido, nudo, margine tenui aut sat tenui, haud prominente, atro aut parte inferiore palle- scente, nitido, demum vulgo excluso. Hypothecium decolora tum pallidumve, in parte superiore hyphis suberectis. Epi thecium cyanescens aut aeruginoso-fuligineum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, leviter gelatinosae, apice non aut leviter incrassatae. Sporae 8:nae, ellipsoideae, long. 0.007—-O.013, crass. 0.005—0.006 (—O.oos) mm. Conidia filiformia, recta aut parce etiam leviter arcuata, long. O.oio—O.ois, crass. O.ooi mm. Distr. In rupibus scopulisque graniticis, granuliticis cet. locis ventosis erescit. Ab.: Olkkala in Vihti (Lang). Sb.: Harjula prope oppid. Kuopio (Linkola). Kb.: In ins. Kynsisaari in Nurmes (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 97). OKaj.: Lehtovaara in Kianta (Vain. 1. c). Kuus.: in reg. subalp. montis Iivaara (Vain. 1. c). LIn.: In reg. subalp. jugi Suoloselkä et montis Hammastunturi (f. elaeochro- miza et f. incongruens), in reg. pinif. montis Buoptuinvaara (Vain. I.e.). clavatae aut p. min. p. non clavatae, leviter gelatinosae. Sporae long. 0.009—0.012 (0.007—0 oi8), crass. O.ooo—O.oos mm. Gonidia cysto coccoidea, globosa, diani. O.009—O.014 mm, tantum simplicia visa. 264 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV F. lat y pe elia Vain. Thallus tenuis, dispersus, aut evanescens. Apothecia saepe medi ocria, disco nigricante. Epithecium fuscescenti- aut subviolaceo- fuligineum. Hypothecium p. p. rubricosum subfuscescensve et p. p. albidum. Perithecium extus purpureo-fuligineum vel subviolascenti- nigricans, intus subdecoloraturn et in margine subrubricosum. Dislr. N.: Munksnäs prope Helsingforsiam (Lang). Kuus.: In latere rupis graniticae ad Mäntyjoki (»L. goniophila *L. latypiza» in Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 92). Proxima est L. subsequenli Nyl., in earn forsan transiens, hyphis perithecii crassioribus, bene pachydermaticis a L. siigmalea (f. diase- moide) differens. Thallus albidus, KOII lutescens, CaCl202 non rea gens, esorediatus, verruculis areolisque parvis, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia lat. 1-—0.7 mm, late adnata, basi bene constricta, disco piano aut demum convexo, nigricante aut fusco-nigro, sat opaco, margine atro, nitido, non aut raro leviter prominente, subpersistente. Hypothecium in eodem apothecio colore varians, jodo parte superiore caerulescens, hyphis irregulariter contextis. Perithecium jodo non reagens, partes coloratae KOH distinctius purpureae aut subvio- lascentes, hyphis bene pachydermaticis, increbre ramoso-connexis, cavitatibus angustis, elongatis. Hymenium circ. O.oso mm crassum. Epithecium KOH parum reagens. Paraphyses sat laxe cohaerentes, leviter gelatinosae, duarum formarum in eodem apothecio, aut sub- fuscescenti-clavatae aut apice nec clavato nec colorato. Sporae simplices, long. O.oio—O.ou, crass. O.OOÖ—O.oos mm. Thallus verrucis verruculisve circ. 2.5—0.2 mm latis, GaCl202 solo non reagens. Apothecia lat. 1.8—0.4 mm. Hypothecium hyphis in parte superiore modice pachydermaticis sat erectis, irregulariter contextis immixtis, conglutinatis, demum in parte inferiore irregula riter contextis, sat pachydermaticis, conglutinatis et partim etiam aere disjunctis, totum jodo caerulescens, cavitatibus cellularum an gustis, vulgo oblongis elongatisve. Perithecium aeruginosum aut sordide subviolaceum, subtus pallescens subalbidumve, aut intus pallescens, ex hyphis radiantibus, pachydermaticis aut sat pachyder maticis, conglutinatis, partim parce ramoso-connexis formatum, leviter granulosum, jodo non reagens, cavitatibus tenuibus, oblon gis. Hymenium jodo caerulescens aut demum partim subviolascens. Paraphyses simplices et p. p. parce ramoso-connexae, membrana in KHO leviter turgescente, non mox mollescente, cavitatibus tenuibus, vix O.ooi mm crassis. Sporae distichae, simplices, apicibus rotundatis. Conidangia thallo immersa, puncto nigro indicata. F elaeochromiza Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 98. Thallus evanescens aut e verruculis parcis, parvis constans. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 265 Distr. In rupe clecliva granitica in reg. subalp. montis Hammas tunturi in LIn. (Vain.). F. incongruens Vain. 1. c. Thallus sat tenuis, e verruculis constans parvis, circ. 0.2—O.i mm latis, parce etiam majoribus difformibusque. Distr. Ad saxa granitica in reg. subalp. montis Hammastunturi in LIn. (Vain.). Apothecia lat. 0.9—0.5 mm, adnata, diu plana marginataque. Perithecium in margine extus aeruginoso- aut fuscescenti-fuligineum, parte inferiore extus fuscescens pallescensve, intus albidum, leviter granulosum. Obs. L. subcongrua Nyl. (Fl. 1874 p. 11, Lich. Pyr. Or. 1891 p. 63), sec. specim. orig. n. 20142, in Pietsovaara collecto (»L. in congrua» Nyl. in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 338), paraphysibus sat laxe cohaerentibus, non gelatinosis, apicem versus leviter incrassatis, epithecio sordide subfuscescente, parum caerulescente instructa, ad »L. diasemoidem» Nyl. pertinet, quare hoc nomen in sensu Nylan- deriano supprimendum, in sensu nostro adhiberi potest 128. L. atrosanguinea (Floerk.) Vain. (n. comb.) L. immersa ft atrosanguinea Floerk. Berl. Mag. (1809) p. 308 sec. specim. aut. in herb. Ach. (Verrucaria punctata * V. alrosanguinea Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. II, 1796, p. 192 exactius non est cognita). L. gonipohila Nyl. Fl. 1881 p. 188 p. p. (sec. determ.), Lich. Paris (1896) p. 90 p. p. (L. immersa v. goniophila Floerk. Berl. Mag. 1809 p. 311 sec. specim. aut. in herb. Ach. ad Sarcoggnem simplicem pertinet). L. pungens Nyl. Fl. 1878 p. 248 p. p., Fl. 1881 p. 4 p. p., Lich. Paris (1896) p. 90 p. p. (sec. determ., conf. infra). Thallus evanescens aut rarius distinctus, tenuis, dispersus subdispersusve, areolatus verruculosusve, impure albidus, KOH non reagens, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia medi ocria aut partim sat parva, adnata, basi leviter aut rarius sat bene constricta, disco piano aut demum convexo, atro aut fusco-nigro aut raro sublivido-nigricante, nudo, margine tenui, atro, persistente aut demum excluso. Hypothecium decoloratum pallidumve, hyphis irregulariter contextis aut superne partim suberectis. Epithecium fuscescens aut partim subdecoloratum, KOH reagens. Paraphyses arcte cohaeren tes, leviter gelatinosae, apice non aut leviter incrassatae. Sporae 8:nae, ellipsoideae aut parce subglobosae, long. 266 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. O.009-—-0.015, crass. 0.007—O.oos mm. Conidia »filiformia, sub- recta aut leviter arcuata, long. O.on—O.014 mm» (sec. annot, in specim. a me missis in herb. Nyl.). Distr. In lateribus rupium graniticarum gneissacearumque ad Herala in Hollola (Vain., »L. pungens» sec. determ. Nyl.) et Sikomäki in Padasjoki in Ta. (Norrl. et Vain., »L. pungens» sec. Nyl.). Jutinsalo in Luhanka (Vain., s. n. Lecidea renegata — L. alrosanguinea f. renegata Vain.). Thallus KOH olivaceus, addito CaCl202 non reagens, areolatus verruculosusque. Apothecia lat. 0.5—0.7 mm, margine demum ex cluso. Perithecium circ. O.075—O.100 mm crassum, hyphis sat regulari- ter radiantibus, sat tenuibus, sat leptodermaticis, cavitatibus angustis, oblongis, fusco-fuligineum et partim parce cyanescens, jodo non rea gens. Hypothecium hyphis sat tenuibus, membranis sat tenuibus, cavi tatibus angustis, jodo non reagens. Hymenium circ. O.oso mm crassum, jodo caerulescens, dein partim decoloratum. Paraphyses simplices, tubulis O.ooi mm latis, apice — O.0015 mm latis. Conidia »levissime arcuata, long. O.on—O.014 mm» (see. annot. Nyl. inn. 19921 ex Herala). F. Heralensis Vain. Discus livido-fuscescens. Thallus tenuis. Distr. Loco subumbroso subhumidoque in silva ad Herala (supra indicata). Obs. In specimine a Nyl. anno 1874 »L. pungens» determinato, supra rupem graniticam in Jutinsalo in Luhanka (Ta.) collecto, coni dia sec. annot. Nyl. (in n. 19932) sunt »filiformia, recta, long. O.015— O.01 o, crass. O.ooi mm», sed thallus nec KOH, nec CaCl202 reagens, parce evolutus dispersusque, jodo non reagens, apothecia margine paullo crassiore, perithecio O.oso—O.ooo mm crasso, fuscescenti-fuli- gineo, hypothecio dilute fuscescenti-pallido aut sordide pallido aut superne sordido ceterumque decolore, paraphysibus sat arcte aut sat laxe cohaerentibus, leviter gelatinosis, apice clavata aut non incras sata, sporis ellipsoideis aut p. p. globosis, diam. O.ooe—O.012, crass. O.ooo—0.007 mm. Parce collecta, nec certe determinabilis, forsan non autonoma species (f. renegata). 129. L. albidocinerella Vain. L. incongruella var. albidocinerella Vain. in Räsänen Ein. Flech- teiif. (Meddel. Soc. F. Fl. Fenn. 46, 1921 p. 171). Thallus sat tenuis aut modice incrassatus, e verruculis constans minutis minutissimisque, dispersis aut p. p. conti guis, glaucescenti- vel cinerascenti-albidis, nec KOH nec Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 267 CaCl202 reagens, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia parva, tota adnata aut basi leviter constricta, disco piano aut demum convexo, atro, nudo, margine tenui, atro, persistente aut demum excluso. Hypothecium rufescens fuscescensve, hy phis erectis. Epithecium aeruginoso-fuligineum. Paraphyses sat laxe cohaerentes, parum gelatinosae, apice obscure cla vatae. Sporae 8:nae, ellipsoideae aut parce globosae, long. 0.007—-0.013, crass. 0.005—O.oos mm. Distr. Ad rupes et saxa granitica littoralia erescit. Ab.: Una cum Buellia coniope (Wahlenb.) abundanter ad Ajonpää in ins. Luonnon maa in par. Naantaali (Vain.), in Bälaskär in Pojo (Widar Brenner). Ob.: Tiurasenkrunni in Simo (V. Räsänen). Proxima et facie externa subsimilis L. disiratae Arn. (Lich Tirol XXIII p. 100), quae thallo KOH bene lutescente ab ea differt. L. incongruella Vain. (Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai p. 133), excipulo et hypothecio pallidiore et apotheciis impure nigris recedens, forsan est autonoma species. Thallus verruculis 0.15—O.05 mm latis, esorediatus. Apothecia vulgo crebra, lat. 0.5—0.3 mm, disco sat opaco, margine saepe nitido. Hypothecium hyphis leviter pachydermaticis, cellulis brevibus, superne interdum partim pallidius. Perithecium fuligineum vel fusco-aut olivaceo-fuligineum aut in margine aeruginoso-fuligine um, circ. O.oso-—O.ooo mm crassum, hyphis tenuibus, parum pachyderma ticis, cavitatibus angustis. Hymenium circ. O.070—O.oso mm crassum, saepe totum dilute aeruginosum, jodo caerulescens deindeque vinose rubens. Paraphyses sat laxe cohaerentes, parum gelatinosae, sim plices, apice clavatae, clava obscurata, O.002—O.003 mm crassa. Spo rae distichae, simplices. Gonidia cystococcoidea, etiam autosporas continentia. Obs. Specimina ad rupem littoralem in Ruissalo prope Aboam lecta, perithecio extus in margine aeruginoso, ceterum subdecolorato et hypothecio dilutius rufescente a L. albidocinerella differentia, vix nisi apotheciis intense atris a L. incongruella recedunt. 130. L. euphorea (Floerk.) Nyl.1). Flora 1881 p. 187, Lich. Paris (1806) p. 89. L. sabuletorum y euphorea Floerk. Berl. Magaz. 1808 p. 311, Deutsch. Lich. (1815) x). Evidently after much hesitation Vainio had resolved to use the species name Lecidea euphorea. The species name Lecidea glome- rulosa was often found in his manuscript. On the latter assumption he had called one forma Lecidea glomerulosa f. euphorea (Flk.) Vain. 268 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV p. 6, 11.4 (sec. herb. Ach.). L. parasema Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1851) j). 216 p.p.; Arn. Lich. Jur. Fl. 1884 p. 165, Lich. Munch. (1891) p. 79, Lich. Tirol XXX (1897) p. 28. L. glomerulosa Nyl. Fl. 1872 p. 356; Nyl. in Herb. Lich. Fenn. IV (1875) n. 192; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 92, Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai (1909) p. 132. L. elaeochroma Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 542 p. p. Thallus tenuis aut crassus, verrucoso- et verruculoso- inaequalis, albidus aut raro cinereo-glaucescens suboliva- ceusve, sorediis destitutus, KOLI non aut raro leviter lute scens, CaCl202 non reagens, hypothallo obscurato interdum limitatus, vulgo indistincto. Apothecia mediocria aut sat parva, fere tota adnata aut latere thallum parum superantia, disco piano aut demum convexo, atra nigricantiave aut raro fuscescentia, nuda. Hypothecium fulvescens aut rufescens, in parte superiore hyphis erectis. Epithecium aeruginosum aut subcyanescens aut raro fuscescens, KOH parum reagens. Paraphyses sat laxe aut raro arcte cohaerentes, leviter gela tinosae, apicem versus leviter incrassatae. Sporae 8:nae, ellipsoideae aut raro partim oblongae subglobosaeve, long. O.oio—0.016, crass. O.006—-O.009 mm. Conidia filiformia, ar cuata, long. circ. O.ois—O.020, crass. O.0005 mm (conf. infra). Corticola aut lignicola. F. euphorea (Floerk.) Vain. Lich. Vib. (1878) p. 66, Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 94. L. sabulelorum y euphorea FToerk. Berl. Magaz. 1808 p. 311, Deutsch. Lich. 1 Lief. (1815) p. 6, n. 4 (sec. herb. Ach.). Having given preference to the species name euphorea, Vainio had found this same name inapplicable for the forma, and he had lined through the name, unfortunately without substituting another name. Such intricate questions can only be solved by a careful investigation of the many types. In order to avoid more confusion and more un necessary names the editor has contented himself with this remark, and he has — ad interim — used Vainio's first name f. euphorea (Flk.) Vain., although he finds it inapplicable, as a homonym of the species name. The editor cannot exclude his suspicion that Vainio had con templated a division of this species into two: Lecidea euphorea and Lecidea glomerulosa. But the editor was unable to detect specific differences in Vainio's descriptions. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, o7, N:o 2. 269 Thallus crassus aut modice incrassatus, verruculoso-inaequalis verruculosusque, verruculis contiguis dispersisve, cinerascens aut albidus, nec KOH nec GaCl202 reagens aut KOH leviter lutescens. Apothecia parva aut p. p. mediocria, crebra, atra, disco convexo aut primum piano, immarginata aut primum tenuissime marginata. Hypothecium rufescens aut violascens fuscescensve aut superne ful vescens. Dislr. Ad lignum vetustum praesertim in saepimentis et tectis, raro ad corticem Alni et Populi crescens, passim in prov. meridionali bus mediisque provenit. Lignicola ad Thule in Inari (F. Silen, n. 222, 316). Thallus verruculis circ. 0.2—0.3 (—O.i) mm latis, hypothallo in distincto. Apothecia lat. circ. 0.3—0.6 mm, usque ad marginem adnata aut in latere parum thallum superantia, disco leviter nitido aut opaco. Hypothecium hyphis sat leptodermaticis, cavitatibus ellipsoideis subglobosisve aut partim oblongis, 0.2—O.i mm latis, in parte superiore demum vulgo crassa erectis, in parte inferiore irregu lariter contextis. Perithecium extus aeruginosum, intus violascens aut rufescens, hyphis tenuibus. Hymenium circ. O.070—O.090 mm cras sum. Epithecium aeruginoso- aut subcyaneo-fuligineum. Paraphyses sat laxe aut (in specimine saepincola n. 516 Helsingforsiae collecto) arcte cohaerentes, leviter gelatinosae, apice obscuratae et leviter clavato-incrassatae aut p. p. parum incrassatae. Sporae vulgo ellip soideae et long. O.012—O.016, crass. O.007—O.009 mm, simplices, sed saepe duas guttulas oleosas continentia. Obs. F. hypoporphyrea Vain., ad corticem Populi in Peltola prope Aboam a me collecta, thallo instructa obscure cinerascente, KOH non reagente, verruculis dispersis, O.05—O.i mm latis, apotheciis dis persis, lat. 0.3-—0.8 mm, disco primum piano, demum convexo, mar gine tenui, hypothecio intense violaceo, perithecio extus aeruginoso, intus violaceo, epithecio aeruginoso, paraphysibus sat laxe cohaeren- tibus, parce gelatinosis, apice clavatis, sporis long. O.012—O.oio, crass. O.oos—0.0C9 mm, analoga est L. albocinerellae saxicolae, sed f. eupho- reae proxima. F.achrista (Sommerf.) Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 93. L. elaeochroma (j achrisla Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 150, Cent. PI. Norv. (1826) n. 46 (Mus. Berol. et Hels.); Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 544 p. p. L. glomerulosa f. populnea Vain. Lich. Vib. (1878) p. 65, Fl. Tav. Or. (1878) p. 115. L. euphorea f. laevius- cula Nyl. in Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. (1885) p. 99. Thallus tenuis, continuus, verruculoso-inaequalis. Apothecia atra, disco vulgo nitido, piano aut demum convexo; margine nitido, persistente aut demum excluso. Hypothecium vulgo fulvescens aut rufescens vel in eodem apothecio partim rufescens. 270 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV Distr. Praesertim ad corticem Populi Iremulae in partibus mediis meridionalibusque territorii frequenter aut sat frequenter, septen- trionem versus rarescens. Kuus.: In reg. abiet. montis Iivaara (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 93). LIn.: In reg. pinif. ad Ruoptuinvaara (Vain. Le). Thallus nec KOH nec GaCl202 reagens aut KOH leviter flavescens lutescensve (in speciminibus in herbario longe asservatis, olim reagen- tibus, nunc reactionem nullum observavi), verruculis circ. O.15—O.05 mm latis vulgo dispersis, leviter prominentibus, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo indistincto aut cinerascente nigricanteve interdum partim limitatus. Apothecia lat. 0.8—l.s mm, basi fere usque ad marginem adnata, dispersa aut partim crebra. Hypothecium interdum superne etiam pallidum, hyphis sat tenuibus, sat leptodermaticis, cavitatibus oblongis ellipsoideisque, in parte superiore primum tenui demumque crassa hyphis erectis, in parte infima horizontalibus et irregulariter contextis. Perithecium totum aeruginoso-cyanescens aut sordide violascens in eodem apothecio quoque, circ O.050—O.ooo mm crassum, hyphis tenuibus, sat leptodermaticis aut apice saepe crassioribus (crass. 0.005—O.ooo mm) et leviter pachydermaticis, cavitatibus ob longis ellipsoideisque. Hymenium circ. O.070 (—O.120) mm crassum, jodo caerulescens deindeque vinose rubens. Epithecium aeruginoso- cyanescens (aut raro partim in eodem apothecio violascens), non granulosum. Paraphyses simplices, sat laxe cohaerentes (aut raro arcte cohaerentes), leviter gelatinosae, apice obscuratae et leviter clavato-incrassatae. Sporae distichae, simplices, ellipsoideae aut ra rius oblongae. F. Laureri (Hepp) Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 93. Bialora Laureri Hepp Flecht. Eur. (1853) n. 4 (in herb. Nyl.). Lecidella Laureri Koerb. Par. Lich. (1865) p. 215. Lecidea elaeochroma )] Laureri Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 544 p. p. (excl. specim. CaCl202 rubesc). L. Laureri Arn. Lich. Tirol Catal. XXX (1897) p. 28. L. papillala Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. XII (1852) n. 352 (in herb. Nyl.), non Sommerf. L. parasema var. leucoplacoides Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 217 (sec herb. Nyl.). Bialora enteroleuca ft rugu- losa b grandis Hepp 1. e XIII (1867) n. 725 (in herb. meo). L. dia- sema Nyl. Fl. 1872 p. 356; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 179. Exs. Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. IV (1875) n. 192, cont. (1921) n. 748 b. Thallus crassus aut modice incrassatus, verrucosus aut verru- coso-rugosus, albidus aut impure albidus, KOH non reagens. Apothe cia sat parva aut fere mediocria, atra, plana aut demum convexa, marginata aut demum immarginata. Corticola. Dislr. Ad corticem Populi et Sorbi passim provenit. Thallus verrucis 0.3—T mm latis et p. p. minoribus, hypothallo Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 271 indistincto. Apothecia saepe crebra aut sat crebra, lat. vulgo 0.5— 1 mm, usque ad marginem adnata aut in latere thallum parum supe rantia, disco vulgo opaco. Hypothecium fulvescens aut parte infe riore fulvo-rufescens. Perithecium colore varians, saepe dilute aut extus intense aeruginosum cyanescensve et in basi subdecoloratum. Epithecium aeruginosum aut subcyanescens. Paraphyses sat laxe cohaerentes (in speciminibus leviter morbosis arcte cohaerentes). Conidia »filiformia, arcuata, long. O.ois—-O.020, crass. O.0005 mm» (sec. annot. Nyl.). Obs. 1. Specimina intermedia inter f. Laureri et f. euphorea, ad corticem Alni lecta sunt. Obs. 2. Lecidea papillaia f. subviridescens Nyl. apud Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lapp. (1873) p. 340 (Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II p. 503, L. perlu- lescens Nyl. Fl/ 1878 p. 249, Hue Addend. II p. 224, Buellia Vain. Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai p. 84), sterilis in Fennia collecta, 11011 est Bilimbia subviridescens (Nyl. Fl. 1868 p. 474, Hue 1. c. p. 153), in ins. Caesarea collecta. F. tabescens (Koerb.) Arn. Lich. Frank. Jur. Fl. 1885 p. 165. Bialora tabescens Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 203, Lich. Sel. Germ. VI (1857) n. 164. L. glomerulosa f. ambigua (Mass.) Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 94. Thallus tenuis aut modice incrassatus, glaucescens aut cinereo- glaucescens aut subolivaceus, verruculoso- aut partim verrucoso- inaequalis. Apothecia vulgo sat parva aut tuberculoso-prolificantia mediocria, fuscescentia et p. p. nigricantia. Distr. N.: Ad corticem Alni in Brunnsparken Helsingforsiae (Vain.). LKem.: Ad corticem Juniperi prope templum in Kemi järvi (Vain. 1. c.). Thallus sat continuus, nec KOH, nec CaCl202 reagens, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia lat. 0.3—O.s (raro —1.4) mm, vulgo convexa immarginataque, opaca, non pruinosa. Hypothecium fulvescens aut fulvo-rufescens rufescensve. Perithecium dilute aeruginosum at inferne subdecoloratum aut partim rufescens. Epithecium olivaceum aut (in apotheciis nigricantibus) aeruginosum. Paraphyses sat laxe cohaerentes, leviter gelatinosae, apice obscurato-clavatae. Sporae long. O.oio—0.015, crass. O.ooe—O.oos mm. Obs. Bialora ambigua Mass. Ric. Lich. Crost. (1852) p. 124 sec. Arn. Lich. Jur. FT. 1885 p. 167 pertinet ad L. olivaceam f. limila- iam (Ach.) Vain, (»achristam Sommerf.»). 131. L. olivacea (Hoffm.) Mass. Ric. Lich. Crost. (1852) p. 71; Vain. Lich. Caucus. (1899) p. 326, Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai (1909) p. 132. Bialora olivacea Hepp 272 E. A. Vainio. Lichenographia Fennica IV. Flecht. Eur. (1853) n. 3. L. parasema *L. olivacea Arn. Lich. Jur. Fl. 1884 p. 167, Lich. Munch. (1891) p. 80. L. olivacea Arn. Lich. Tirol XXX (1897) p. 28. Verrucaria punctata *V. olivacea Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. Il (1796) p. 192 forsan p. p. (excl. specim. saxicolis). L. parasema ft L. elaeochroma Ach. Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 36 (alni- cola), Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 175. L. elaeochroma Ach. Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 18 p. p. (conf. Th. Fr. 1. c. p. 549); Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. I (1874) p. 542 p. p. Lichen parasemus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. (1798) p. 64 p. p. (conf. Th. Fr. 1. c. p. 593). L. parasema Ach. Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 35 p. min. p.; Nyl. Bot. Not. 1852 p. 175 p. p., Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 216 p. p., Fl. 1866 p. 132, Fl. 1881 p. 187 (Hue Addend. II p. 177), Lich. Par. (1896) p. 89, Nyl. in Lamy Gat. Lich. Mont-Dore (1880) p. 110 (excl. var. exigua). Palellaria glomerulosa D. G- Fl. Fr. 3 ed. II (1805) p. 347 (sec. Nyl. in Fl. 1881 p. 187 et in Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv., 1885, p. 99). Thallus tenuis aut sat crassus, verruculoso- et verrucoso- inaequalis aut sat laevigatus, glaucescens aut flavidus aut rarius albidus cinerascensve, sorediis destitutus, KOH sub- lutescens, addito CaCl202 fulvescens vel aurantiaco-rube- scens, hypothallo obscurato distincto aut rarius indistincto. Apothecia mediocria aut sat parva, fere tota adnata, disco piano aut demum convexo, atra nigricantiave aut raro fusce- scentia, nuda. Hypothecium rufescens aut subfuscescens aut subviolascens aut superne fulvescens pallidumve (aut albi dum in apotheciis novellis), in parte superiore hyphis erectis. Epithecium aeruginosum aut subcyanescens aut raro partim violascens vel subolivaceum, KOH parum reagens. Para physes sat laxe aut arcte cohaerentes, leviter gelatinosae, par tim apicem versus leviter incrassatae. Sporae 8:nae, ellipsoi deae aut partim subglobosae, long. 0.007—0.016, crass. 0.006— O.oos mm. Conidia filiformia, varie curvata, long. O.014— 0.025, crass, fere O.ooi mm (conf. infra). Corticola aut musci- cola aut raro lignicola. F. limilata (Ach.) Vain. Lich. Caucas. (1899) p. 326. Lichen para semus var. limilata (Scop.?) Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. (1798) p. 65 (sec. specim. Suecic. in herb. Ach.). L. parasema f. limilata Vain. Adj. Lich. Lap}). II (1883) p. 94. Gonf. Arn. Lich. Fragm. XXXIII (1894) p. 20. Thallus tenuis aut sat tenuis, leviter verruculoso-inaequalis aut sat laevigatus, glaucescens aut subalbidus, supra hypothallum nigri- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et FTora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 273 18 cantem aut caeruleo-nigricantem dispersus aut hypothallo obscurato partim limitatus. Apothecia saepe mediocria dispersaque, disco atro. Distr. Ad corticem Sorbi aucupariae et raro Fraxini, Quercus et Pyri mali et Coryli in provinciis australibus locis numerosis collecta. Al.: Sat frequenter. Ab.: Runsala (F. Elfving) et Ispoinen (Vain.) prope Aboam, Brando prope Jurmo (H. Hollmen et V. Sederholm), Merimasku (P. A. Karsten). N.: Helsingforsia (Räsänen), Hoglandia (»v. elaeochroma» in Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv.), Raseborg (A. Kullhem), Kyrkslätt (Kullh., H. Lindberg, Vain.), Mjölö (H. Holl men) et Degerö (A. Sola) ad Helsingforsiam. KLad.: Pekanvuori (Vain.). KOn.: Perttiniemi (Norrl. 1. c. p. 32). Thallus KOH leviter flavescens, addito CaCl202 subfulvescens deindeque aurantiaco-rubescens aut punctis rubris, CaCl202 solo non reagens, hypothallo tenui. Apothecia lat. 1—0.5 mm, usque ad margi nem adnata aut ad basin leviter constricta, dispersa aut rarius sat crebra, disco piano aut demum convexo, opaco aut leviter nitido, mar gine tenui, atro, saepe demum excluso. Flypothecium superne palli dum fulvescensve aut primum (in apotheciis novellis) albidum, cete rum fuscescens aut dilute fuscescens rufescensve, hyphis sat tenui bus, sat leptodermaticis, cavitatibus oblongis ellipsoideisque, in parte infima irregulariter contextis. Perithecium in margine aeruginoso- fuligineum, ceterum violascens aut extus violaceo-fuligineum, aut partim sordide pallidum, circ. O.OÖO—O.ooo mm crassum, hyphis radi antibus, sat leptodermaticis et tenuibus aut apice saepe crassioribus (crass. O.oos—O.ooe mm) et leviter pachydermaticis, cavitatibus oblongis ellipsoideisque. Hymenium circ. O.070 mm crassum, jodo caerulescens deindeque vinose rubens. Epithecium aeruginoso-cya nescens, non granulosum. Paraphyses simplices, sat laxe cohaerentes, leviter gelatinosae, apice saepe obscuratae et leviter clavato-incras- satae. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, simplices, vulgo ellipsoideae aut p. p. subglobosae, saepe long. O.oos—O.013, crass O.ooe-—O.007 mm. F. elaeochroma (Ach.) Vain. L. parasema fi L. elaeochroma Ach. Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 36 (alnicola); Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 217; Herb. Lich. I^enn. VII (1882) n. 326. L. ano mala y flavicans Ach. Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 39. L. enteroleuca ö flauida Fr. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1822 p. 261 (corticola) sec Th. Fr. L. parasema v. flavens Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 217; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 178. L. parasema *L. flavens Nyl. Lich. Paris (1896) p. 89. Thallus tenuis aut modice incrassatus, leviter aut bene verrucu loso-inaequalis, flavidus aut flavido-glaucescens, hypothallo nigri cante vel caeruleo-nigricante partim limitatus. Apothecia saepe mediocria et sat crebra, disco nigro nigricanteve. Distr. Ad corticem arborum, velut Alni glulinosae, Sorbi aucu pariae, Populi tremulae, Coryli, Fraxini, Pyri mali, Betulae, Hippo- 274 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. phaes, crescit, raro etiam lignicola (E. Nylander). AL: Passim, velut in Ramsholmen in Jomala, Lemböte et Nätö in Lemland, Gripö in Föglö (Vain.). Ab.: Prope templum in Naantali (Vain.), Runsala (A. Kullhem). N.: Somerikonvuoret (Vain.), Maahelli Hoglandiae (M. Brenner), Punavuoret, Fredriksberg, Tölö et Mjölö Helsingforsiae (Vain.), Högholmen cet. in Kyrkslätt (Kullh.). Thallus KOH leviter fulvescens, addito CaCl202 aurantiaco-rube- scens, CaCl202 solo rubescens (in solutione bona), continuus aut di spersus et plagis saepe hypothallo obscurato disjunctis, hypothallo tenui. Apothecia lat. vulgo 0.7—J.3 (—0.4) mm, disco opaco, margine tenui, nigricante aut atro aut cinereo-nigricante, opaco aut rarius nitido, persistente aut demum excluso. Hypothecium superne ful vescens, inferne rufescens. Perithecium in margine aeruginosum, ceterum dilutius aeruginosum subalbidumve aut extus intense aeru ginosum. Llymenium circ. O.100 mm crassum. Epithecium aerugi noso-cyanescens. Sporae long. O.oos—O.013, crass. O.ooe—O.009 mm. Conidia »filiformia, bene arcuata, long. circ. O.ois mm» sec. annot. Nyl., »long. O.ois—O.017, crass. O.0007—O.ooos mm» sec. Hue Lich. Canisy, 1892, p. 131. F. dolosa (Ach.) Vain. Lecidea dolosa Ach. Meth. Lich. Suppl (1803) p. 11 p.p., Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 181 (a) sec. herb. Ach. L. parasema *L. dolosa Nyl. FL 1881 p. 187, Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 179. L. elae ochroma x dolosa Th. Fr. Lich. cand. II (1874) p. 544 p.p. L. parasema f. dolosa Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 95. Thallus tenuis aut modice incrassatus, glauco- aut cinerascenti- flavescens. Apothecia saepe crebra, sat parva, p. p. fuscescentia nigricantiaque. Dislr. Ad corticem et lignum trunci et ramorum abietis in reg. Conif. mixt. locis vere inundatis ad pag. Sodankylä, ubi etiam ab Ach. indicatur (LKem.) et ad Törmänen (LIn.) sec. Vain. 1. c. In Alandia (E. Nylander). Thallus verruculoso-inaequalis, continuus aut dispersus, KOH non distincte reagens, addito CaCl202 et hae solutione sola rubescens, non sorediosus (conf. Th. Fr. 1. e.), hypothallo indistincto aut linea hypothallina cinerascente obscuratove partim limitatus. Apothecia lat. circ. 0.4—0.8 mm, opaca, interdum partim subpallescenti-varie- gata, saepe convexa immarginataque aut primum margine tenui subconcolore instructa. Hypothecium superne fulvescens, ceterum rufescens aut subviolascens fuscescensve. Perithecium vulgo subvio lascens. Epithecium violascens aut aeruginoso-fuligineum, ceterum hymenium saepe dilute aeruginosum, jodo caerulescens, deindeque obscure vinose rubens. Paraphyses arcte aut sat laxe cohaerentes, leviter gelatinosae, apicibus leviter incrassatis, vix obscuratis. Spo rae saepe circ. O.oio, crass. O.007 mm. Conidia »plus minusve arcuata, Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 275 long, usque ad O.020, crass, fere O.ooi mm» (Hue Lich. Canisy, 1892, p. 132). F. Wulfenii (Hepp) Vain. Bialora Wulfenii Hepp Flecht. Eur. I (1853) n. 5. Lecidella Koerb. Par. Lich. (1865) p. 216, Arn. Lich. Tirol IV (1869) p. 637. Lecidea Arn. 1. c. XXI (1880) p. 137, XXX (1897) p. 14 (222), Gat. p. 28. L. parasema var. latypea f. Wulfenii Stizenb. Lich. Helv. I (1882) p. 178. L. ylomerulosa f. Wulfenii Vain. Lich. Gaucas. (1899) p. 326, Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai (1909) p. 131. Lecidella Laureri b muscorum Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 246 (non Lichen muscorum Wulf. sec. Arn. Zur Erinn. Wulf. 1882, p. 161). Lecidea enteroleuca ft muscorum Th. Fr. Lich. Spitsb. (1867) p. 40; Tuck. Syn. North Am. Lich. II (1888) p. 80. L. elaeochroma X muscorum Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 545. L. euphorea *muscorum Nyl. in Kihlm. N. Beitr. Flecht. Kola (1891) p. 57. L. parasema v. latypea f. muscicola Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 217. Thallus sat crassus aut sat tenuis, albidus aut impure albicans. Apothecia atra. Muscicola et terricola. Distr. AL: Bastö (Edwin Nylander, »f. muscicola» Nyl. 1. c). N.: Ad terram Hoglandiae (E. Nyl.). Ta.: Muurila (A. Kullhem). Ob.: Kalkkimaa in Alatornio (Räs.). LPom: Ponoi et Katschkovo (N. I. Fellman), Orlov (A. O. Kihlman). LKem.: Alipahta in Enon tekiö (J. P. Norrlin). In Finmarkia passim sec. Th. Fr. Thallus verruculoso- et verrucoso-inaequalis, continuus disper- susve, non sorediosus, KOH dilute lutescens, addito GaGl202 ful vescens aut subaurantiacus, CaCl202 solo non reagens, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia vulgo approximata, saepe demum confluen tia tuberculosaque, lat. 0.3—1 mm, demum convexa immarginataque, nigra, opaca aut rarius leviter nitida, nuda. Hypothecium fulvo- rufescens aut fulvescens, in parte superiore ex hyphis erectis forma tum, in parte inferiore hyphis irregulariter contextis. Perithecium parte inferiore violascens fuscescensve aut pallidum, parte superiore margineque aeruginoso-fuligineum. Hymenium circ. O.oso—-O.100 mm crassum, jodo caerulescens deindeque vinose rubens. Epithecium aeruginosum aut rarius olivaceum. Paraphyses laxe aut sat laxe cohaerentes, leviter gelatinosae, apice leviter et parum incrassatae. Sporae long. O.007—O.oio, crass. O.007—O.oos mm. Gonidangia »atra, punctiformia, conidia varie curvata, long. 0.014—0.025, crass. O.ooi mm» (sec. Arn. Lich. Tirol XXX p. 14). F. euphoreoides Vain. Lich. Gaucas. (1899) p. 326, Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai (1909) p. 132. L. parasema f. euphoreoides Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 95. Thallus vulgo modice incrassatus aut crassus, albidus aut cinera scens. Apothecia atra. Vulgo corticola. 276 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV Distr. Ab.: Ad corticem Sorbi in Ruissalo et Luolavuori et ad corticem Quercus in Ispoinen prope Aboam (Vain.). N.: Ad corticem Sorbi in Suomenlinna (Vain.). LKem.: Ad corticem Betulae prope templum in Sodankylä (Vain. 1. c.). Thallus verruculosus aut verrucosus, saepe subdispersus, KOH superne leviter flavescens, intus distinctius lutescens aut demum fulvescens, addito CaCl202 intus aurantiaco-rubescens aut fulvescens, hypothallo caeruleo-nigricante, tenui vulgo inter verrucas et ad limi- tem tballi vulgo evoluto. Apothecia dispersa aut sat crebra, parva aut mediocria, lat. 0.3—T mm, convexa aut plana, immarginata aut marginata, atra, saepe leviter nitida. Hypothecium fulvo-fuscescens aut rufescens. Perithecium aeruginosum aut violascens aut inferne subdecoloratum. Epithecium aeruginosum. Sporae long. O.oio— 0.oi3, crass. O.OOOÖ—O.oos mm. Obs. Lichen dubius Borr. in Sm. Engl. Bot. (1814) tab. 2547 sec. annot. Nyl. in specim. orig. n. 16862 in herb. Nyl. ad L. olivaceam lignicolam pertinet, thallo »KOH cum CaCl202 aurantiaco» (sec. Nyl.). 132. L. (?) parasemella Nyl.1) Nyl. Addenda Nova, Flora 1868 p. 344, Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 552. L. parasema (non L. exigua, quod errat. typogr. sec. ann. Nyl.) *L. parasemella Nyl. in Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 170. Thallus effusus, tenuis, minutissime granulato- verrucosus, granulae O.i—0.2 mm, interdum leviter pa- pilliformiter protractae, pallide fuscescentes, nitidiusculae. Thallus sorediis isidiisque destitutus. Apothecia numerosa vel numerosissima, minuta, diam. 0.2—0.3 mm, adpressa. Discus nitidus, epruinosus, ater, optime planus, deinde leviter convexulus, mar gine subconcolori, integro, tenui, non prominulo circumdatus. Excipulum fuscescens vel fusco-rubens, etiam cum hypothecio. Hymenium altum: 88—100 /«, superne caerulescens vel caerulescenti-fuligineum vel pallide caerulescens. Para physes facile discretae, apicibus solum magis co haerentes, hinc inde sparse ramosae, apice non incrassatae (sed saepe adspersae, et earn ob causam clavatae videntur). Asci subcylindrici, 10—-13 ft crassi, membrana in- !) By B. Lynge. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 277 crassata. Sporae uniseriales, late ellipsoideae vel subglo bosae vel mutua pressione subquadratae, valde pachyder- maticae, 9—14 x 8—11 p. Pycnides ignotae, frustra quaesitae. Thallus KOH obscure fuscescit, CaCl202 non tingitur, J non caerulescens. Hymenium J e caeruleo sordide decolo- ratur, asci tamen magis persistente caerulescunt. Hymenium KOH immutatum vel decoloratur. Distr. Lapponia Enontekiensis: par. Enontekis in cacumine montis Pahtavaara prope Hetta, supra muscos emortuos, leg. J. P. Norrlin. Th. Fries contested Nylander's statement: »Parasita supra thal lum Lecideae vernalis», on the reason: »Re vera crustam habet pro priani distinctamque». The editor examined the brownish, somewhat gelatinous granules, surrounding the apothecia, and found large, thick-walled gonidia, which he referred to Treniepohlia. As stated by Th. Fries, the spores are very like those of Lecidea Tornoensis, the editor would also compare them with those of Lecio- physma finmarkicum. Its narrow asci, uniseriate spores and the discrete paraphyses agree well with the species of the Lecidea tene brosa section (if it is a Lecidea). Th. FTies placed it in the Lecidea elaeochroma section, and the editor has done the same, although with much hesitation, for all the species of the Lecidea lenebrosa section are saxicolous. Sect. Lecidea armeniaca. Thallus flavidus vel expallens, hypothecium pallescens, paraphyses arcte cohaerentes (in aqua), hyphae medullares non amyloideae. Species saxicolae. 133. L. aglaea Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 144; Fr. Lich. Eur. Ref. (1831) p. 322; Nyl. Prodr. Lich. Gall. (1857) p. 380, Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 228; Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 210, Lich. Spitsb. (1867) p. 41, Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 534; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 82, Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai (1009) p. 136; Arn. Lich. Tirol XXII (1886) p. 66, XXIII (1887) p. 84, XXVII (1896) p. 109; Harm. Gat. Lich. Lorr. (1899) p. 93; Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 502; Magnus- son Studien iiber Lecidea-Arten der Lecidea armeniaca- und elala- Gruppe (1931) p. 95. Lecidella aylaea Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 240, Par. Lich. 3 Lief. (1861) p. 199. Oedemocarpus aglaeus 278 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Trev. Riv. Acc. Padova V (1857) p. 76. Lichen miscellus Sm. Engl. Bot. XXVI (1808) t. 1831 (non Ach.), sec. Leight. Lecidea speda- bilis var. iniumescens Flot. Fl. 1828 p. 698 (sec. cit.). L. aglaeida Nyl., Fl. 1884 p. 215. Exs. Anzi Lang. IV (1861) n. 150 (s. n. Lecidea Brunneri).— Arnold Lich. Exs. n. 554 et n. 713 (s. n. Lecidella Brunneri). — Erb. Crit. Ital. I, fasc. VIII (1860) n. 386. — Flotow Lich. Exs. II n. 167 A. (s. n. Lecidea armeniaca var. iniumescens). — Harm. Lich. Loth. 1048 p. p. (s. n. Lecidea armeniaca). — Havas Lich. Norv. (1907) n. 369. — Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. VII (1882) n. 341. — Rabenh. Lich. Eur. XIII (1858) n. 366. — Zwackh Lich. Exs. n. 920 (s.n. Lecidea Brunneri). (Exs. sec. Vain. mscr. et Magnusson 1. c.). Thallus crassus, verrucosus aut areolatus, areolis conti guis aut dispersis, convexis aut rarius planis (in v. Crombiei), flavescenti-stramineis aut rarius albido-stramineis, KOH lutescentibus deindeque fulvescentibus, hypothallo vulgo indistincto. Apothecia lat. 0.5—3 mm, immarginata, latere raro thallum superante, basi non constricta, disco vulgo de mum prominente convexoque aut depresso-convexo, atro, nitidulo, nudo. Llypothecium albidum aut pallidum aut subfuscescens (interdum in eodem apothecio), hyphis erectis. Epithecium aeruginoso-fuligineum aut impure aeruginosum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, gelatinosae. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, ellipsoideae, »long. O.oos— O.014, crass. O.oos—0.008 mm» (sec. Nyl. et Vain.). Var. hypophaea Vain. Lich. Exp. Pitlekai (1909) p. 136. Apothecia convexa. Hypothecium subfuscescens. Thallus areolis convexis. Distr. In rupibus et saxis graniticis et granuliticis et chloriticis in Fennia boreali rara. Kuus.: In reg. subalp. montis Ukonvaara (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 82). LTorm: In reg. subalp. ad Nai- makka in Suecia (Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 339). LIn.: In reg. pinifera in ins. lacus Inarijärvi (Vain. 1. c), ad Verkkojärvi et in reg. alp. inferiore montis Edlehoivi in Inari (F. Silen, Norrl. et Nyl. 1. c n. 341), in reg. betulina (subalpina) ad Köngäs prope Mare Glaciale (Vain. 1. c). — Sec. Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 160 »ad saxa orae Maris glacialis, e Kitofka ad Ponoi» in Lapponia Kolaensi provenit, sed, ut indicat Th. Fr. 1. c. p. 535, omnia ibi lecta atque a Nyl. deter- minata specimina, quae vidit pertinent ad Bhizocarpon chionophilum. Thallus areolis circ. O.15—2.5 mm latis, aut confluentibus adhuc latioribus, raro atypice subcinerascentibus, sorediis destitutus, nec Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 279 jodo nec CaCl202 reagens (sec. Th. Fr.), vulgo leviter nitidus, in parte superiore impellucida gonidia continente hyphis suberectis, conglu tinatis, strato corticali tenui, in KOH turgescente (usque ad O.oso mm crasso) hyalinoque, hyphis sat destructis, fere inconspicuis, gela- tinam subamorpham formantibus. Hypothallus indistinctus (nec areloae thalli subtus obscuratae). Apothecia in superficie thalli nata, saepe sat crebra. Hypothecium subfuscescens aut passim parce palli dum in eodem apothecio, hyphis conglutinatis, thallo gonidia conti- nenti aut gonidiis destituto impositum. Perithecium tenue, hyphis radiantibus, conglutinatis, subaeruginoso-nigricantibus, membranis modice incrassatis, cavitatibus vulgo oblongis, tenuibus. Hymenium (et hypothecium sec. Vain. Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai p. 137) jodo caerulescens, circ. O.150—O.iso mm crassum, sine limite distincto in hypothecium transiens. Epithecium KOH non reagens. Paraphyses tubulis tenuissimis, membrana gelatinosa, in KOH turgescente, ra moso-connexae, apicibus leviter aut parum incrassatis. Conidia »recta, long. O.ooo—O.007, crass. O.0015 mm» (sec. adn. Nyl. in n. 15197). Conidangia thallo immersa, conceptaculo aeruginoso-fuligineo, coni diis oblongis aut elongatis, rectis, apicibus rotundatis aut altero apice paullo angustiore obtusoque, long. O.ooe—O.oos, crass. O.0015—O.0017 mm (in v. hypoleuca sec. Vain. 1. c.). Gonidia cystococcacea. Obs. Var. aglaeida (Lecidea aylaeida Nyl. Flora 1884 p. 215), hypo thecio fuscescente instructa, »hypothallo nigro, rugoso, apotheciis planis, difformibus, 1—2 mm latis» differt a v. hypophaea. Gonidia »bacillaria, recta, long. O.ooo—O.007, crass. O.0007 mm.» Var. Norrlini Vain. Thallus areolis planis, partim leviter crenulatis, hypothallo nigro passim conspicuo. Apothecia convexa. Hypothecium albidum et passim parce dilute fuscescens in eodem apothecio. Dislr. LTorn..: In reg. alpina ad Kilpisjärvi in Suecia (»L aglaea» sec determ. Nylandri in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 339). Thallus areolis laevigatis, stramineis, KOH lutescentibus deinde fulvescentibus, contiguis. Epithecium aeruginoso-fuligineum. Flypo- thecium hyphis erectis. — Huic proxima est var. Crombiei (Jones) Nyl. Fl. 1870 p. 38 (Lecidea Crombiei Jones in Nyl. Fl. 1868 p. 345), hypothallo indistincto et areolis demum verruculoso-inaequalibus ab ea differens. In var. Brunneri (Nyl.) Arn. Lich. Tirol XXIII (1887) p. 85 (Lecidella Brunneri (Nyl.) Arn. Lich. Exs. (1877) n. 713, Lich. Tirol XVIII (1878) p. 283, Lecidea Brunneri Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1884) n. 920) thallus areolis planiusculis, bene verruculoso-inaequa libus, subcinerascentibus (vel substramineis in partibus magis um- brosis), KOH demum fulvescentibus, apotheciis magis planis et thallum non aut parum superantibus. In Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1884) 280 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. n. 943 conidia sec. adn. Nylandri »long. O.OOÖ—O.007, crass. O.ooi mm, reeta.» Obs. Arnold Lich. Exs. n. 469 a, s. 11. Lecidea aglaea is Lecidea armeniaca (sec Magnusson 1. c). 134. L. subbullata Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 81; Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 81. Thallus sat crassus, areolatus, areolis contiguis, planis aut demum depresso-convexiusculis, laevigatis, stramineis, KOH lutescentibus deindeque fulvescentibus, hypothallo nigro. Apothecia lat. circ. 1.2—2 mm, immarginata, demum prominentia, basi non constricta, convexa, atra, nitidula, nuda. Hypothecium dilute fuscescens aut pallidum, irregu lariter contextum. Epithecium aeruginoso-fuligineum. Para physes arcte cohaerentes, gelatinosae. Sporae 8:nae, disti chae, ellipsoideae aut oblongae aut p. p. subglobosae glo- bosaeve, long. O.oio—O.014, crass. O.oos—O.006 mm aut partim diam. 0.006 mm (in eodem asco). Distr. Kuus.: Ad rupem dioriticam in reg. subalp. montis Nuo runen. Proximo af finis L. aglaeae et habitu subsimilis ejus varietati Norrlini Vain., sed textura apotheciorum et thalli ab ea differens. — Thallus areolis circ 1 —1.5 (—O.s) mm latis, angulosis, interdum parce lobatis, leviter nitidis, medulla KOH lutescente, jodo non reagente, sorediis destitutus, in parte superiore impellucida, straminea, circ. O.020—0.030 mm crassa, gonidiis destituta, hyphis erectis, conglutina tis, strato subdecolorato, vix O.oio mm crasso, subdestructo et fere evanescente obductus. Apothecia vulgo dispersa, areolis immixta aut e margine areolarum enata. Hypothecium jodo non reagens, crebre irregulariter contextum, pallidum aut dilute fuscescens, mem branis conglutinatis, parte subhymeniali paullo intensius colorata, hyphis irregulariter (sed minus crebre) contexta, pachydermatica, hyphis conglutinatis, cavitatibus circ O.002—O.003 mm latis. Hypo thecium strato thallino, myelohyphico, gonidiis destituto, jodo non reagenti, impositum. Perithecium indistinctum. Hymenium circ. 0.80 mm crassum (in KOH), jodo caerulescens. Epithecium aerugi noso-fuligineum, in KOH dilutescens. Paraphyses cavitatibus tenuis simis, simplices et ad ambitum hymenii ramoso-connexae. Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 281 x) Exs. by B. Lynge. 135. L. armeniaca (D.C.) Fr.1) Syst. Orb. Veg. (1825) p. 286, Lich. Eur. Ref. (1831) p. 320; Schaer. Lich. Helv. Spic. 3 (1828) p. 126, En. Lich. Eur. (1850) p. 107; Nyl. Prodr. Lich. Gall. (1856) p. 380, Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 229, Circa Lich. Armor. (1863) p.401; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 532; Arn. Lich. Tirol XXX (1897) p. 24; Harm. Cat. Lich. Lorr. (1899) p. 405; Vain. Lich. Cauc. (1899) p. 373; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 516; Magnusson Studien uber Lecidea-Arten d. Lecidea armeniaca- und c/afa-Gruppe (1931) p. 107. Lecidella Arn. Lich. Tirol XIII (1874) p. 8 (238). Rhizocarpon Armeniacum DC Fl. Fr. II (1805) p. 366. Lecidea viridiatra Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 166, Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 21 (sec. hb. Ach.; non Floerk., forsan non Lichen viridiater Wulf., conf. Lich. Fenn. II p. 283). Exs. Anzi Lich. Lang. Ill (1861) n. 113, s. n. I>sora spectabilis var. lutescens (dext. f. lutescens) et X (1863) n. 396, s. n. Psora armeniaca var. viridiatra, sec. Magn.: f. lutescens). — Anzi Lich. Ital. VI (1865) n. 264, dext. var. Ramondii, et n. 265, dext. f. nigrita. — Arnold Lich. Exs. 469 a,b, dext. f. aglaeotera; 469 a s. n. Lecidella aglaea; et 838, f. aglaeoides .— Erb. Crit. Ital. ser. II, fasc. X (1871) n. 467, f. aglaeotera, et n. 874, ad f. aglaeoides. — Flotow Lich. Exs. II n. 166, var. lutescens. — Havaas Lich. Norv. (1901) n. 34. — Hepp Flecht. Eur. V (1857) n. 255, f. nigrita, s. n. Bialora viridi-alra vera. — Malme Lich. Suec. XII (1912) n. 298, f. pollens. — Rabenh. Lich. Eur VII (1856) n. 195, f. lutescens, s.n. Lecidea spectabilis a armeniaca, et XIII (1858) n. 375, var. Ramondi et var. laevigata, s. n. Rhizo carpon geographicum var. alpicolum. — Schaer. Lich. Helv. VII (1828) n. 174, p. p. var. Ramondi et p. p. f. nigrita. — Suza Lich. Boh. Slov. III (1928) n. 74, var. Ramondi. (Exs. sec. Magnusson 1. c). Thallus crassus aut sat crassus, vulgo areolatus, areolis circ. 0.4—4 mm latis, contiguis aut rarius dispersis, depresso- convexis aut rarius planis, raro continuus et demum diffrac- tus (v. aglaeotera), testaceo- vel armeniaco-rufescens aut subflavido- vel albido-stramineus, raro nigricans, KOLI rubescens aut in specim. obscuratis zona gonidiali KOH rubescente, opacus aut nitidus, laevigatus aut raro inaequa- lis, sorediis destitutus, medulla KOH vulgo dilute lutescente, jodo non reagente, hypothallo nigricante aut cinerascente. Apothecia thallo immersa, lat. circ. 0.8—4.5 mm, disco nigro, 282 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. nudo, nitido aut opaco, piano aut demum depresso-convexo, saepe demum emergente, immarginata. , Perithecium in- distinctum. Hypothecium dilutissime subfuscescenti-palli- dum (aut »incoloratum» sec. Th. Fr.), tenue, irregulariter contextum. Perithecium haud distincte evolutum. Epithe cium subaeruginoso- aut subolivaceo-nigricans. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, ellipsoideae oblongaeve aut subglobosis immixtae, long. 0.004—-O.oio, crass. 0.0035—0.004 mm (in specim. Inarensi) aut (in specim. Norveg. et Gallicis sec. adn. Nyl.) »long. O.009—O.015, crass. O.0045— 0.006 (—O.oos) mm.» Distr. LIn.: In rupe granulitica in Kuaervikodsh in Inari (F. Silen, ad var. melaleucam (Sommerf.) Fr. pertinens, »var. lutescens (Anzi) Nyl.» sec. determ. Nyl.). Apotheciis thallo immersis innatisque instructa et perithecio distincto destituta, potius aspicilioidea, quam lecideoidea, sed inter dum hymenio demum bene protruso, thallum superante, latere nigri cante et habitum Lecidearum referens et Lecideis distinctis proxime affinis, ad stirpem Lecideae aglaeae pertinens. Stratum corticale thalli crass. O.100—O.070 mm in aqua (in Lojka Lich. Hung. Exs. ined. n. 324 »ad inter.», n. 15245 in hb. Nyl., f. laevis Th. Fr.) palli dum, impellucidum, in KOH visum zona summa (usque ad O.032 mm crassa) gelatinosa, striis tenuissimimis (vestigiis cavitatum), brevibus, horizontalibus, zona inferiore crassiore hyphis erectis et partim irre gulariter contextis, conglutinatis, crebre septatis, membranis leviter incrassatis, cavitatibus saepe rotundatis, O.0015—O.002 mm latis. Flypo- thallus saepe leviter incrassatus, areolatus, parte inferiore vulgo albi dus, parte superiore nigricans obscuratusve (aeruginoso-nigricans in KOH visus), apicibus hypharum clavato-incrassatis, constipatis Apothecia vulgo dispersa. Hypothecium circ. O.030—O.040 mm cras sum, gonidiis destituturn, dilutissime subobscuratum, hyphis conglu tinatis, strato thallino, myelohyphico, aibo, gonidiis destituto impo situm. Hymenium circ. O.110—O.250 mm (in eodem apothecio), saepe totum plus minus obscuratum, parte inferiore sordido aut subaerugi- noso-nigricante. Epithecium KOH non reagens. Paraphyses parce gelatinosae, increbre septatae, crass. O.002—O.0015 mm, apice parum incrassatae, simplices et partim parce ramoso-connexae, in parte inferiore magis ramoso-connexae et zonam hypothecioidem forman- tes. Asci clavati, pede filiformi, elongato, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Conidangia »in interstitiis nigris» (in hypothallo) sita aut »thallo innata» (sec. Arn. Lich. Tirol XIII, 1874, p. 8). Gonidia »fili- formi-bacillaria aut rarius acicularia, recta, long. O.009—O.015, crass. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 283 0 ooi—0.0015 mm» (sec. adn. Nyl. in n. 15245, 15246, 15212). Gonidia cystococcacea. Obs. 1. Lecidea armeniaca var. melaleuca (Sommerf.) Fr., Lich. Eur. Ref. (1831) p. 321 (Lecidea melaleuca Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp., 1829, p. 148, L. armeniaca *L. melaleuca Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 229), thallo albido aut albido-pallescente, opaco, instructa, in Lapponia Inarensi collecta est (supra indicata). Hue pertinet Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. XII (1912) n. 298 (Mus. Fenn.). — Var. lutescens Anzi Gat. Lich. Sondr. (1860) p. 66 (ad Rabenh. Lich. Eur. Exs. VII, 1857, n. 195 spectans), thallo flavescenti- vel armeniaco-palle- scente, parum aut leviter nitido (Arn. Lich. Exs. n. 469 b) instructa. — Var. aglaeotera (Nyl.) Mull. Arg., Lich. Val. 1881 p. 61 (L. aglaeo tera Nyl. Fl. 1872 p. 365, Fl. 1881 p. 540, ad Arn. Lich. Exs., 1871, n. 469 spectans), thallo continuo, rimoso, lutescenti-pallido, opaco. — Var. nigrita Schaer. Lich. Helv. Exs. VII, 1828, n. 175, (Flot. Fl. 1828 p. 698, Schaer. En. Lich. Eur. p. 107), thallo obscurato, areolis cupreis aut nigricantibus, hypothallo bene evoluto. — Var. aglaeoides Nyl. Lich. Delph. (1863) p.401 (Arn. Lich. Exs., 1880, n. 838), thallo castaneo badiove nitido instructa, intermedia inter v. lule- sceniem et v. nigritam. Specimina intermedia inter has varietates interdum observantur. Un. Itin. Gr. (1867) n. 58 (hb. Nyl.) ad sta- tum inter v. aglaeoidem et v. nigrilarn intermedium pertinet. Obs. 2. L. armeniaca var. laevigata Flot. Fl. 1828 p. 698; Laur. in Sturm Deutsch. II, 24 Heft (1832) p. 3 (L. spectabilis b. laevigata Rabenh. Lich. Deutschl., 1845 p. 81), »areolis laevigatis, pallide arme- niacis» descripta, forsan non differt a v. aglaeoide Nyl. 136. L. leucomelaena Vain. Lecidea armeniaca *L. arctogena f. leucomelaena Vain. Lich. Nov. Semlja (Hedwigia 1898 p. 86). L. armeniaca *L. arctogena Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. XIII (1913) n. 325; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 533 p. p. (conf. infra). L. arctogena Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 515 p. p. Magnusson Studien uber Lecidea-Arten d. Lecidea armeniaca- und e/a/a-Gruppe (1931) p. 119. Exs. Malme Lich. Suec. exs. XIII (1913) n 325 (Mus. Fenn.). Thallus sat tenuis aut rarius crassus, areolatus, areolis circ. 2—0.2 mm latis, planis aut raro p. p. depresso-convexis, supra hypothallum nigrum dispersis aut p. p. contiguis, albis aut stramineis (aut morbose cinerascentibus), nitidis, non pruinosis, KOH dilute lutescentibus, sorediis destitutis, me dulla jodo et KOH non reagente. Apothecia inter areolas 284 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. thalli sita, sed strato thallino gonidiis destituto, myelohyphico imposita, lat. circ. 0.8—3 mm, immarginata, disco atro, ni tido, nudo, depresso-convexo aut raro piano. Perithecium haud distinctum aut passim leviter evolutum in eodem apo thecio. Hypothecium fusco-nigrum et partim parceque palli dum in eodem apothecio. Epithecium aeruginoso-fuligineum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, elli psoideae oblongaeve, long. 0.007—-0.012, crass. O.004—0.006 mm. Dislr. Ad rupes in summis alpibus in Norvegia et Suecia prove- niens, in Fennia nondum collecta est. Reactione thalli a L. testaceoatra et L. armeniaca differt. Thal lus areolis sat laevigatis, hypothallo nigro, in partibus crassioribus subtus albido. Apothecia dispersa, bene prominentia, basi non con stricta. Perithecium passim leviter evolutum, subaeruginosum, hyphis radiantibus, leviter pachydermaticis, conglutinatis, cavitati bus oblongis, angustis. Hypothecium hyphis irregulariter contextis, conglutinatis, saepe circ. O.oso—O.100 mm crassum. Plymenium saepe totum sordide subaeruginoso (epithecio aeruginoso-fuligineo) et parte inferiore intensius colorato, crassitudine usque ad O.150—0.260 mm, jodo sec. Th. Fr. caerulescens. Paraphyses gelatinosae, ramoso- connexae, sat increbre septatae, cavitatibus circ. O.0015—O.oois mm crassis (in KOH visae), apicibus parum incrassatis. Asci clavati, pede filiformi, elongato, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Obs. *L. arctogena a Th. Fr. 1. c. descripta »areolis etiam pallide ochroleucis et KOH omnino non mutatis», ut res se habet in L. testaceoatra Vain., nec in L. leucomelaena Vain. Obs. This species is very common in the Norwegian mountains where the editor has collected it. The editor found a paler hypo thecium than Vainio, and Magnusson made the same observation. The editor may refer to Malme Lich. Suec. Exsic. No. 325. In the Clavis specierum of the present paper the editor has placed it with the species that have an uncoloured hypothecium. 137. L. testaceoatra Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 78; Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 709; Magnusson Studien uber Lecidea-Arten d. Lecidea armeniaca- und elata-Gmppe (1931) p. 123. Thallus modice incrassatus, areolatus, areolis 1—0.2 (—2) mm latis, planis aut rarius depresso-convexis, supra hypothallum nigrum sparsis aut partim contiguis, pallido- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 285 testaceis, nitidis, KOH non reagentibus, sorediis destitutus, medulla jodo et KOH non reagente. Apothecia inter areolas thalli sita, sed strato thallino gonidiis destituto, myelohy- phico imposita, immarginata, lat. circ. 1—2 mm, disco atro aut in fusco-nigricantem vergente, nitido, nudo, depresso- convexo aut primum piano. Perithecium haud distinctum aut passim leviter evolutum in eodem apothecio. Hypothe cium pallidum et partim pallido-fuscescens in eodem apothe cio. Epithecium aeruginoso-fuligineum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, ellipsoideae oblongaeve, long. O.oos—0.013, crass. 0.004—O.006 mm. Distr. Ad rupes gabbroiticas et dioriticas in reg. subalp. mon tium in partibus borealibus territorii collecta. Kuus.: In montibus Ukonvaara et Nuorunen (Vain. 1. c). KKer.: In mont. Kivakka et Päänuorunen (Vain. 1. c). Affinis est L. leucomelaenae, praesertim thallo testaceo, KOH non reagente ab eo differens. L. aglaeiza Nyl., Fl. 1875 p. 301, habitu L. testaceo air am referens, areolis contiguis ab ea differt et notis internis apotheciorum subsimilis est L. aglaeae. L. alpina Schaer., En. Lich. Eur. p. 114, apotheciis marginatis ab his differens, habitu proxima est Lecideae aeneae. Etiam L. Transsylvanica Nyl. his subsimilis est. — In L. testaceoatra thallus areolis sat laevigatis, hypothallo nigricante, in partibus crassioribus subtus albido. Apo thecia dispersa, basi non constricta, demum prominentia. Perithe cium passim conspicuum, subdecoloratum aut fuligineum, hyphis radiantibus, membrana leviter incrassata, cavitate angusta, oblonga elongatave. Hypothecium irregulariter contextum et partim hyphis erectis in eodem apothecio, saepe O.ieo—O.iso mm crassum. Hyme nium parte superiore aeruginosum aut partim late sordide aerugino sum, jodo subpersistenter caerulescens, crassitudine variabile, usque ad 0.260 mm crassum. Epithecium KOH pulchrius aeruginosum. Paraphyses gelatinosae, sat increbre septatae, crass. O.002 mm, parte superiore simplices aut parce furcatae, basin versus ramoso-con nexae, apicibus parum incrassatis. Asci clavati, pede filiformi, elon- gato, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Obs. Magnusson is of opinion that this species cannot be distin guished from Lecidea leucomelaena Vain. = Lecidea arctogena Th. Fr. Magn. (1931) p. 123. 286 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. 138. L. elata Schaer.1). Spicil. Lich. (1828) p. 137; Nyl. Prodr. Lich. Gall. (1857) p. 380. Th. Fries Botan. resa i Finmarken (1865) p. 45, Lich. collect. Engl. Polar Exped. (1879) p. 361; Hellbom Lich. anteck. Lule Lappm. (1865) p. 475, Lich. excurs. Lule Lappm. (1872) p. 106, Bidrag Lule Lappm. laffl. (1875) p. 74, Norrl. lafvar (1884) p. 99. Norman Spe- cialia loca natalia arct. Norv. (1868) p.356; Deichm. Branth et Grön lund Grönl. Lichen Flora (1888) p. 501; Deichm. Branth Lich. Island (1903) p. 214; Havas Beitr. Kenntn. westnorw. Flecht. (1909) p. 30; Frey Veg. Verhältn. Grimselgeg. (1922) p. 81; Lynge Lich. from Spitsb. I (1924) p. 13. Magn. New or interest. Lich. (1924) p. 378, Studien uber Arten der Lecidea armeniaca- und elaia- Gruppe (1931) p. 123; Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. III (1925) p. 573. Lecidea rnarginata Schaer. Lecidea amylacea (Ach.) Nyl. Lecidea areolata (Schaer.) Zahlbr. Lecidea oreina Stiz. — Vide Magn. (1931) p. 124. Exs. Anzi Sondr. VII n. 189. — Anzi Lang. X (1863) n. 397. — Arnold Lich. Exsic. (1879) n. 798 et 1004. — Lich. Austr.-Hung. VIII (1886) n. 1548. — Havas Lich. Norv. n. 497. — Hepp Flecht. Eur. V (1857) n. 256. — Schaer. Lich. Helv. VIII (1828) n. 189 et X (1833) n. 229. — Zwackh Lich. Exsic. n. 138. Thallus limitatus vel elimitatus, magnitudine valde va riabilis, diam. vulgo 1—2 cm., albidus vel cretaceo- albidus vel pallide sulphureus, crassus vel crassius- culus (usque ad 1—1.5 mm) vel rarius tenuissimus, nor- maliter areolis typicis destitutus, rimosus, farinaceus, subplanus, interdum areolis distinctis, angulatis, subconvexis instructus. Thallus vulgo hypothallo destitutus, rarius glauco-caerulescente limitatus. Apothecia numerosa, diam. 0.5—1 (usque ad 1.5 vel 2.o) mm, vulgo plus minusve elevata usque substipitata, rarius immersa. Discus semper ater, primo bene marginatus, deinde interdum subconvexus et immarginatus. Discus ab initio saepe albido- vel albido-virescenti vel glaucescenti-pruinosus. Excipulum in parte exteriori aeruginosum, ab hypothecio non bene limitatum. Hypothecium crassitudine variante, 1). There was no indication of this species in Vainio's manuscript. The editor has extracted the above description from Magnusson's paper of 1931. This paper should be consulted for further particulars. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 287 70—200 JU altum, incoloratum, hymenium (45—) 55—65 (—75) JU altum, superne (10—15 ju) impure fuligineo-smarag- dulum vel olivaceo-fuligineum, praeterea pallide flavescens vel cinereo-flavescens. Paraphyses simplices, 1.5—1.7 (—2) p crassae, septatae, arcte cohaerentes, in KOH facile discretae. Asci clavati, 50—60 x 12—14 p. Sporae late ellipsoideae, octonae, 9—12 (—14) x 5.5—-6.5 p. Pycnides saepe numerosae, diam. 150—200 ,u, ostiolum atrum, supra thallum elevatum. Pycnoconidia cylin- drica, vulgo valde arcuata, interdum subrecta, 12—16 x 0.7—1 Thallus J et GaCl202 immutatus, cortex KOH plus minusve intense flavescens, etiam cum medulla. Hymenium J obscure caeruleum, etiam cum hypothecio, hymenium deinde inter dum sordide fusco-rubescens. Dislr. Ad rupes plus minusve calcareas, in Fennia boreali rara. Li.: Enare (sec. Magn. 1931 p. 126). Obs. Easily confused with Lecanora alrosulphurea, but distin guished from that species by its negative reaction with GaGl202, and by its shorter pycnoconidia (18—25 usque ad 32 ju in Lecanora alrosulphurea). Sect. Lecidea sylvicola. Apothecia minuta, 0.5 mm vulgo non superantia, mox vel demum convexa, paraphyses (vulgo) concretae. Hyphae medullares non amyloideae. Species normaliter saxicolae. Obs. Several of these species are nearly related and difficult of di stinction. The leading character is the small apothecia (the Micro- Lecideae). But the editor is not quite convinced that all the species of this section are really so nearly related. He might suggest a study of the excipulum for a more natural arrangement. 139. L. pycnocarpa (Koerb.) Ohlert Zusamm. Lich. Preuss. Schrift. Phys.-Ök. Ges. Königsb. XI, (1870) p. 15; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 555; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 109; Tuck. Syn. Lich. North Am. II (1882) p. 82; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 681. Lecidella pycnocarpa Koerb. Par. Lich. 3 Lief. (1861) p. 213; Arn. Lich. Tirol XVII (1877) p. 553. Exs. Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. XXV (1916) n. 622 (Mus. Fenn.). 288 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Thallus sat crassus aut tenuis, verrucosus et verruculosus aut areolatus areolisque verruculosis vel verruculoso-inae- qualibus, impure albidus aut albido-cinerascens, sorediis destitutus, KOH bene lutescens aut fulvescens, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia tuberculoso-prolifera aut parcissime simplicia parvaque (lat. 0.2—O.35 mm), primum plana et submarginata, margine parum distincto, non prominente, nigra, nuda, demum saepe depresso-convexa, basi non con stricta. Hypothecium fusco-rubricosum aut in eodem apothe cio fuscum aut in parte superiore fulvo-rubescens vel ful vescens aut in parte infima demum dilutescens. Epithecium saepe impure subaeruginoso-olivaceum aut in eodem apothe cio etiam fuscescens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, leviter gelatinosae, apicibus gelatinoso-clavatis obscuratisque. Spo rae oblongae, »long. O.012—O.022, crass. O.005—O.006 mm» (in specim. orig. sec. Nyl.) aut long. O.009—0.014, crass. O.003— 0.004 mm (in specim. Fenn.). Distr. N.: Ad saxum dioriticum in Lounatpuoli in Suursaari vel Hoglandia (Vain.). OKaj.: Ad saxa in campo prope Tervasalmi in Kuhmo (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 109). Thallus laxe adnatus, verrucis contiguis aut subdispersis, nec CaCl202 nec I reagens (sec. Th. Fr.). Apothecia leviter nitida aut subopaca, »insigniore modo non reagentia» (Th. Fr.). Hypothecium superne hyphis erectis, inferne suberectis. Perithecium fulvo-rube scens, saepe indistinctum. Hymenium circ. O.030-—O.040 mm crassum (O.oso mm crassum in specim. orig.), jodo caerulescens deindeque vinose rubens. Epithecium HNOs demum roseo-violascens (Th. Fr.). Paraphyses (etiam in specim. orig.) cavitatibus O.0005-—O.ooi mm latis, clava gelatinosa O.004—O.ooo mm Iata. Asci clavati, in apice membrana saepe bene incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, saepe guttulosae (in specim. orig.). Gonidia cystococcacea. Obs. 1. Lecidea segregans Nyl. Fl. 1866 p. 372 (»hymenio sordide tincto, epithecio haud obscurato» descripta) sec. adn. Nyl. ad »L. sympliorellam» Nyl. pertinet. Verrucis thalli majoribus, laevigatis, apotheciis tuberculato-confluentibus habitu a L. pycnocarpa typica habitu differt (Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. III p. 687). — L. symphorella Nyl., Fl. 1870 p. 35, sec. adn. Nyl. in bibl. et hb. suo ad L. pycno- carpam Koerb. pertinet, sed specim. orig. herbario Nyl. deest. - L. ampholera Leight. Lich. Brit. (1871) p. 283 (ed. 3 p. 287) sec. Th. Fr. ad L. pycnocarpam pertinet, et specim. orig. non vidimus. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 289 140. L. amphoteroides Vain. (n. sp.) Thallus sat tenuis vel modice incrassatus, subareolatus, areolis saepe leviter adscendentibus, laevigatis aut verrucu- losis, albidis aut albido-glaucescentibus, KOH non reagenti- bus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia parva, lat. 0.3—0.5 mm, saepe nonnulla conferta aut divisa, leviter elevata vel substipitata, basi constricta, disco primum piano deindeque depresso-convexo, fusco-atro, nudo, margine concolore, te nuissimo, parum distincto. Hypothecium dilute fuscescens, in lamina tenui pallidum. Epithecium fuscescens. Paraphy ses arcte cohaerentes, leviter gelatinosae, tubulis tenuibus, apicibus parum incrassatis. Sporae 8:nae, oblongae, long. 0.010—0.013, crass. 0.003—0.004 mm. Distr. Kb.: Loco abscondito in latere rupis chloritico-schistosae ad Hiidenportti in par. Nurmes (»Lecidea pycnocarpa *L. ampho- tera» in Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II, 1883, p. 109). Revera non est affinis L. pycnocarpae, sed ad Biatoras pertinet, analoga Bacidiae ophiosporae (Hellb.), B. Kuopioensi Vain, et Bilim- biae gomphillaceae (Nyl.), quae apotheciis breviter stipitatis instrue- tae sunt. Thallus laxe adnatus, areolis subcontiguis, granulis sore diorum parcissime passim inspersus. Apothecia sat opaca aut leviter nitida, margine integro. Hypothecium hyphis erectis, tenuibus, cavi tatibus angustissimis, et in parte infima hyphis irregulariter contex tis, magis pachydermaticis. Perithecium dilute fuscescens, hyphis radiantibus, tenuibus, conglutinatis, tubulis O.0005—O.0015 mm latis. Hymenium circ. O.050 mm crassum, jodo caerulescens, dein partim decoloratur. Paraphyses tubulis O.ooi—O.0015 mm latis, apice parum incrassatae, fuscescentes. Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice aut parum incrassata. Sporae distichae, simplices, apicibus rotun- dato-obtusis. Gonidia cystococcacea. Obs. This is one of the very few cases where Vainio had finished his description of one species (here Lecidea pycnocarpa) and commenced the description of the next species (here Lecidea amphoteroides) on the same manuscript sheet. This suggests his definite decision con cerning the consecutive order of the two species, in spite of his 19 Obs. 2. Psora pycnocarpa Mull. Arg. Lich. Parag. (1888) p. 8 (Vain. Lich. Exs. II, 1892, n. 1568, Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill p. 890) nomi- netur Lecidea pycnocarpiza Vain. 290 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. above remark: »Revera non est a f finis L pycnocarpae» -— The type plant of Lecidea amphoieroides in Vainio's herb, only consists of a few small crumbs, and a section. 141. L. commaculans Nyl. Flora 1868 p. 476; Leight. Lich. Great Brit. 3 ed. (1879) p. 287; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 110; A. L. Smith Mon. Brit. Lich. (1911) p. 102; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 535. Thallus evanescens (aut »fusco-niger vel olivaceo-nigricans, tenuis, opacus, subareolatus, clepressus, saepius dispersus, hypothallo indistincto» sec. Nyl.). Apothecia dispersa, lat. 0.6—1 mm, adnata, basi leviter constricta, disco convexo, nigro, nudo, opaco, margine inconspicuo. Hypothecium in tense purpureum, KOH solutionem purpuream effundens, hyphis erectis. Epithecium cyanescenti-fuligineum. Para physes arcte cohaerentes, tubulis tenuibus. Sporae oblongae, long. 0.007—O.oio, crass. O.002—O.0035 mm. Distr. Kuus.: Ad saxa dioritica in reg. subalp. montis Nuorunen (Vain. 1. c). Apotheciis paullo majoribus differt a stirpe L. pycnocarpae. In ter alios lichenes crescens, thallo ab iis non bene distinguitur. Apo thecia sat crassa, interdum parce confluentia. Hypothecium sat crassum. Hymenium circ. O.050 mm crassum, nisi colore a hypothecio non bene limitatum, parte sporas efferente circ. O.035 mm crassa, deco loratum infra epithecium, »jodo caerulescens» (sec. Nyl.). Epithecium KOH non reagens. Paraphyses haud abundanter gelatinosae, gela tina in KOH tantum leviter turgescente, tubulis vix O.ooi mm latis, ambitum hymenii versus bene ramoso-connexae, in medio subsim- plices. Perithecium in margine depressum (non prominens), extus cyanescenti-fuligineum, intus dilutescens deindeque rubricosum et in hypothecium transiens, praesertim contento colorato, hyphis radiantibus, sat tenuibus, modice pachydermaticis, cavitatibus tenui bus. Asci clavati, in apice membrana leviter incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, simplices, decolores, rectae aut interdum levissime curvu- lae, long. O.007—O.oio, crass. 0 002—0.035 mm. Conidia »cylindrica, recta, long. O.ooo—O.on, crass. O.ooi mm» (sec. Nyl.). Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 291 142. L. melaphanoides Nyl. Flora 1875 p. 299; Nyl. in Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. (1885) p. 85; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 236 (68); Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 637. Thallus sat crassus aut sat tenuis, areolatus, areolis verru- culoso-inaequalibus, aut verruculosus, fuscescens aut ob scure subolivaceus, KOH non reagens, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia dispersa aut parce conferta aggregatave, parva, lat. 0.2—0.4 mm, nigra, nuda, opaca, primum plana margi- nataque, margine tenuissimo, aut mox depresso-convexa convexave et immarginata, basi non constricta. Hypothe cium impure fulvescens aut fulvo-fuscescens vel fulvo-ru fescens aut partim fulvescenti-pallidum aut inferne fulvo- rubescens, KOH dilutescens, hyphis erectis. Epithecium aeruginoso- aut cyanescenti-fuligineum. Paraphyses arcte (in KOH sat laxe) cohaerentes, apicibus obscuratis, gelati- noso-clavatis. Sporae oblongae ellipsoideaeve, long. 0.009— 0.014, crass. 0.005—0.006 (—O.0045) mm» (sec. Nyl.). Distr. N.: In rupe porphyrica in Lounatpuoli in Suursaari vel Hoglandia (Vain.), in rupe granitica in Tölö (487) et ad Meilans (648) Helsingforsiae (Vain.) una cum Rhizocarpo geographico. Affinis L. pycnocarpae, sed thallo obscuriore et KOH non rea gente, apotheciis simplicibus et colore hypothecii ab ea differens. Thallus intus albidus et KOLI non reagens, areolis 2—0.5 mm latis, opacis, non pruinosis, saepe p. p. algis nigris obtectus, quare subfur- furaceus aut isidiosus apparet. Apothecia margine integro, non pro minente. Hypothecium »acidum chrysophanicum» non continet (reactio hypothecii a Nyl. false observata). Perithecium hyphis radiantibus, sat pachydermaticis (in KOH turgescentibus, ramoso- connexis), cavitatibus angustissimis, extus fuscescens vel roseo- rufescens, intus dilutius coloratum, KOH non reagens. Hymenium circ. O.OOO mm crassum, »jodo e caerulescente vinose fulvescens vel subrubescens, ascis praesertim tinctis» (sec. Nyl.). Epithecium KOFI non reagens. Paraphyses crass. O.0015 mm, apicibus gelatinoso-in- crassatis. Asci clavati, in apice membrana sat bene aut modice in crassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, simplices et parcissime 1-septatae. Gonidia cystococcacea. 202 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. 143. L. chalybeioides (Nyl.) Vain. L. chalybeioides Nyl. Fl. 1875 p. 12; NyL in Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. (1878) p. 113; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 110. L. chalybeio- des Nyl. Fl. 1875 p. 446, Fl. 1876 p. 239; Lamy Cat. Lich. Mont- Dore (1880) p. 101. Catillaria lenticularis var. chalybeiodes Boist. Nouv. Fl. Lich. II (1903) p. 199. Catillaria chalybeiodes Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. IV (1927) p. 33. Thallus tenuis, areolatus, areolis parvis, circ. O.i—0.5 mm latis, supra hypothallum nigrum dispersis aut rarius conti guis, glauco-caerulescens aut rarius cinerascens obscuratusve aut raro partim albidus, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo nigro distincto aut rarius evanescente. Apothecia thallo innata, vulgo demum emergentia, parva, lat. 0.2—0.3 (—0.4) mm, vulgo crebra, nigra, nuda, opaca, basi haud constricta, disco piano, margine tenui, integro, non prominente, interdum parum distincto. Hypothecium fuligineum, in lamina tenuis- sima rubricosum, KOH purpureum, hyphis erectis. Epithe cium aeruginoso-fuligineum. Hymenium partim aerugino sum. Paraphyses in KOH laxe cohaerentes, sat crassae. Sporae ellipsoideae aut globosae subglobosaeve, long. 0.003— 0.007, crass. O.003—0.005 mm, globosae diam. O.003—O.005 mm, sec. Nyl. »long. O.ooe—O.oos, crass. O.0035-—O.0045 mm». Distr. Praesertim locis irrigatis in saxis et rupibus quartzosis erescit. N.: In rupe porphyrica loco saepius irrigato in Mäkienpäällys in Suursaari v. Hoglandia (Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. p. 86). Ta.: Locis abundantius irrigatis in lateribus rupium prope Markkula (ad silicem) in Luhanka et ad Välly vuori in Korpilahti (Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. p. 113). Kb.: In rupe granitica littorali ad Niska in Enontaipale (Vain.), in latere saepius irrigato rupium graniticarum montium Riihivaara et Pyssyvaara in Nurmes (Vain. Adj. II p. 110). KPom. or.: In latere rupis graniticae littoralis ad Koroppi (Vain. 1. c). Tin.: In rupibus granuliticis in reg. subalp. jugi Suoloselkä et montis Hammastunturi (Vain. 1. c). Affinis est L. nygariae Nyl., nec ad Catillarias pertinet, ut false a Boist. et Zahlbr. indicatur. Thallus areolis opacis aut subnitidis, KOH non reagens, planis aut raro depresso-convexis. Apothecia tenuia. Hypothecium KOH solutionem violaceam effundens, cellu lis globosis aut ellipsoideis, intense coloratum aut interdum superne anguste roseum. Hymenium circ. O.060 mm crassum, »jodo intense Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 293 caerulescens» (sec. Nyl.). Epithecium KOH non reagens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, sed in KOH laxe cohaerentes, crass. O.ooi» mm, apicem versus sensim incrassatae (—O.oos mm) aut parum incrassa tae, saepe p. p. crebre constricte articulatae, parce gelatinosae. Asci sat late clavati, lat. O.014 mm, in apice membrana bene aut modice incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, semper simplices (numquam 1-septatae in specim. orig. et in aliis speciminibus), forma etiam in eodem apothecio variabiles. Gonidia cystococcacea. Obs. 1. Nomen hujus speciei scribendum est L. chalybeioides, ut a Nyl. primum scriptum, et significat similis chalybeiae. Postea a Nyl. nominata est (forsan ob oblivionem) L. chalybeiodes, quod significat proles chalybeiae. Obs. 2. The editor found it difficult to intercalate this species, as well as Lecidea nagaria, into their proper place. Their small apothecia are in favour of the sylvicola section, but the spores are broad and the paraphyses are »laxe cohaerentes» in the latter species, and »arcte cohaerentes, sed in KOH laxe cohaerentes» in Lecidea chalybeioides, suggesting some affinity with species of the elaeochroma section. Vainio writes: (Lecidea chalybeioides) »affinis est L. nuyariae». Leci dea nuyaria was found on Vainio's table after his death, but he had placed the other species in his herbarium between species of the sylvicola section. Flis herbarium being arranged systematically that will decide the question for either species. 144. L. nugaria Nyl. Flora 1875 p. 446; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 145; Oliv. Bull. Geogr. Bot. XXV (1015) p. 117, 171; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1025) p. 804. Thallus tenuis, verruculosus aut areolatus, verruculis areolisque dispersis, convexis aut planis, circ. 0.2—0.15 mm latis, subcinereo-pallescentibus, sorediis destitutus, hypo thallo indistincto. Apothecia adnata, parva, lat. circ. 0.3—0.2 mm, nigra, nuda, opaca, basi constricta, disco piano, margine tenui, integro, prominente aut demum subexcluso. Hypo thecium majore parte inferiore nigrum, parte summa angusta dilute aeruginosum. Epithecium aeruginoso-nigricans aut par tim fusco-nigrum in eodem apothecio. Hymenium inferne aeruginosum. Paraphyses laxe cohaerentes, sat crassae. Sporae subglobosae aut breviter ellipsoideae, »long. O.006— 0.007, crass. O.0035—O.0045 mm» (sec. Nyl.). 294 E. A. \ ainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV Distr. Ta.: Supra saxum in lacu ad Piililä in Korpilahti (Vain, a. 1874). Af finis L. chalybeioidi Nyl., sed colore thalli et apotheciis magis elevatis jam habitu ab ea differens. Apothecia dispersa. Hypothe cium inferne irregulariter contextum, superne hyphis erectis et a hymenio non distincte limitatum. Perithecium fuligineum aut intus dilutescens. Hymenium circ. O.cuo—O.035 mm crassum, »jodo caeru lescens, praesertim ascis persistenter caerulescentibus» (sec. Nyl.). Paraphyses increbre aut haud distincte septatae, crass. O.002 mm, capitatae clavataeve, clava O.004—-O.005 mm crassa, summo apice fuligineo, gelatina mollissima (in aqua) disjunctae. Asci sat late clavati, in apice membrana sat crassa. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, deco- loratae. Gonidia cystococcacea. 14 5. L. erratica Koerb. Parerg. Lich. 3 Lief. (1861) p. 223 sec. Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 556, 557; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 575 (excl. L. paraclitica). Lecidea dispansa Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 186, Fl. 1866 p. 87; Arm Fl. 1869 p. 515; Mull. Arg. Fl. 1871 p. 402. Lecidea expansa Nyl. in Leight. Lich. Brit. Exs. VI (1854) n. 186, Nyl. FL 1866 p. 86, nec Chev. Fl. Par. (1826) p. 565 ad Calillariam chaly- baeam pertinens sec. Nyl. in Lamy Lich. Mont-Dore (1880) p. 100 et Hue Addend. II p. 236; Mudd Lich. Brit. (1861) p. 208; Vain. Addend. II (1883) p. 109; Arn. Lich. Frank. Jur. (1885) p. 169, Lich. Munch. (1891) p. 81. Bialora deplanaiula Mull. Arg. Fl. 1870 p. 165 (sec. Zahlbr.). Exs. Leight. Lich. Brit. Exs. VI (1854) n. 186 (in Mus. Fenn.). — Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1861) 11. 426, (1876) n. 475, (1880) n. 600 et 601 (omnes in hb. Nyl.). — Mudd Lich. Br. Exs II (1861) n. 176 (Arn.). — Rabenh. Lich. Eur. XXIV (1862) n 675 (Mus. Fenn.). — Larbal. Lich.- Herb. II (1880) 11. 222 (Lynge). — Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. IV (1875) 11. 179, cont. (1921) n. 761. Thallus tenuis aut sat tenuis, continuus aut rimulosus areolatusve aut subverruculosus, areolis verruculisve conti guis aut subdispersis, laevigatus aut inaequalis, aut raro subevanescens, cinereo-glaucescens aut raro subalbidus, sore diis destitutus, hyrpothallo nigricante, late evoluto aut in distincto. Apothecia crebra aut sat crebra, parva, lat. 0.15—0.7 mm (raro —1 mm), adnata, basi vulgo demum con stricta, primum diu plana marginataque aut haud diu mar- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 295 ginata et fere mox convexa, nigra, nuda, opaca, margine tenui tenuissimove, integro. Hypothecium fuscum, hyphis superne suberectis, inferne irregulariter contextis. Perithe cium extus subcaerulescenti-nigricans aut fuligineum, intus dilutius coloratum. Epithecium subfuligineum. Paraphyses arcte aut sat arcte cohaerentes, apicibus subfuligineis, ge- latinoso-clavatis. Hymenium jodo saltern demum vinose rubens. Sporae ellipsoideae ovoideaeve aut suboblongae, long. 0.007—-O.oos, crass. O.003—O.004 mm (»long. O.006—-O.on, crass. 0.003—0.004 mm» sec. adn. Nyl.). F. deplanatula Vain. Apothecia primum diu plana marginataque, margine distincto. Distr. N.: In rupe dioritica in Degerö (Vain. 671) et alibi (granit., 367 a, J. P. Norrlin) prope Helsingforsiam. Ka.: Ad picem terrae superfusam in Tervaniemi Viburgi (Vain. Lich. Vib. p. 63). Ta.: Mustiala (syenit, gneiss., granit., A. Kullhem), ad lapidem in Tiirismaa in Hollola (667 Vain., 20177 hb. Nyl.), in campo deusto ad Tammijärvi in Luhanka (»L. dispansa» sec. Nyl. in Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. p. 113). Sa.: In lapide schistoso ad Nyslott (O. A. J. Carle- nius). Sb.: Saxicola in Kuopio (G. Lang Lich. Sav. Bor. p. 37). Kuus.: Ad rupem dioriticam in reg. subalp. montis Iivaara (»L. expansa» Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p 109). Thallus »jodo et KOH et CaCl202 non reagens» (Th. Fr.). Hypo thecium in KOH partim immutatum, partim (in eodem apothecio) purpureum aut fulvescens. Perithecium extus KOH distinctius caeruleo-nigricans, hyphis radiantibus, tenuibus, membranis sat leptodermaticis, cavitatibus O.002—O.0015 mm latis brevibus aut oblon gis. Hymenium non aeruginosum, circ. O.cmo—O.050 mm crassum, jodo primum caerulescens deindeque vinose rubens (aut tantum »vinose rubens »sec. adn. Nyl.). »Epithecium et perithecii exterior pars HN03 roseo-purpurascunt» (sec. Th. Fr.). Paraphyses crass. O.ooi—0.0015 mm, leviter gelatinosae, apice O.004—O.005 mm crasso gelatinoso-incrassato. Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Epithecium KOH subnigricans. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, simplices. Conidangia »haud rara, verrucaeformia, nigricantia». Conidia »cylindrico-oblonga vel subellipsoidea, leviter curvula, long. circ. O.004, crass. O.0015 mm» (sec. Th. Fr. 1. c). Sec. icones et adn. Nylandri in hb. suo conidia »recta, long. O.0035—O.0045, crass. O.0015 mm». Gouidia cystococcacea. F. demarginala (Nyl.) Vain. Lecidea expansa f. demarginata Nyl. in Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. IV (1875) n. 179. Lecidea demar ginata Nyl. Fl. 1878 p. 245; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 561. L. expansa *L. demarginata Nyl. in Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 236. 290 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. L. dispansa f. emarginata Nyl. in Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. (1878) p. 113 (a Nyl. determ. a. 1874). Apothecia primum haud diu marginata, margine tenuissimo, disco demum convexo. Distr. Ta.: Ad granitum prope Kuivajärvi in Tammela (A. Kull hem), ad lapidem gneissaceum in Hersala in Hollola (Vain., hb. Nyl. •^0173), supra saxum in Evo (Norrl. et Nyl. H. L. F. n. 179), ad lapi dem graniticum supra rupem (»L. dispansa f. emarginata» Nyl. sec. det. Nyl. in Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. p. 113). 146. L. Ivalensis Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 65; Oliv. in Bull. Geogr. Bot. XXV (1915) p. 117, 145; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 604. Thallus tenuis, e verruculis aut areolis constans dispersis, O.i—0.3 (raro 0.5) mm latis, vulgo depresso-convexis, albis albidisve, KOH et jodo non reagentibus, sorediis destitutis, aut evanescens, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia sat crebra, interdum nonnulla conferta, parva, lat. 0.3—0.5 mm, adnata, basi non aut demum leviter constricta, atra, bene nitida, nuda, disco primum piano, demum saepe convexo, margine tenui vel tenuissimo, primum saepe elevato, demum excluso. Hypothecium fusco-fuligineum, in KOH subviolascenti-nigri- cans, irregulariter contextum. Perithecium aeruginoso-nigri cans. Epithecium aeruginoso-fuligineum, ceterum hymenium totum aeruginosum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, gelati nosae. Sporae ellipsoideae oblongaeve, partim etiam sub globosae, long. 0.006—O.on, crass. 0.0045—O.005 mm. Distr. LIn.: Ad rupem granuliticam in regione subalpina montis Hammastunturi prope fl. Iivalojoki (Vain. 1. c). In stirpem L. erraiicae pertinere videtur, apotheciis parvis nitidis- (jue cognoscenda. Apothecia interdum irregularia vel i'lexuosa loba- tave, margine ceterum integro. Hypothecium hyphis in KOH non turgescentibus, parte subhymeniali aeruginosum et hyphis erectis. Perithecium hyphis radiantibus, modice pachydermaticis, cavitati bus angustis. Hymenium circ. O.050—O.oeo mm crassum, jodo persis tenter caerulescens. Paraphyses simplices, apice haud incrassatae, tubulis O.ooi—0.0005 mm latis. Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, decoloratae, simplices. Obs. In Adj. Lich. Lapp. Vainio had placed this species in the section Lecidea panaeola. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 207 147. L. sylvicola Flot. Lich. Schles. (1820) p. 8, n. 171; Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 254 p. p.; Nyl. Fl. 1866 p. 87, Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 161, 185; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 558 p. p. (excl. L. infidula Nyl ); Arn. Lich. Tirol XXI (1880) p. 104; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 104; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 234; Zahlbr. Oat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 705 p. p. (excl. L. infidula Nyl. et L. aphana Nyl. etc.). Bialora sylvicola Mull. Arg. Princ. Class. (1862) p. 395. Lecidea latens Tayl. in Mack. FT. Hibern. II (1836) p. 259 (sec. Nyl. Fl. 1879 p. 361, sed descr. non congruens). L. myriocarpoides Nyl. Fl. 1865 p. 355 p. p. (non Nyl. Fl. 1866 p. 86, Fl. 1868 p. 344), sec. Arn. et Lynge. Thallus tenuis aut sat tenuis, continuus aut areolato-dif- fractus leviter inaequalis aut sat laevigatus, aut e verruculis dispersis constans, obscure glauco-cinereus aut glauco-pal- lescens aut subalbidus, opacus, KOH non reagens, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo nigricante aut indistincto. Apothecia sat crebra aut dispersa aut conferta confluentiave vel tuber- culato-divisa, saepe parva, lat. 0.15—1.3 mm, adnata, basi demum leviter constricta, convexa immarginataque, nigra aut raro nigricantia vel livido-nigricantia, nuda, opaca. Hy pothecium nigricans aut subfusco-nigricans (KOH leviter dilutescens). Hymenium decoloratum aut aeruginosum aut epithecio pallescente aut partim aeruginoso-fuligineo. Para physes arcte cohaerentes, gelatinosae. Sporae subellipsoideae, long. 0.006—-0.009, crass. 0.003—0.004 mm. Var. Flolowii Vain. L. sylvicola Flot. Lich. F:xs. (1820) n. 171 (hb. Nyl.). Exs. Arn. Lich. Exs. (1869) n. 409 b (hb. Nyl.). Apothecia simplicia aut subsimplicia, non tuberculata, nigra aut raro subcaerulescenti-nigricantia. Hypothecium nigricans. Dislr. Locis umbrosis subhumidisve praesertim in lateribus saxo- rum rupiumque in provinciis meridionalibus sat rara aut passim, septentrionem versus rarescens. AI. (E. Nyl. sec. Th. Fr. 1. c). N.: Degerö in Helsingforsia (Lang), ad Humaljärvi in Kyrkslätt (G. Lang). Ka.: Uuras (Vain. Lich. Vib. p. 63). Ta.: Jokioinen (»Lecidea propinqua» Th. FT. apud Kullh.). Talsola in Tam mela (Kullh.), Hollola (J. P. Norrl., 10694 hb. Nyl.). KLad.: in lapide ferroso (Norrl., 10702 hb. Nyl.). KOn.: Ad rupem diori- ticam in Käpselkä (Th. Simming, Mus. Fenn., Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 185). Sa.: Ad lapides gneissaceos in Rytkö prope Kuopio (K. 298 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV Linkola). Om.: Alajärvi (Backman). Kb.: »Passim in Karelia bor.» (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 104). OKaj.: »Passim in reg. infralap ponica» (Vain. 1. c). Ob.: Poikkijoki in Simo (Räsänen). Kuus.: In reg. subalp. montis Mäntytunturi (Vain. 1. c). In Flot. Lich. Exs. (1820) n. 171 (in hb. Nyl.) thallus est sat tenuis, subcontinuus, parum verruculoso-inaequalis, glaucescenti-albidus, KOFI non reagens. Apothecia dispersa, simplicia, mox immarginata convexaque, nigricantia. Hypothecium nigricans aut subfusco-nigri- cans, KOH non reagens aut distinctius fuscescens (in eodem apothe cio), totum hyphis suberectis. Perithecium indistinctum. Epithecium pallidum aut subolivaceo-pallidum et hymenium ceterum decoloratum aut partim aeruginosum aut in limite hypothecii intensius aerugino sum (in eodem apothecio), O.ois (—O.090) mm crassum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, gelatinosae, simplices, tubulis O.ooi mm crassis, in apice non incrassatis, sat parce evolutae. — In specimine n. 10708 (e Transsylvania) conidia »bacilliformia, recta, long. O.004—-O.005, crass. O.ooi mm» sec. adn. Nyl. in hb. suo. F. aggerata (Mudd) Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 706. Lecidea aggerata Mudd Man. Brit. Lich. (1861) p. 208; Arn. FT. 1869 p. 515. Lecidea Hellbomii Luhm FM. 1870 p. 177; Hellb. Nerik. Lafv. (1871) p. 72 p. p. (sec. Th. Fr. 1. c. p. 550, 562). L. sylvicola f. Hell bomii Vain. 1. c. Exs. Mudd Lich. Brit. Exs. II (1861) 11. 175 (»L. incincta» sec. Nyl. FL 1863 p. 78). — Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1880) n. 596 et 597 p. p. (»L. latens Tayl.» sec. determ. Nyl., hl). Nyl.), (1884) n. 919 (hb. Nyl.). Apothecia tuberculata, nigra. Hypothecium nigricans. Dislr. Saepe cum var. Elolowii proveniens et in earn transiens. Ab.: Seppälänsaari in Lohja (Ch. E. Boldt). N.: Helsingforsiae (Norrl., »L. latens» sec. Nyl., 10695). St.: In rupe syenitica ad Källfjärd prope Björneborg (»L. incincta» sec. Nyl. in Malmgr. Fört. Lafv. Sat. p. 83, Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 231). Ta.: In rupibus schistosis ad Talsola et in saxis gneissaceis ad Haarankorpi et Mustiala in Tammela (A. Kullhem), ad saxa gneissacea ad Virnajärvi in Padasjoki (Norrl. Bidr. Sydöstr. Tav. FL p. 187) et in Evo (Norrl.). KLad.: Supra petram dioriticam in Lahentausta ad Kirjavalahti (Norrl. Symb. Lad.-Kar. p. 31), ad Tirri in Ruskeala (K.Linkola). Sb.: In rupe gneissacea in Enonmäki prope Kuopio (K. Linkola). Kb.: Ad Riihi vaara in par. Nurmes (»f. Hellbomii» Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 104). OKaj.: Paltamo (FT Silen), ad Kylmälä (Vain. 1. c.) et Kovala (v. Elolowii et f. aggerata) in Kuhmo. Var. snblivida Vain. Lecidea sylvicola f. sublivida Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 104. Apothecia livido-nigricantia, simplicia, non tuberculata. Llypo- thecium fusco-nigricans. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 299 Dislr. OKaj.: Loco umbroso in latere rupis graniticae ad Kyl mälä in Kuhmo (Vain. 1. c). Thallus parum evolutus. Nonnullis apotheciis nigris in v. Flo- lowii transit. Apothecia mox convexa immarginataque. Hymenium circ. O.ooo—O.oso mm crassum, totum aeruginosum, jodo levissime aut parum jodo caerulescens deindeque vinose rubens. Obs. Lecidea aphana Nyl. Flora 1867 p. 327 (Hue Addend. II, 1888, p. 235, L. sylvicola var. aphana Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill, 1925, p. 707 p. p.), a Zahlbr. 1. c. false cum L. sylvicola Flot., L. infi dula Nyl., L. lululala Nyl. et L. diluliuscula Nyl. commixta, ab his epithecio hymenioque »vage violacee fuscescente», sec. specim. orig. n. 20236 in Hibernia collecto, facile distinguitur. 148. L. lapillicola Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 107; Arn. Lich. Frank. Jur. (1885) p. 169 (FL 1884 p. 563); Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 608. Thallus tenuis, verruculosus, verruculis minutissimis, impure albidis pallidisve aut cinereo-virescentibus oliva- ceisve, KOH non reagens, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia sat crebra aut dispersa, minutissima, lat. 0.15—0.35 mm atra, nuda, opaca, primum plana margineque tenuissimo, integro, aut mox convexa immarginataque, basi levissime aut vix constricta. Hypothecium fusco-nigrum fuligineumve, hyphis tenuibus, irregulariter contextis. Epithecium subaeru- ginoso-nigricans aut fuligineum. Paraphyses arcte cohaeren tes, gelatinosae, tubulis tenuibus, apicibus non clavatis. Sporae ovoideae aut ellipsoideae, long. 0.005—O.oos. crass. 0.0025—0.003 mm. Dislr. OKaj.: Ad lapillos et lapides graniticos et gneissaceos in jugo arenoso aprico prope templum in par. Kuhmo (Vain 1. c. p. 108). Proxima L. sylvicolae, sed apotheciis minoribus et perithecio mar gineque apothecii magis evoluto et hypothecio irregulariter contexto ab ea differens. Thallus saepe terra argillacea immixtus. Perithe cium hyphis radiantibus, sat pachydermaticis, cavitatibus oblongis, O.ooi mm latis aut angustioribus, extus subolivaceum, intus dilute- scens. Hymenium circ. O.004—-O.045 (—O.034) mm crassum, »jodo in tense caerulescens, dein obscure sordideque vinose rubens» (Vain. 1. c). Epithecium coloratum tenue, hymenium ceterum decoloratum. Paraphyses tubulis O.ooi—0.0005 mm latis, apice vix dilatatis. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, simplices. Gonidia cystococcacea. 300 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV 149. L. hypocyanea Vain. n. sp. Thallus effusus vel tenuissimus vel fere evanes cens, irregulariter rimoso-diffractus, areolae angulatae, 0.2 —0.4 mm latae. Thallus interdum subverniceus, sorediis isi- diisque destitutus, cinereo-fuscescens vel cinereo-fuligineus. Hypothallus fumosus hinc inde visus. Apothecia dispersa, sed interdum numerosa, parva: diam. 0.4—0.6 mm, adpressa, sed thallum superantia. Discus ater, epruinosus, varie rugosus, deinde plus mi nusve tuberculatus, mox convexus, immarginatus. Ex cipulum crassum, totum cyanescenti-fuligineum aut ob scure sordide subaeruginosum, hyphis erectis formatum Hypothecium caerulescens. Epithecium non granu losum, decoloratum aut pallide aeruginosum aut aeru ginoso-fuligineum, hymenium ceterum plus minusve caeruleo- aeruginosum, inferne intense coloratum. Hymenium 45—50 ju altum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, parce ramoso-con nexae, saepe flexuosae, gelatinosae, graciles, 0.5 JU crassae, apice non incrassatae. Asci clavati, membrana apice mo dice incrassata. Sporae octonae, incoloratae, simplices, ellipsoideae aut oblongae aut ovoideae, parvae: 7—12 x (2—)3—3.5 ju. Conidangia fuliginea, verruculas formantia, pycnoconidia 4—5 x 1 ju. Thallus J-^-, KOH CaCl202-i-. Hymenium J persi stenter caerulescens, hypothecium KOH Distr. AL: Mariehamn: Badhusberget (Vain.). Ab.: Hirvensalo (Vain.) et Velkua: Mustaluoto (Vain.). Obs. This species was found on Vainio's table after his death. He had examined it with his wonted care, and entered his observations on the envelopes, as usualy. He had recognized it as a new species, and named it. But there was no diagnosis, and the above description has been written by the editor. Vainio had suggested an affinity with Lecidea sylvicola, from which it differs in its bluish hypothecium (the hymenium itself is bluish in either species), as indicated by the species name. — Lecidea tuber culata Somrft has a bluish hypothecium, but it differs i. a. in its Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 301 minutely granular, subleprose thallus of a greenish-white colour. Its apothecia are also slightly smaller: 0.2—0.4 (—O.s) mm in the type plant (hb. Oslo). These Micro-Lecideae form a section (Lecideae sylvicolae Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II p. 555) of many nearly related species, often difficult of distinction. 150. L. polycocca Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 147; Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 218, Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 559; Elenk. Lich. FL Ross. Med., 3—4 (1911) p. 424; Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 674. Lecidea Kajanita Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 245 (sec. Th. Fr.). Thallus sat tenuis, areolatus, areolis circ. 0.8—0.3 mm latis, difformibus, convexis aut planis aut raro concavis, dispersis, pallidis aut albidis »aut virescenti-cinerascentibus» (sec. Th. Fr.), saepe tenuissime pruinosis, opacis, sorediis destitutis, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia parva, lat. 0.3—0.5 mm, tota adnata, basi non constricta, disco primum piano demum convexo, caesio-pruinoso aut raro subdenu- dato, opaco, margine tenui, integro, non prominente, nigro, nudo, opaco, demum excluso. Hypothecium purpureum. Perithecium aeruginosum. Epithecium aeruginoso-fuligineum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, gelatinosae. Sporae fusifor- mes oblongaeve, long. O.oio—O.012 (—O.014), crass. O.004—O.005 mm» (sec. Th. Fr. et Nyl.). Distr. OKaj.: Ad caementum veteris arcis in Kajaani (K. P. Malmgren). Ta.: Renko (A. Kullhem, sec Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 559, specim. non vidi). Forsan est affinis L. fuscoalrae aut Psoris. Thallus substrato adna- tus, subtus albidus, nec KOH, nec jodo reagens, strato corticali obductus circ. O.030 mm crasso, albido, plectenparenchymatico, cellu lis globosis, diam. circ. O.ooe mm, aut in superficie thalli depressis subdestructisque, areolis partim contiguis, apothecia solitaria aut 2—4 efferentibus. Apothecia interdum 2—4 contigua, »demum sub globosa et subtuberculosa» sec. Th. Fr., semper simplicia et tenuia in L. Lohjoiskorkiensis Vain. in sched. Thallus crassus aut sat crassus, verrucoso-areolatus, areo lis contiguis, convexis, 2—O.3 mm latis, laevigatis aut leviter inaequalibus, albis, opacis, parum pruinosis, KOH non rea- gentibus, non sorediosus, hypothallo nigricante leviter evoluto. Apothecia lat. 0.4—0.7 mm, emergentia, basi non constricta, disco piano atro, nudo, opaco, margine tenui, integro, non Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. *57, N:o 2. 325 prominente, cinereo-fuscescente. Hypothecium pallidum, guttulis parcis, hyphis sat erectis, conglutinatis. Perithecium strato myelohyphico aerem continente nullo. Epithecium fuscescens. Paraphyses sat laxe cohaerentes. Asci clavati. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, ellipsoideae, long. O.oos—O.oio, crass. O.ooe mm et p. p. globosae, diam. O.ooe mm. Distr. N.: In rupe porphyrica in Pohjoiskorkia in Suursaari v. Hoglandia n. 15134 in hb. Nyl., ab eo in Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. (1885) n. 107 his verbis commemorata: »F. (L. Kochianae) L. leuco- phaeae subsimilis, sed spermogoniis diversis et sporis breviter ellip soideis distincta (in L. leucophaea sporae oblongae)». Proxime affinis L. Kochianae, apotheciis magis prominentibus et areolis thalli convexis ab ea differens, et forsan autonoma species. Thallus nec KOH, nec addito CaCl202 reagens. Apothecia crass, circ. 0.250 mm, vulgo orbicularia. Hypothecium jodo non reagens, crystallis nullis, hyphis sat tenuibus, leptodermaticis. Hymenium jodo leviter caerulescens. Epithecium strato irelatiiioso nullo obduc tum. Paraphyses apicem versus sensim incrassatae, non gelatinosae. 165. L. demoilta Vain. (n. sp.) Thallus crassus aut sat crassus, areolato-diffraetus, areolis verrucoso-inacqualibus, cinereo-albescens, sorediis destitu tus, medulla jodo caerulescente. Apothecia lat. 1—2 mm, orbicularia aut leviter irregularia, primum thallo immersa aspicilioideaque, saepe demum leviter emergentia, basi non constricta, disco piano aut rarius demum depresso-convexo, nigro aut nigricante, nudo, opaco, interdum primum fere immarginata, dein margine sat tenui, nigricante aut rarius cinereo-nigricante instructa. Hypothecium sordide palli dum, hyphis erectis, in parte inferiore aerem inter hyphas continens. Epithecium aeruginoso-fuligineum. Sporae 8:nae, ellipsoideae rectaeque et p. p. subglobosae globosaeve, long. 0.006—0.012, crass. O.ooe mm. Dislr. In rupe gneissacea et micaceo-schistosa in montibus Observatorii Helsingforsiae a. 1882 a me collecta (loco nunc demolito). Habitu L. Kochianam in memoriam revocans eique affinis, sed epithecio aeruginoso-fulig-ineo et medulla thalli jodo caerulescente ab eo bene differens. Thallus non distincte aut parum pruinosus, areolis circ. 3—T mm latis, KOH non reagens, hypothallo nigro pas- 326 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. sim parce ad ambitum conspicuo. Apothecia sat dispersa, margine lecideino, leviter aut parum prominente, subintegro aut leviter flexuoso. Hypothecium impellucidum, non distincte guttulosum, totum jodo intense caerulescens. Perithecium tenue, aeruginoso- fuligineum. Hymenium jodo intense caerulescens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, crass. O.002 mm (apicem versus sensim incrassatae et crass. 0.003 mm). Gonidia cystococcoidea. 166. L. Hoglandica Nyl. Flora 1877 p. 225; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 208; Magnuss. Stud. Rivul. (1925) p. 40; Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 781. L. Kochiana *L. Hoglandica Nyl. in Brenn. Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. (1885) p. 108. Thallus tenuis aut sat tenuis, creberrime rimulosus aut areolato-diffractus, areolis vulgo minutissimis (circ. O.i— 0.2, raro—0.4 mm latis), angulosis, contiguis, planis, laevigatis, albido-cinerascentibus aut cinereis, leviter nitidis, non prui- nosis, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo nigricante limitatus. Apothecia lat. vulgo 0.5—0.7 mm (rarius 0.4—1.2 mm), vulgo rotundata, tota adnata, basi non constricta, disco piano aut demum depresso-convexo, nigro, nudo, opaco, margine con- colore, tenui, integro, demum excluso. Hypothecium palli dum, hyphis erectis, guttulis minutis, sat parcis. Perithecium tenue, fusco-nigrum et infra hypothecium continuatum (me dio deficiens), strato myelohyphico aerem continente nullo. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, apicem versus sensim leviter incrassatae. Epithecium fuscescens. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, ellipsoideae aut p.p. subglobosae, long. O.007—O.012, crass. O.oos —O.oos mm (»long. O.006—O.oos, crass. 0.004—O.006 mm» sec. Nyl.). Dislr. Supra rupem graniticam in Somerikonvuoret in Suursaari vel Hoglandia (a. 1875 legi). L. lygaeae proxime est affinis et forsan ejus variatio, textura et facie externa thalli ab ea differens. — »Thallus nec jodo, nec KOH, nec CaCl202 reagens» (sec. Nyl.), cortice saepe evoluto, ex apicibus hypharum formato clavatis, O.005—O.ooe (•—O.oos) mm crassis, fusce- scentibus, constipatis, conglutinatis, »hyphis medullaribus 3—4 fi crassis, pachydermaticis, irregulariter intricatis» (sec. Magnuss.). Apothecia raro demum difformia, numerosa, sat crebra aut dispersa (raro primum thallo immersa visa), margine non prominente. Hypo- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et FTora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 327 thecium »jodo partim dilute caerulescens» (sec. Magnuss.). Hyme nium crass, circ. O.050—O.060 mm, a hypothecio non bene limitatum, jodo caerulescens, ascis deinde violacee tinctis» (sec. Nyl.). Paraphy ses leviter gelatinosae, arcte cohaerentes (forsan ob statum leviter morbidum apotheciorum). Asci clavati. Sporae parce aut male evo- lutae. Gonidia »fusiformi-oblonga aut fusiformi-ellipsoidea, long. 0.003—0.0035, crass. O.001—O.0015 mm, sterigmatibus infixa simplicius- culis» (sec. Nyl.). Gonidia pleurococcoidea, simplicia, diam. O.007— 0.014 mm, globosa aut abundanter etiam subglobosa, parce 2-cellu- losa, membrana saepe incrassata. 167. L. lygaeoplaca Vain. (n. sp.) Thallus sat tenuis, areolatus, areolis contiguis, planis, vulgo laevigatis, fuscescenti-cinereis aut partim einereis, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo nigricante limitatus. Apothe cia lat. 0.4—0.9 mm, rotundata, primum thallo immersa, dein mox tota adnata, tenuia, basi non constricta, disco piano aut demum depresso-convexo, nigro, nudo, opaco, margine con- colore, tenui, integro, subpersistente. Hypothecium palli dum, guttulosum, hyphis erectis. Perithecium fuscum, bene evolutum, infra hypothecium continuatum (medio deficiens), strato myelohyphico aerem continente, nullo. Paraphyses sat arcte aut sat laxe cohaerentes, apicem versus sensim levi ter incrassatae. Epithecium fuscum. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, ellipsoideae aut subglobosae aut p. p. globosae, long. O.oos — O.on, crass. O.oos—O.oo^ mm. Distr. Ad saxa granitica in Somerikonvuoret in Suursaari vel Hoglandia (a. 1875 legi). Proxime affinis est L. Hoglandicae, praesertim thallo crassiore areolatoque ab ea differens. Iisdem notis et parte fuscescente peri- thecii distinguitur a L. lygaea, quae his proxima est. A L. molli distinguitur apotheciis minus elevatis et strato myelohyphico desti- tutis et thallo non distincte pruinoso. In memoriam revocans etiam L. circumflexam Nyl., quae thallo crassiore et sporis parce leviter curvatis ab ea recedit. — Thallus opacus, nec jodo, nec KOH rea gens, areolis angulosis, minutis (lat. 0.2—0.5 mm), p. p. parceque leviter inaequalibus. Apothecia crass, circ. O.230 mm, numerosa, sat crebra, margine non prominente. Hypothecium hyphis leptoderma ticis, guttulas 0.2—0.4 mm latas continentibus, conglutinatis, jodo fulvescens (non caerulescens). Perithecium KOH non reagens, para- 328 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. thecio fusco circ. O.050—O.oso mm crasso. Hymenium circ. O.OÖO—- 0.070 mm crassum, jodo leviter caerulescens, ascis apice intense cae- rulescentibus. Epithecium KOH non reagens. Paraphyses apice 0.003 mm crassae (ceterum O.002 mm). Asci clavati. Conidangia verru- culas fuligineas formantia, solitaria. Conidia ellipsoidea aut oblonga, recta, long. 0.003—0.004, crass. circ. O.0015 mm, apicibus obtusis, lateri bus convexis. Gonidia pleurococcoidea, simplicia, globosa et diam. 0.009—O.022 mm, p. p. 2-cellulosa, membrana saepe incrassata, crass. O.002-—O.ooi mm. 168. L. lygaea Ach. Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 34 (excl. var.); Hepp Lich. \\ urzburg (1824) p. 63; Schaer. Lich. Helv. Spic. III (1828) p. 149, En. Lich. Eur. (1850) p. 117; Lamy Exp. Lich. Cauter. (1884) p. 85; Magnuss. Stud. Rivul. (1925) p. 41; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 795. Biatora Mass. Ric. Lich. Crost. (1852) p. 126; Arn. Lich. Tirol VIII (1872) p. 297, XXX (1807) p. 24, p. 218 (10). L. Kochiana f. lygaea Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 223. L. rivulosa var. lygaea Linds. Mem. Sperm. Lich. Crust. (1870) p. 244, pi. 10, f. 28. Exs. Schaer. Lich. Helv. Exs. XXVI (1852) 11. 626. — Anzi Lich. Langob. Exs. Ill (1861) n. 121. — Rabenh. Lich. Eur. Exs. XXVIII (1866) n.768. — Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1883) n. 785 (in hb. meo). — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1806) n. 1706 a (in lib. meo). (Sec. Arn. Lich. Tirol XXX p. 10 vel 218, Magnuss. 1. c. p. 42). (Magnusson refers Malme Lich. Suec. exs. n. 323 (L. lygaea) to L. lenebrica Nyl., a western species, not recorded from Finland (Magn. 1. c. p. 43)). Thallus sat tenuis, continuus, rimulosus aut partim crebre sub- areolato-diffractus, laevigatus, murinus vel cervinus vel cinereo-fusce scens, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo nigricante fuscescenteve limi tatus. Apothecia lat. vulgo circ. 0.4—0.6 mm, rotundata, primum thallo immersa aut subimmersa, dein emergentia vel late adnata, tenuia, basi non constricta, disco piano aut demum depresso-con vexo, nigro aut fusco-nigro, nudo, opaco, margine concolore, tenui, integro, demum excluso aut mox immarginata. Hypothecium albi dum pallidumve, guttulis minutis, sat parcis, hyphis erectis. Peri thecium tenue, fuscescens et infra hypothecium continuatum (medio deficiens), strato myelohyphico aerem continente nullo. Paraphyses sat arcte aut sat laxe cohaerentes, apicem versus sensim leviter in crassatae. Epithecium subfuscescens. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, glo bosae aut ellipsoideae, rectae, long. O.005—-O.oio, crass. O.005—-O.007 mm (»—O.oos mm, long. — 0.012 mm» sec. ann. Nyl.). Dislr. Ad saxa granitica praesertim in regione alpina et subalpina Europae (etiam Norvegiae) proveniens, nondum in Fennia collecta est. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 329 Thallo tenuiore, magis continuo, apotheciis minoribus, rotundatis, demum emergentibus adnatisve, ascis crassioribus et sporis distichis a L. Kochiana differt. Thallus opacus, non pruinosus, »nec jodo, nec KOH, nec CaCl202 reagens» (sec. Arn.). Apothecia lat. 0.2—1 mm, raro parceque — 2 mm, dispersa aut sat crebra. In specim. orig. Achariano apothecia lat. 0.5-—0.6 mm, perithecium strato myelo hyphico destitutum, parte exteriore subpurpureo-fuscescente sub hypothecium continuata, medio deficiente, hyphis tenuibus, sat leptodermaticis, radiantibus, conglutinatis, hypothecium albidum, jodo caerulescens, guttulis minutis, parcis, hyphis erectis aut sat erectis, tenuibus, leptodermaticis, conglutinatis, hymenium O.oeo mm crassum, jodo caerulescens, dein vinose rubens, epithecium subpur- pureo-fuscescens, paraphyses sat laxe cohaerentes, apicem versus sensim incrassatae et crass. O.003—O.004 mm, ceterum O.0015 mm cras- sae, asci ventricoso-clavati, crass. O.012—O.014 mm, sporae 8:nae, disti chae, globosae et diam. O.oos—O.ooe, p. p. etiam ellipsoideae, rectae, Jong. 0.009 et crass. O.007 mm. — Gonidia »fusiformia, long. O.003— 0.004, crass. O.0015 mm» (sec. ann. Nyl.). Sterigmata »simplicia, long. O.oio mm» sec. Magnuss. Gonidia pleurococcoidea, globosa et diam. O.oos—0.014 mm, abundanter p. p. subglobosa et ellipsoidea, long, usque ad O.oio (—O.ois) mm, p. p. 2-cellulosa. In superficie thalli hyphae verticales, constipatae, apicibus obscuratis, clavatis, 0.oo<>— 0.005 mm crassis, leptodermaticis, conglutinatis. Sect. Lecidea coarctata. Apothecia mollia, hypothecium pallidum, paraphyses plus minusve laxe cohaerentes, apicem versus subfuscescentes lutescentesve, sporae ellipsoideae, magnae vel majusculae. 169. L. coarctata (Sm.) Nyl. Prodr. Lich. Gall. (1857) p. 112, Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 196; Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 189, Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 447; Vain. Et. Lich. Bres. II (1890) p. 55. Lichen coarciaius Sm. Engl. Bot. VIII (1799) tab. 534. Lecanora coarctata Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1810 p. 68, Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 352 (excl. Ö), Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 149; Nyl. Lich. Alg. (1854) p. 311, Fl. 1886 p. 101 (Hue Addend., 1888, p. 134), Lich. Paris (1896) p. 68. Zeora Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 132. Biatora Arn. Lich. Tirol XXI (1880) p. 133, Lich. Frank. Jur. Fl. 1885 p. 155, Lich. Munch. (1891) p. 74. Thallus sat tenuis aut sat crassus, verruculosus aut areo- latus aut areolato-diffractus aut squamulosus, aut rarius 330 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica I\ continuus, albus aut rarius cinerascens glaucescensve aut fusco-cinerascens, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo vulgo in distincto. Apothecia lat. circ. 0.6—0.2 (—1.5) mm, thallo innata, demum late adnata, basi non aut parum constricta, disco rufescente fuscescenteve aut nigricante aut (praesertim humido) subrubricoso, nudo, opaco, piano aut concavo aut demum convexo, margine tenui, zeorino, facie externa thal- lino thalloque concolore aut demum vel raro fere mox leci deino discoque subconcolore, persistente aut rarius demum excluso. Hypothecium pallidum decoloratumve, hyphis irre gulariter contextis. Epithecium rufescenti-pallidum aut sub fuscescens. Paraphyses vulgo arcte cohaerentes, membrana tenuiter gelatinosa. Sporae 8:nae, ellipsoideae oblongaeve, long. O.020—O.011 (—0.026), crass. O.oio—O.006 (•—O.012) mm. Ab pluribus auctoribus ad Lecanoras ducta est, sed distincte proxime affinis est Lecideae Brujerianae (Hepp) et L. subconcolori (Anzi), originem Lecanorearum polyphyleticam e statu lecideino indicans (conf. Vain. Et. Lich. Bres. II p. 56). Apothecia revera saepe amphithecio thallino gonidia continente ornata sunt, et amphi- thecio carentia (velut in v. exposiiella), gonidia in parte inferiore perithecii, strato myelohyphico instructa, continentia. — Thallus jodo non reagens, KOH non reagens, addito CaCl202 saepe, praeser tim intus, leviter rubescens (inconstanter). Apothecia interdum irre- gularia lirellinaque. Perithecium extus fuscescens, intus albidum, hyphis irregulariter contextis, cellulis brevibus, sat leptodermaticis. Llypothecium hyphis sat leptodermaticis, jodo non reagens. Para physes tenues, apice non incrassato, praesertim apice vulgo ramosae ramulosaeque aut ramoso-connexae. Hymenium circ. O.oso—O.160 mm crassum, jodo vinose rubens aut primum dilute intenseve caeru lescens. Asci cylindrico-clavati. Gonidia pleurococcoidea, saepe bicellulosa, raro 4-cellulosa, vulgo simplicia, globosa aut subglobosa, diam. circ. O.oos—O.012 mm, membrana modice incrassato. »Spermo- gonien ziemlich verbreitet, entwickeln sich aber nur auf kräftigem Thallus der Form omata. Sie sind vom Thallus umkleidet und warzen- förmig - —. Meistenteils treten sie gesondert fur sich auf, mit- unter aber auch in Begleitung gut entwickelter Apothecien. Die Sterigmata - — sind kurz, einfach, nicht gegliedert; die Spermatien sind immer gerade, stäbchenförmig, durchschnittlich O.007, häufig nur 0.005, ausnahmsweise O.oio mm» (sec. Lahm Zus. Westf. Flecht., 1885, p. 87). Gonidia sec. Nyl. (Lich. Paris p. 69) »bacillaria, long. 0.0045, crass. O.0007 mm», sec. Lindsay (Mem. Sperm, p. 266, in Lich. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 331 Brit. Exs. n. 149) »curvula, long. 0.0063, crass. O.ooi mm, sec. Mudd (Man. Brit. Lich. p. 154) »acicularia, recta, long. O.0125, crass. O.ooi mm». Sterigmata longa sec. Linds. (conf. Arn. Lich. Munch, p. 74). Specimina apotheciis destituta a Bilimbia trachona gonidiis distin- guuntur (conf. Vain. L. F. II p. 233). Obs. 1. Lecanora coarctata /i listroia Ach. Lich. Llniv. (1810) p. 353, Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 150, sec. herb. Ach. ad statum inter medium inter v. trapeliam et v. elachisiam pertinet. Obs. 2. >>L. coarctata in ligno pineo parietis horrei ad Hammo in Hollola collecta», in Norrl. Bidr. Sydöstr. Tav. FL p. 185 comme- morata, ad hanc speciem non pertinet. Var. irapelia (Ach.) Vain. Lecanora trapelia Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 387, Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 177. Parmelia coarctata c ira pelia Fr. Lich. Eur. Fief. (1831) p. 105 (sec. Th. Fr.). Lecanora coarctata fi ornaia Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 92 (sec. Th. Fr.). Lecidea coarctata var. ornaia Nyl. Prodr. Lich. Gall. (1857) p. 112; Th. Fr. Lich. ArcL (1860) p. 190, Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 447. Lecanora ornaia Nyl. En. Lich. Fret. Behr. (1888) p. 57; Hue Lich. Exot. (1892) p. 157. Parmelia coarctata b microphyllina Fr. 1. c. p. 105 (sec. Th. Fr.). Lichen glebulosus Sm. Engl. Bot. (1809) tab. 1955 (sec. nomen vix nisi p. p., conf. Leight. Lich. Great Brit. 3 ed. p. 281, A. L. Smith Mori. Brit. Lich. II p. 23). Exs. Leight. Lich. Brit. Exs. V (1854) n. 149. - - Mudd Lich. Brit. Exs. II (1861) n. 123. — Larb. Lich.-Herb. V (1879) n. 170. — Johns. North Engl. Lich.-Herb. IX (1900) n. 334. (Sec. A. L. Smith I.e.). Thallus albidus, squamulosus, squamulis saepe demum subcrenu- latis, aut primum subareolatus, sorediis destitutus. Apothecia mar gine zeorino aut sublecanorino albidoque et saepe crenulato, p. p. etiam (in eodem specimine) lecideino. Distr. Ad rupes et lapides schistosos et gneissaceos locis humidis suburnbrosisque collecta. Ab.: Hietakuoppa ad Vanhahautausmaa (Vain., Hellin Nurmi). N.: Floglandia (F]. Nyl.), Viik (J. P. Norrlin), Punavuoret Helsingforsiae (Vain., 1872), Vanhakaupunki (Vain. 1872). Ta.: Mustiala (A. Kullhem), Asikkala Norrl., n. 480). KPom. occ: Suojärvi (Norrl.). Var. elachista (Ach.) Nyl. Prodr. Lich. Gall. (1857) p. 112 (emend.); Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 190, Lich. Scand. II (1874) p..447 p. p.; Vain. Et. Lich. Bres. II (1890) p. 55. Parmelia ela chista Ach. Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 159, tab. IV f. 4. L. coarctata var. elachista f. subcrenulata Cromb- in A. L. Smith Mon. Brit. Lich. II (1911) p. 23. Exs. Sommerf. PL Crypt. Norv. I (1826) n. 60 (Mus. Fenn.). - Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. XIII (1827) n. 362 (herb. Nyl.). — Hepp Flecht. 332 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV Eur. IV (1853) n. 186. — Nyl. Herb. Lich. Par. II (1855) n. 54 (herb. Nyl.). — Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. VII (1882) n. 306. — Vain. Lich. Bras. Exs. II (1892) n. 644, 992 cet. Thallus albidus aut rarius subcinerascens, dispersus aut conti nuus, verruculoso-inaequalis aut laevigatus, sorediis destitutus. Apothecia margine zeorino aut sublecanorino albidoque vel subcine- rascente, crenulato aut subintegro aut p. p. demum lecideino obscu rato que. Distr. Ad rupes et lapides graniticos, gneissaceos, dolomiticos, granuliticos, arenarios, calcareos, porphyricos et raro ad terram arenosam locis subumbrosis erescit. Reg. Ab.: Vedudden in Finnarv in Finby (F. Elfving). N.: Hogland (Edv. Nylander), Fredriksberg (YV. Nyl.). Ta.: Mustiala et Haarankorpi in Tammela (A. Kullhem), Urajärvi cet. in Asikkala (J. P. Norrlin), Padasjoki (Norrl.), Kuh moin (Norrl.), »passim in Tav. austr.-or.» (Norrl. Bidr. p. 185), Ha kala in Luhanka (Vain., »L. coarctata» in Fl. Tav. Or. p. 109. Ke.: Kurkijoki (Räsänen). KOn.: Velikaja-guba (Norrl. Fl. Kar. On. II p. 27). KPom. occ: Tscholka in Repola (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 40). OKaj.: Saareumylly in Kianta (Vain. 1. c). Kuus.: Vaski kallio (Vain. 1. c). LIn.: In reg. subsylv. ad Kaamasjoki (F. Silen, H. L. F. n. 306). LEnont.: In reg. subsylv. ad Peerakoski in Enon- tekiäinen (»L. coarctata» sec. Nyl. in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 334). Obs. Lecidea coarctata f. colaria (Acb.) Nyl. (in Norrl. Fl. Kar. Oneg. II, 1876, p. 27), supra terrani argillaceam ad Tiudie in KOn. collecta, thallo disperso evanescenteve instructa est. Lecidea coiaria Ach. Meth. Lich. Suppl. (1803) p. 11. — Lecidea ienagea Ach., Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 27, est v. elachista ad terram argillaceam crescens. Var. biatoriza Vain. Thallus albidus aut subalbidus, verrucosus aut areolatus, sorediis destitutus. Apothecia margine lecideino, obscurato. Distr.: Ad rupes et lapides gneissaceos et schistosos in campis graminosis et locis umbrosis collecta. Aboa: Perttulinkallio (Vain.). Ta.: Haukkavuori in Korpilahti (»*L. omata» sec. determ. Nyl. in Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. p. 109). OKaj.: Ad templum et Tervasalmi in Kuhmo (»v. elachista» in Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 40). Obs. 1. In var. elachisiam transit, apotheciis saepe p. p. primum zeorinis, margine thallino et lecideino cinctis instructa. Obs. 2. Lecidea coarctata var. exposita Nyl. Lich. Nov. Zel. (1867) p. 254, (1888) p.66, Fl. 1865 p.339 »apotheciis nigro-fuscis vel nigris, convexis et thallo albido-cinereo, areolato» instructa, huic varietati est proxima. Var. expositella Vain. Thallus verruculosus, fuscescenti-cinereus, sorediis destitutus. Apothecia margine lecideino, fusco, disco concolore. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 333 Distr. Ta.: Ad scopulum in prat o Laaso in Hollola (Vain. 1886). Obs. Hypothallo nigricante, continuo L. coarctata f. subfumigata Nyl. in Zwackh Lich. Heidelb. (1883) p. 42 ab hac varietate differt. Thallus verruculosus, cinereo-fuscescens, dispersus, sorediis destitu tus (sec. specim. orig-. in herb. Nyl.). 170. *L. obtegens Th. Fr. Lecidea coarctata *oblegens Th. Fr. Bot. Not. 1867 p. 152. L. coarctata y obtegens Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 447. Thallus sat tenuis aut crassus, verruculosus, cinereo- aut olivaceo-fuseescens aut cinereo-virens, sorediis instructus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia lat. circ. 0.5—0.7 mm, thallo innata, dein mox late adnata, basi non aut parum constricta, disco fusco aut rufo-fuscescente, nudo, opaco, piano aut demum depresso-convexo, margine tenui, zeorino, facie externa thallino thalloque concolore aut demum vel fere mox lecideino discoque subconcolore, persistente aut rarius demum excluso. Hypothecium pallidum decolora- tumve, hyphis irregulariter contextis. Epithecium fusce scens aut rufescenti-pallidum. Paraphyses arcte cohaeren tes, membrana tenuiter gelatinosa. Sporae 8:nae, ellipsoideae, long. O.oio—O.ois, crass. 0.006—O.009 mm. Var. dioritica Vain. Lecidea coarctata *L. dioritica Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 41. Bialora coarctata f. ocrinaela Arn. Lich. Exs. (1877) n. 710 a Lich. Frank. Jur. (Fl. 1885) p. 156, Lich. Monac. (1891) n. 168, (1896) n. 440, Lich. Munch. (1891) p. 75 (Lecanora ochrinaeia Ach. Lich. Univ., 1810, p. 380, Syn. Lich., 1814, p. 162, sec. Th. Fr. 1. c. p. 448 composita est e L. coarctata praecipue et L. panaeola). Thallus verruculosus aut minute areolatus, cinereo-fuscescens, parce sorediosus. Apothecia zeorina, margine thallo concolore. Dislr. OKaj.: In latere saxi dioritici in monte Ohtosenvaara in Kuhmo (Vain.). Obs. Lecidea coarctata *obtegens Th. Fr., Bot. Not. 1867 p. 152 (L. coarctata y obtegens Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II p. 447), muscos destructos terramque humosam pr. Christianiani in Norvegia tegens, »crusta crassa, granulato-pulverulenta, cinereo-virente et apotheciis fusco-rufescentibus» descripta est. Var. ochrinaeiella Vain. 334 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV Thallus verruculosus, olivaceo-fuscescens, sorediis instructus. Apothecia margine lecideino, fusco, disco concolore. Distr. Ta.: Supra lapides parvos ad Tammijärvi in Luhanka (»*L. omata» sec. determ. Nyl. in Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. p. 100). Sectio Lecidea uliginosa. Thallus, apothecia, hypothecium obscurata. 171. L. botryosa (Fr.) Nyl.1) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 454. L. uliginosa *L. botryosa Nyl. in Norrl. Bidr. Sydöstr. Tav. Fl. (1870) p. 186. Bialora botryosa Fr. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1822 p. 268 (sec. Th. Fr.), Sched. Grit. VIII (1826) p. 10. Bialora uliyinosa a botryosa Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 275. Lecidea ylomerulosa Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 210. L. miscelloides Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 200 (sec. herb. Mus. Fenn. specim. orig.). L. hypopodia Nyl. Fl. 1862 p. 464 (sec. specim. orig. Mus. Fenn.), Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 164. L. miscelliformis Nyl. Fl. 1867 p. 330, Nyl. in Norrl. 1. c. (1870) p. 186. L. crassipes f. minor Nyl. in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. (1873) p. 341. Exs. Fries Lich. Suec. VIII, n. 219. — Havas Lich. Norv. (1918) n. 388, Malme Lich. Suec. VIII (1910) n. 188. — Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. IV (1875) n. 168, s. n. Lecidea miscelliformis, cont. (1921) n. 740. — Zahlbr. Krypt. Vindob. XXII (1914) n. 2270. Thallus effusus, crassus vel crassiusculus, laxe adfixus, primitus e granulis vel verruculis conglomeratis con text us, dein glomerulis congestis, convexis, supra granu latis, verruculosis vel subpulveraceo-fati- scentibus quasi rimoso-verrucosus. Thallus fuscescens vel virescenti- vel pallide cinerascens. Apothecia numerosa vel numerosissima. vulgo conglomerate, minuta, 0.2—0.4 (—0.5) mm, supra thallum plus minusve elevata, usque stipitata, primo plana et margine pallicliori cincta, deinde subconvexa et immargi- nata. Discus epruinosus, subnitidus, obscure rufo-fusce- scens (saltern madef actus) vel vulgo atro-fuscus vel nigricans. Excipulum fusco-nigrum, etiam cum hypo thecio. Hymenium angustum, 50—65 //, strato amorpho in- 1) Literary references by Vainio, the rest by B. Lynge. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 335 colorato tenui tectum, superne plus minusve, saltern macu late, fuscum, praeterea pallide fuscescens vel incoloratum. Paraphyses concretae, valde indistinctae, apice non incras satae. Asci clavati, octospori. Sporae parvae, ellipsoideae, 7—12x3—4.5 ILL. Thallus J, KOH, CaCl202 immutatus. Hymenium J cae- ruleo-nigricans. Dislr. Ad ligna, praecipue quercina et pinea, cariosa carbonisatave atque corticem Pini vetustum late distributa, ut videtur frequens. Ik.: Muola (Kihlman). Ta.: Sankoniemi in Tammela (Kullhem). Hersala et Upila in Hollola (Vain.). Kalkkis in Asikkala (Norrlin). Evo in Lammi (Norrlin, Lang). Padasjoki (Vain.). Jutinsalo in Luhanka (Vain.). Rappukallio in Korpilahti (Vain.). Kol.: Gorki (Elfving). Tb.: Pihlajavesi (Norrlin). Kanavuori in Jyväskylä (Vain.). Kb.: Niska in Enontaipale (Vain.). Lieksa (Vain., Lang). Vieki in Lieksa (Vain.). KOn.: Suojärvi (Norrlin). K. Pom. occ: Vuosiniemi in Repola (Vain.). Ob.: (Silen). Ks.: Kuusamo (Silen). Le.: Hetta (Norrlin). Li.: Muddusniemi in Inari (Silen). Paatsjoki (Vaim, Granit et Poppius). The above description has largely been drawn from Th. Fr. Lich. Scand., which the editor has felt it impossible to improve. Th. Fries has justly called attention to the similarity with Toninia cumulata, on account of the small plane, glomerate apothecia. 172. L. uliginosa (Fr.) Nyl. in Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 135, Nyl. Lich. Paris (1896) p. 80; Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 198 p. p.; Ach. Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 43 p. p. (excl. y L. humosa), Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 180 p. p., Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 25 p. p.; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 455 p. p. (non Lichen uliginosus Schrad. Crypt. II Lief., 1797, n. 163, Spic, 1794, p. 88 forsan p. p.). Bialora uliginosa Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. VIII (1824) n. 218; Koerb. Par. Lich. 2 Lief. (1860) p. 158; Arn. Lich. Jur. (Fl. 1884) p. 154, Lich. Munch. (1891) p. 73; Bachmann Der lepröse Thallus einiger Krustenflechten, Archiv f. Protistenkunde, vol. 74 (1931) p. 268 seq. Lecidea uliginosa y geomoea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 180 (sec. herb. Ach.), in Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 43 ad Verrucariam humisimilem Hoffm. Fl. Germ. II (1796) p. 190 (exac- tius non cognitam) spectat. Exs. Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. VIII (1824) n. 218 (herb. Nyl.). — Fellm. Lich. Arct. (1864) n. 150. Ceterum videas Arn. Lich. Tirol (Fl. 1884) p. 155. 336 E. A. }ainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV Thallus modice incrassatus aut sat tenuis, verrucosus aut verruculosus, verrucis contiguis aut dispersis, olivaceis aut olivaceo-fuscescentibus, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo in distincto. Apothecia sat parva, lat. 0.4—0.6 (—0.7) mm, tota aut late adnata, interdum basi leviter constricta, disco convexo aut piano, fusco aut fusco-nigricante, nudo, opaco, margine tenuissimo, concolore, persistente, aut vulgo demum vel mox excluso. Hypothecium fusco-nigrum, hyphis irregu lariter contextis. Epithecium fusco-nigrum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae 8:nae, oblongae ellipsoideaeve, »long. O.on—O.016, crass. O.005—O.007 mm» (sec. annot. Nyl.). Distr. Ad terram humosam sat frequenter — passim toto terri torio provenit. AL: Gripö in Föglö (Vain.). Ab.: Artukainen in Raisio (Vain.), Katariinanlaakso in Kaarina (V. Räsänen), Karuna (F. Elfving), Östernäs in Pargas (K. Linkola). N.: Helsingforsia (Nyb, Vain., Lang), Malm (A. A. Sola), Mosabacka (Vain.), Kyrkslätt (A. Kullhem). Ka.: Hamina (Nyl.), Monrepos (Vain. Lich. Vib. p. 60). Kirjola (Ch. E. Boldt). Ta.: Tiirismaa et Hersala in Hollola (Vain.), Asikkala (J. P. Norrlin), Jokioinen ad templum (Vain.), Mustiala et alibi in Tammela (Kullh.), Messukylä (P. A. Karsten), Piililä in Hollola (Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. p. 109). Sa.: Savonlinna (E. Nylander). KLad.: Pahaniemi prope Sortavala (Vain.). KOn.: Pyhäniemi (Norrl.). Ktrom: Poventsa (Kullh.). Kb.: Passim (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 42), velut ad Lieksa, Ne vala et Matovaara in pag. Lieksa, ad Lipinlahti, Saramo et Muje järvi in par. Nurmes. K Pom. occ: Tscholkka (Vain.). Ob.: Oulu (E. Nyl.). OKaj.: Kajaani (K. P. Malmgren), passim in par. Kuhmo et Kianta, velut prope pag. Kuhmo et Tervasalrni in par. Kuhmo et ad Vuokkijärvi et pag. Kianta in par. Kianta (Vain. 1. c). LKem.: In monte Pyhätunturi in par. Sodankylä (Vain. 1. c.) et alibi (E. Nyl.). LIm.: Ad fl. Niva (N. I. Fellman) et lac. Imandra (Fellm.) et Lovo- sersk (A. O. Kihlman). LTul.: Ad sin. Kolaensem (Fellm.) et in penins. Piscatorum (P. A. Karsten). Thallus verrucis O.05—0.3 mm latis, subglobosis aut difformibus, microscopio visus hypothallo, ex hyphis sat parcis, laxe contextis, sat leptodermaticis, fuseescentibus aut primum decoloratis, O.005—- 0.004 (—O.002) mm crassis formato, instructus. Apothecia saepe par tim crebra, KOH non reagentia. Hypothecium hyphis tenuibus, circ. 0.003 mm crassis, sat leptodermaticis, conglutinatis, cavitatibus an gustis, saepe oblongis. Perithecium fusco-nigricans, hyphis sat irre gulariter contextis, conglutinatis, sat leptodermaticis, apicibus cla- vatis et circ. O.005-—O.ooo mm crassis, constipatis. Hymenium circ. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 337 0.065—0.070 mm crassum, »jodo vinose rubens» (sec. ann. Nyl.). Para physes simplices aut parum ramoso-connexae, tubulis tenuissimis, membrana leviter gelatinosa, in KOH parum incrassata, apice fusco- capitato, circ. O.005 (-—O.003) mm crasso, non gelatinoso. Sporae distichae, simplices, decolores. Gonidia pleuroccoidea, glomerulosa, membrana vulgo incrassata. 173. L. humosa (Ehrh.) Nyl.1) Lecidea uliginosa *humosa Nyl. in Bidr. Sydöstr. Tav. Fl. (1870) p. 186; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 42. Lecidea humosa Nyl. Lich. Paris (1896) p. 28. Lichen humosus Ehrh. PL Crypt. (1789) n. 135 (in Mus. Berol.). Lecidea uliginosa y L. humosa Ach. Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 43, Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 43. Lichen uliginosus Schrad. Crypt. II Lief. (1797) n. 163 (in Mus. Berol.). Lecidea icmalea Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1808 p. 267; Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 201. L. fuligineo (i L. icmalea Ach. Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 35 (verisim., specim. in herb. Ach. sat destructum). L. fuliginea Ach. Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 35 p. p. (excl. specim. ad saxa cotacea cresc); Nyl. Fl. 1879 p. 136, Lich. Paris (1896) p. 80; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 136. Bialora fuliginea Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. IV (1824) n. 97; Koerb. Par. Lich. 2 Lief. (1860) p. 159; Arn. Lich. Miinch. (1891) p. 74. Lecidea uliginosa f. fuliginea Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 456. L. uliginosa d coenosa Fr. Lich. Eur. Ref. (1831) p. 275 (sec. Th. Fr.). Exs. Anzi Lich. Lang. V (1861) n. 175 (sec. Arnold). — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1871—1879) n. 649 (sec. Nyl.), (1882—1889) n. 1076. — Crombie Lich. Brit. I (1874) n.82 (hb. Nyl.). — Ehrh. Plant. Crypt. XIV (1789) n. 135. — Fries Lich. Suec. IV n. 97. (Mus. Berol.). — Hepp Flecht. Eur. V (1857) n. 267. — Malme Lich. Suec; XVI (1914) n. 387 (sec. Lynge). — Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. IV (1875) n. 166. — Schrad. Syst. Samml. crypt. Gew. II (1797) n. 163. — Stenh. Lich. Suec. VI n. 174. — Zwackh Lich. Exs. n. 589. Thallus effusus, tenuis vel tenuissimus, inter dum fere obsoletus, cum substrato confusus. Thallus (sub microscopio visus) min u tissi me granulosus, facile f arino so-gr a n u losus fatiscens. Thallus obscurus, fusco- nigrescens. Thallus saepe sterilis. Apothecia minutissima, diam. 0.2—0.3, rarius usque ad 0.5 mm, dispersa, vel hinc inde numerosa, usque congesta, arcte adpressa, ab initio x) Literary references by Vainio, the rest by B. Lynge. 22 338 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. plana, deinde mox convexa. Discus rugulosus, epruinosus, opacus, fusco-ater vel subnigricans, margine concolori. Exci pulum satis obscure luteo-fuscescens, hypothecio concolor. Hymenium 62—75 JU altum, pallide flavo-fuscescens, vel in parte superiori solum fuscescens, praeterea incoloratum. Para physes concretae, apice leviter clavatae (usque ad 2 Asci clavati. Sporae octonae, ellipsoideae, 8—14 (—16) x 6—7 //. Hymenium J dilute caerulescens, interdum deinde sub- vinosum, vel subimmutatum. Manuscript note by Vainio: Conidia utrinque apice in crassata, 3.5—4.5 x 0.5 // (Nyl. herb. No. 21160). Distr. Ad lignum cariosum vel carbonisatum, ad saepes vetustas, putrescentes, ad terram humosam et ad herbos et stramentum emor- tuum, rarius ad saxa. — Ut videtur frequens in toto territorio. Ab.: Pargas (Linkola). Pahaniemi et prope sepulcretum in Aboa (Vain.). Littoinen (Vain.). Sandö in Sagu (Elfving). Seppälä, Storön in Lojo (G. E. Boldt). N. Tvärminne (Räsänen), Helsingforsia (K. J. Ehnberg). Suursaari (Vain.). Ka.: Viburgia (Vain.). Ta.: Mustiala, Torva et Sankoniemi (Kullhem). Tiirismaa, Enonsaari et Hersala in Hollola (Vain.). Asikkala (Norrlin). Osola in Padasjoki (Vain.). Jutinsalo et Tammijärvi in Luhanka (Vain.). Korpilahti (Vain.). Oa.: Jurva (Malmgren). Tb.: Jyväskylä (Vain.). KOn.: Dianova- gora (Simmin°r). OKaj.: Tervasalmi in Kuhmoniemi (Vain.). Ks.: Mäntytunturi in Kuusamo (saxicola) (Vain.). F. fuscovirens Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 42, ubi syn. »Thallus virescens vel fuscovirescens. Apothecia fuscescentia. Ad lignum putridum» (sec. Vain. 1. c). Distr. Ab.: Pargas, Sandö (Elfving). Pyhänsivu (Linkola). Äbo (Karsten). Storön in Lojo (Gh. E. Boldt). N.: LIelsingfors (Nyl.). Ka.: Vanha-Viipuri (Vain.). Ta.: Hersala in Hollola (Vain.). Papinsaari in Asikkala (Vain.). Arokoski et Johioinen in Padasjoki (Vain.). Sankoniemi et Torva in Tammela (Kullhem). Mustiala (Kullhem). Pyhävuori et Vallivuori in Korpilahti (Vain.). Oa.: Jurva (Malmgren) Tb.: Pihlajavesi (Vain.). Norola in Jyväskylä (Vain.). Kb.: Niska in Enontaipale (Vain.). OKaj.: Kianta (Vain.). KOn.: Dianovagora (Simming). F. fuliginea (Nyl., Ach.). »Var. crusta tenui, raro crassiuscula, minute granulosa, obscure rufo-fuscescente vel fusco-nigricante, raro virescente; apotheciis primo planiusculis tenuiterque marginatis, demum convexis, fusee scentibus vel fusco-atris, 0.3—0.5 mm. latis; paraphysibus gracilibus, Acta Societatis })ro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 339 arcte eohaerentibus, sporis 8—12 ju longis et 4—6 a crassis». (sec. Hedlund Kritisehe Bemerkungen, p. 72). Dislr. Ab.: Lojo, Storön, Seppälä (Ch. E. Boldt). N.: Tvärminne, Elgö (Linkola). Boxbacka prope Helsingforsiani (Linkola). Helsing fors, lign. putr. (Nyl.). Hoglandia (Brenner). Ka.: Kymi (V. Ku jala). St. Johannes kyrka (Ch. E. Boldt). Ta.: Tammela (Kullh.). Asikkala (Norrl.). Tiirismaa, supra muros (Vain.). Hollola (Norrl.), Padasjoki (Norrl., Vain.). KOI.: Mjatusova (Elfving). Kb.: Lieksa (Vain.). Oa.: Kristinestad (A. J. Malmgr.). Ob.: Uleäborg (E. Nyl.). Kk.: Koutajärvi (N. I. Fellm.). Lkem.: Muonioniska (Norrl.). F. argillacea (Kremplh.) Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 42. Lecidea uliginosa f. argillacea (Kremplh.) Hedl. Krit. Bemerk. (1892) p. 73. Lecidea uliginosa c prolelaria Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 456. »Crusta indistincta; apotheciis minutis, margine elevato cinctis, siccis vulgo plus minus angulosis, nigricantibus, 0.2—0.4 mm. latis; paraphysibus gracilibus, arcte cohaerentibus; sporis 10—13 JU longis et (5—) 6—7 JU crassis» (sec. Hedlund Krit. Bemerk. 1. c). Distr. Lkem.: Muonioniska (Norrl.). Mäntytunturi, saxicola (Vain.). Ab.: Ersby in Pargas (Linkola). KOI.: Vosnessenje (Elfving). Obs. 1. In his manuscript Vainio had suggested these three formae. The editor is unable to give more detailed information on the distribution of the last mentioned forma. Obs. 2. Bialora humida Kullh. (Lecidea Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 477) ad L. humosam a Nyl. in Fl. 1872 p. 355 ducta, sec. specimina orig. ad Pannulariani deficienlem Nyl. pertinet, sec. Vainio in mscr. Obs. 3. According to the above cited literature (compiled by Vainio) he regarded Lecidea fuliginea a synonym of Lecidea humosa (cfr. also Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 42. It is evident from his remarks in Adjumenta I.e. that he regarded the »thallus farinosus vel fere obsoletus» of Lecidea humosa to be the distinguishing character of this species againt Lecidea uliginosa. In the present paper he attributes a »thallus modice incrassatus aut sat tenuis, verrucosus aut verruculosus» (verrucae O.05—0.3 mm) to the latter species. The granules of Lecidea humosa are so small that they are invi sible to the unarmed eye. If studied under a lens of high power ( x 20) they are easily discerned. The farinose thallus is due to their minute size. Pseudo-soredia are only developed if the granules are damaged. The apothecia of Lecidea humosa are much smaller than those of Lecidea uliginosa, and more closely appressed, sometimes almost imbedded into the granules. The editor measured smaller apothecia in Lecidea humosa than Hedlund did (Krit. Bemerk. p. 72—73). — He also found that the paraphyses of Lecidea uliginosa were more 340 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV incrassated at their apices than they were in Lecidea humosa. —• Koerber writes that the spores of Lecidea fuliginea Ach. (= Lecidea humosa (Ehrh.) Nyl.) are only half as large as those of Lecidea uliginosa, but unfortunately he does not state their size. (Parerga Lich. (1865) p. 150), A. L. Smith refers ft humosa as a subspecies to Lecidea uliginosa, she describes Lecidea fuliginea as a proper species, distinguished from Lecidea uliginosa by its »generally smaller spores». But the size is stated to be 8—15 x 4—7 JU in Lecidea fuliginea, and 8—4 7 x 4—8 u in Lecidea uliginosa. Hedlund records 8—12 x 4—6 a in his var. fuliginea, and 10—15 x (5—) 6—7.5 u in his var. humosa. —- Cfr also Hedlund Krit. Bemerk. p. 72—73, supra cit. The present editor measured the spores of several plants, e.g. Malme Lich. Suec. n. 464 (Lecidea uliginosa) and Norrl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. n. 166 (Lecidea uliginosa * fuliginea), and some other plants, determined by Vainio, but the difference in the spore size was very inconspicuous. — Even if var. fuliginea has smaller spores than the type of Lecidea liumosa, the editor agrees with Vainio that the difference is too small for specific distinction. Sect. Lecidea granulosa. Apothecia in oli\aceum semper vel demum vergentia, hypothecium subpallidum, paraphyses graciles, apicem ver sus (vulgo) subviridulae (HN08 non mutatae). 174. L. granulosa (Ehrh.) Schaer.1) Schaer. Spic. (1883) p. 172; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 442; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 40; A. L. Smith Brit. Lich. II (1911) ]). 25; Ach. Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 65, saltern p. p. Lichen granulalus Ehrh. Plant. Crypt. Exsic. (1785) n. 145. Lecanora granu losa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 383. Lichen decolorans Schrad. in Usteri Annal. der Bot. (1797) p. 85. Lecidea decolorans Ach. Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 37 p.p.; Wahlenbg. Flora Lapp. (1812) p. 477; Somrft Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 171; Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 197 (a). Bialora decolorans Fries Vet. Ak. Handl. (1822) p. 268, Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 266; Koerb. Syst. Lich. (1855) p. 193; Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 189. Exs. Arn. Lich. Mon. (1892) n. 286a, (1894) n. 352. — Claud, et Harm. Lich. Gall. I (1903) n. 42. — Floerke Deutsch. Lich. VII (1821) n. 142 A-C. — Flot. Lich. Exs. Ill n. 228 A. B, 229. — Fries Lich. !) By B. Lynge. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 34 L Suec. VIII (1824) n. 220. —- Harm. Lich. Loth. n. 707.— Hepp Flecht. Eur. V (1857), n. 271. — Malme Lich. Suec. VII (1910) n. 165, XXXII (1919) n. 788, XL (1926) n. 986. — Mudd. Lich. Brit. II (1861) n. 165. — Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. IV (1875) n. 164, 165. — Stenh. Lich. Suec. VI n. 163, 164. — Zahlbr. Krypt. Vindob. Ill (1898) m 261. Thallus effusus, erassitudine varians, verrucosus vel areolato-granulosus, verrucae rotundatae, depresso-globosae, 0.2—0.3 (—-0.5) mm., vel leviter crenatae vel (majores) inter dum contiguae et varie angulosae. Thallus cinereo- glaucescens, e viride glaucus ad albidum varians, saepe 1 ep r o s o-f a t i s c e n s. soredia usque ad 2—3 mm, granu losa, et interdum subconfluentia, sed vulgo minora, thallo concoloria vel saepe magis in albido-flavescentem vergentia. Hypothallus tenuis, membranaceus, thallo subconcolor, hinc inde inter verrucas visus. Thallus bene fertilis. Apothecia regulariter supra thallum dispersa, numerosa vel numerosissima, saepe deinde confluentia, diam. 0.5—1.5 mm, rotundata, plus minusve crenulata, vel mutua pressione angulata, semper arcte ad- pressa, diu plana et tenuiter marginata, deinde saepe depresso-convexa et immarginata. Discus scabrosulus, opacus, pruina destitutus, versicolor, e 1 a t e r i t i o vel c a r n e o-l i v i d o o 1 i v a c e o-f u s c u s vel nigricans, margine pallidiori circumdatus. Hypothecium incoloratum, 25—35 JU altum, hyphae arcte contextae, in- distinctae. Excipulum incoloratum vel secundum marginem apothecii magis obscuratum. Hymenium 75—90 // altum, incoloratum vel superne plus minusve olivaceum vel viridulo- fuscescens vel luteolum, strato incolorato rupto vel granu- lato tectum. Paraphyses arcte conglutinatae, valde indi- stinctae, ramosae, in apice haud incrassatae. Asci anguste clavati, 70—75 ju longi, 10—13 // crassi. Sporae octonae, biserialiter dispositae, ellipsoideae, 8—12 (•—15) x 4—6 (-7) Pycnoconidia recta, 5—6 /i longa, 1 /* crassa (sec. A. L. Smith Brit. Lich. (1911), p. 26). 342 E. A. \ainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Thallus GaCl202 rubescens, KOH leviter flavescens. Hymenium J e caeruleo mox flavescens vel vinosum, asci tantum persistenter caerulescentes. Distr. Ad terrani humosam vel sabulosam, truncos putrescentes, destructos e.s.p. Ut videtur frequens in toto territorio. AL: (Edv. Nylander). Finström (R. Frey). Ab.: Merimasku (Karsten). Bemby in Korpo (Elfving). Gunnarsnäs (Elfving) et Lampis (Linkola) in Pargas. Maalo in Karuna (Elfving). Storön (Boldt) et Lohjanselkä (M. E. Huumonen) in Lohja. N.: Tvärminne (A.-M. Häyren). Svartbäck in Inga (Brenner). Kyrkslätt (Kullhem). Ad Helsingforsiam pluribi (Lang, Lindberg, Buch). Hogland (Edv. Nylander). Ik.: Pällilä in Muola (Kihlman). St. hankasuo in Huit tinen (leg. ?). Ta.: Mustiala in Tammela (Kullhem). Vanaja (Norr lin.) Iso-Valkjärvi et Valkealampi in Evo par. Lammi (Lang). Sa.: Mäntyharju (Edv. Nylander). Ristiina (Edv. Nylander). In insulis lac. Saimae (Edv. Nylander). Savonlinna (O. A. J. Garlenius). KL: Pususaari in Impilahti (W. Nylander). Havuvaara et Remtjinkorpi in Soanlahti (Lang). KOI.: Gorki (Elfving). Oa.: Kvarken (Malm gren). Jurva (Malmgren). Tb.: Jyväskylä (Linkola). Sb.: Suovu et Kortejokiin Kuopio (Linkola). Kb.: Tohmajärvi (L. Oesch). KOn.: Perttiniemi (Kullhem, Norrlin). • Povenets (Kullhem). Suopohja (Kullhem). O.Kaj.: Kajaani (Malmgren). KPom. occ: Kemi ad Mare album (Fr. Nylander). Ob.: Paavola (Silen). Karlö (Lang). Simo (Räsänen). Kemi (Räsänen). Kalkkimaa in Ala-Tornio (Räsä nen). Tengeliö (Edv. Nylander). Pöyiiövaara in Rovaniemi (Bren ner). Ks.: Kuusamo, f. escharoides (Räsänen). Kk.: Susijärvi (N. J. Fellman). LKem.: Muonioniska (Norrlin) Käkäsuanto in Muonio (Norrlin). LIm.: Lowosersk (Kihlman). Umba (Kihlman). LE.: in alpe Leutsuvaara (Norrlin). Li.: Inari (Hult). Toivoniemi in Inari (Hult). Lmur.: Kola (N. J. Fellman). Voroninsk (Kihlman). F. hilaris Ach. Lecidea decolorans *hilaris Ach. mscr. Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 168. Lecidea granulosa f. hilaris Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 444; Harin. Cat. Lich. Lorr., suite 1 (1898) p. 48; Sandst. Flecht. Nw. deutsch. Tiefl. (1012) p. 01. Thallus albidus vel fere albus, granulosus. Apothecia carneo- lutea, plana, mediocria (latid. circ. 1 mm), margine concolore, flex- uoso (demum paruni vel vix prominulo), intus pallida. Sporae ellip soideae vel oblongae, simplices, 12—45 x6—7 ju, paraphyses graciles, haud distinctae, hypothecium incoloratum. Gelatina hymenea J cae rulescens, dein sordide tincta (sec. Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 198). Distr. Ab.: Pyhänsuu in Pargas (Linkola). N.: Degerö et Drumsö ad Helsingforsiani (Lindberg). Boxbacka ad Helsingforsiam (Lin kola). Ka.: Ruotila in Sippola (V. Kujala). St.: Källfjärd (Malm- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 343 !) By B. Lynge. gren). Ta.: Tiirismaa in Hollola (Vain.). Oa.: Orismala in Isokyrö (P. Nederström). Om.: Lappajärvi (N. J. Fellman). Kk.: Ad flum. Niva (N. J. Fellman). Li.: Kaamasjoki in Inari (Silen). F. fusconigra (Nyl.) Th. Fr. Lecidea decolorans f. fusconigra Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 197. Lecidea granulosa f. fusconigra Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 444. Differt a ceteris formis tantum disco obscuriori. Distr. Lecidea decolorans var. fusconigra Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 197 e Tengelis in Lapp. mer. »Edv. Nyl. 1850» ap. fusconigris sat normalis. — St.: Källfjärd (J. Malmgren). Oa.: Lappajärvi (Fellm.), Kvarken (A. J. Malmgren 1859), Jurva (A. J. Malmgren in Mus. Fenn.) ad terr. hum. Kola (Fellm.) ligm putr., Niva (Fellm.). 175. L. flexuosa (Fr.) Nyl.1) Nyl. Prodr. Lich. Gall. (1857) p. 110 (356); Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 444; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 40: A. L. Smith Brit. Lich. II (1911) p. 27. Bialora flexuosa Fries Vet. Ak. Handl. (1822) p. 268 (nomen), Sched. crit. VIII (1826) p. 11; Koerb. Syst. Lich. (1855) p. 194. Lecidea decolorans * flexuosa Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 197. Lecidea sapinea A. Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Ill (1925) p. 827. Exs. Anzi Lich. Ven. II (1863) n. 63. — Flot. Lich. Exsic. Ill, n. 230. — Fries Lich. Suec. VIII n. 221. — Havas Lich. Norv. (1904) n. 219. — Hepp Flecht. Eur. IX (1860) n. 486. — Malme Lich. Suec. VIII (1910 n. 187. — Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. VII (1882) n. 305. — Nyl. Herb. Lich. Par. II (1855) n. 53. — Stenh. Lich. Suec. VI n. 165. — Zahlbr. Krypt. Vindob. Ill (1898) n. 260. Thallus effusus, interdum tenuis, usque evanescens, sed vulgo bene evolutus, satis firmus, areolato-granulosus vel disperse granulatus vel depresso-verrucosus, granulae rotun- datae vel crenatae vel angulatae. Thallus albidus vel cinerascens vel virescenti-cinerascens, saepe sorediis .mereo-flavescentibus, parvis (0.2—0.5 mm), rotundatis, granulatis adspersus, interdum hinc inde leproso-fatiscens. Apothecia dispersa, parva, diam. 3—5 mm, ad- pressa, discus ater, scabrosulus, opacus, epruinosus, persistenter planus, margine persistenti, elevato cinereo-atro flexuoso circumdatus. Excipulum in parte exteriori olivaceo-nigricans, etiam cum parte superiori hyme- 344 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV nii, partes internes apotheciorum praeterea incoloratae vel plus minusve sordidae. Hymenium angustum, 50—60 p altum, superne strato granulato tectum. Hyphae hypothecii creberrime contextae. Paraphyses valde indistinctae, con- cretae, apice haud incrassatae. Asci angusti, 40—45 X 6—8 u, sporae biseriales vel oblique uniseriales, ellipsoi deae vel oblongo-ellipsoideae, parvae, 6—8 x 3—4.5 JLI. Thallus GaCl202 rubescens, KOH indistincte sor dide flavescens. Hymenium (e caeruleo mox) vinose rubens. Distr. Ad ligna truncosque vetustos, praecipue carbonisatos, rarius ad corticem Pini. Ut videtur frequens. Ab.: Pukkila in Askainen (Linkola). Ispoinen prope Aboam (Linkola). Karuna (Elfving). N.: Gesterby in Kyrkslätt (Lang). Helsingforsia (Kullhem). Ta.: Mustiala et Torro in Tammela (Kull hem). Hersala (Norrl., Vain.) et Taaveli (Vain.) in Hollola. Evo in Lammi (Norrlin, Lang). Nyystölä in Padasjoki (Vain.). Paljokko, Sutoisenniemi et Pohjola in Korpilahti (Vain.). Tb.: Pihlajavesi (Vain.). Sb.: Pitkälahti prope Kuopio (Linkola) Kb.: Kalliovaara in Lieksa (Vain.). KOn.: Pertnawolok (Kullhem). Ob.: Simo (Räsä nen). Alkkula (Edv. Nylander). — OKaj.: Vasoniemi in Kianta (Vain.) (var. achrisiella). 176. L. viridescens (Schrad.) Ach.1) Acharius Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 62, Vet. Akad. Handl. (1808) p. 267, Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 200, Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 36; Mass. Ricerche suli auton. lich. (1852) p. 64, fig. 118; Nyl. Prodr. Lich. Gall. (1857) p. 110 (356), excl. var., Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 206; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 445; A. L. Smith Brit. Lich. II (1911) p. 28. Lichen viridescens Schrad., apud Gmelin Syst. Nat. vol. II (1794) p. 1361. Biatora viridescens Fries Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl. 1822 p. 268; Anzi Cat. Lich. Sondr. (1860) p. 76. Lecidea sphaeroides var. viridescens Schaer. Lich. Helv. Spicil. (1833) p. 165. Biatora viridescens var. putrida Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 201. Exs. Anzi Lich. Lang. V (1861) n. 176. — Arn. Lich. Mon. (1890) n. 171 et (1895) n. 399. - Claud, et Harm. Lich. Gall. VI (1904) n. 290. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. II (1877) n. 181, sec. A. L. Smith l.c. — Hepp Flecht. Eur. XIII (1867) n. 731. - Malme Lich. Suec. XXIV (1916) n. 589 (thallus subpapillosus). — Mudd Lich. Brit. II (1865) n. 164, s.n. Lecidea prasina, sec. A. L. Smith Le. — Rabenh. Flecht. ]) By B. Lynge. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 345 x) By B. Lynge. Eur. Ill (1856) n. 59. — Schaer. Lich. Helv. IX (1833) n. 208, s.n. Lecidea sphaeroides r\ muscorum. Zahlbr. Krypt. Exs. Vindob. XIII (1905) n. 1230 (thallus flavido-virescens). — Zwackh Lich. Exs. n. 234, s. n. Biatora vernalis var. viridescens, sec. Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 1. c. Thallus tenuis, effusus, minute granulosus vel pulverulento-f atiscens, pallide aeruginoso-viridis vel cinereo-viridescens. Apothecia numerosa, vulgo dispersa, interdum ma gis conglomerata, sessilia vel adpressa, sed non innata, parva vel mediocria, diam. 0.4—0.7 mm. Dis cus convexus, immarginatus, ater, madefactus livido- nigrescens, opacus, rugosus. Excipulum versus partem exteriorem olivaceum, praeterea incoloratum, etiam cum hypothecio. Paraphyses versus apicem olivaceo-vire- scentes, praeterea subincoloratae, arcte cohaerentes, graciles, in apice non incrassatae. Hymenium altitudine 90—95 /x, superne granulosum. Asci anguste clavati. Sporae oblongo- ellipsoideae, 9—12 x 4—6 Thallus KOH sordide lutescens, CaCl202 dilute rubescit, KOH + CaCl202 intensius rubescit. Hymenium J e caeruleo sordide fusco-rubescit. Dislr. Ad lignum putredine destructum, rarissima. Ta.: Nyystölä in Padasjoki (Vain.). KOI.: Gorki (Elfving). Obs. Th. Fr. writes »CaCl non mutatur» (I.e.) The editor found a distinctly red colour with CaCl202, intensified if KOH was first applied, in accordance with A. L. Smith's statement (I.e.). 177. L. gelatinosa Flk.1) Floerke Berl. Mag. (1809) p. 201; Th. Fries Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 446; A. L. Smith Brit. Lich. II (1911) p. 28; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Ill (1925) p. 764. Lecidea viridescens var. gelatinosa Nyl. Prodr. Lich. Gall. (1857) p. 110 (356). Biatora gelatinosa (Flk.) Rabenh. Arnold Tirol XIV (1875) p. 56 (488); Dalla Torre et Sarntheim Flechten von Tirol (1902) p. 371. Exs. Lecidea gelatinosa has been distributed in several exsiccati. Unfortunately the editor has only seen Hepp's and Schaerer's collec- 346 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica I\ tions. — Harm. Lich. Loth. n. 798 bis. — Hepp Flecht. Eur. IX (1860) n. 493. — Larb. Lich. Herb. I (1879) n. 30. — Leight. Lich. Brit. XII (1866) n. 353. — Moug. et Nestl. Stirpes Crypt. IX (1826) n. 843. - Roumeg. Lich. Gall. III (1881) n. 298. — Schaer. Lich. Helv. IX (1833) n. 205. — Zwackh Lich. Exs. n. 82 et B, n. 279A (var. minor). Thallus tenuis vel tenuissimus, effusus, gelati- nosus vel subarachnoideus, membranaceus, interdum indistincto leprose fatiscens. Thallus cinereus vel virescenti-cinerascens, interdum leviter in fuscescenti-cine- rascentem vergens. Saepe sterilis et turn haud certe determinanda. Apo thecia dispersa vel (si numerosa) magis approximata vel etiam confluentia, parva vel mediocria, diam. 0.3—0.6 (—l.o) mm, thallo arcte adpressa vel eo sub innata. Discus thallum non vel leviter solum superans, planus, tenuiter livido-marginatus, in aetate interdum leviter depresse convexulus et immarginatus, discus eprui- nosus, subopacus, ater vel olivaceo-n igricans, ma- defactus magis in fuseescentem vergens. Excipulum inco loratum vel pallide flavescens, versus marginem plus mi nusve olivascens. Hypothecium incoloratum, parte inferiori hymenii subconcolor. Hymenium 75—80 ju altum, hinc inde magis obscuratum, praecipue in parte superiori. Paraphyses valde indistinctae, cohaerentes, septatae, ramo- sae, graciles, in apice non incrassatae, versus apicem oliva- ceae vel subfuscescentes. Asci anguste clavati, 70—75 a longi, 10—12 ju crassi. Sporae late ellipsoideae, 7—9 x 4—5 ju. Thallus KOH dilute lutescit, CaCl202 non mutatur. Asci J subcaerulescentes, gelatina hymenialis J fere incolorata vel (sec. Th. Fr. I.e.) »praecedente caerulescentia fugacissima levissimaque sordide rubenti-fuscescit». Distr. Tb.: Pihlajavesi (Norrlin). Obs. li differs from Lecidea viridescens in the plane, more innate apothecia and the slightly smaller spores. — Arnold has recorded remarkably long spores: 15 x 6 ju (Tirol I.e.). Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 347 Sect. Lecidea fusca. Thallus pallidus, apothecia (vulgo) obscure fuscescentia vel nigricantia, hypothecium obscurum. 178. L. Berengeriana (Mass.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 433. Bialora Mass. Ric. Lich. Crost. (1852) p. 128. L. cuprea *L. Berengeriana Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 144 p.p. (sec. Th. Fr. I.e. p. 427). L. miscella Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 158 (haud Ach.). Biatora miscella Fr. Lich. Eur. Ref. (1831) p. 274; Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 194. Lecidea cuprea Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 199 p.p. Exs. Sommerf. PL Crypt. Norv. II (1836) n. 131 (sec. Th. Fr.). - Fellm. Lich. Arct. (1864) n. 162 (Mus. Fenn.). — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1870) n. 439 (sec. Lynge). — Zahlbr. Krypt. Exs. Vindob. XXI (1913) n. 2058. — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. XVIII (1914) n. 439. Thallus crassus aut sat crassus, albidus aut impure albi dus aut rarius glaucescens, KOH non reagens, verrucoso- et verruculoso-inaequalis, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo in distincto. Apothecia sat parva aut mediocria, late adnata, basi non aut parum constricta, disco fusco-nigro aut fusce- scenteve aut raro subcinnamomeo, primum piano, demum convexo, margine tenui, atro fuscescenteve, demum excluso. Hypothecium fuscum aut rubricoso-fuscescens aut inferne pallidius, irregulariter contextum. Epithecium fuscum, aut raro pallidum, haud granulosum. Paraphyses arcte cohae rentes, apice clavatae, haud distincte gelatinosae. Hymenium corpusculis fuligineis nullis. Sporae 8:nae,ovoideaeoblongaeve, »long. 0.009—0.016, crass. 0.004—O.ooe mm» (sec. Th. Fr.). Distr. Supra muscos emortuos in rupibus et terram turfosam humosamque, praecipue in regionibus calcareis et argillaceo-schistosis (Th. Fr.) et ips. LIn.: Ad Solojärvi et Leutolahti (F. Silen), ad Paats joki in pag. Inari et in reg. subalp. ad Köngäs prope Mare Glaciale (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 36). LEnont.: Nonnullis locis ad Kilpis järvi, ad Kelottijärvi (Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 334). LMur.: Gav- rilova (Kihlm. N. Beitr. Fl. Kola 57). LPon.: Orlov (Kihlm. I.e.), Kotschkova (N. J. Fellman, Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 145). LVar.: Tschavanga (Fellm. I.e.). Kuus.: Ad Oulankajoki (Vain. I.e.), Kitka joki (F. Silen). Ob.: Uleäborg (E. Nylander sec. Th. Fr. I.e.). KLad.: 348 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Ad Kirjavalahti (A. Kullhem, »L. sanguineoatra vegetior» sec. Nyl.). KOn.: Kivatscho (Kullh., »L. cuprina» sec. Nyl.), Valkeamäki (Norrl. Fl. Kar. Oneg. II p. 28). Ab.: Ins. Jurmo in Korpo (E. Nyl., vide infra) Thallus continuus aut subdispersus aut demum varie diffractus. Apothecia typice crebra, saepe partim aggregata, lat. vulgo 0.6—0.9 (0.5—1.5) mm, subopaca, cartilaginea, gonidiis destituta. Hypothe cium hyphis parum pachydermaticis, (cavitatibus oblongis elonga- tisve, O.ooi—O.ooio mm latis), in parte subhymeniali tenui suberectis. Perithecium hypothecio subconcolor (aut partim extus pallidius), KOH sicut hypothecium subpurpureum, hyphis radiantibus, parum pachydermaticis, cavitatibus oblongis elongatisve, O.002—O.0015 mm latis, contento saepe intensius colorato. Hymenium O.oso—O.070 mm crassum, corpuscula fuliginea nulla continens, jodo mox vinose rubens aut leviter caerulescens glaucescensve deindeque vinose rubens. Paraphyses clava vulgo fuscescente, raro pallida decoloreve, cavitate angustissima, latiore in apice clavato, simplices. Sporae distichae, simplices. Gonidia globosa et subglobosa, cystococcoidea. Obs. 1. L. Berengeriana f. chlorosa Vain. (Adj. Lich. Lapp II, 1883, p. 36), thallo virescente vel albido-virescente, supra muscos in reg. subalpina ad Köngäs prope Mare Glaciale. -— F. endoxanlha Vain. I.e., supra corticem emortuum in reg. pinifera ad Koppelo in LIn. collecta, est f. ad L. cupream accedens, hypothecio lutescente vel passim fuscescente. Obs. 2. L. cuprina Nyl., FL 1865 p. 4 (L. Berengeriana *L. cuprina Nyl. in Norrl. Fl. Kar. Oneg. II, 1876, p. 28. L. Berengeriana f. cuprina Th. Fr. Le. p. 434, Nyl. in Hue Addend. II, 1888, p. 140), »hypothecio luteo-rufescente» sec. annot. Nyl. in bibl. sua differt. Supra vegetabilia subhumosa ad Kivatscho (A. Kullhem) et inter muscos supra terram arenosam, particulis calcis immixtam (Norrl. Le.) in KOn. Obs. 3. L. uernalis var. cupreiformis E. Nyl., Alands Lafveg. (1857) p. 90 (L. cuprea var. cupreiformis Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 144, L. cupreiformis Nyl. Fl. 1868 p. 347, L. cuprea *L. cupreiformis Nyl. in Norrl. Ber. Torn. I.appm. p. 334, L. Berengeriana f. cupreiformis Nyl. in Hue Addend. II p. 141), sec. specim. orig. ex Jurmo est sat typica L. Berengeriana, hypothecio rubricöso-rufescente, epithecio testaceo-rufescente, parum gelatinoso, perithecio purpureo-fuscescente, contento cellularum fuscescente, sporis simplicibus, hymenio corpu sculis fuligineis nullis, paraphysibus clavatis, disco fusco-nigricante (conf. etiam Th. Fr. I.e. p. 434): »L. cuprea *L. cupreiformis» Nyl. in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 334, in Leutsuvaara ad Kilpisjärvi collecta, ad L. fuscam var. sanguineoairam pertinet, corpusculis fuligineis in hymenio instructa. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 349 l) By B. Lynge. Obs. 4. T) L. subuliginosa Nyl. (ad terram humosam prope Kitkajoki in par. Kuusamo legit F. Silen). »Vix quidem forma a L. Berengeriana distingui potest», sec. Vainio in Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 43. Confer tamem Th. M. Fries Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 456: »insignis, sed accidentalis forma est». In Vainio's notes the editor found the following: »L. subuliginosa Nyl. Fl. 1870 p. 34: Thallus albidus aut impure albidus, KOH -j-, verrucosus, verrucis diam. 0.2—0.25 (rarius 0.5—0.4 mm.), dispersis aut partim contiguis, sine sorediis, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia crebra, fusconigra, opaca, 0.2—0.5 mm. in diam., nuda, immarginata, primum subplana, dein convexa, interdum nonnulla confluentia.» 179. L. fusca (Schaer.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 435. Lecidea sphaeroides 'Q fusca Schaer. Lich. Helv. Spic. IV (1833) p. 166. Bialora fusca Almqu. Lich. Iakt. Sib. (1879) p. 33. Lecidea sanguineoatra Nyl. Prodr. Lich. Gall. Alg. (1857) p. 106 (non sit Lichen sanguineoaier Wulf. in Jacq. Collect. Ill, 1789 p. 177, sec. Arn. Zur Erinn. Wulf., 1882, p. 157, 161). Bialora vernalis Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 202 (sec. Th. Fr.). Thallus sat crassus aut tenuis, verruculoso-inaequalis, albido-glaucescens aut albido-cinerascens, sorediis destitu tus, rrypothallo indistincto. Apothecia vulgo fere mediocria, late adnata, demum basi leviter constricta, disco fusco aut fusco-nigricante, nigrove aut raro rufescente, persistenter piano aut demum convexo, leviter nitido aut opaco, haud pruinoso, margine tenui aut sat tenui, fuscescente aut cinereo- fuscescente aut atro, saepe nitido, persistente aut demum vel fere mox excluso. Hypothecium superne obscure subfusce scens fuscescensve, ceterum dilutius fuscescens, irregulariter contextum. Hymenium totum subdecoloratum aut partim pallidum vel dilute fuscescens rufescensve aut raro inferne cyanescens, haud granulosum, sed saepe corpuscula diffor- mia fuliginea parce abundanterve continens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, cavitatibus angustis. Sporae 8:nae, ob longae ellipsoideaeve, long. O.009—O.017, crass. 0.0035—O.007 mm. 350 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV Var. sanguineoatra (Nyl.) Th. Fr. 1. c. Lecidea sanguineoatra Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 100, Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 143, Lich. Paris (1806) p. 70. Bialora sanguineoatra Lönnr. Vet. Ak. Förh. 1857 p. 5. B. fuscoluiea y sanguineoatra (Floerk.) Fr. Sched. Crit. VIII (1826) p. 11 n. 223 p.p. (sec. Th. Fr.). B. cartilaginea Lönnr. Fl. 1858 p. 615. L. sanguineoatra v. fusca (Schaer.) Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 36. Exs. Fr. Lich. Suec Exs. VIII (1824) n. 223 p. p. — Nyl. Herb. Lich. Par. II (1855) n. 52. — Anzi Lich. Langob. V (1861) p. 181. — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1863) n. 229 a (b). — Erb. Crit. It. (1865) n. 1235. — Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1876) n. 465. — Flag. Lich. Franche-Comte IV n. 187, 327. — Arn. Lich. Mon. (1889) n. 42. — Elenk. Lich. Ross. (1902) n. 41. — Malme Lich. Suec Exs. XXIII (1916) n. 566. (Sec. cit.). Thallus sat tenuis aut sat crassus. Apothecia disco fuscescente aut nigricante aut raro rufescente, vulgo fere mox demumve convexo margine concolore aut fuscescente rufescenteve, vulgo fere mox excluso. Distr. Supra muscos aliaque vegetabilia destructa in rupibus et ad terram passim aut sat frequenter in territorio nostro provenit. Thallus dispersus aut sat continuus. Apothecia dispersa aut partim crebra confluentiave, simplicia aut partim tuberculosa, lat. 0.4—1.2 mm (tuberculosa confluentiaque etiam majora), gonidiis destituta, margine fuscescente aut cinereo-fuscescente, primum levi ter prominente, demum aut fere mox excluso. Hypothecium superne rufescens aut subrubricoso-rufescens, ceterum dilutius coloratum aut partibus interioribus membranarum decoloratis vel materiam rufe- scentem tantum inter hyphas continens, sat pachydermaticum, cavitatibus O.ooi—O.0015 mm latis, saepe oblongis, nec jodo nec KOH reagens. Perithecium in margine subrubricoso-rufescens, ceterum dilutius coloratum vel inter hyphas aut in cavitatibus cellularum materiam rufescentem continens, hyphis radiantibus, conglutinatis, membranis sat tenuibus aut leviter pachydermaticis, KOH non tur- gescentibus, distinctioribus, cavitatibus ellipsoideis oblongisve, an gustis, KOH paulum dilatatis, jodo non reagens. Hymenium 0.060— 0.070 mm crassum, corpuscula fuliginea, KOH non dissoluta, conti nens, ceterum decoloratum aut epithecio passim parce testaceo et parte infima angusta dilute subrufescente, jodo intense caerulescens aut demum vinose rubens (conf. etiam Nyl. Lich. Paris p. 79), KOH parte inferiore fulvescens. Paraphyses simplices, cavitatibus angu stissimis aut in apice paullo dilatatis, membrana gelatinosa, tenui, in KOH leviter turgescente. Sporae distichae, simplices. Gonidia cystococcoidea, interdum etiam cum autosporis visa. »Sterigmata simplicia, conidia cylindrica, brevia» (sec. Flag. Fl. Lich. Franche- Comte, 1894, p. 425). Acta Societalis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 351 Var. airofusca (Flot.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 436; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 436. Bialora airofusca Flot. in Hepp Flecht. Eur. (1857) n. 268 lib. Nyl. et sec. Th. Fr. et Arn. (in hb. meo p. p. ad v. sanguineoalram pertinet). Bialorina Lönnr. Vet. Ak. Förh. 1858 p. 275. Lecidea Nyl. in Stizenb. Ind. Lich. Hyperb. (1876) p. 38. L. calcivora *L. airofusca Nyl. Lich. Paris (1896) p. 78. L. sanguineoatra *L. fusca Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 436. L. sanguineoatra var. planiuscula Nyl. En. Gen. Lich. (1857) p. 121 (sec. Nyl.). L. deusta Mass. in Koerb. Par. Lich. (1865) p. 148 (sec. Arn. Lich. Tirol p. 157). Exs. Fr. Lich. Suec Exs. VIII (1824) n. 223 p. p. — Flot. Lich. Exs. HI (1829) n. 215 B. — Hepp Flecht. Eur. V (1857) n.268. — Rabenh. Lich. Eur. Exs. VI (1857) n. 162. — Zwackh (1859) n. 334, (1880) n. 607. — Anzi Lich. Lang. Exs. V (1861) n. 180. — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1873) n. 546. — Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. IV (1875) n. 167 (conf. infra), Cont. (1921) n. 746. - - Flag. Lich. Franche- Comte VI n. 270. - - Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. XV (1913) n. 359. (Sec. cit.). Thallus tenuis. Apothecia disco atro, piano aut demum convexo, margine atro, nitido, persistente aut demum excluso. Sporae simplices. Distr. Supra muscos et alia vegetabilia destructa in rupibus et ad terram locis apricis praesertimque calcareis erescit, passim aut sat rare in territorio nostro proveniens. Specimina intermedia inter has variationes saepe observantur, quamquam saepe etiam bene differunt, var. airofusca typica ad Eulecideas et var. sanguineoatra ad Bialoras pertinens (conf. Nyl. Lich. Paris p. 78). Thallus dispersus. Apothecia vulgo simplicia, gonidiis destituta. Hypothecium subfuscescens aut sordide sub purpureum, basin versus ditius coloratum, jodo non reagens. Perithe cium in margine sordide subpurpureum aut rubricoso-rufescens, cete rum extus partim subpallidum, jodo non reagens. Hymenium cor puscula fuliginea continens, ceterum subdecoloratum, jodo intense caerulescens. Sporae simplices. F. Irislior (Nyl.) Th. FT. 1. c p. 436. L. sanguineoatra *L. trislior Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 143. L. irislior Nyl. in Stizenb. Lich. Hyperb. (1876) p. 38. L. sanguineoatra var. airofusca *var. irislior. Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 37. Hypothecium parte superiore partim cyanescens. Hymenium jodo caerulescens deindeque subvinose rubens. Sporae simplices. Dislr. Supra muscos destructos ad Kola (N. I. Fellman). Kuus.: Prope Iijärvi (F. Silen), in reg. subalp. supra vegetabilia destructa ad rupem in monte Iivaara et ad terram arenosam montis Nuorunen (Vain. 1. c). OKaj.: Supra veg. destr. in campo arenoso prope Liossa in Kianta (Vain. 1. c). 352 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Epithecium decoloratum aut partim pallidum fuscescensve aut partim cyanescens (in specim. orig.). Etiam perithecium in margine partim cyanescens aut fuscescens (in orig.). Hymenium vulgo cor pusculis fuligineis instructum. — Sec. Th. Fr. ab hae forma non dif fert L. sanguineoatra *L. fusca f. sub caerulescens Nyl. in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. (1873) p. 334 (L. airofusca * sub caerulescens Nyl. in Stizenb. Ind. Lich. Hyperb., 1876, p. 38), ad Välivaara in Kittilä (LKem.) collecta. F. caerulescens Vain. L. sanguineoatra v. airofusca *var. Irislior f. caerulescens Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 37. Hypothecium parte superiore partim cyanescens. Hymenium jodo persistenter caerulescens. Sporae simplices. Distr. OKaj.: Ad lignum vetustum prope pag. Lentiira et ad ter ram arenosam loco aprieo prope templum in Kuhmo (Vain. 1. c). F. persistens (Nyl.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 437. L. persislens Nyl. Fl. 1870 p. 34; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 139. L. sanguineoatra var. airofusca *var. persislens Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 38. L. fusca v. persistens Vain. Lich. Gaucas. (1899) p. 321, Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai (1909) p. 120. Hypothecium superne fuscescens aut subviolaceo-fuscescens. Hymenium jodo persistenter caerulescens. Sporae simplices. Apo thecia atra. Distr. Supra muscos destructos in rupibus et saxis. OKaj.: Kian- nanniemi in Kianta (Vain. Adj. 1. c). KKer.: In reg. subalp. montis Päänuorunen (Vain. 1. c.j. Inter Kilpisjärvi et Lyngen in Jugo Norve- gico (Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 347). F. atrorufidula Vain. Apothecia disco fusco-rufescente, vulgo piano, margine atro, ni tido, vulgo persistente. Sporae simplices. Dislr. Supra muscos destructos crescit. LIn.: Luomavaara (»L. tristior» sec. determ. Nyl., lecta a F. Silen). L.Enont.: Hetta (»L. fusca» sec. Nyl., p. p., lecta a Norrl.). LKem.: In reg. alpina montis Keimiötunturi (»L. fusca fere tristior» sec. Nyl. in n. 20736, Norrl. 1. c. p. 334). Etiam in specimine f. subtristis e Lounatpuoli in Suursaari vel Hoglandia (Vain.) apothecia nonnulla colore sunt sicut in hae forma. Obs. »L. airofusca f. minuescens» Nyl. in Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. IV (1875) n. 167 est status intermedins inter f. persisien- tem et v. sanguineoairam, p. p. etiam apotheciis paullo minoribus ab ambabus differens. Apothecia fusco-atra et nigricantia, emarginata et p. p. primum plana marginataque. Supra muscos inter lapillos calcareos in Ruskiala in KLad. (Norrl.). Var. Templetoni (Tayl.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 437; Vain. Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai (1909) p. 121. Lecidea Templetoni Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 353 23 Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hibern. II (1836) p. 123 (ad Belfast in Hibernia), Leight. Lich. Great Brit. (1871) p. 312 (sec. Th. Fr.), 3 ed. (1879) p. 329. L. sanguineoatra var. airofusca *var. Templetoni Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 38. Biatora fusca Hepp Flecht. Eur. I (1853) n. 11 (sec. Th. Fr. 1. c.). Thallus tenuis. Apothecia disco atro, piano aut demum convexo, margine atro, nitido, persistente aut demum excluso. Hypothecium superne fuscescens aut subpurpureum. Hymenium jodo caerulescens deindeque vinose rubens. Sporae p. p. 1-septatae. Distr. Supra muscos destructos (Andreaeas) in reg. subalp. mon tis Iivaara in Kuusamo (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 38) una cum f. subiristi, et montis Hammastunturi in LIn. (Vain.). Obs. Sporae sec. Th. Fr. sunt »spurie uniseptatae» vel »pseudo- dyblastae», sed in »immersione» visae septo distincto normali instruc- tae sunt. In specimine n. 18545 b in herb. Nyl., »L. sabuletorum *montana» a Nyl. nominato (»Salweys L. Templetoni» sec. annot. Nyl.), sporae plurimae distincte 1-septatae, hypothecium subrubri coso-fuscescens, hymenium corpuscula fuliginea continens. F.subtristis Vain. Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai (1909) p. 121. L. sanguineoatra var. airofusca var. * Templetoni f. sublrislis Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 38. Apothecia atra, disco piano aut demum convexo, margine persi stente aut demum excluso. Pars superior hypothecii aut pars inferior hymenii cyanescens. Hymenium jodo subpersistenter caerulescens. Sporae p. p. 1-septatae. Dislr. N.: Ad terram et muscos in parte merid. insulae Suursaari v. Hoglandia (»L. sanguineoatra v. subcaerulescens» sec determ. Nyl. in Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. p. 83, coll. a Vain.). Kb.: Prope Muje järvi in Nurmes (Vain. 1. c). Kuus.: In reg. subalp. montis Iivaara (Vain.). LIn.: In reg. subalp. montis Hammastunturi (Vain. 1. c). F. subpersisiens Vain. Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai (1909) p. 121. Apothecia atra, disco piano aut demum convexo, margine persi stente aut demum excluso. Hypothecium superne subfuscescens. Hy menium jodo caerulescens. Sporae p. p. 1-septatae. Distr. AL: Bastö (Edwin Nylander, »L. uernalis v. montana» sec. determ. Nyl.). In hoc specimine thallus evanescens, hypothecium fusconigrum, epithecium rufescens, hymenium corpusculis fuligineis, KOH sub- caerulescentibus, sporae »long. O.012—n.017, crass. O.ooo mm, p. p. 1-septatae» (sec. annot. Nyl.). 354 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. 180. L. Haemensis Vain. (n. sp.) Thallus sat tenuis aut fere modice incrassatus, subconti- nuus, rimulosus, leviter subverruculoso-inaequalis, cinereo- glaucescens, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo indistincto. Apo thecia sat parva, lat. 0.5—0.3 mm, late adnata, basi leviter aut parum constricta, disco fusco-nigro aut nigricante, nudo, opaco, primum piano, demum depresso-convexo, margine tenui, integro, nigricante aut cinereo-nigricante, nudo, opaco, demum aut fere mox excluso. Hypothecium subfusco-nigrum, hyphis erectis. Epithecium et hymenium totum pallidum aut decoloratum aut epithecium passim dilute fuscescens, haud granulosum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, tubulis angustissimis, in apice parum incrassatis. Sporae 8:nae, ob longae aut ellipsoideae, long. O.009 —0.014, crass. 0.005—0.006 mm (»long. 0.012—-0.015, crass. 0.004—0.006 mm» sec. adn. Kullh.). Distr. Ta.: In lapidibus gneissaceis ad Mustiala in Tammela (A. Kullhem). Lecideam fuscam v. sanyuineoatram in memoriam revocans, sed apotheciis minoribus obscurioribusque. A L. conferenda colore hy menii et perithecii differt. A L. delincia var. subverrucosa apicibus paraphysum non subfuscescenti-clavatis et thallo dissimili distingui- tur. — Thallus KOH non reagens. Apothecia sat crebra. Perithe cium intus subfuscescens, KOH subviolaceo-rufescens, extus partim subdecoloratum, hyphis radiantibus, sat pachydermaticis, cavitati bus angustissimis. Hypothecium superne anguste subrufescens, cete rum obscure subfuscescens, KOH parum reagens. Hymenium circ. 0.070-—0.090 mm crassum, jodo intense persistenterque caerulescens. Asci clavati, in apice membrana sat crassa. Sporae distichae, sim plices. Gonidia cystococcacea. 181. L. delincta Nyl. Flora 1872 p. 356; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 439; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 139; Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 753. Thallus tenuis aut sat crassus, sublaevigatus aut leviter vel bene verruculoso-inaequalis, subpallido-glaucescens vel cinereo-stramineus, vulgo leviter nitidus, KOH non reagens, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia parva Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 355 aut sat parva, lat. 0.15—0.8 mm, (»0.5—0.8 mm» sec. Th. Fr. I.e. pag. 440), late adnata, basi leviter aut haud constricta, disco atro aut fusco-nigro, nudo, opaco, piano aut demum con vexo, margine nigro, nudo, opaco, tenui aut sat tenui, per sistente aut demum excluso. Hypothecium fusco-fuligineum aut intense subrubricoso-fuscescens, in parte subhymeniali hyphis suberectis, ceterum irregulariter contextum. Epithe cium intense pallidum aut fusco-fuligineum fuscumve, KOH non reagens. Paraphyses arcte cohaeraentes, leviter gelati nosae, tubulis tenuissimis. Sporae 8:nae, oblongae, »long. 0.009—0.016, crass. 0.006—0.007 mm» (sec. Nyl.). Var. leptophyllina Vain. Thallus tenuis, continuus aut rimulosus. Distr. Ta.: Ad Saukoniemi in Tammela (A. Kullhem, sec. Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II p. 430); in rupe gneissacea littorali ad Isojärvi in Kuhmoinen (»L. fuscorubens» in Norrl. Bidr. Sydöstr. Tav. Fl. p. 186, n. 362, n. 20423 in hb. Nyl.). KOn.: Supra saxa diabasica ad Jalguba (Th. Simming, Nyl. FL Kar. Oneg. II p. 28, hb. Nyl. 20422). Tb.: Ad lapidem graniticum in prato prope Norola in par. Jyväskylä (Vain. FL Tav. Or. p. 112, n. 20410 in hb. Nyl.). Thallus laevigatus aut verruculis inspersus, jodo non reagens. Apothecia sat crebra, lat. O.io—0.35 (e Kuhmoinen et Jalguba) aut 0.3—0.5 mm (e Norola), disco piano, margine integro, saepe promi nente. Hypothecium subfuscum, KOH non reagens. Perithecium sat dilute aut sat intense subviolaceo-fuscescens, KOH non reagens, hyphis radiantibus, sat tenuibus, modice pachydermaticis, cavita tibus angustis, O.0015—O.002 mm latis. Hymenium O.055—O.ooo mm crassum, decoloratum (epithecio colorato), »jodo caerulescescente, dein vinose rubente vel violaceo-tincto» (sec. Nyl.). Paraphyses sim plices, gracilentae, crass, vix O.ooi mm, apice leviter aut parum in crassatae (in KOH visae, pallide anguste gelatinoso-clavatae in aqua visae), clava O.002—O.003 mm crassa. Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata, primum bene incrassata. Sporae distichae, sim plices. Gonidia »bacilliformia, recta, long. O.003, crass. O.ooi mm» (sec. adn. Nyl. in n. 20419). Var. subverruculosa Nyl. Flora 1872 p. 356; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 140 (Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II, 1874, p. 440). L. delinda var. subverrucosa Nyl. in Vain. FL Tav. Or. II (1878) p. 112; Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 754. Thallus modice incrassatus aut sat crassus, areolatus aut sub areolatus. Distr. Ta.: Ad lapidem graniticum in Asikkala (J. P. Norrlin, 356 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV sec. Nyl. 1. c, n. 20420 in hb. Nyl., una cum Physcia obscura f. sei- astra); ad lapidem graniticum in rivulo in Judinsalo in Luhanka (Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. p. 112). Thallus subpallido-glaucescens aut cinereo-stramineus, jodo non reagens, areolis convexis aut planis et verruculoso-inaequalibus, subcontiguis. Apothecia sat dispersa, lat. 0.3—0.8 mm, disco piano aut demum convexo. Hypothecium fuscum aut subrubricoso-fusce scens, KOH non reagens. Perithecium sat dilute aut intense subvio- laceo-fuscescens, KOH parum reagens. Hymenium 0.065—O.070 mm crassum, jodo intense persistenter caerulescens. Epithecium palle scens aut subrubricoso-fuscescens (in eodem apothecio), KOH non reagens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, leviter gelatinosae, crass. O.ooi—O.oooö mm, apice leviter incrassatae. Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice aut sat bene incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, oblongae simplices, »long. O.on—O.ois, crass. O.0045—O.ooos mm» (sec. adn. Nyl. in n. 20420). Gonidia cystococcacea. Sec. specim. orig. descr. 182. L. albofuscescens Nyl. Flora 1867 p. 370; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 437; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 140. Biatora Kullh. Lich. Must. (1871) p. 274; Arn. Lich. Tirol XXI (1880) p. 108. Exs. Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. IV (1875) n. 181. — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1894) n. 1622 (herb. Nyl.). — Flag. Lich. Alg. III (1895) n. 294 (sec. Lynge). Thallus tenuis aut sat tenuis, albus aut albidus, verrucu lis convexis inspersus aut verruculoso-inaequalis, esorediatus aut demum granulis sorediorum parcissimis inspersus, hypo thallo indistincto. Apothecia fere mediocria et p. p. sat parva, late adnata, basi modice aut leviter constricta, disco fusco aut nigricante, haud pruinoso, bene aut leviter nitido, piano aut demum depresso-convexo, margine tenui, atro, bene nitido, leviter prominente, persistente aut rarius de mum excluso. Hypothecium fusco-nigrum aut raro olivaceo- fuscescens, irregulariter contextum. Hymenium totum deco loratum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae 8:nae, fusi- formi-oblongae aut oblongae, long. O.009—O.015, crass. O.003— 0.005 mm. Dislr. Ad corticem Abietis et raro Sorbi Salicisque, raro etiam ad lignum putridum, praesertim in abiegnis turfosis in de- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. 57, N:o 2. 3o7 sertis silvosis erescit. Ab.: Pyhämaa (F. Silen). N.: Jokiinsuo Hoglandiae (Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. p. 83), Kyrkslätt (A. Kull hem). IK.: Valkjärvi (V. Kujala). Ta.: Circa Mustiala (Kullh. Lich. Must. p. 274) et ad Särkijärvi in Tammela, Evo (Norrl. H. L. F. n. 181), Nyystölä et Kirkonkylä in Padasjoki (Vain.), Pohjola, Tia- nen, Soima, Piililä in Korpilahti (Vain. FL Tav. Or. p. 110). Tb.: Pihlajavesi (Norrl.). Sb.: Ad Ubvinlampi in Tiiholankylä (K. Lin kola). Kb.: In silva Ekypti et ad Koriseva in par. Lieksa (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 38). KPom. Occ: Vuosiniemi (Vain. 1. c). OKaj.: Hiidenvaara, L.entiira et Kylmölä in par. Kuhmo (Vain. 1. c). Thallus continuus, verruculis bene convexis aut depresso-con- vexis, KOH demum (vix distincte) levissime sublutescens. Apothe cia sat crebra aut dispersa aut interdum partim aggregata, lat. 0.5— 0.8 (—1) mm, gonidiis destituta. Hypothecium hyphis modice pachy dermaticis, conglutinatis, in parte subhymeniali angusta erectis. Perithecium parte exteriore O.025—O.030 mm crassa decolorata, hyphis radiantibus, tenuibus, sat leptodermaticis, conglutinatis, cavitatibus tenuissimis (circ. O.0005—O.ooi mm latis), in parte superficiali circ. 0.004 mm crassa gelatinosa cavitatibus parcissime conspicuis, parte interiore fusco-nigra in hypothecium sine limite distincto transeunte. Hymenium O.045—O.050 mm crassum, haud granulosum, jodo caeru lescens. Paraphyses simplices, membrana in KOH gelaUnoso-in- crassata, cavitatibus angustissimis (vix O.ooi mm latis), apicem ver sus paululum dilatatis. Sporae distichae, apicibus obtusis. Gonidia cystococcoidea, globosa, etiam autosporis visa, interdum membrana incrassata. Conidia »filiformia, bene aut leviter arcuata, long. O.020, crass. 0.0005 mm» (sec. annot, et icon. Nyl. in specim. n. 20726 in herb. suo). 183. *L. Mustialensis Vain. (n. subsp.) Thallus sat tenuis, albus, verruculis convexis crebre inspersus, haud distincte sorediosus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia fere mediocria et p. p. sat parva, late adnata, basi leviter constricta, disco cinereo-pallido, haud pruinoso, opaco, primum piano, dein convexo, margine tenui, concolore, haud aut parum prominente, demum excluso. Llypothecium rubricoso-rufescens, irregulariter contextum. Hymenium totum decoloratum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, Sporae 8:nae, fusiformi-oblongae aut oblongae, long. O.009—O.013, crass. 0.004—0.0045 mm. Distr. Ad corticem trunci Abietis excelsae una eum L. albofusce- scenie ad Mustiala (A. Kullhem), parce collecta (circ. 30 apothecia). Facie externa subsimilis Lecanorae angutosae et hypothecio rufe- scente a L. albofuscescenle differens, sed textura apotheciorum cete- 358 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV risque notis internis posteriori fere omnino consimilis et sine dubio ab ea evoluta. Thallus KOH non reagens. Apothecia sat dispersa, lat. 0.4—0.9 mm, gonidiis destituta. Hypothecium hyphis modice pachydermaticis, conglutinatis, in parte subhymeniali parum erectis. Perithecium parte exteriore circ. O.oso mm crassa decolorata, hyphis radiantibus, tenuibus, leptodermaticis, conglutinatis, cavitatibus tenuissimis, in parte superficial! tenui inconspicuis, parte interiore rubricoso-rufescente. Hymenium O.OGO—0.065 mm crassum, nec granulosum, nec corpusculis fuligineis instructum, jodo caerulescens. Paraphyses simplices, membrana tenuiter gelatinosa, in KOH gelatinoso-incrassata, cavitatibus angustissimis, apice vix dilatatis. Sporae distichae aut monostichae, apicibus obtusis, simplices. Go nidia cystococcoidea, globosa, etiam autosporis visa. 184. L. apochroeella Nyl. Flora 1865 p. 6; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 438; Hue Ad dend. II (1888) p. 138. Thallus evanescens, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia minuta aut minutissima, tota adnata, convexa aut depresso- convexa, immarginata aut margine tenuissimo, vix conspi cuo, disco fusco-nigricante fuscove aut livido, tenuissime pruinoso aut denudato. Hypothecium rufescenti-rubricosum, jodo non reagens. L]pithecium lutescenti-pallidum aut sub decoloratum aut dilute rubricosum (KOH non reagens), saepe parce granulosum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae subfusiformes aut partim ellipsoideae, long. 0.007— O.oos, crass. 0.0025—0.003 mm. Dislr. Ad lignum in truncis et saepimentis locis apricis rara. N.: Kroksnäs ad Borgä (Th. Saelan). Ta.: Ad Hersala (Vain.) et Hummo (20693, 20609, Norrl. Bidr. Sydöstr. Tav. Fl. p. 187) in Hollola, ad Rauvala in Asikkala (F. Silen, 373), Evo (Norrl., 20698), Soima in Korpilahti (Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. p. 112). Specimina ex aliis locis in dicata (Th. Fr. 1. c.) non vidi. Specim. orig., ad Borgä collectum, hie describimus. Apothecia lat. 0.25—0.35 mm, sat crebra, simplicia, tenuissime livido-pruinosa, opaca, immarginata, gonidiis destituta. Hypothecium KOH non reagens, hyphis tenuibus, sat leptodermaticis, conglutinatis, sat erec tis (cavitatibus angustissimis), in parte infima irregulariter contextis. Perithecium subpallidum, jodo non reagens, circ. O.030 mm cras sum, hyphis radiantibus et leviter ramoso-connexis (in KOH visis), Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 359 tenuibus, conglutinatis, membranis sat tenuibus, in KOH leviter turgescentibus, cavitatibus angustissimis, oblongis. Hymenium 0.040 mm erassum, jodo intense caerulescens. Epithecium lutescenti- pallidum aut subdecoloratum, parce granulosum. Paraphyses sim- plices, apice parum incrassatae, cavitatibus angustissimis, membra nis gelatinosis, sat tenuibus, in KOH leviter turgescentibus. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, simplices, sec. Nyl. long. O.ooe—O.oos, crass. O.003— 0.004 mm. Gonidia cystococcoidea, globosa. F. denudaiula Vain. Apothecia lat. 0.3—0.4 mm, disco fusco-nigricante denudatoque et p. p. tenuissime sublivido-pruinoso. Dislr. In saepimento ad Hersala in Hollola (Vain., 20606 in herb. Nyl.), ad lignum putridum in Rauvola in Asikkala (F. Si- len, 373). Apothecia p. p. primum margine tenuissimo, nigricante instructa. Hypothecium fuscescens aut intense rufescenti-rubrieosum, partim subtus anguste dilute coloratum. Perithecium O.035—O.040 mm cras sum, pallidum aut dilute subrubricoso-pallescens. Epithecium tenui- ter rubricoso-rufescens aut dilute coloratum aut partim obscuratum, leviter granulosum aut partim haud granulosum. Sporae fusiformes et p. p. ellipsoideae vel ovoideae, long. O.007—O.oos, crass. O.0025—- 0.004 mm. F. nudella Vain. Apothecia lat. 0.0015^—0.003 mm, disco fusco-nigricante denudatoque. Distr. Ad lignum trunci pinei resinosi prope Soima in Korpilahti (Vain.), supra indicata. Colore apotheciorum, }). p. leviter in livido-fuscescentem vergente, habitu a L. misella Nyl. differt. Hypothecium intense rubricoso- rufescens. Epithecium leviter rubricosum, haud granulosum. Obs. 1. De »L. apochroeella» in Norrl. Fl. Kar. Oneg. II p. 28 videas sub L. hypopta. Obs. 2. »L. vernalis *L. minuta Nyl.» in Norrl. 1. c. p. 186 (»f. uiridella» nominata in n. 4366 in herb. Nyl.) ad L. apochroeellam pertinet (conf. etiam Th. Fr. 1. c. }). 438). 185. L. poliodes Nyl. Flora 1875 p. 10; Hue Addend. II (1888) p, 138; A. L. Smith Mori, Brit. Lich. II (1011) p. 44. L. apochroella f. poliodes Blomb. et Fors sell En. PI. Scand. (1880) p. 85. Exs. Larbal. Lich. Herb. VI (1880) n. 227. Thallus tenuis, sublaevigatus aut leviter verruculoso- inaequalis, demum rimosus, cinereo-glaueescens, sorediis 360 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. destitutus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia minuta, tota adnata, basi haud constricta, convexa, immarginata, rufe- scentia. Hypothecium fusco-rufescens, parte summa angusta fulvo- vel pallido-rufescente, majore parte inferiore irregu lariter contextum. Llymenium haud granulosum, totum decoloratum aut tenuiter pallidum vel subrufescenti-palli- dum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae ellipsoideae, long. 0.007—O.oos, crass. 0.0025-—0.0035 mm. Distr. Ta.: In saxo micaceo-schistoso in Evo, socia Lecideae sylvicolae (J. P. Norrlin). Thallus opacus. Apothecia lat. 0.3—O.45 mm, sat crebra, simpli cia, hemisphaerica, parum nitida, haud pruinosa, gonidiis destituta. Hypothecium comparate sat crassum, KOH rubricosum, jodo non reagens, hyphis conglutinatis, tenuibus, sat leptodermaticis, cavita tibus tenuissimis, oblongis, in parte superiore sat angusta erectis. Perithecium parum evolutum, subdecoloratum, hyphis radiantibus. Hymenium circ. O.ooo—0.065 mm crassum, jodo intense caerulescens, dein vinose rubens. Epithecium KOH non reagens. Paraphyses cavi tatibus tenuissimis, membrana in KOH gelatinoso-turgescente, sim plices furcataeve et parce praesertimque basi ramoso-connexae. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, simplices. Gonidia cystococcoidea, globosa, tantum simplicia visa. Conidangia »pallida». Gonidia »recta, long. 0.005—O.ooo, crass. O.ooi mm» (sec. Nyl.). 186. L. botryoides Nyl. Lecidea apochroeella *L. botryoides Nyl. in Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 138. L. botryoides Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1025) p. 740. L apochroeella var. botryoides Nyl. Fl. 1867 p. 373 (Zahlbr. L c. p. 712). L. botryoides Norrl. Fl. Kar. Oneg. II (1876) p. 36. L. tuber culata »f. apotheciis nigricantibus» Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 563. Thallus verruculosus et areolatus, areolis vulgo demum squamulaeformibus adscendentibusque, dispersis, demum laxe affixis, glaucescenti-pallidis, KOH non reagens, hypo thallo indistincto. Apothecia adnata, lat. circ. 0.2—0.5 mm, basi constricta, simplicia aut vulgo demum tuberculato- confluentia, glomerulis »circ. 1 mm latis» (Nyl.), convexa, livida aut livido-fuscescentia, subpruinosa, opaca, immargi nata. Hypothecium fuscum, KOH subpurpureum, hyphis Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 361 erectis. Epithecium et totum hymenium decoloratum palli- dumve. Paraphyses arete cohaerentes, gelatinosae. Sporae oblongae ellipsoideaeve, »long. 0.005—O.oio, crass. O.0025— 0.003 mm» (sec. Nyl.) —O.002 mm. Disir. Ta.: Ad lapidem graniticum in Padasjoki (Vain. a. 1872, determ. Nyl.), ad lapidem gneissaceum in fissura umbrosa suhhumida rupis Lapinkallio in Evo (J. P. Norrlin a. 1866, n. 404, n. 20685 in herb. Nyl.). »Ad lignum putridum» errore indicatur in Fl. 1867 p. 373 (quod etiam in Norrl. Bidr Sydöstr. Tav. Fl. p. 187 repetitur). Men- surae sporarum et conidiorum in sched. n. 404 a Nyl. adnotatae indicant specimina saxicolae originalia esse. Specimina lignicolae non existunt. A L. sylvicola (var. suhlivida) apotheciis subpruinosis et pallidio- ribus et hymenio numquam aeruginoso differt. Thallus areolis sat laevigatis aut leviter inaequalibus, sat opacis, granulis sorediorum passim pareissime inspersus. Apothecia dispersa aut sat crebra. Hymenium O.050—O.040 mm erassum, »jodo caerulescens, dein vinose rubens» (sec. Nyl.). Paraphyses tubulis O.0005 mm latis, apicibus non obscurato-clavatis. Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice incras- sata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, decoloratae, simplices. Conidangia »papillosa vei spinuliformia, incoloria (alt. 0.2—0.4 mm, crass. O.os mm vel tenuiora), etiam furcato-divisa et quasi prolifera». Conidia »cylindrica (vel utroque apice obsolete incrassatula), long. O.0035— 0.003, crass. O.001 mm» (sec Nyl.). 187. L. laxula Nyl. Flora 1875 p. 11; Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. (1878) p. 113; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 137; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 788. Thallus areolatus, areolis demum laxe affixis, difformi- bus, crebre verruculosis, glaucescenti-pallidis (n. 303) aut im pure albidis (n. 301), KOH non reagens, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia adnata, lat. 0.35—0.15 mm, basi constricta, sim- plicia aut vulgo demum tuberculato-confluentia, eonvexa, impure fusco-nigricantia, non pruinosa, opaca, immarginata. Hypothecium rubricoso-rufescens, KOH subpurpureum, hy- phis erectis. Epithecium et totum hymenium decoloratum pallidumve. Paraphyses arete cohaerentes, gelatinosae. Sporae ellipsoideae oblongaeve, »long. O.007—O.oio, crass. O.0025—0.0035 mm» (sec. Nyl.). 362 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Distr. Ta.: In saxis gneissaceis ad Hietala in Luhanka (Vain., n. 301 et 303). »Vix specie differt a L. boirijoide» sec. adn. Nylandri in bibl. sua. Ab ea apotheciis obscurioribus, nudis, hypothecio rubricoso- rufescente et areolis thalli demum bene verruculosis differt. Thallus granulis sorediorum sat parcis inspersus, demum sat crassus, areolis subcontiguis aut dispersis. rlymenium circ. 0.035—0.045 mm crassum, jodo caerulescens, dein vinose rubens. Paraphyses tubulis O.0005 mm crassis, apicibus non obscurato-clavatis. Conidia »oblongo- cylindrica» sec. Nyl. Gonidia cystococcacea. 188. L. subflexuosa Vain. L. subflexuosa Nyl. Flora 1877 p. 450 p. p. (specim. n. 270 in Mus. Fenn., non n. 21084 in hb. Nyl. ad L. morbiferam Vain. pertinens); Hue Addend. (1888) p. 130, n. 880 p. p.; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1025) p. 832 p. p. Thallus tenuis aut sat tenuis, verruculosus, verruculis convexis, albidis, dispersis aut contiguis vel subconfluentibus, KOH rubescens, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia crebra, adnata, lat. 1—0.3 mm, basi non aut de mum leviter constricta, disco nigro aut humido fusco-nigro, nudo, subnitido, margine tenui, nigro, nudo, nitido. Llypo- thecium subhymeniale anguste aeruginosum vel aeruginoso- nigricans, ceterum hypothecium superne intense rubricoso- rufescens et inferne dilute rubricoso-rufescens. Perithecium obscure rubricoso-rufescens. Hymenium corpusculis nigri cantibus destitutum. Epithecium intense rubricoso-rufescens et partim dilutescens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, gela tinosae, apice parum incrassatae. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, oblongae aut ellipsoideae. Dislr. LIn.: Supra muscos destructos (Andreaeam pelrophilam) verisimiliter in rupe ad Muddusjärvi in Inari (F. Silen, a. 1869, n. 279 in Mus. Fenn., a Nyl. nominata »L. subflexuosa», quacum ab eo commixta). Thallus et reactio thalli L. subflexuosae nostrae a Nyl. descripta sunt in Flora 1. c, apothecia autem ibi descripta ad L. morbiferam Vain, pertinent. L. subflexuosa Vain, quidem (ut indicat etiam Nyl.) affinis est Bialoris (praesertim B. alrofuscae Flot.), sed L. morbifera ab iis longe distal, ad Eulecideas pertinens. •— Apothecia disco piano Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 363 aut demum convexo, margine non aut leviter prominente persi- stente. Perithecium interne dilutius rubricoso-rufescens, hyphis radi- antibus, sat tenuibus, membranis modice incrassatis, conglutinatis, cavitatibus oblongis, angustis, KOH non reagens. Hypothecium subhymeniale KOH parum reagens, hyphis suberectis, hypothecium ceterum hyphis irregulariter contextis, KOH non reagens. Hyme nium praesertim asci jodo v nose fulvescens, praecedente caerule- scente. Epithecium KOH non reagens. Sporae rectae aut parce leviter curvatae, apicibus vulgo rotundatis, lateribus vulgo cylindricis. Gonidia cystococcacea. Thallus KOH praecipitatum formans rubrum, e crystallis minutissimis acicularibus constans. 189. L. Diapensiae Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 209, Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 439; Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 144; Vain. Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai (1909) p. 122. Biatora Tuck. Syn. North Am. Lich. II (1888) p. 22. Exs. Fellm. Lich. Arct. (1864) n. 149. — Rabenh. Lich. Eur. Exs. XXVI (1864) n. 702. — Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. VII (1882) n. 303. - - Maluie Lich. Suec. Exs. VIII (1910) n. 186. — Zahlbr. Krypt. Exs. Vindob. XXI (1913) n. 2057. Thallus evanescens aut tenuissimus, albidus, folia vetusta Diapensiae obducens, esorediatus, hypothallo indi- stincto. Apothecia vulgo fere mediocria, late adnata, demum basi leviter constricta, disco fusco-nigro fuscove, haud prui- noso, leviter nitido opacove, piano aut vulgo demum con vexo, margine tenui, atro, nitido, vulgo demum excluso. Hypothecium fuscescens violascensve aut parte superiore cyanescens aut parte inferiore pallidum, irregulariter con- textum. Hymenium haud granulosum, parte superiore ru- fescens, parte inferiore angusta violascens cyanescensve. Paraphyses arete cohaerentes. Sporae 8:nae, oblongae aut rarius ellipsoideae, long. O.oio—O.014, crass. 0.003—0.0045 mrn, sec. annot. Nyl. »long. —O.018 mm», sec. Th. Fr. »crass. —0.005 mm.» Disir. Supra vetustani Diapensiam Lapponicam crescit. LEn.: In reg. betul. (subalpina) superiore ad Naimakka et in reg. alpina ad Kilpisjärvi, praesertim in monte Leutsuvaara abundanter (Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 334), inter Kilpisjärvi et Lyngenfjord in Jugo Norvegico (Norrl. 1. c. p. 347). Lin.: In reg. subalp. montium prope 364 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Köngäs (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 39), in Luosmavaara et alibi in Lapponia (F. Silen). LMur.: Kljatnij et Varsina (Fellm. sec Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 144). LPom: Ad promont. Orlov (A. O. Kihl man), Ponoj (Fellm. 1. c, Nyl. I.e.). Sec. Th. Fr. est »planta vere parasitica nec epiphyta, supra pul- vinulos D. Lapponicae, quibus, peripheriam versus cariose progre- diens, pestem demumque mortem affert». Cum hac planta autem saepe etiam erescit fungillus, ad Pyrenomycetes pertinens, hyphis thal- linis fuseescentibus in partes interiores foliorum penetrans, qui po- tius, quam L. Diapensiae, nutrici sit mortifer. — Thallus hujus Lecideae saepe partim verruculoso-inaequalis, hyphis decoloribus, 0.003—0.002 mm crassis, passim, glomerulos gonidiorum continens (gonidia infra apothecia saepe emortua sunt). Apothecia saepe crebra, interdum confluentia, lat. 0.5—1.5 mm, gonidiis destituta, margine saepe primum leviter prominente, KOH non reagentia. Hypothe cium hyphis conglutinatis, in parte superiore sat leptodermaticis, ceterum sat pachydermaticis, cavitatibus oblongis, O.ooi—O.0015 mm latis, in eodem apothecio colore variabile, jodo non reagens. Peri thecium partim extus strato O.ooo—O.oio mm crasso decolorato, cete rum subpurpureum fuscescensve, in parte inferiore plus minus late subpaUidum decoloratumve, hyphis radiantibus, modice pachyderma ticis, conglutinatis, cavitatibus oblongis aut p. p. ellipsoideis, KOH non reagens. Hymenium circ. O.oso—0.060 mm crassum, jodo persi stenter caerulescens (»dein vinose rubens» sec annot. Nyl. in bibl. sua). Epithecium strato gelatinoso, decolorato, tenui, continuo ob ductum. Paraphyses tenues, apice parum aut leviter incrassatae, simplices aut partim furcatae vel dichotome ramosae, interdum etiam parce ramoso-connexae, sat crebre septatae, membrana tenuiter gelatinosa, in KOH parum turgescente. Sporae distichae. Appendix: Biatorella geophana (Nyl). Vain. Lecidea Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 212; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 441. Biatora Th. Fr. Vet. Ak. Förh. 1864 p. 271; Arn. Lich. Frank. Jur. (Fl. 1885) p. 155. Lecidea boreella Nyl. Fl. 1863 p. 306, Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 157 (sec annot. Nyl. in bibl. sua). Biato rella deplanata Almqu. Bot. Not. 1866 p. 69; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 400 (sec annot. Nyl. in bibl. sua). Lecidea irichogyna Norm. Bot. Not. 1872 p. 33 (sec Th. Fr.). Exs. Zahlbr. Krypt. Exs. Vindob. IV (1899) n. 365. — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1900) n. 1809. Thallus tenuis aut tenuissimus, interdum, leviter verru culosus, cinereo-glaucescens albidusve, aut evanescens, hypo- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 365 ') By B. Lynge. thallo indistincto. Apothecia minutissima, convexa, immar- ginata, nigra aut fusco-nigricantia, nuda, laevigata, sat opaca, adnata, interdum demum basi leviter constricta. Epithecium fuscescens aut rarius lutescenti- aut fulvescenti-rubricosum. Hypothecium fuscum aut raro fulvescenti- aut rubricoso- fuscescens, sat irregulariter contextum. Paraphyses arete cohaerentes. Sporae 16:nae, globosae, diam. 0.005—0.006 mm (»—O.oos mm» sec. Nyl. in 19469). Distr. Ad terram arenosam et argillaceam et calcaream et ad lignum putridum locis umbrosis. N.: Ad Helsingforsia m (S. O. Lindberg sec. Th. Fr.). St.: Raumo (P. A. Karsten). Ta.: »Pluribus locis et abundanter ad Laitiala» (Norrl. Bidr. Sydöstr. Tav. p. 11)0), Hersala et Vaania (»lignatilis» sec. determ. Nyl.) in Hollola et Jokioi nen in Padasjoki (Vain.), passim ad Mustiala (Kullh. Lich. Rar. Must. p. 275). Tb.: Ad Tourujoki prope Jyväskylä (Vain. FL Tav. Or. p. 115). KOI.: Gorki (Elfv. Ant. Veg. Svir p. 169). KOn.: Po- gost in Suojärvi, Mundjärvi (Norrl. Fl. Kar. Oneg. II p. 32). OKaj.: Kylmälä in Kuhmo (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 40). Ob.: Alkula (J. P. Norrlin). LKem.: Sattänen in Sodankylä (Vain. 1. c). LEnont.: Vuonfisjärvi (Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 337). LTul.: Kola (P. A. Karsten, »L. boreella» Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 157). Thallus dispersus, leviter inaequalis aut verruculosus. Apothecia crebra aut dispersa, lat. O.15—0.3 mm, vulgo simplicia, raro 2 con- fluentia, KOH non reagentia. Hypothecium hyphis sat tenuibus, sat leptodermaticis, conglutinatis. Perifhecium ceterum paruni evolu- tum, hypothecio concolor. Hymenium O.OÖO mm erassum, jodo caerulescens aut demum vinose rubens. Paraphyses simplices, mem- brana gelatinosa, cavitate tenuissima. Asci clavati, in apice mem- brana leviter incrassata. Sporae distichae aut polystichae, sec. Nyl. etiam »12:nae», nonnullae subglobosae et long. O.007, crass. O.005 mm. Gonidia pleurococcoidea, globosa aut subglobosa, diam. O.004—O.OOOÖ mm, etiam 2-cellulosa et glomerulosa visa. Obs. I. F. boreella (Nyl.) Vain. (Lecidea boreella Nyl. 1. c) sec. Nyl. hymenio »jodo vinose rubente (praecedente passim caerule- scentia obsoleta)» distinguitur. Supra terram sabuloso-humosam ad Kola (P. A. Karsten). Obs. 2. x) Th. M. Fries referred Lecidea geophana Nyl. to his »Stirps L. fuscae» (Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 441). The editor found no mention of this species in Vainio's manuscript on Lecidea. But in some other posthumous papers by Vainio he detected a sheet with a description 366 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. of this species which Vainio referred to the genus Bialorella, as B. geophana (Nyl.) Vain. Otherwise he only found a few scattered notes on this genus. He therefore felt justified in publishing this description. Sect. Lecidea crassipes. Thallus pallidus, hypothecium jam primitus obscurum, sporae (vulgo) oblongae. Hyphae medullares non amyloi- deae. Species muscicolae vel terricolae. Obs. The editor is of opinion that »Lecidea neglecta Nyl.» is not a Lecidea, but a Crocynia; see Appendix, after Lecidea. 190. L. crassipes (Th. Fr.) Nyl. Flora 1862 p. 464, Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 164, Addit. Lich. Jap. (1000) p. 32; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 520; Arn. Lich. Tirol XVII (1877) p. 550, XXIII (1887) p. 142; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 520; Tuck. Syn. North Am. Lich. II (1888) p. 86; Zahlbr. Gat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 548. Helocärpon crassipes Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 17S. Lecidea hijpopodia f. subassimilaia Nyl. En. Lich. Fret. Behr. (1888) p. 47 (sec. spec. orig.). Exs. Fellm. Lich. Arct. (1864) n. 164 min. part, (ceterum L. assi- milata f. infuscala). - Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. IV (1875) n. 104 a, b. — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1885) n. 1121 (lib. Nyl.). — Malme Lich. Suec Exs. XV (1913) n. 362 (Mus. Fenn.). Thallus tenuis verruculis circ. 0.1—0.2 (—0.3) mm latis, albidis aut albido-glaucescentibus, supra hypothallum im pure albidum pallidumve dispersis, sorediis destitutus. Apo thecia saepe crebra, adnata et p. p. demum substipitata aut breviter stipitata, basi bene constricta, disco primum piano, demum convexo, nigro, nudo, opaco, margine tenui, integro, vulgo nigricante, demum aut vulgo mox excluso. Hypothe cium subpurpureo-fuligineum, KOH non reagens. Epithe cium fuligineum vel nigricans, KOH non reagens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, leviter gelatinosae. Sporae oblongae aut subfusiformes »aut rarius ellipsoideis immixtae, long. O.012—- O.ois (—O.oos), crass. O.003—O.005 mm» (sec. Th. Fr.). Dislr. Supra muscos in lateribus rupium praesertim locis sub- humidis erescit. Ta.: Ad Piililä in Korpilahti (Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 367 p. 118, H. L. F. n. 194 b). KLad.: Supra muscos loco saxoso in Lahentausta copiose et alibi (Norrl., H. L. F. n. 194 a) in Kirjava- lahti, Variskallio (Norrl. Symb. Fl. Lad. Kar. p. 31). Tb.: Ad litus lacus Pihlajavesi (Vain., Norrl. Not. S. F. Fl. Fenn. XIII p. 435). Kb.: Kalliovaara in Lieksa, Riihivaara, Mujejärvi, Louhivaara in Nurmes (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 84). OKaj.: Kylmäjärvi in Kianta (Vain. 1. c). Kuus.: In reg. abiet. montis Näränkävaara, in reg. subalp. montium livaara, Ukonvaara, Nuorunen et Mäntytun- turi (Vain. 1. c). LKem.: In reg. subalp. montis Pyhätunturi in Sodankylä (Vain. 1. c), in reg. abiet. montis Välivaara in Kittilä et ad terram campi sicci prope templum in Muonioniska (Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 341). LEnont.: Pluribus locis in reg. alp. praeser tim ad Kilpisjärvi (Norrl. 1. c), Leutsuvaara, ad terram turfoso-are- nosam prope Palojoki (»L. ramulosa macrior» sec. Nyl. in Norrl. 1. c, Mus. Fenn.). LIn.: Ad Mudduschjärvi et Ailigadsch (F. Silen). LTul.: Ad Sinum Kolaensem (N. I. Fellman, »L. assimilata» sec. det. Nyl. sec. Th. Fr. 1. c. p. 521). LMur.: Varsina, Kljatnij (N. I. Fellman, Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 164, Th. Fr. 1. c p. 520). LPon. Ad Ponoi (»L. assimilata f. alpestris» sec. Nyl. in Fellm. Lich. Arct. n. 164 (qui ad L. crassipedem p. min. part, et ad L. assimilalam f. infuscatam p. maj. part, pertinet). Hyphae thalli crass. O.002 mm; in hypothallo hyphae crass. O.004 mm, albae. Apothecia simplicia lat. 0.7—0.3 mm, saepe etiam tuber- culato-divisa, 1.5 mm Iata, hypothecio crasso aut saepe in stipitem continuato circ. O.280 mm longum et O.230 mm erassum (aut variabili), intus fuligineum, extus strato cartilagineo, circ. O.oio—O.030 mm crasso, decolorato (peritheciali) obductum. Hypothecium KOH (post tempus longius) purpureo-subviolaceum, hyphis erectis, con- glutinatis. Perithecium pallidum hyphis radiantibus, leviter pa- chydermaticis, cavitatibus angustissimis, in margine obscuratum. Hymenium circ. O.050 mm erassum, jodo caerulescens deindeque vinose rubens (Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 164) aut taiitum vinose rubens (Add. Lich. Jap. p 32). Epithecium fuligineum aut nigricans. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, leviter gelatinosae, simplices, tubulis O.001 mm crassis (apice O.0015 mm). Asci anguste clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, simplices, apicibus vulgo obtusis. Conidangia »minutissima, punctiformia, extus nigra, intus decolorata; sterigmata simplicia, breviuscula; conidia oblongo-cylindrica, long, fere O.0045, crass, fere O.0015 mm» (Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 164). Gonidia parva, globosa, diam. O.004— O.006 mm, membrana distincta, tanturn simplicia a me visa (»syn. gonidimiosa» h. e. pleurococcacea, sec. Nyl. Add. Lich. Jap. p. 32). Obs. 1. F. moriformis Th. Fr. 1. c. (Vain. 1. c), apotheciis p. p. tuberculato-divisis instructa, ad Kalliovaara in Lieksa et in livaara 368 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. in Kuusamo indicata (Vain. 1. e.), valde est inconstans, nam fere in omnibus speciminibus hujus speciei saltern nonnulla apothecia tuber culato-divisa sunt. Obs. 2. L. crassipes f. minor Nyl. in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lapp. (1873) p. 341, ad Hetta in Muonioniska collecta, ad L. botryosam (Fr.) Nyl. pertinet (conf. etiam Th. Fr. 1. c. p. 455). »L. crassipes forma apothe ciis minoribus» (Norrl. Symb. Fl. Lad.-Kar. p. 31) est L. crassipes sat normalis. Obs. 3. »L. crassipes f. pulverilla» Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 520, »crusta e granulis pulvereis cinerascentibus congestis con- texta, apotheciis breviter stipitatis subsessilibusve (immixtis nonnullis distincte stipitatis)». »Ad Kongsvold et Högsnyta alpium Dovrensium Norvegiae, ad templum in Muonioniska (»L. crassipes» in Norrl. 1. c.) et ad Palojoki in Enontekiäinen» (Norrl. n. 765, »L. ramulosa macrior» erronee a Norrl. adn.) sec. Th. Fr. collecta. Specimina supra muscos in latere rupis in reg. abiet. montis Näränkävaara in Kuu samo a me parce collecta, hue ducta sunt (Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 84). Thallus non distincte sorediosus, sed e verruculis parvis et minutissi- mis confertis vel contiguis constans, hypothallo indistincto. 191. L. verrucuia (Norm.) Th. Fr.1) Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 523; Vain. Adj. Lich. Flor. Lapp. II (1883) p. 86; Elenkin Lich. Flor. Ross. Mediae fasc. 3—4 (1911) p. 408. Bialora lurfosa Mass. *verrucula Norm. Spec Loc Natal. (1868) p. 353. Micarea verrucuia (Norm.) Hedl. Krit. Bemerk. (1892) p. 84 et 95. Lecidea lurfosa Jatta, vide Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. III (1925) p. 712. Exs. Koerber Lich. sel. Germ. I (1856) No. 12 (sec Th. Fries 1. c). — Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. VII (1882) No. 321. (vide etiam Lynge Index Specierum II, p. 40). Thallus tenuissimus, late effusus, v e r n i c e o-o b d u- cens, laevigatus, cinereus vel nigricans vel obsoletus, humectatus obscurior et gelatinosus. Apothecia minuta, diam. 0.2—-0.4 mm, numerosa vel numerosissima, crebra, sessilia vel elevato-adnata, ab initio convexa, immarginata, deinde interdum e lenticulari turbinata, rugulosa, difformia, saepe confluentia. Excipulum vix ullum. Hypothecium fuscescens. Paraphyses ]) By B. Lynge. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 369 gelatinoso-concretae, indistinctae, apicem versus sub- fuligineae, fuscescentes vel virescenti-fuligineae, praeterea totae hyalinae, KOH si addito omnes totae incoloratae, valde ramosae et anastomosantes, 1.5—2 ju crassae. Asci clavati vel inflato-clavati. Sporae (saepe non evolutae) oblongae vel fusiformi- vel elongato-oblongae, utrinque obtusiusculae, tenuiter limbatae, p. p. simplices, p. p. tenuiter 1—3 sep- tatae (septis sporarum vacuarum conspicuis), 12—20x3—5 ju (sec. Norman: 10—18 x 3—5, sec. Th. M. Fries: 12—- 18 x 3—5 ju). Pycnoconidia rectiuscula, subcylindrica, 3—4 ju longa. Jodo asci fere soli caerulescunt, deinde sordide subvio- laceo-decolorantur. HN03 paraphysum partes coloratae subroseae evadunt. Disir. Supra Sphagna muscosque destructos putrescentes, saepe maculas late expansas formans. Kb.: Prope Mujejärvi paroeciae Nurmes (Vain.). Sb.: Pieksämäki (Norrl.). Nyl.: Helsingfors prope rivum Tali (Nyl.). Obs. Norman referred it to Lecidea (Bialora) iurfosa Mass. as a sub species. Some authors, e.g. Vainio (1883) and Zahlbruckner (1925) simply united it with Lecidea iurfosa. The editor found the question doubtful, to judge from a remark by Th. Fries in Lich. Scand. 1. c. If they are specifically identical, Iurfosa Mass. is the older species name, dating from Massalongo Ricerche Lich., 1852, p. 128. The editor found no description in Vainio's manuscript. The above description has been compiled by the editor after Norman, Th. M. Fries and Hedlund, supported by the study of herbarium plants. 192. L. ramulosa Th. Fr. N. Bot. Not. 1866 p. 14, Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 521 (excl. v. depressa); Norm. Spec. Loc Nat. (1868) p. 356 (herb. Nyl.); Nyl. En. Lich. Fret. Behr. (1888) p. 45; Vain. Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai (1909) p. 129; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 682 (excl. v. de pressa et L. ementiente); Lynge Lich. Bear Isl. (1926) p. 28, Lich. Nov. Zeml. (1928) p. 85 (excl. syn.), L. ementiens *L. ramulosa Nyl. in Hue Lich. Exot. (1892) p. 190 (Nyl. En. Lich. Fret. Behr. p. 45). Thallus sat crassus, e verrucis elevatis aut toruloso-ramu- losis, isidioideis constans, albidus, hypothallo indistincto 24 370 E A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. albove. Apothecia dispersa aut partim conferta, lat. circ. 1—4).4 mm, basi bene constricta, nigra, nuda, opaca, sat tenuia, disco primum diu piano, demum convexo, margine tenui aut sat tenui, integro aut demum excluso. Hypothe cium superne subfuscescens vel sordide subrubricosum, in ferne decoloratum et irregulariter contextum. Epithecium fuligineum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, leviter gelati nosae. Sporae »oblongae elongataeve, long. 0.009—-0.oi6, crass. 0.003—0.004 mm» sec. Th. Fr., »long. O.oio—O.ois» sec. adn. Nyl. (in n. 20906 in hb. suo), »long. O.oio—O.013 (•—-0.014), crass. O.003—0.0035 (0.004-—O.ooö) mm» sec. Lynge Lich. Bear lal. p. 30. Distr. LEnont.: Ad terram argillaceam et plantas destructas in reg. subsylv. ad Palojoki (Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 341, n. 20906 in hb. Nyl., neque n. 765 in Mus. Fenn. a »L. crassipedem f. pulveru- lam» sec. Th. Fr. pertinens). Kuus.: Ad muscos in latere rupis in reg. subalp. montis Mäntytunturi (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 85). — Ad var. evoluiarn Th. Fr., thallo sat crasso, verrucis isidiodeis in- structam, haec specimina pertinent. Thallus solutionibus reagentibus solitis non admodum mutatur (Th. Fr.). Hypothecium superne sat dilute aut partim intense (in eodem apothecio) anguste subfuscescens vel sordide subrubricosum, subtus decoloratum, superne anguste hyphis suberectis, ceterum irre gulariter contextis. Perithecium extus subaeruginoso-fuligineum aut »subolivaceo-obscuratum» (sec Th. Fr.), intus decoloratum, hyphis radiantibus, leviter pachydermaticis, cavitatibus angustissimis. Hy menium indistincte limitatum, circ O.oso—O.oeo mm crassum, basin versus subfuscescens aut sordide subrubricosum, KOH pauilo di stinctius rubricosum, »jodo caerulescens, dein sordide decoloratum» (sec Th. Fr.). Epithecium KOH non reagens. Paraphyses tubulis O.ooi—0.0005 mm latis, apice non incrassatae. Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Gonidia, »cylindrica, recta, long. O.oos, crass. O.ooi mm» (sec adn. Nyl. in n. 20907). Gonidia cysto coccacea, globosa, diam. circ. O.oio—O.ou mm. »Syngonidimia nulla» sec. adn. Nyl. in bibl. sua. Obs. Lecidea emenliens Nyl. Fl. 1884 p. 223, En. Lich. Fret. Behr. (1888) p. 22, 45, Nyl. in Hue Lich. Exot. (1892) p. 190 n. 1964 (Vain. Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai, 1909, p. 129), sec specim. orig. n. 20913 in hb. Nyl. hymenio toto punctis fuligineis insperso, epithe cio decolorato, hypothecio albido et »thallo tenui, continuo, passim inaequali, sporis long. O.009—O.ou, crass. O.0025—O.0035 mm, conidiis Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 371 rectis, long. O.005—O.000, crass. O.0005—O.0006 mm» (sec. Nyl.) instructa, proxima est L. ramulosae /3 depressae Th. Fr. (Lich. Scand. p. 521); quae, sec. Lynge Lich. Bear Isl. p. 29 hypothecio decolorato in spe- cim. orig. instructa, a Th. Fr. false disposita est sub L. ramulosa, quae hypothecio rubricoso-fuscescente ab eo descripta est. In alio specim. orig. e Kongsvold (1863) in hb. Vain, hypothecium decolora tum et pallidum (in eodem apothecio), irregulariter contextum, hymenium circ. O.040—O.030 mm erassum, punctis fuligineis nullis inspersum, decoloratum et sordide pallidum, epithecio fuligineo et parce aeruginoso-fuligineo (in eodem apoth.), thallus verruculis (haud »granulis pulveraceis») dispersis. »Var. depressa» Th. Fr. (exclusa descr.) igitur vix nisi thallo verruculoso a L. subdepressa Vain. (Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai p. 128) recedit. L. ementiens Nyl. autem autonoma est species, hymenio ab his differens. 193. L. montanella Vain. (n. sp.) Thallus sat crassus, verrucis elevatis, isidioideis, cylindri- cis, contiguis, albidus, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo in- distincto albidove. Apothecia lat. circ. 0.6 mm, sat tenuia, basi constricta, disco piano, nigricante, nudo, margine sat tenui, integro, nigro. Hypothecium fuscescens, hyphis irre gulariter contextis. Epithecium decoloratum aut leviter obscuratum. Paraphyses arete cohaerentes, leviter gelati nosae. Sporae ellipsoideae oblongaeve, long. O.009—0.016, crass. 0.005—0.008 mm. Dislr. LEnont.: Ad terram argillaceam in reg. betulina ad Pät- tikkö (»Lecidea sabulelorum *L. monlana» sec. Nyl. in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 336, »Toninia syncomisla» Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 335, »Lecidea ramulosa» Vain. Lich. Fenn. II p. 143). Thallo et facie externa apotheciorum vix differt a L. ramulosa et apotheciis intus sicut in L. fusca v. atrofusca et hymenio similis L. ementiente, sporis crassioribus a stirpe L. ramulosae differens. Hy pothecium KOLI demum subpurpureo-rufescens. Perithecium bene evolutum, colore simile hypothecio, sed extus anguste dilutius colo ratum, hyphis radiantibus, membranis leviter incrassatis, cavitati bus O.002—O.ooi mm latis, materia fuscescente impletis. Hymenium circ. 0.060—O.100 mm erassum, jodo intense caerulescens, corpusculis fuligineis KOH immutatis. Paraphyses simplices, tubulis O.0005 mm latis, apice non incrassatae. Asci cylindrici aut anguste clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, monostichae aut di- stichae, simplices, apicibus obtusis aut rotundatis, lateribus convexis. 372 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. 194. L. assimilata Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 221, En. Lich. Fret. Behr. (1888) p. 9, 25, 47, 66; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 521; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 85, Lich. Amdrup (1905) p. 138, Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai (1909) p. 129; Tuck. Syn. North Am. Lich. (1888) p. 86. Lecidella Arn. Lich. Tirol XIII (1874) p. 262 (32). Lecidea sabule- lorum fj syncomisia b alpestris Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 156 (p. min. part., sec Th. Fr. 1. c. p. 522). L. alpestris Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 213 (p.p., sec Th. Fr. I.e.); Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 158 (p. p., conf. sub L. crassipede (species n. 190), et sec Th. Fr. 1. c. p. 521 et 523). Exs. Fellm. Lich. Arct. (1864) n. 164 (in n. 16567 in hb. Nyl.), n. 165 (hb. Nyl.), 166 (sec Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 538). — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1872) n. 556 a, (1895) n. 556 b (hb. Nyl.). — Havaas Lich. Norv. Exs. (1902) n. 139 (Mus. Fenn., conf. infra). — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. IX (1911) n. 216 (Mus. Fenn.). — Zahlbr. Krypt. Exs. Vind. XXIII (1915) n. 2268 (Mus. Fenn.). Thallus modice incrassatus aut sat tenuis aut rarius sat crassus, e verrucis verruculisque constans contiguis aut con- natis et crustam areolato-diffractam formantibus, albidus aut impure albidus aut cinereus vel obscure cinerascens aut cinereo-fuscescens, KOH non reagens, opacus, sorediis desti tutus, hypothallo vulgo indistincto. Apothecia sat crebra et partim acervulos majores minoresve formantia aut con fluentia vel tuberculato-divisa, adnata, basi non constricta aut raro demum leviter constricta, simplicia, lat. 0.3—0.8mm, modice elevata, jam primitus convexa vel depresso-convexa immarginataque, disco nigro, nudo, opaco. Hypothecium totum rubricosum aut fuscescens, hyphis erectis, in KOH parum turgescentibus, crassum. Hymenium sat tenue. Epi thecium aeruginoso- aut partim nigrum vel olivaceo-fuligi neum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, leviter gelatinosae. Sporae oblongae aut ovoideo- vel fusiformi-oblongae, long, circ. 0.010—0.013 (O.oos—O.019), crass. O.003—O.006 mm. Distr. Ad plantas destructas et terram arenosam in regionibus borealibus territorii. OKaj.: Ad terram arenosam prope templum in par. Kuhmo (»v. melaenida» Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 85). Kuus.: In reg. subalp. montis Iivara (F. Silen, a Th. Fr. determ. 1. c. p. 522, »L. alpestris» sec Nyl.), ad terram arenosam in reg. subalp. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 373 montis Mäntytunturi (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 85). LKem.: Ollostunturi in Muonioniska (»L. alpeslris f. assimilata» sec. determ. Nyl. in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 338), in reg. pinifera in Väli vaara (sec. spec, in Mus. Fenn., »L. alpeslris f. sp. saepe) et Lletta in Muonioniska (»L. alpeslris» sec. Nyl. in Norrl. 1. c, conf. Th. Fr. 1. c. p. 522). LEnont.: In reg. betulina ad Kelottijärvi et nonnullis locis in reg. alp. circa Kilpisjärvi (»L. alpeslris» sec. Nyl. in Norrl. 1. c, conf. Th. Fr. 1. e.). Llm.: Ad terram glareosam in reg. alp. infer, ad Lujavrurt (Kihlman 506, det. Nyl.). Lin.: Seidevaara (F. Silen). LTul.: Vaidaguba (F. V. Klingstedt, det. G. Lang), Kola (Fellm. Lich. Arct. n. 165). LMur.: Gavrilova (Kihlman 50, det. Nyl.), Varsina (Fellm., det. Nyl.). LPon.: »Ad terram arenosam, in fissuris rupium et in declivis littorum ad Orlov frequenter, Katsch- kovka (Kihlm. N. Beitr. Flecht. Kola p. 58), Ponoj (Fellm. Lich. Arct. n. 166), Kislajaguba prope Ponoj (»L. assimilata f. alpeslris» sec. Nyl. in Fellm. Lich. Arct. n. 164, specimen totum in 16567 in hb. Nyl., maj. p. in Mus. Fenn. et p. p. ad L. crassipedem pertinens, conf. Th. Fr. 1. c. p. 521), Babja (M. Brenner). F. irrubala Th. Fr. (emend.). Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 522; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 85. Lecidea miscella Nyl. Bot. Not. 1853 p. 182 (sec. Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 221, non Ach.). Hypothecium subpurpureum. Dislr. Specimina e locis sequentibus, supra indicatis, hue perti nent: livaara (F. Silen, sec. Th. Fr. 1. c), Ollostunturi (J. P. Norrlin, sec. Th. Fr. 1. c), Seidevaara (F. Silen), Vaidoguba (F. V. Klingstedt), Kola (N. I. Fellman), Orlov (Kihlm. 1. c, n. 230). Thallus albidus aut cinerascens. Hypothecium subpurpureo- rubricosum, KOH distinctius purpureum aut subviolascens. Perithe- cium decoloratum aut colore variabile, hyphis radiantibus, tenuibus, membranis sat tenuibus, KOH haud incrassatis. Hymenium crass, circ. O.ooo—O.ooo mm. Epithecium KOH parum reagens aut suboliva- ceum. Paraphyses crass, circ. O.ooi mm, apice haud incrassatae. Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, di- stichae, oblongae aut ovoideo-oblongae, simplices (aut fortuito parce 1-septatae), long. O.oos—O.013, crass. 0.003—0.004 mm. Gonidia parva, diam. circ. 0.005—O.ooo mm, globosa, tantum simplicia visa, sed thal lus plures species algarum continentia. F. infuseata Th. Fr. (emend.), Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 522; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 522, Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai (1909) p. 129 (emend.). Hypothecium intense fuscum, KOH non reagens. Sporae simplices. Disir. Specimina e locis sequentibus, supra indicatis, hue perti nent: livaara (F. Silen, det. Th. Fr.), Ollostunturi (J. P. Norrlin, sec. Th. Fr.), Lujavrurt (A. O. Kihlman, det. Nyl.), Varsina (Fellm., 374 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. det. Nyl.), Orlov (A. O. Kihlman, hb. Vain.), Kislajaguba (Fellm. Lich. Arct. n. 164 p. p.). Ad f. infuscaiam hic tantum specimina hypothecio fusco, nec purpureo instructa ducimus. Thallus modice incrassatus aut sat crassus aut sat tenuis, obscure cinereus aut cinereo-fuscescens aut albidus (etiam in eodem specimine), KOH non reagens. Hypothecium hyphis KOH non turgescentibus. Perithecium saepe decoloratum. Hymenium circ. O.OÖO (—-O.070) mm crassum, jodo caerulescens aut demum partim fulvescens. Epithecium subaeruginoso-fuligineum aut nigricans, KOH interdum subolivaceo-fuligineum. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, oblongae aut ovoideo- aut fusiformi-oblongae, simplices, long. O.ooio—0.oi9, crass. O.003—O.ooo mm. Conidia »cylindrica, recta, tenella, long. O.006—O.oos mm» sec. Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II p. 522 (in qua forma visa sint, non indicatur). Obs. 1. »Lecidea assimilala var. melaenida» Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 85, sporis vulgo simplicibus et parce 1-septatis instructa, non est vera forma systematica. Specimen prope templum in Kuhmo collectum nunc ductum est ad f. irrubalam, ad quam etiam planta in Iivaara a F. Silen collecta pertinet? Planta e Mäntytunturi comme- morata est L. melaenella Vain. (n. sp.). — L. melaenida Nyl. Fl. 1865 p. 146 (Hue Addend. II p. 152), ad Perricres in Gallia collecta, est diversa species, thallo continuo rimosove (non verrucoso) in structa (sec. specim. orig. in hb. Nyl.). Obs. 2. Lecidea assimilala var. Hardangeriana Vain, in Havaas Lich. Norv. Exs. (1902) n. 139 (Bergens Mus. Aarbog 1909 n. 1, p. 29), in rupe schistosa in Granvin in Norvegia crescens, hypothallo nigro tenui passim primum conspicuo, dein mox evanescente, areolis verru- cisque thalli sat crassis, demum laxe substrato affixis, hypothecio intense rubricoso, sporis visis long. circ. O.013, crass. O.005 mm in structa est. 195. L. morbifera Vain.1) Adj. Lich. Lapp II (1883) p. 99, Oliv. in Bull. Geogr. Bot. XXV (1915) p. 98, 144, Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 639. Lecidea subflexuosa Nyl. Fl. (1877) p. 459 p. p. (specim. n. 21084 in hb. Nyl., non »L. subflexuosa» Nyl. in Mus. Fenn.), Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) n. 832 p. p. (Vain, in mscr.). Tab. I, fig. 1. Thallus supra muscos et lichenes emortuos cru- stam tenuem, continuam vel subcontinuam rugulosam, x) Literary quotations by Vainio, the rest by B. Lynge. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 375 fere verniceam, albidam vel cineream vel obscure cineream format, sorediis isidiisque destitutus. Apothecia numerosa usque confluentia, parva, diam. 0.2—0.6 vel (sec. Vain.) usque ad 1 mm. supra thallum bene elevata. Discus ater, epruinosus, rugosus, planus, margine elevato persistenti concolori cinctus. Excipulum nigricans, hypothecium pallide fuscescens vel (sec. Vain.) olivaceo-nigricans. Hymenium 55—60 fi altum, superne fusco-nigricans, granulosum. Paraphyses arete cohae rentes, (KOH addito) flexuosae, divergenter ramosae, di- stincte septatae, in apice haud incrassatae. Asci clavati, octospori. Sporae simplices,incoloratae, ellipsoideae (vel subglobosae), 6—-10 x 3—4 //. Pycnides ignotae. Gelatina hymenialis J e caeruelo vinose rubens. Disir. Ks.: Kuusamo in regione subalpina montium Ukonvaara (Vain.). Lapponia Inarensis: ad Veskoniemi et in insula lacus Inari järvi in regione pinifera et in regione subalpina montis Hammas tunturi (Vain.). Polknoivi, Edletsoivi et Putarilauktasoivi (Silen).— Karelia Rossica: Päänuorunen (Vain.). Obs. 1. Sec. Vain. 1. c: »Facie externa valde similis Lecideae pa- rasemellae Nyl. Fl. 1868, p. 344, sed interna structura apotheciorum dissimillima. Apothecia vulgo sunt morbosa et sine sporis. Thecium totum interdum olivaceum vel smaragdulum.» Obs. 2. The thallus is often infested with a parasitic fungus and badly destroyed. The editor examined one apothecium and found a black excipulum, but a practically uncoloured hypothecium (pale brown). — According to Nyl. Flora 1868 p. 344 Lecidea parasemella has broa- der spores: 12—15 x 9—11 ju and a bluish epithecium. The editor only found elliptical spores in the section of Lecidea morbifera, no subglobose spores. It differs considerably from Lecidea parasemella in its concrete paraphyses which must refer it to another section. Unfortunately the observations on the colour of its hypothecium do not agree. If Vainio's observation is correct the editor might suggest the Lecidea crassipes section. Its spores are too small for the Lecidea alpeslris section. It is an isolated species in this genus, difficult of placing. 376 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Sect. Lecidea alpestris. Thallus pallidus, hypothecium saltern primitus pallidum vel dilutius fuscescens, paraphyses cohaerentes. Hyphae medullares non amyloideae. Species terrigenae vel musci- genae. 196. L. alpestris Sommerf. Phys.-oecon. Beskr. ov. Saltdal. (1825) p.54 (salt. max. p., sec. Th. Fr.). L. sabulelorum (t syncomista b alpestris Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 156 (p. max. p., sec. Th. Fr.); Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p 536 p. p. (excl. saltern L. Dovrensi et L. stenotera): Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 511 p.p. (excl. L. Dovrensi, L. stenotera et L. alpeslri v. toninioide cet.). Exs. Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn., cont. (1921) n. 751, 752 (vide Lecidea stenotera). Thallus crassus aut sat crassus, verrucosus aut subareo- latus, areolis verrucoso-inaequalibus aut e verrucis confluen- tibus formatis, albidis (aut cinerascentibus sec. Th. Fr.), opacis, KOH non reagens, sorediis destitutus. Apothecia majore parte conferta confluentiaque, adnata, basi non con- stricta, lat. 0.5—1.2 mm (»—2 mm» sec. Th. Fr.), modice ele- vata, jam primitus convexa immarginataque, disco nigro, nudo, opaco. Hypothecium decoloratum, maculis majoribus minoribusque dilute rubricosis passim instructum aut parte inferiore dilute rubricosum, hyphis KOH parum inturgescen- tibus, erectis aut parte inferiore angusta etiam irregulariter contextis. Hymenium parte superiore aut totum aerugino- sum. Paraphyses arete cohaerentes, gelatinosae. Sporae oblongae, long. 0.15—0.019, crass. 0.003 mm (long, etiam O.oio—0.017 mm in specim. e Köngäs). Disir. »Ad terram nudam camporum alpinorum» (sec. Th. Fr.) in Scandinavia crescit, sed cum aliis speciebus ab auctoribus com- mixta, nec e territorio nostro adhuc certe cognita. Ad Orlov et Tschapoma in LPon. sec. determinationes Nylandri a Kihlm. in N. Beitr. Flecht. Kola p. 58 indicatur, sed specim. e »Lapp. Or.» (Kihl man, n. 42 in Mus. Fenn.) ad L. limosam pertinet, et »L. alpestris» in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 338 ad L. assimilatam, ad quam etiam Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 377 »L. alpestris Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 158 ab eo ipso rite relegata est Specim. e Kosa-gora, a Th. Fr. 1. c. p. 537 hue ductum, ad L. stenole- ram pertinet. Proxima est L. slenolerae Nyl., a qua vix nisi hypothecio differt. Thallus solutionibus reagentibus solitis non tinctus (Th. Fr.), hypo thallo nigro primum distincto, demum evanescente. Apothecia minus elevata tenuioraque quam in L. limosa. Hypothecium hyphis sat pachydermaticis, cavitatibus circ. O.ooi—O.0015 mm latis, elongatis. Perithecium saepe decoloratum aut partim superne hymenio con- color aut inferne variabile, hyphis radiantibus, sat pachydermaticis, cavitatibus O.ooi—O.OOOÖ mm latis, elongatis. Hymenium circ. O.070— O.100 mm crassum, »jodo primum caerulescens, sordide fulvescenti- decoloratum, ascis saepius subvinose rubentibus» (Th. Fr.). »KOH vix mutatur» (Th. Fr.). Paraphyses tubulis O.ooi—O.0005 mm crassis, tantum simplices visae, apicibus haud incrassatis. Epithecium aeru ginoso-fuligineum. Asci anguste clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, decoloratae. Apothecia glome- rulos pleurococcaceos non continentia. Gonidia forsan cystococca cea, tantum simplicia visa, globosa, diam. O.oio—O.005 mm. Haec species sec. specimen in Dovre in Norvegia a Th. Fr. collectum deter- minatumque descripta est. — Thallus saepe algas cyanophyceas aliasque species continens, sed non parathallos (cephalodia) distinc- tos formans. 197. L. stenotera Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 157; Nyl. in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. (1873) p. 338 et Hue Lich. Exot. (1892) p. 212. L. Dovrensis var. stenotera Nyl. Herb. Mus. Fenn. (1859) p. 111. L. Dovrensis *L. stenotera Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 221. L. alpestris *L. stenotera NyL En. Lich. Fret. Behr. (1888) p. 9. L. alpestris jJ> tonioides Hellb. Öfvers. K. Vet.-Ak. Förh. XXII (1866) p. 475. L. alpestris fj tonineoides Hellb. Un. Itin. Cr. (1867) 11. 53 (in herb. Nyl.). Exs. Fellm. Lich. Arct. (1864) n. 163 p.p. (»L. arciica», conf. infra). — Stenh. Lich. Suec. Exs. VIII n. 214 (»L. alpestris stenotera», sec. Lynge). — Un. Itin. Cr. (1867) n. 53 (conf. supra). — Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. VII (1882) n. 325 (»/,. stenotera») in hb. Vain. - Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. XX (1915) n. 491 (»L. alpestris», Mus. Fenn.). Thallus crassus aut sat crassus aut sat tenuis, e verruculis verrucisque constans connatis et saepe crustam areolato- diffractam formantibus, cinerascens aut albidus aut cinereo- fuscescens, opacus, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia majore parte conferta confluentiaque, adnata, basi 378 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. non constricta, lat. 0.5—2.5 mm, vulgo modice elevata, jam primitus convexa vel depresso-convexa immarginataque, disco nigro, nudo, opaco aut sat opaco. Hypothecium partim dilute intenseve subrubricosum subfuscescensve partim sub- albidum pallidumve, in parte superiore hyphis erectis (conf. infra), in parte inferiore hyphis irregulariter contextis et membranis KOH bene inturgescentibus. Hymenium eras- sum. Epithecium aeruginoso-fuligineum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, gelatinosae. Sporae ovoideo- aut fusiformi- oblongae, long. O.013—O.021, crass. O.003—O.0035 mm. Dislr. Ad terram arenosam in partibus borealibus et orientalibus territorii crescit. KOn.: Ad Kosa-gora (A. Kullhem, »L. stenoiera» Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 157, Nyl. in Norrl. Fl. Kar. II p. 33, »L. alpestris» Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 537). Kuus.: In montibus Nuoru- nen et Rukavuori (F. Silen). LKem.: Ad terram arenosam in ericeto prope Suorsa in Kemijärvi (»L. alpestris» Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 87). LIm.: Rasnjark ( = Rasnavolok) ad fl. Kjuringi (P. A. Karsten), Umpjavr (A. O. Kihlman, 54), in reg. alp. in Lujavr-urt (»L. stenotera» sec. Nyl. in Kihlm. N. Beitr. Flecht. Kola p. 57, n. 70). LKem.: In reg. abiet. ad pedem montis Ollostunturi (Norrl., una cum L. assimilata), Ounastunturi (Norrl.). LEnont.: »In reg. alp. pluribus locis (»L. stenotera» Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p 38, »L. al pestris» Th. Fr. 1. c. p. 536). LIn. (E. Nylander, F. Silen, H. L. F. n. 325), in reg. subalp. ad Köngäs (»L. assimilata f. infuscala» Vain. 1. c. p. 85), LPon.: Ad Ponoi (Fellm. Lich. Arct. n. 163 p. p., in hb. Nyl. una cum L. arctica sec. adn. Nyl.). A L. assimilata et L. alpestri praesertim hypothecio differt. Thallus KOH non reagens. Hypothecium modice incrassatum, interne aut medio subalbidum et membranis KOH bene turgescentibus, tubulis O.001—0.0012 mm crassis, partibus coloratis. KOH non reagentibus aut distinctius rubricosis. Perithecium aeruginosum, KOH non reagens, hyphis radiantibus, tenuibus, membranis modice incrassatis aut sat tenuibus, tubulis circ. O.001 mm crassis. Hymenium sine limite di- stincto in hypothecium transiens, circ. O.090 mm erassum, epithecio aeruginoso-fuligineo, ceterum fere totum aut parte superiore aerugi nosum, KOH non reagens, »jodo caerulescens, dein vinose rubens» (sec. adn. Nyl.). Paraphyses tubulis circ. O.001 mm crassis, apice non incrassatae. Asci clavati, in apice membrana incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, vulgo simplices. Gonidia subglobosa aut ellipsoidea aut globosa, long. O.ooe, crass. O.003 aut globosa diam. circ. O.007 mm, membrana tenuissima, non cystococcoidea. Haec species sec. Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. 325 descripta. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 379 Obs. F. bilocularis Vain. (L. limosa *L. alpestris f. bilocularis Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II, 1883, p. 87, L. alpestris f. bilocularis Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill, 1925, p. 512), sporis p. p. 1-septatis, p. p. simpli- cibus in eodem apothecio. Ad terram arenosam in reg. subalp. jugi Suoloselkä in LIn. In hoc specimine hypothecium decoloratum, pallidum et subrubricosum in eodem apothecio, in parte inferiore hyphis irregulariter contextis et membranis KOH turgescentibus, in parte superiore hyphis erectis aut partim etiam irregulariter contextis in eodem apothecio. Hymenium jodo leviter caerulescens dein vi nose rubens. Sporae long. 0.012—0.024, crass. 0.003—0.0035 mm. — In specim. in reg. subalp. montis Iivaara in Kuus. sporae simplices aut in aliis apothec. etiam 1-septatis immixtae, long. O.016—O.023, crass. 0.003—0.004 mm, hypothecium totum pallidum aut in aliis apoth. in parte superiore materia subrubricosa crebre inter hyphas instructa. 198. L. limosa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 182, Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 26 (p. p. sec. Th. Fr.); Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 158, En. Lich. Fret. Behr. (1888) p. 66; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 538; Arn. Lich. Tirol XIII (1874) p. 261 (31), Lich. Fragm. XXXV Neufundl. (1896) p. 29; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 86, Lich. Amdrup (1905) p. 138, Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai (1909) p. 127; Tuck. Syn. North Am. Lich. II (1888) p. 85; Zahlbr. Cat/Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 617; Lynge Lich. Nov. Zeml. (1928) p. 90. L. Dovrensis *L. limosa Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 221. L. Dovrensis var. limosa Nyl. Herb. Mus. Fenn. (1859) p. 89. L. alpestris *L. limosa Nyl. En. Lich. Fret. Behr. (1888) p. 55. L. sabulelorum y fuscocinerea Schaer. Lich. Helv. Exs. VIII (1828) m 195, Lich. Helv. Spic. Ill (1828) p. 152 (sec. Arn. et Th. Fr.). Lecidella borealis Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 234 (sec. Arn.). Bialora borealis Hepp Flecht. Eur. IX (1860) n. 488 (hb. Vain.). Exs. Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. VIII (1826) n. 213 (»L. sabulelorum /?», sec. Th. Fr. et hb. Nyl.). — Schaer. Lich. Helv. Exs. VIII (1828) n. 195 (Arn.). — Koerm Lich. Sel. Germ. I (1856) n. 15 (Arn.). - Hepp 1. c. — Fellm. Lich. Arct. (1864) n. 166 (Nyl.). — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1871) n. 467 (hb. Nyl.). — Gromb. Lich. Brit. Exs. I (1874) n. 90 (hb. Nyl.). — Zahlbr. Krypt. Vindob. XXI (1913) n. 2156 (Mus. Fenn.). — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. XV (1913) n. 363 (Mus. Fenn.). Thallus tenuissimus tenuisve aut rarius sat tenuis, verru culosus et depresso-verrucosus, verrucis minutis, circ. O.i— 0.3 (—O.05) mm latis, leviter prominentibus, contiguis aut 380 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. dispersis, albidus (aut raro obscuratus), KOH non reagens, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia crebra, saepe partim confluentia aut tuberculosa, lat. 1—0.4 mm, adnata, basi non constricta, mox convexa, hemisphaerica, immarginata aut raro primum tenuissime marginata. Hypo thecium decoloratum pallidumve, in parte superiore maculis parvis sordide subochraceis vel dilute subfuscescentibus vel subrubescentibus obsitum, hyphis sat irregulariter contextis et in parte summa angusta sat erectis. Hymenium parte superiore aeruginosum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, gela tinosae. Sporae fusiformi-oblongae ellipsoideaeve aut ob- longae aut subovoideae, long. O.oos—-O.015, crass. 0.004—O.oos mm. F. ochrophaea Vain. Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai (1909) p. 127. Thallus albidus. Apothecia immarginata aut raro primum mar gine tenuissimo, nigro. Dislr. Praesertim ad terram arenosam in regionibus borealibus et orientalibus territorii nostri provenit. KOn.: »In reg. occidentali in campis arenosis, sterilibus, depressis, secus vias inter Soutajärvi et Lintajärvi (pluri sat copiose) et prope Tumasjärvi» visa a Norrl. (Fl. Kar. Oneg. II p. 33). Kb.: Ad viam arenosam in pineto prope Heinävaara in Nurmes (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 86). OKaj.: Paltamo (F. Silen), ad viam arenosam in pineto prope Nivala in Kuhmo, ad terram in ericeto prope Hossa in Kianta (Vain. 1. c.). KPom. occ: Ad vias arenosas prope Lokka, Luvajärvi, Uhtua, cet. pluribus locis (Vain. 1. c.). Ob.: Prope Viantiejoki in Simo (V. Räsä nen Flecht. Ostr. Bor. p. 335), »Lapponia Tornoensis» (E. Nylander sec. Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 221). Kuus.: Ad viam arenosam prope Iijärvi in reg. abiet. (F. Silen), in reg. subalp. montis livaara (Vain. 1. c). LKem.: In campo pinifero prope templum in Muonioniska, Ollostunturi, Lompolotunturi in Kittilä, »ad terram arenosam certis locis in reg. pinifera» (Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 338), »in Lapponia pluribus locis obvia» (Vain. 1. c). LEnont.: »Ad terram humidam subturfosam pluribus locis in territorio alpino» (Norrl. 1. c), ad Palo joki, in monte Leutsovaara (Norrl.). LIn.: Edlehjärvenpahta (F. Silen). LPets.: Ad terram arenosam in reg. subalp. in Pet samo (V. Räsänen). Lapponia Mur.: »Ad terram humidam prope Voroninsk» (Kihlm. N. Beitr. Flecht. Kola p. 58), Ponoi (Fellm. Lich. Arct. n. 166, Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 158). Thallus opacus, »solutionibus reagentibus solitis memorando modo non mutatus» (Th. Fr.). Apothecia leviter nitida aut subopaca, im- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 381 marginata aut raro primum margine tenuissimo, nigricante, non prominente instructa. Hypothecium decoloratum pallidumve, prae sertim in parte superiore in interstitiis hypharum maculis difformibus parvis coloratis (KOH decoloratis) plus minus abundanter (sed con- stanter) instructum, hyphis sat pachydermaticis, irregulariter con textis aut in parte summa angusta sat erectis (in eodem apothecio), cavitatibus cellularum angustissimis. Perithecium extus tenuiter obscuratum, olivaceum aut subaeruginosum, intus aut totum deco loratum, hyphis radiantibus, modice aut sat pachydermaticis, cavi tatibus angustissimis. Hymenium circ. O.ioo—O.no mm crassum, jodo caerulescens, dein vinose rubens aut demum partim fulvescens. Epithecium aeruginoso-fuligineum, ceterum hymenium plus minus late aeruginosum. Paraphyses gelatinosae, cavitatibus angustissimis, apice non incrassatae. Asci anguste clavati, in apice membrana mo dice incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, long. O.oos—O.ois, crass. 0.004—O.oos mm. »Conidangia verrucaeformia, lat. circ. O.iso mm, aeruginoso-fuliginea. Sterigmata simplicia, basin versus sensim in crassata, long. O.ooe—0.007 mm, apicibus conidia efferentibus. Coni dia oblongo-cylindrica, recta, apicibus rotundatis, long. O.ooo—O.007, crass. 0.0015 mm» (Vain. Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlekai p. 128). Gonidia cystococcacea, globosa, tantum simplicia visa. Hymenium et hypo thecium saepe glomerulos Pleurococcorum majores minoresque, numerosos continent, cellulis globosis, diam. O.005—O.oos mm (saepe adhuc pariete in cell, duas divisis), membrana modice incrassata. Infra thallum saepe Gloeocapsae aliaeque algae obveniunt. F. albocincta Vain. L. limosa var. albocincia Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 86; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 617. Apothecia saepe primum margine albo, tenuissimo, non promi nente instructa, demum margine excluso. Distr. OKaj. Ad viam arenosam in pineto prope Hevoisvaara in Kianta (Vain. 1. c.). Thallus sat tenuis, albidus, verruculis et verrucis contiguis et dispersis. Apothecia saepe crebra, mox convexa, p. p. immarginata. Hypothecium pallidum, superne sordidum, maculis parvis sordide ochraceis in interstitiis hypharum instructum, hyphis suberectis in parte summa, ceterum irregulariter contextis, sat pachydermaticis, cavitatibus cellularum vix O.ooi mm latis. Perithecium totum deco loratum, hyphis sat pachydermaticis, cavitatibus angustissimis. Hymenium circ. O.ioo—O.oso mm crassum, parte superiore late dilute aeruginosum, epithecio aeruginoso-fuligineo. Paraphyses gelatinosae. Asci anguste clavati. Sporae 8:nae, subdistichae, simplices, subfusi- formes aut ellipsoideae aut subovoideae, long. O.oos—O.014, crass. 0.003—O.oos (—O.0025) mm. Hypothecium glomerulos Pleurococci parce continet. 382 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. 199. L. pallida Th. Fr. Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. Exs. I (1859) n. 21 (in herb. Nyl. n. 16587), Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 221, Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 539 p.p.; Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 288, Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 158; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 645. Lecidella pallida Koerb. Par. Lich. 3 Lief. (1861) p. 214. Lecidea arclica var. pallida Tuck. Syn. North Am. Lich. II (1888) p. 84. Exs. Malme Lich. Suec. Exsic. XXXVI (1924) No. 891. Thallus e verruculis constans »subglobosis, crenulatisve, primitus dispersis, dein congregatis conglomeratisque, stra- mineis vel pallide ochroleucis» (sec. Th. Fr.) vel albido-pal- lescentibus, minutis, circ. 0.25 mm latis, hypothallo indi- stincto. Apothecia adnata, latitudine usque ad 1.4 mm (Th. Fr.), semiglobosa, crassa, convexa, immarginata, nigra, de mum nuda, primum tenuissime caesio-pruinosa. Elypothe- cium erassum, colore e subaeruginoso in subfuscescentem vergente, totum ex hyphis erectis formatum. Epithecium aeruginoso-fuligineum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, gela tinosae. Sporae oblongae, long. 0.016—O.022, crass. 0.006— 0.009 mm. Dislr. »Supra terram e schisto argillaceo destructo ortam sub- humidam in alpinis» ad Varangriam in Norvegia (Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. Exs. n. 21, Lich. Scand. II p. 539). Specimen orig. L. pallidae Th. Fr. hypothecio bene differt a L. Dovrensi Nyl. Ambae sporis crassioribus a L. alpestri Sommerf. distinguuntur. — »Thallus KOH paululum lutescit, CaCl202 non mu- tatur; hyphae jodo non caerulescunt» (Th. Fr.). Hypothecium hyphis sat pachydermaticis, cavitatibus angustis. Perithecium extus tenui ter aeruginoso-fuligineum, intus dilute aeruginosum, hyphis sat tenuibus, leviter pachydermaticis, cavitatibus angustissimis. Hyme nium circ. O.080-—0.090 mm erassum, dilute aeruginosum, epithecio aeruginoso-fuligineo, »jodo fere soli asci (praecipueque eorum apices) caerulescunt» (Th. Fr.). »KOH colores non mutat» (Th. Fr.). Para physes tubulis 0.0005 mm latis, apicibus non incrassatis. Asci clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, apici bus obtusis, lateribus convexis. Obs. »Verrucis thallinis immixta sunt parathalli (cephalodia) tuberculato-rugosa, sordide incarnata v. rufescentia, Nostocaceas continentia» sec. Th. Fr. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 383 200. L. Dovrensis Nyl. Nya Botaniska Notiser 1853 p. 182, Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 221, 288, Flora 1862 p. 83, Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 158, Fl. 1871 p. 372, Lich. Fret. Behr. (1888) p. 25, 70; Nyl. in Hue Lich. Exot. (1892) p. 212 (Th. Fr. FL, 1861 p. 454, Lich. Scand. II, 1874 p. 536, 539; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill, 1925, p. 512). Thallus modice incrassatus, verrucosus aut subareolatus, areolis verrucoso-inaequalibus aut e verrucis et verruculis confluentibus formatis, albidis, opacis, KOLI non reagens, sorediis destitutus. Apothecia adnata, basi constricta, lati- tudine usque ad 1.2 mm, elevata, crassa, convexa, immar ginata, nuda, opaca. Hypothecium crassum, superne cine- rascenti-pallidum hyphis erectis, inferne subpurpureo-fusce- scens hyphisque irregulariter contextis et incrassatum aut medio substipitato-elongatum. Epithecium nigricanti- aut fuligineo-aeruginosum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, gela tinosae. Sporae oblongae, »long. O.020—-O.025 (O.014—O.033), crass. O.oos—O.009 mm» sec. Nyl., long. O.016—O.023, crass. O.007—O.oio mm a me visae. Distr. LEnont.: Ad terram arenosam in reg. pinifera inter Palo joki et Karesuanto (»L. Dovrensis» secundum determinationem Ny- landri in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 338, »L. pallida» sec. determ. Th. Fr., Lich. Scand. II p. 539). Specimen e Gunnarinkorva a Norrl. 1. c. indicatum Mus. Fennico et hb. Nyl. deest). Hypothecium parte inferiore purpureo-fuscescente crassa, materia intense colorante inter membranas hypharum sita. Hymenium ab hypothecio non distincte limitatum, sed asci longitudine circ. O.090 mm, clavati, in apice membrana modice incrassata. Paraphyses tubulis O.ooi—0.0005 mm latis. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, apicibus ob- tusis, lateribus convexis, simplices. — Etiam in specim. orig., in Dovre a Torsell collecto (n. 5115 in hb. Nyl.), hypothecium crassum, inferne purpureo-fuscescens, irregulariter contextum, substipitato- elongatum, hyphis sat pachydermaticis, cavitatibus angustissimis, perithecium totum pallidum aut partim fuscescenti-pallidum aut ex tus tenuiter fuscescens, hyphis radiantibus, sat pachydermaticis, cavitatibus angustissimis, hymenium crassum, epithecium aerugi noso-fuligineum, paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, etiam apice leviter gelatinosae. Sporis majoribus (»long. O.020—O.025, crass. O.oos—O.009 mm») et apotheciis immarginatis differt a L. crassipede Nyl. 384 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. 201. L. caesioatra Schaer. Naturw. Anz. II (1818) p. 10, Lich. Helv. Spic. III (1828) p. 151, IV (1833) p. 200; Flot. Lich. Exs. (1829) n. 132. Lecidea sphaeralis Fr. Vet. Ac. Handl. 1822 p. 254 (sec. Fr. ipso). L. arciica Sommerf. Suppl. FL Lapp. (1826) p. 540; Fr. Lich. Eur. Ref. (1831) p. 342; Schaer. En. Lich. Eur. (1850) p. 135; Mass. Ric. Lich. Crost. (1852) p. 76; Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 214, Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 540; Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 220; Arn. Lich. Tirol XIV (1875) p. 458, XXV (1893) p. 375; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 514; Lynge Lich. Nov. Zemlya (1928) p. 92. Lecidella arciica Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 243. Lecidea sabulelorum var. geochroa Wahlenb. Fl. Lapp. (1812) p. 514 (»saltem max. part.» sec. Th. Fr., non autem Ach. Syn. Lich., 1814, p. 20, nec L. muscorum (j geochroa Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1808 p. 261 sec. Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 593). Exs. Sommerf. PL Crypt. Norv. I (1826) n. 49. — Flot. Lich. Exs. (1829) n. 132 (sec. Schaer.). - - Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. Exs. I (1859) n. 20. — Fellm. Lich. Arct. (1864) n. 163 (una cum »L. steno tera» sec. adn. Nyl. in hb. suo). — Erb. Gr. It. XXV (1865) n. 1233 (Arn.). — Rabenh. Lich. Eur. Exs. XXVII (1865) n. 734, XXXIII (1871) n. 88 (Arn.). — Un. It. (1867) n. 54 (Arn.). — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1872) n. 506. — Anzi Lich. Lang. Exs. XIV (1873) n. 553 (Arn.). — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. VIII (1910) n. 189 (Mus. Fenn.). — Havaas Lich. Norv. Occ I (1912) n. 13 (hb. Vain.). Thallus e verruculis constans globosis aut subglobosis, minutissimis (0.1—0.2 mm latis), crebre dispersis aut partim subcontiguis, albidis aut cinerascentibus aut fuscescentibus, opacis, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia partim crebra confertaque, vulgo minuta, lat. 0.3—0.7 (—1.2) mm, subglobosa vel subhemisphaerica, basi bene constricta, sessilia nec substipitata, nigra nudaque aut tenuiter subcae- sio-pruinosa, immarginata, disco mox convexo. Hypothecium decoloratum aut pallidum aut partim in eodem apothecio dilute subviolaceum, hyphis erectis. Hymenium parte supe riore (aut fere totum) plus minus intense aeruginosum aut subaeruginosum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, gelatinosae. Sporae oblongae aut ellipsoideae, long. O.012—O.oie, crass. O.oos—-0.007 mm (long. —O.018 mm sec. Th. Fr., conf. infra). Dislr. Supra muscos rupium in reg. alpinis et subalpinis Lappo- niae haud rara, in Ostrobotnia rara. OKaj.: Supra Rhacomiirium Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 385 25 lanuginosum loco petroso ad Lehtovaara in Kianta (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 86). Ob.: Aavasaksa in Ylitornio (M. Brenner), Ounas vaara in Rovaniemi (V. Räsänen Flecht. Ostr. Bor. p. 335). Kuus.: In reg. subalp. montis Nuorunen (Vain. 1. c), Rukavaara (F. Silen). LKem.: Kuolajärvi (E. Nylander), Sallatunturi (Vain.), Isovaara in reg. abietina in Ollostunturi (Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 338). LEnont.: »Supra muscos in reg. abiet. haud rara» (Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 338), Leutsuvaara, Saanavaara (Norrl.), »etiam in reg. betulina ad Kilpisjärvi» (Norrl. 1. c). LIn.: Suo.loselkä (Vain.), Buoptuinvaara (Vrain. 1. c.). LPets.: Trifona in Petsamo (V. Ku jala). LTul.: Kola (N. I. Fellman). Thallus intus CaCl202 plus minus aurantio-rubens (sec. Th. Fr.), extus KOH non reagens, sed »addito CaCl202 reagens» (sec. adn. Ny- landri), jodo non reagens (Th. Fr.), verrucis interdum leviter subisi- dioideo-elevatis. Apothecia verrucis adnata, prominentia et thallum superantia, interdum demum tuberculata aut confluentia. Hypothe cium partibus subviolaceis KOH distinctius intensiusque rubricosis. Perithecium decoloratum (aut »pallidum sordidumque» sec. Th. Fr.), hyphis tenuibus, leviter pachydermaticis, tubulis O.ooos—O.ooi mm latis. Hymenium circ O.oso—O.OÖO mm crassum, a hypothecio haud distincte limitatum, »jodo ascis fere solis caerulescentibus» (sec Th. Fr.). Epithecium KOH non reagens. Paraphyses tantum simplices visae, tubulis O.ooi—O.0015 mm crassis, apice non incrassatae. Asci anguste clavati, in apice membrana modice aut sat bene incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, simplices, apicibus obtusis aut rotundatis, lateribus convexis (»long. O.ois—O.026, crass. O.007—O.oos mm» in Fellm. Lich. Arct. n. 163 e Ponoi sec adn. Nyl. in Lich. Lapp. p. 157). Gonidia cystococcacea, globosa. F. pruinosa Vain. L. arciica f. pruinosa Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 86; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. III (1925) p. 514; Havaas Lich. Norv. Occ I (1012) n. 13. Apothecia pruinosa. Distr. Specimina e locis sequentibus, supra indicatis, hue perti nent: Lehtovaara, Rukavaara, Kuolajärvi, Isovaara, Ounasvaara, Aavasaksa, Kola. F. nuda Vain. L. arciica f. nuda Vain. 1. c ; Zah br. 1. c Apothecia nigra, non pruinosa. Distr. Specimina locis sequentibus supra indicatis collecta hue pertinent: Trifona, Nuorunen, Ollostunturi, Leutsuvaara, Saana- vaara, Ruoptuinvaara, Lumbovski, Subovi, Ponoi. 386 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Sect. Lecidea vernalis. Apothecia mox immarginata, rufescentia pallidave, hypothecium pallidum, paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, sim plices, epithecium si adest KOH non sese dissolvens. 202. L. cuprea Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 165 (excl. syn.); Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 426. Biaiora Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 265 (conf. Th. Fr. l.c p. 425, 427); Tuck. Syn. North Am. Lich. II (1888) p. 21. Exs. Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. XII (1852) n. 349. — Hepp Flecht. Eur. IX (1860) n. 512. — Fellm. Lich. Arct. (1864) n. 152. — Havaas Lich. Norv. Exs. (1907) n. 342. — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. VIII (1810) n. 185. (Sec. cit.). Thallus sat crassus aut sat tenuis, e verrucis verruculisque vulgo contiguis subconfluentibusve constans, albidus palli- dusve, KOH non reagens, hypothallo albido indistinctove. Apothecia sat parva aut mediocria, basi haud constricta, tota adnata, disco cinnamomeo-fuscescente aut rufescente, convexo, margine tenui, depresso, subconcolore obscurioreve, fere mox excluso aut indistincto. Hypothecium pallidum aut partim mediove rufescens, irregulariter contextum. Hyme nium totum pallidum aut partim subrufescens, corpusculis fuligineis nullis. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, membrana leviter gelatinoso-incrassata. Sporae 8:nae, oblongae, »long. O.oio—O.022; crass. O.003—O.006 mm» (sec. Th. Fr.). Dislr. Ad terram arenosam et plantas destructas in Lapponia provenit. LEnont.: In montibus Saanavaara et Leutsuvaara ad Kilpisjärvi (»L. cuprea *dilulior Nyl.» in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 334, conf. infra). LKem.: Ad pag. Sodankylä (E. Nylander, Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 35). LPon.: Orlov (Kihlm. N. Beitr. Flecht. Kola p. 57), Ponoi (Fellm. Lich. Arct. n. 152, Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 144). Thallus verrucis 0.5—0.2 (1—O.15) mm latis, vulgo depresso-con- vexis, p. p. leviter lobulatis, nec KOH nec GaCl202 reagens, hypo thallo indistincto aut raro inter verrucas conspicuo alboque. Apo thecia lat. 0.5—1 (-—1.5) mm, saepe p. p. contigua confluentiave aut tuberculato-divisa, nitida aut opaca, cartilaginea, gonidiis destituta. Hypothecium hyphis parum pachydermaticis (cavitatibus irregulari- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 387 203. L. vernalis Ach. Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 68 (excl ft), Vet. Ak. Handl. 1808 p. 266, Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 198 (excl. ft), Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 36; Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 200 p.p.; Th. Fr. Lich Scand. II (1874) p. 427; Hedl. Krit. Bern. Lec. Micar. (1892) p. 60 (excl. f. incanay, A. L. Smith Mon. Brit. Lich. II (1911) p. 33, tab. 6. Lichen vernalis L. Syst. Nat. Ill (1768) p. 234 (sec Th. Fr. 1. c. p. 429 et Lich. Arct. p. 192, conf. etiam Vain. Rev. Lich. Linn. p. 2); Ach. Prodr. Lich. Suec (1798) p. 51 (p. p., sec cit., conf. Th. Fr. 1. c). Bialora Fr. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1822 p. 271 (sec Th. Fr.); Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 191. B. vernalis b conglomerala Fr. Lich. Eur. Ref. (1831) p. 261. B. conglomerala (Heyd.) Mass. Ric Lich. Crost. (1852) p. 123; Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 204. Exs. Fr. Lich. Suec Exs. VIII (1824) n. 224 (sec Th. Fr.). — Rabenh. Lich. Eur. Exs. VI (1857) n. 162. — Stenh. Lich. Suec Exs. II (1859) n. 54 a (sec. Th. Fr.). — Hepp Flecht. Eur. Ill (1860) n. 505 (in herb. meo). — Havaas Lich. Norv. Exs. (1903) n. 198. — Malme Lich. Suec Exs. XII (1912) n. 285, XX (1915) n. 489. bus vel subrotundatis aut ellipsoideis oblongisve, circ O.002—O.003 mm latis), in parte subhymeniali tenui suberectis, KOH et jodo non reagens. Perithecium in margine aut late extus rufescens aut rubri coso-rufescens, ceterum pallidum, hyphis radiantibus, parum pachy dermaticis, cavitatibus oblongis elongatisve, O.0015—O.002 mm latis, contento haud intensius colorato. Hymenium O.06O—O.070 mm cras sum, haud granulosum, jodo »vinose rubens, praecedente laevi fuga- ceque caeruleo colore» (sec Th. Fr.) aut ascis p. p. apice persistenter caerulescentibus. Paraphyses apice leviter incrassato, decolorato, gelatina distincta obducto, simplices. Sporae distichae, simplices. Gonidia cystococcoidea. Obs. 1. L. cuprea f. dilutior Nyl. in Fl. 1869 p. 298 (L. cuprea *diluiior Nyl. in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm., 1873, p. 334, Hue Addend. II, 1888, p. 140) ad specimen spectat in Norvegia boreali a Carroll lectum, herbario Nyl. deficiens, in Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 144 cita tum, neque exactius cognitum. Plantae in Saanavaara et Leutsu vaara a Norrl. (1. c) collectae disco fusco-rufescente a typo leviter differunt. In Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 35 ad formam facie externa similem L. Berengerianae pertinet. Obs. 2. L. cuprea f. subvernalis Vain., Adj. Lich. Lapp- II (1883) p. 36, perithecio pachydermatico a L. cuprea differt et in stirpem Lecideae vernalis pertinet. 388 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Thallus sat tenuis aut modice incrassatus, verruculoso- inaequalis, verruculis vulgo bene prominentibus convexisque, cinerascenti-albidus aut albido-glaucescens pallescensve aut cinereo-glaucescens aut albidus vel glaucescens, sorediis destitutus, raro subevanescens, hypothallo indistincto. Apo thecia vulgo crebra, mediocria et p. p. sat parva, basi vulgo demum sat bene constricta, disco demum bene convexo, testa- ceo aut rufescenti-testaceo aut raro p. p. subrufescente, nudo, margine concolore, tenui aut sat tenui, vulgo haud promi- nente, demum excluso. Hypothecium superne pallidum, inferne saepe decoloratum. Hymenium totum pallidum, haud granulosum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae vulgo oblongae, long. O.oio—O.020 mm (—»O.023 mm» sec. annot. Nyl.), crass. O.004—-O.006 mm. Disir. Supra muscos clestructos in lateribus rupium et in truncis arborum, rarius ad ipsos cortices putridos arborum crescit, passini et in regionibus montosis sat frequenter proveniens, in omnibus regio- nibus obvia. AL: Bergö (F. \V. Klingstedt). N.: Helsingforsia (Lang). Luva- lahanjärvi in Hoglandia (Brenner). St.: Ylöjärvi (A. A. Sola). Ta.: Evo in Lammi pluribi (Lang). Taipale in Heinola (V. Kujala). KL.: Kirjavalahti in Sortavala (Lang). Majatsaari in Impilahti (Lang). Oa.: Orisberg in Isokyrö (LI. Rancken). Sb.: Kuopio (Lönnbohm, Linkola). Ob.: Rovamaa in Kemi (Räsänen). Thallus nec KOH nec CaCl202 reagens, verruculis contiguis aut leviter dispersis, interdum granulis sorediorum (chnaumatibus) parcissimis inspersus, sed soraliis (sorediis) destitutus. Apothecia lat. 0.7—1 (0.5—1.2) mm, interdum contigua, simplicia aut demum levi ter tuberculosa, disco parum nitido aut opaco, interdum morbose fuscescente, margine nitido. Hypothecium chondroideum, superne ex hyphis formatum erectis, sat pachydermaticis, conglutinatis (tubulis tenuissimis), inferne irregulariter contextis, magis pachydermaticis, parte superiore angusta jodo caerulescens. Perithecium chondroi deum, pallidum, jodo non reagens, hyphis radiantibus, haud ramoso- connexis, pachydermaticis, conglutinatis, cavitatibus oblongis, an- gustis, bene evolutum, circ. O.140 mm crassum. Hymenium circ. O.080 mm crassum, jodo caerulescens, dein mox subfulvescenti-vinose rubens. Paraphyses simplices, apice parum incrassatae, cavitatibus angustissimis, membrana tenui, gelatinosa, KOH parum turgescente. Gonidia »bacillaria, recta, long. O.004 mm» sec. annot. Nyl. in herb, suo, in specim. a Norm, collecto (»cylindrico-acicularia, curvata» Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 389 sec. Mudd in »L. conglomerate in Lich. Brit. Exs. II, 1861, n. 162). Gonidia cystococcacea, globosa, diam. O.ooo—O.012 mm, etiam auto- sporas formantia. Obs. Biatora fallax Hepp, Flecht. Eur. Ill (1860) n. 505 (in hb. meo), est forma L. vernalis, apotheciis pr. p. minoribus (obscuriori- busque) ab ea differens. Apothecia testaceo-rufescentia. Hypothe cium in parte superiore hyphis erectis, ceterum irregulariter contextis, parte superiore angusta etiam jodo caerulescens. Sporae simplices et partim guttulis oleosis spurie subdivisae. Etiam in Fennia provenit. — L. chloroiiza Nyl., FT. 1866 p. 85, apotheciis pallidis et verruculis thalli bene prominentibus sec. specim. orig. a f. fallace (Hepp) diffe rens et sporis constanter 1-septatis sec. annot. Nyl. instructa, per- peram ad earn relata est. 204. L. subduplex Nyl. in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. (1873) p. 335. L. subduplex Nyl. in Norrl. 1. c. (1873) p. 348, Nyl. En. Lich. Fret. Behr. (1888) p. 50 (saxicola). L. vernalis f. subduplex Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 201, Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 145 (Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II, 1874, p. 428). Thallus tenuis aut sat tenuis, verruculoso-inaequalis, verruculis minutissimis, convexis, cinereo-glaucescentibus aut cinereo-albidis, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo indi stincto. Apothecia sat crebra, sat parva, basi bene constricta, disco convexo aut primum planiusculo sordide testaceo aut testaceo-rufescente, nudo, margine subconcolore, tenui, haud prominente, demum vulgo excluso. Hypothecium pallidum aut inferne subdecoloratum. Elymenium totum pallidum, haud granulosum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae oblongae, simplices et p. p. 1-septatae, long. O.014—O.020, crass. 0.005—O.007 mm. Disir. Supra muscos destructos et corticem et lignum putridum Juniperi aliarumque arborum crescit. N.: LI elsingf orsia (Nyl.). Ka.: Vanha-Viipuri et Uuras prope Viburgum (Vain. Lich. Vib. p. 61, excl. specim. ad Hietala collect.). Ta.: (Specim. habitu in L. vernalem transiens, Graefle). Tb.: Pihlajavesi (J. P. Norrlin). LKem.: Ad Olostunturi in par. Muonioniska (Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 335). In Jugo Norvegico inter Kilpisjärvi et Lyngen (Norrl. 1. c. p. 348). Specimen orig. ad Helsingforsiani collectum supra muscos putri- dos crescentem hie describimus. Apothecia lat. 0.4—0.5 (—0.7) mm, 390 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. crass. circ. 0.380 mm, basi bene constricta, sordide testacea aut testa- ceo-rufescentia, immarginata (margine excluso), nitida aut leviter nitida, nuda. Hypothecium pallidum, jodo non reagens, hyphis irre gulariter contextis, ramoso-connexis, pachydermaticis, conglutinatis, cavitatibus oblongis, O.003—O.ooi mm latis. Perithecium O.040—O.120 mm crassum, pallidum, jodo non reagens, hyphis radiantibus, non aut p. p. parcissime ramoso-connexis, pachydermaticis, cavitatibus oblongis, O.003—O.ooi mm latis. Hymenium circ. O.oso—O.090 mm crass., jodo intense caerulescens, dein praesertim asci obscure vinose rubentes. Paraphyses simplices, apice leviter incrassatae, cavitatibus angustissimis (in apice latioribus), membrana tenui, leviter gelati nosa, in KOH parum turgescente. Gonidia globosa aut subellipsoidea, diam. O.007—O.oio mm, autosporis haud visis. Obs. 1. Haec species apotheciis minoribus, sporis (in KOH in immersione visis) p. p. certe 1-septatis et textura hypothecii a L. vernali differens, forsan in earn non transit, sed non sit vera Catillaria nimis affinitatem cum serie L. vernalis ostendens. — In analoga Biaiorina pilulari Koerb. Par. Lich. 2 Lief. (1860) p. 136 sec. fragm. speciminum orig. n. 2130 et 21377 in herb. Nyl., supra muscos de structos ad truncos arborum in Germania collectorum apothecia lat. 0.4—1 mm, convexa et parce depresso-convexa, pallida aut testacea, tenuiter marginata aut immarginata, »sporae fusiformes, 1-septatae, long. O.oio—O.015; crass. O.004—O.005 mm, gelatina hymenialis jodo cae rulescens, dein mox (praesertim thecae apice) vinose rubens» sec. annot. Nyl. Est vera Catillaria (Biatorina), et observante Stizenb. »non Lichen pilularis Dav. in Act. Soc. Linn. Lond. 2.» — Nec »Bia tora rugulosa Hepp Flecht. Eur. IV (1867) n. 742 (Koerb. Lich. Sel. Germ. XI, 1868, n. 315)», nec »L. subduplex Nyl.» in Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1801) n. 1131 (= L. vernalis sporis simplicibus, in KOH visis) ad L. subduplicem nostram pertinent. Obs. 2. Descriptio orig. »f. subduplicis» Nyl. in Lich. Scand. p. 201 spectat etiam ad specim. in Tavastia ad »Pelligeras emortuas» a Graefle collectum, apotheciis 0.4—0.8 mm latis, testaceis et testaceo- rufescentibus, convexis, »sporis parce septatis, O.014—O.023 mm lon- gis, O.ooo—0.007 mm latis» (sec. annot. Nyl.), et ad specim. ad Sala in Suecia lectum, apotheciis testaceo-rufescentibus, sporis item »p. p. septatis». 205. L. helvola (Koerb.) Th. Fr. Stizenb. Lich. Helv. I (1882) p. 154; Hedl. Krit. Bem. Lec Micar. (1802) p. 61 (excl. v.). Bialora Hellb. Rar. Lich. Neric. (Vet. Ak. Förh. 1867) p. 271; Arn. Lich. Tirol XVII (1877) p. 560. L. ver nalis *L. helvola Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 429; Nyl. in Norrl. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 391 Fl. Kar. Oneg. II (1876) p. 28. L. aestivalis Ohl. Zusamm. Lich. Preuss. (Schrift. Phys.-oekon. Ges. Königsb. XI, 1870), p. 16. Exs. Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. VIII (1824) n. 225 (sec. Th. Fr.). — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. II (1897) n. 43. — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1898) n. 1764. — Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. Gont. (1921) n. 737. Thallus tenuis, verruculoso-inaequalis, verruculis vulgo depresso-convexis parumque prominentibus, raro bene pro- minentibus, impure albidis aut albido-glaucescentibus, sore diis destitutus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia crebra aut dispersa, sat parva, saepe demum tuberculoso-divisa, late aut vulgo usque ad marginem adnata, disco vulgo de- presso-convexo, raro p. p. demum bene convexo, testaceo aut rufescenti-testaceo, margine tenuissimo, subconcolore aut obscuriore, haud prominente, demum excluso. Hypothecium pallidum aut subfulvescens superne hyphis erectis. Hyme nium totum vulgo subdecoloratum, haud granulosum. Para physes arcte cohaerentes. Sporae oblongae, aut parce ellip- soideae, long. O.oos—0.014, crass. 0.004-—0.005 mm. Dislr. Ad corticem abietum juniorum praesertim in abiegnis palu- dosis in regionibus silvosis Fenniae mediae sat frequenter aut passim provenit, sat rare aut passim in provinciis meridionalibus obvia. Raro ad corticem betulae et alni. N.: Nonnullis locis ad Helsing forsiani (Vain., Norrl.), Mjölö (Vain.), Kyrkslätt (A. Kullhem). Ka.: Vanha-Viipuri et ins. Uuras (Vain. Lich. Vib. p. 61). Ta.: Sat fr in Tammela (Kullh. Lich. Rar. Must. p. 275), Tiirismaa et alibi in Hollola (Vain., Norrl. H. L. F. Gont. n. 737), Evo (G. Lang), Nyystölä et alibi in Padasjoki (Vain., Norrl.), pluribus locis velut ad Soima et Pohjola in Korpilahti (Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. p. 110). Kb.: Koriseva, Ekypti, Matovaara in Lieksa (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 55). Suojärvi (V. Kujala), Mökkö (Norrl. Fl. Kar. Oneg. II p. 28). KOn.: Tscholkka in Repola (Vain. 1. c). Thallus nec KOH nec GaGl202 reagens, verruculis areolaeformi- bus, disjunctis aut rarius contiguis. Apothecia lat. 0.3—0.5 (—0.6) mm, tuberculosa etiam — 1 mm, saepe leviter difformia, disco leviter nitido. Hypothecium chondroideum, superne ex hyphis formatum erectis, sat pachydermaticis, conglutinatis (tubulis tenuissimis), inferne magis pachydermaticis, irregulariter contextis, ramoso-con- nexis, jodo non aut superne anguste reagens. Perithecium chondroi deum, pallidum, jodo non reagens, circ. O.oeo mm crassum, hyphis radiantibus, pachydermaticis, conglutinatis, cavitatibus angustis, oblongis, in margine brevioribus latioribusque, —O.002 mm latis. 392 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Hymenium circ. O.045—O.050 mm crassum, jodo caerulescens, dein mox fulvescenti-vinose rubens. Paraphyses apice haud incrassatae, cavitatibus angustissimis, membrana tenui, gelatinosa, KOH bene turgescente, simplices. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, simplices. Gonidia cystococcoidea, globosa aut parce ellipsoidea, diam. O.oos—O.014 mm, parce autosporis visa. F. subsyluana Vain.; Hedl. Krit. Bern. Lec. Micar. (1892) p. 61 (L. vernalis *L. helvola f. subsylvana Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II, 1883, p. 35: L. sylvana Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II p. 430 p. p., sec. Hedl.). Apothecia intense rufescentia. Dislr. Kb.: Ad corticem Abietis excelsae in Ekypti in Lieksa (Vain. 1. c.). Ta.: Ad corticem Betulae in Nyystölä in Padasjoki (Vain.). Verrucae thalli depresso-convexae. Apothecia tota aut fere tota adnata, demum bene convexa immarginataque. Sporae long. circ. 0.014, crass. O.004—O.005 mm. 206. *L. minor Nyl. in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. (1873) p. 335. E. vernalis corticola (minor) Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 145. L. vernalis f. minor Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 428. L. helvola f. 2 in Hedl. Krit. Bern. Lec. Micar. (1892) p. 61 p.p. Thallus sat tenuis, verruculis inspersus, impure albidus, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia parva, late adnata, basi vulgo haud distincte constricta, disco con vexo, vulgo testaceo-rufescente, margine subconcolore, saepe primum distincto tenuique, demum excluso. Hypothecium pallidum aut inferne subdecoloratum, jodo caerulescens, hyphis irregulariter contextis. Hymenium totum subdeco loratum pallidumve, haud granulosum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae »oblongae, long. O.009—0.016, crass. O.0035 —0.004 mm. Dislr. Ad corticem arborum frondosarum, praesertim Salicis, rarius supra muscos in rupibus. LPon.: Ponoi (N. I. Fellman, Nyl. 1. c, 21530). Lumbovski (Fellm., 21538). LTul.: Kola (Fellm., 19177). LIn.: Ad Hammasjärvi in Inari (F. Silen, 19152). LEnont.: »Pluribus locis ad Kilpisjärvi» (Norrl. 1. c, specim. non vidi). LKem.: Ounastunturi (Norrl. 1. c). Ob.: Turtola (Norrl.), Ylitornio (F. Si len), Kemi (V. Räsänen). Tb.: Prope Jyväskylä (Vaim, 19349 in hb. Nyl.). Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 393 Specim. orig. n. 21539 hie describimus. Apothecia lat. 0.3—O.45 mm, crass, circ. 0.285 mm, simplicia. Hypothecium jodo caerulescens, hyphis sat pachydermaticis, conglutinatis partim anguste erectis, ceterum irregulariter contextis, ramoso-connexis. Perithecium circ 0.080 mm crassum, pallidum, jodo non reagens, chondroideum, hyphis radiantibus, haud ramoso-connexis, pachydermaticis, conglutinatis, cavitatibus oblongis aut partim subglobosis, circ. O.0015 mm latis. Hymenium circ. O.ooo—0.065 mm crassum, jodo caerulescens, dein vinose rubens. Paraphyses simplices, cavitatibus angustissimis, apice parum incrassatae, membrana tenui, gelatinosa, KOH turgescente. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, simplices. — In speciminibus ex Ounastunturi apothecia pallidiora sunt et in spec, e Ponoi obscuriora quam in typo. Obs. 1. A L. helvola (Koerb.) haec species hypothecio jodo caeru- lescente distinguitur et a L. meiocarpa Nyl. apotheciis primum mar- ginatis. 207. L. meiocarpa Nyl. Flora 1876 p. 577, Lich. Jap. (1890) p. 61 p. p. (sec. herb. Nyl.), Lich. Paris (1896) p. 81. L. syIvana *L. meiocarpa Nyl. in Stizenb. Lich. Helv. I (1882) p. 155. L. vernalis *L. minuta Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 145 (excl. exs. cit.). L minuta Nyl. in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. (1873) p. 335 (haud Mass.). L. vernalis f. minor Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 428 p. p. L. albohyalina Th. Fr. Lich Scand. II p. 431 p. p. sec. Hedl. L. sphaerella f. umbricola Hedl. Krit. Bern. Lec. Micar. (1892) p. 67. Thallus tenuis aut sat tenuis, verruculoso-inaequalis, albi dus aut cinereo-glaucescens, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia vulgo minutissima, late adnata, basi haud distincte constricta, disco bene convexo, testaceo rufe- scenteve aut pallido, haud pruinoso, margine indistincto aut primum tenuissimo deindeque mox excluso. Hypothecium vulgo sordide pallidum aut superne dilute rufescens aut in ferne decoloratum, jodo non reagens, hyphis sat irregulariter contextis. Hymenium totum subdecoloratum, haud granu losum. Paraphyses sat arcte cohaerentes. Sporae oblongae, long. O.011—0.018, crass. O.0025—0.003 mm (»—O.004 mm» sec. Nyl.). Gonidia cystococcoidea. Dislr. Ad corticem Salicis, Sorbi, Aini et Juniperi pluribus locis collecta. LPon.: Ponoi (N. I. Fellman, »*L. minuta» Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 145, n. 19157, 19208). LEnont.: Ad Könkämä (»L. minuta 304 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Nyl.» in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 335). OKaj.: In abiegno tur foso prope Hossa in Kianta, Lapinsalmi in Kuhmo (Vain Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 35). Kb.: Nuottivaara in Nurmes (Vain. 1. c), Kuikka- vaara in Lieksa (Vain.). Thallus saepe subdispersus. Apothecia lat. 0.2—0.35 (—0.5) mm, vulgo crebra, simplicia. Hypothecium etiam in eodem apothecio sordide pallidum el superne dilute rufescens, interdum superne jodo anguste diluteque caerulescens, KOH non reagens. hyphis parum aut sat pachydermaticis, irregulariter contextis et partim superne rectis, cavitatibus O.ooi—O.002 mm latis. Perithecium tenue, circ. O.020 mm crassum aut fere evanescens, jodo non reagens, hyphis radiantibus, leviter pachydermaticis aut sat tenuibus, conglutinatis, cavitatibus vulgo oblongis, angustis. Hymenium circ. O.045 mm crassum, jodo caerulescens, dein vinose rubens. Paraphyses simplices, haud gela tinosae, p.p. apicem versus sensim incrassatae (—O.003 mm), p.p. parum incrassatae tenuesque, in KOH sat laxe cohaerentes. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, simplices. Gonidia cystococcoidea, globosa aut ellipsoidea, diam. O.ooo—O.017 mm, tantum simplicia visa. Obs. 1. L. vernalis *L. minuta Nyl., Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 145, sec. specim. orig. n. 19157, ad corticem Salicis in Ponoi collectum, perti net ad L. sphaerellam f. umbricolam Hedl. 1. c, quacum etiam de- scriptio bene congruit. In descriptione a Nyl. cit. Hepp in Flecht. Eur. 11. 487 {»Bialora sylvana Koerb.»), ad L. meiocarpam Nyl. in Fl. 1882 p. 453 relatus, apotheciis majore parte nigricantibus ab ea differt (conf. Hedl. 1. c. p. 54). Obs. 2. Lecidea anomala y minuta Schaer. Lich. Helv. IV (1833) p. 170, Lich. Helv. Exs. IX (1833) n. 211, En. Lich. Eur. (1850) p. 130, sec. Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II p. 431, diversa continet, »apothe ciis planis vel sphaericis, ex cameo pallido-lividis atrisque» descripta. 208. *L. sphaerella (Hedl.) Vain. Lecidea sphaerella Hedl. Krit. Bern. Lec. Micar- (1892) p. 67 ]). p. (excl. f. umbricola). L. sylvana Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 430 p. p. (sec. Hedl.). Thallus tenuissimus tenuisve, verruculoso-inaequalis, im pure albidus vel albido-glaucescens, sorediis destitutus, hypo thallo indistincto. Apothecia minuta aut rarius minutissima, tota adnata aut demum basi leviter constricta, convexa, immarginata, fuscescentia aut rarius cinereo-rufescentia subrufescentiave, opaca, haud pruinosa. Hypothecium su perne subfuscescenti-pallescens vel obscure subpallescens. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 395 parte inferiore subclecoloratum et jodo non reagens. Hyme nium haud granulosum, totum decoloratum aut basi palli dum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae ellipsoideae oblongaeve, long. 0.007—O.on, crass. 0.0035—-O.004 mm. Disir. Ad corticem et lignum vetustum Juniperi et ad corticem vetustum Salicis capreae et Sorbi (et Alni sec. Hedl.) crescens, sat rara sit in Finlandia, sed distributione defecte cognita, cum aliis speciebus commixta. N.: Kyrkslätt (A. Kullhem, det. G. Lang). Ta.: Ad Kuivajärvi (Kullh., det. Lang) et Mustiala (P. A. Karsten, det. Hedl. 1. c.) in Tammela, ad Hersala in Hollola (J. P. Norrlin, n.19382, »L.sylvana» a Nyl. det.), Evo (Norrl., n. 19394, »L. syl- vana» a Nyl. det.). LTiil.: Kola (A. O. Kihlman, n. 185, et »*L. minuia» Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 145, a Fellm. collecta). Sec. specimen typicum n. 203, in Mustiala a Kullh. collectum, hanc speciem describimus. Apothecia lat. 0.2—0.3 mm (»—0.4 mm» sec. Hedl.), crebra, simplicia, hemisphaerica aut elevato-convexa, saepe parte inferiore pallidiora submorbosaque. Hypothecium jodo parte superiore sicut hymenium reagens, parte inferiore lata non rea gens, KOH parte superiore subrubricosum, hyphis pachydermaticis, irregulariter contextis, conglutinatis, prosenchymaticis, in parte summa angusta suberectis. Perithecium decoloratum, jodo non rea gens, hyphis radiantibus, pachydermaticis, conglutinatis, cavitatibus angustis, oblongis aut brevioribus, in parte marginali parum evolu- tum. Hymenium O.045—O.050 mm crassum, jodo dilute caerulescens, dein subvinose rubescens. Paraphyses simplices, apice clavatae, membrana in KOH non gelatinoso-turgescente. Sporae 8:nae, di- stichae, simplices (1 spora distincte 1-septata). Gonidia cystococcoi- dea, globosa et parce ellipsoidea, diam. O.007—O.012 mm, simplicia, parce autosporas continentia. Conidia »filiformia, leviter arcuata, long. O.oio—O.on, crass. O.0007 mm» sec. annot. Nyl. in specim. n. 563 »L. meiocarpa» nominato, in Fennia a Norrl. anno 1880 collecto. 209. L. sapinea (Th. Fr.) Vain. Biaiora sapinea Th. Fr. in Falk Blek. (1874) p. 15 (sec. specim. nomine »L. gibberosae» a Th. Fr. mihi missum), haud L. sapinea Nyl. in Lamy Cat. Lich. Mont-Dore (1880) p. 102 (conf. sub L. lignaria p. 224). L. gibberosa Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 430 p. p. (haud Ach.); Hedl. Krit. Bern. Lec. Micar. (1892) p. 57; Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. II (1897) n. 44. Thallus tenuissimus laevigatusque, evanescens, macula albida indicatus, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo indistincto. 396 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Apothecia sat crebra, late adnata, basi leviter constricta, sat parva, disco primum piano aut depresso-convexo, demum saepe convexo, pallido aut alabastrino-pallido aut stramineo, laevigato, nudo, margine tenui aut sat tenui, demisso, albido pallidove, demum excluso. Hypothecium decoloratum palli dumve. Epithecium granulosum, pallidum, KOH non rea gens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae oblongo-ovoi- deae aut oblongae, long. O.oos—0.009, crass. O.003—O.004 mm. Dislr. Ad lignum vetustum truncorum pineorum in Suecia pluri bus locis sec. Th. Fr. 1. e., in Fennia nondum collecta. Apothecia lat. 0.3—0.6 mm, gonidia non continentia. Hypothecium parte superiore plus minus crassa jodo reagens, in parte subhymeniali tenui hyphis creberrime contextis, ramoso-connexis, tenuissimis, leptodermaticis, in parte media crassa hyphis erectis, leviter pachy dermaticis, increbre ramoso-connexis, conglutinatis, membranis in KOH modice turgescentibus, in parte infima irregulariter contextis. Perithecium decoloratum, bene evolutum, O.050—O.ooo mm cras sum, jodo non reagens, hyphis tenuibus, radiantibus, conglutinatis, subsimplicibus, sat leptodermaticis (membranis in KOH parum tur gescentibus), cavitatibus angustissimis. Hymenium circ. O.040— 0.045 mm crassum, jodo intense caerulescens, dein sordide violascens. Paraphyses simplices, apice haud incrassatae, cavitatibus angustis simis, membrana tenuiter gelatinosa, KOH leviter turgescente. Go nidia cystococcoidea, globosa, diam. O.oio—0.012 mm. (See. specim. ad Uppsaliam a Th. Fr. lectum). In Vainio's manuscript the editor found the following note: Lecidea gibberosa Ach. sec. specim. orig. e Germania (Schrader in hb. Ach., in n. 21440 a Nyl. delineatum, est Lecanora »gonidia in perithecio continens, sporae 8:nae, distichae, oblongae, simpl. 8—10 X 3.5 JU, epithecium et perithecium tenuiter granuloso-inspersa, extus rufescentia, paraphyses graciles, hymen, alt. vix O.050 mm.» Thallus parum evolutus. Apothecia maculis testaceo-rufescentibus, ceterum morbose fusco-nigricanti-obscurata. Planta in herb. Ach. morbosam nec certe determinabilis, oblivioni tradenda est. In herb. Nyl. sub L. gibberosa Nyl. fragmentum apothecii »L. gibberosae» ex herb. Ach. et Lecanora paroploides morbosa ad Helsing forsiam collecta. Plantae nomine Lecideae sapineae a Nyl. in herb, suo determinatae pertinent ad Lecanoram detrusam Th. Fr. (ad Helsingforsiam collecta) et ad speciem Lecideae helvolae subsimilem (vix determinabilem, e Tavastia). Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 397 210. L. cinereopallens Vain. (n. sp.) Thallus tenuis, verruculosus, cinerascens aut albido-glau- cescens, dispersus, aut evanescens, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia crebra, minuta, tota adnata, basi haud constricta, convexa, immarginata, cinerascentia aut dimidiatim palle- scentia aut p. p. cinereo-nigricantia, parcissime etiam pallida, opaca, haud pruinosa. Hypothecium pallidum, jodo caeru lescens, pseudoparenchymaticum. Hymenium haud granu losum, totum decoloratum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae oblongae aut ovoideo-oblongae, long. 0.006—O.009, crass. O.002—0.0025 mm. Disir. Ad lignum putridum pini ad pag. Hersala in Hollola (a. 1872 lecta a J. P. Norrlin, in Mus. Fenn. a Nyl. nominata »Lecidea sarcopsoides» (Mass.), n. 19384 in herb. Nyl. postea determinata (L. sylvana»). Una cum Xylographa parallela crescit. L. sapineae (Th. Fr.) sit proxima. Thallus verruculis O.15—O.i mm latis, convexis, haud sorediosis. Apothecia lat. 0.2—0.4 mm, crebra, simplicia, hemisphaerica aut depresso-convexa, gonidiis desti- tuta (saepe hyphis fungosis fuscis articulatis infestata). Hypothecium crassum, jodo intense caerulescens, KOH non reagens, hyphis conglu tinatis erectis, sat leptodermaticis (membranis in KOH leviter tur gescentibus), pseudoparenchymatice divisis (cavitatibus O.0015—O.002 mm latis). Perithecium O.050—O.ooo mm crassum, decoloratum, jodo parte interiore late caerulescens, chondroideum, hyphis radiantibus, ramoso-connexis, membranis leviter incrassatis, KOH turgescenti bus, cavitatibus angustissimis. Hymenium circ. O.050 mm crassum. jodo caerulescens. Paraphyses apice haud incrassatae, parce ramo- sae et ramoso-connexae, cellulis angustissimis brevibusque, mem brana gelatinosa. Sporae 8:nae, simplices, decolores. Gonidia cysto- coccoidea, ellipsoidea et p. p. globosa. Gonidia »filiformia, arcuata, sat longa» (longitudine haud indicata), delineata a Nyl. in sched. 11. 19384. 211. L. albohyalina Nyl. Lecidea luieola var. albohyalina Nyl. Flerb. Mus. Fenn. (1859) p. 89 p. p. (conf. infra). L. anomala f. 5 albohyalina Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 203 p. p. (conf. infra), L. globulosa var. albohyalina Nyl. in Ohlert Zus. Lich. Preuss. (1870) p. 17. L. albohyalina Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 431 p p. (sec. Hedl.); Nyl. Fl. 1876 p. 577 (»ad st. L. glob ulos ae pertinet»), En. Lich. Fret. Behr. (1888) p. 65; Hedl. 398 E. A. Vainio. Lichenographia Fennica IV. Krit. Bern. Lec. Micar. (1892) p. 68; Vain. Add. Lich. Ant. (1915) p. 128. L. globulosa *L. albohy.alina Nyl. in Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 149. L. vernalis* L.albohij alina Nyl. in Hue Lich. Exot. (1892) p. 190. Exs. Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. Cont. (1921) n. 735 (in herb. meo). Thallus tenuissimus, verruculis minutissimis albis insper sus, aut obsoletus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia minuta et minutissima, basi vulgo demum bene constricta, disco depresso-convexo aut demum bene convexo, carneo-pallido (aut raro cinerascenti-obscurato), saepe tenuissime subprui- noso, margine subconcolore, tenui, vulgo haud prominente, demum excluso. Hypothecium decoloratum, hyphis irregu lariter contextis. Hymenium totum decoloratum, haud gra nulosum. Paraphyses sat arcte cohaerentes, partim apice clavatae. Sporae oblongae, long. 0.009—-0.013, crass. O.002— 0.003 mm. Gonidia pleurococcoidea. Dislr. Ad corticem arborum, praesertim Salicis capreae, crescit. Distributione incerta, cum L. meiocarpa* Lecania cyrtella, Catillaria micrococca aliisque speciebus ab auctoribus commixta, variationibus defecte cognitis. Hanc speciem sec. specimen a Nyl. determinatum, in Hollola a Norrl. collectum (Norrl. et Nyl. H. L. F. n. 735), hic describimus. Thallus sorediis destitutus, verruculis convexis. Apothecia lat. 0.2— 0.3 mm, crebra et rarius partim subdispersa, simplicia aut parce sub- confluentia, subopaca, gonidiis destituta. Hypothecium dilute palli dum aut subdecoloratum, jodo non reagens, cavitatibus cellularum O.002 (•—O.003) mm latis, subglobosis aut ellipsoideis, in seriebus sat irregulariter contextis, hyphis conglutinat s, sat leptodermaticis, in parte inferiore pachydermaticis. Perithecium bene evolutum, circ. 0.040 mm crassum, decoloratum, jodo non reagens, hyphis subradian- tibus, sat pachydermaticis (KOH turgescentibus), conglutinatis, passim parce ramoso-connexis (in KOH aut H2S04 visae), cavitati bus oblongis aut ellipsoideis rotundatisve. Hymenium O.040—O.050 mm crassum, jodo persistenter caerulescens. Paraphyses simplices, haud distincte gelatinosae, apice saepe clavato-incrassatae. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, simplices, long. O.009—O.011, crass. O.002—O.0025 mm. Gonidia globosa aut ellipsoidea, simplicia. diam. O.005—O.007 mm, saepe glomerulosa. — Sec. annot. Nyl. in n. 19215 conidia »bene aut leviter arcuata, long. O.012—O.014, crass. O.ooi mm.» -— Obs. E speciminibus duobus originalibus f. albohyalinae Nyl., in Lich. Scand. p. 203 citatis, tantum planta in Sotkamo in OKaj. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 399 ab A. Ghydenio collecta ad L. albohyali n a m nostram pertinet (conf. Vain. Add. Lich. Antill. p. 128). F. prosequens Vain, hypothecio jodo caerulescente a forma supra descripta L. albohijalinae differt. Dislr. Tb.: Ad corticem Alni in Laurinniemi et ad corticem Sorbi in Norola in par. Jyväskylä (»L. albohyalina» in Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. p. 110). OKaj.: Ad corticem Sorbi in abiegno turfoso in Hossa in Kianta (»L. meiocarpa» in Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 35). Intermedia est inter L. meiocarpam et L. albohyalinam, perithecio, paraphysibus et gonidiis cum posteriore congruens. 212. L. sphaeroidiza Vain. n. sp. Thallus sat tenuis, verruculosus, verruculis vulgo sub- globosis basique constrictis, crebre subdispersis et partim contiguis, cinereo-glaucescentibus, sorediis destitutus, hypo- thallo indistincto. Apothecia crebra, minuta, late adnata, basi saepe demum distincte constricta, p. p. parum con stricta, convexa, immarginata, fuscescentia aut subcinereo- fuscescentia aut p. minore parte cinereo-rufescentia, parce etiam testaceo-rufescentia, opaca, haud pruinosa. Hypothe cium superne intense aut dilute rufescens, parte inferiore pal lidum, jodo caerulescens. Hymenium haud granulosum, to tum decoloratum aut epithecio tenuiter pallido aut partim subrufescente. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae ob- longae, long. O.oos—O.on, crass. O.0025—O.003 mm. Dislr. Ad corticem ramorum et trunci Abietis in ins. Mjölö prope Helsingforsiam sat abundanter cum L. helvola et L. epixan- Ihoidiza (Vain, a 1882). Thallo magis evoluto verruculisque elevatis et saepe basi con strictis atque notis internis a L. sphaerella et L. apochroeella differt. Thallus nec KOH, nec addito GaCl202 reagens, verruculis O.05—O.15 mm latis. Apothecia lat. O.25—0.4 mm, simplicia, hemisphaerica aut depresso-convexa, gonidiis destituta. Hypothecium KOH non rea gens, hyphis erectis, tenuibus, sat leptodermaticis (in KOH membra nis leviter turgescentibus), conglutinatis, cavitatibus saepe ellipsoi- deis oblongisve, vix O.002 mm latis. Perithecium decoloratum, jodo non reagens, haud granulosum, circ. O.030 mm crassum, hyphis radian- tibus, pachydermaticis, conglutinatis, cavitatibus angustissimis, ob- longis. Hymenium O.040 mm crassum, jodo caerulescens. Paraphyses simplices, apice haud aut parum incrassatae, cavitatibus angustissi- 400 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. mis, membranis tenuibus, gelatinosis, KOH leviter turgescentibus. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, simplices. Gonidia cystococcoidea, globosa, diam. O.ooo—-O.012 mm. 218. L. sylvestris Vain. (n. sp.) Tab. I, fig. 2. Thallus modice incrassatus aut sat tenuis, verruculosus, verruculis saepe subglobosis basique constrictis, contiguis aut subconnatis, cinerascentibus, sorediis destitutus, hypo thallo indistincto. Apothecia crebra aut subdispersa, minuta, tota adnata, basi haud constricta, convexa, immarginata, fusco-rufescentia ct p. p. testaceo-rufescentia atque fusco- nigricantia, opaca, haud pruinosa. Hypothecium superne dilute rubricoso-rufescens aut violascenti-rubescens, inferne pallidum, jodo partim reagens. Hymenium haud granulo sum, parte inferiore dilute rubricosum, epithecio decolorato. Paraphyses sat arcte cohaerentes, apice clavatae, haud gela tinosae. Sporae oblongae, long. O.oos—O.011, crass. O.0025— 0.003 mm. Distr. Ad corticem Sorbi in horto Kaisaniemi Helsingforsiae (Vain. a. 1874, »L. sylvana?» (a Nyl. determinata, etiam n. 19381 in herb. Nyl.). Facie externa subsimilis L. sphaeroidizae, thallo crassiore et para physibus ab ea differens. Thallus nec KOH nec addito GaCl202 reagens, verruculis O.05—0.3 mm latis. Apothecia lat. 0.3—0.5 mm, hemisphaerica aut depresso-convexa, gonidiis destituta. Hypothe cium KOH non reagens, fere totum aut parte superiore jodo sicut hymenium reagens, hyphis erectis, tenuibus, sat leptodermaticis (membranis in KOH leviter turgescentibus), conglutinatis, partim pseudoparenchymatice divisis, cavitatibus circ, O.002 mm latis. Perithecium decoloratum, haud granulosum, circ. O.030—O.040 mm crassum, jodo sicut hymenium reagens, hyphis radiantibus, pachy dermaticis, conglutinatis, simplicibus, cavitatibus angustissimis, ob longis. Hymenium O.045—O.050 mm crassum, parte inferiore saepe dilute subrubricosum, jodo dilute caerulescens, dein vinose rubens. Paraphyses simplices, apice clavatae et modice incrassatae, cavita tibus latioribus, quam in L. sphaeroidiza. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, simplices. Gonidia cystococcoidea, globosa, diam. O.006—O.012 mm. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 401 26 214. L. soraliata Vain. Lepraria expallens Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. Ill (1824) n. 62 (nec Lepraria expallens Pers., nec Lecanora expallens Ach. Lich. Univ., 1810, p. 374, Syn. Lich., 1814, p. 271, conf. infra). Lecanora (Zeora) expallens Fr. 1. c. IV (1824) n. 104 (in herb. Nyl.). Thallus modice incrassatus, verruculoso-inaequalis sora- liis saepe rotundatis, sat crebris instructus, stramineus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia saepe crebra, sat parva, tota adnata, typice convexa, disco lutescenti-pallido, nudo, margine tenuissimo, mox excluso. Hypothecium decolora tum pallidumve. Epithecium granulosum, decoloratum pal- lidumve, KOH non reagens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae? Dislr. In saepimento ligneo ad Hersala in Hollola (Ta.) a. 1873 legi. Thallus praesertimque soralia KOH fulvescentia, addito CaCl202 intensius aurantiaca, CaCl202 solo haud reagentia, saepe diffractus, partim late sterilis sorediosusque, colore a Lecanora coilocarpa var. sorediala Räs. differens. Apothecia lat. 0.2—0.5 mm, saepe contigua confluentiaque aut tuberculosa, interdum partim leviter obscurata, thallo gonidioso imposita. Hypothecium pallidum, KOH 11011 reagens, in parte superiore hyphis erectis, ceterum late irregulariter contextis, ramoso-connexis et magis pachydermaticis, totum chondroideum. Perithecium parum evolutum, hyphis ramoso-connexis, conglutinatis. Paraphyses simplices, apice haud incrassatae. Sporae haud visae. Gonidia cystococcoidea, saepe autosporas continentia. Obs. Lecidea aitema Ach. Vet. Acad. Handl. 1808 p. 261, Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 178, Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 24 (Lecanora varia var. aitema Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 163, *L. symmicta f. aitema Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 263) sec. herb. Ach. apotheciis nigricantibus a L. soraliata differt. Thallus stramineus, soraiiis parvis, rotundatis instructus, KOH lutescens, addito 0aCl2O2 fulvescens (etiam intus). Lecanora hypaiiema Nyl. (ined.) e Scotia (26687) facie externa similis est, sed Lecanora symmiciera f. hypaiiema Nyl. in Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. (1885) p. 70 (nomen nudum) ad L. symmiciam f. pumilionis pertinet. 215. L. epizanthoidiza Nyl. Flora 1875 p. 10; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 141. L. vernalis var. epizanthoidiza Nyl. Norrl. FT. Kar. Oneg. II (1876) p. 28. L. vernalis *L. epizanthoidiza Vain. Lich. Vib. (1878) p. 61, Adj. Lich. Lapp. 402 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. II (1883) p. 34. Lecidea incana Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 164 (conf. infra). »Bialorinal fallax» Arn. Lich. Exs. (1860) n. 74? (ined.), conf. sub L. minore p. Thallus verruculoso-inaequalis, verruculis convexis aut depresso-convexis, tenuibus, plus minus prominentibus, im pure albidis aut subcinerascentibus, sorediis numerosis, vulgo crebris, modice incrassatis aut saepe demum sat crassis, flavescentibus, hypothallo vulgo indistincto. Apothecia vulgo dispersa, sat parva aut fere mediocria, late adnata, saepe basi leviter constricta, disco vulgo depresso-convexo, testaceo aut pallido aut raro rufescenti-pallido, margine subconcolore, tenuissimo, haud prominente, demum excluso. Hypothe cium superne pallidum aut totum vel inferne decoloratum. Hymenium totum decoloratum pallidumve, haud granulo sum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae oblongae, sim plices aut parce 1-septatae, long. O.oio—O.021, crass. O.003- 0.0045 mm. Var. incana (Sommerf.) Vain. Lecidea incana Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 164 (nec Ach. Syn. Lich., 1814, p. 36, nec Lichen incanus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr., 1798, p. 7, Lepraria incana 1. c, Meth. Lich., 1803, p. 4, Lich. Univ. 1810, p. 665 sec. herb. Ach. et Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II p. 428). L. vernalis ft incana Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 192, Lich. Scand. II p. 428; Hedl. Krit. Bern. Lec. Micar. (1892) p. 60. Bialora fallax Hepp Flecht. Eur. IX (1860) n. 505 sec. annot. Nyl. Apothecia fere mediocria aut sat parva, testacea aut rufescenti- testacea, vulgo demum convexa, basi demum saepe leviter constricta. Soredia saepe demum p. p. dilatata et subconfluentia. Dislr. Supra muscos putridos in truncis arborum vetustarum vel putrescentium aut locis umbrosis rupium. Ab.: Ad Lohjanjärvi (Ch. E. Boldt). Ka.: Prope Vanha-Viipuri. (Vain. Lich. Vib. p. 61). Ta.: Prope Kuivajärvi in Tammela (A. Kullh.). KL: Valamo (Räsänen), Rahola in Kurkijoki (Räsänen). KOn.: Ad Maimalampi (Norrl. Fl. Kar. Oneg. II p. 28). Kb.: Prope Koriseva in Lieksa (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 34). OKaj.: Pietari in Kianta (Vain. 1. e.). Thallus verruculis parcis, saepe convexis, vulgo dispersis. Apo thecia parce evoluta, lat. circ. O.35—1 mm, simplicia aut leviter tuber culosa aut nonnulla contigua, leviter nitida, haud pruinosa. Perithe cium circ. O.oso mm crassum. Hymenium demum usque ad O.130 aut 0.150 mm crassum, jodo leviter caerulescens, dein subvinose rea- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 403 gens. Sporae simplices aut interdum tenuiter 1-septatis mixtae, long. 0.009—0.014, crass. O.004—O.006 mm (Vain. Lich. Vib. p. 61). Obs. Haec forma apotheciis proxima est L. vernali, sed sine limite transit in L. epizanihoidizam f. verani Vain., quae magis affinis est L. helvolae, quam L. vernali. F. vera Vain. L. epixanlhoidiza Nyl. Fl. 1875 p. 10 (sec. specim. orig.). Apothecia sat parva aut fere mediocria, testaceo-pallida aut rufe- scenti-testacea, depresso-convexa aut demum convexa, basi haud aut demum leviter constricta. Soredia vulgo minuta aut parce majora confluentiave. Verruculae thalli vulgo depresso-convexae. Dislr. N.: Ad ramos Abietis in Mjölö prope Llelsingforsiam (Vain.). Ta.: Ad corticem Betulae putridae prope templuni et (pi. in f. incanam transiens) ad lignum putridum trunci arboris prope Nyystölä in Padasjoki (Vain.). Apothecia lat. 0.3—-1 ,mm, simplicia aut bene tuberculosa, leviter nitida aut opaca. Hypothecium chondroideum, hyphis erectis sat pachydermaticis, conglutinatis (tubulis tenuissimis, oblongis aut parce ellipsoideis). in parte inferiore irregulariter contextis, ramoso- connexis, magis pachydermaticis, jodo 11011 reagens. Perithecium chondroideum, pallidum, jodo non reagens, circ. O.oso mm crassum, hyphis radiantibus, sat pachydermaticis, conglutinatis, ramoso- connexis, cavitatibus angustis, oblongis aut partim ellipsoideis. Hymenium circ. O.oso—O.075 mm crassum, praesertim ascis jodo cae- rulescentibus. Paraphyses apice haud incrassatae, cavitatibus an gustissimis, membrana tenui, gelatinosa, KOH parum turgescente, simplices. 216. L. efflorescens (Hedl.) Vain. Lecidea helvola f. efflorescens Hedl. Krit. Bern. Lec. Micar. (1892) p. 61. *Lecanora symmicta Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. I (1871) p. 262 p. p. (sec. Hedl.). Thallus verruculoso-inaequalis, verruculis convexis aut depresso-convexis, tenuibus, einerascentibus, sorediis crebris, parvis aut rarius demum modice dilatatis, sat tenuibus, fla- vescentibus aut albidis, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia vulgo dispersa, sat parva aut fere mediocria, tota adnata, tenuia, depresso-convexa aut planiuscula, alabastrino-pal- lida aut cinereo-albida, haud pruinosa, margine concolore, tenuissimo, haud prominente, demum aut fere mox excluso. Hypothecium subdecoloratum. Hymenium totum decolora- 404 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. turn, haud granulosum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae oblongae, simplices aut tenuiter 1-septatae, long. O.oio—O.016, crass. 0.0035—0.0045 mm. F. Ruissaloensis Vain. Thallus sorediis flavescentibus. Apothecia alabastrino-pallida. Dislr. Ad corticem Titiae prope fontem Ghoraei in Ruissalo vel Runsala prope Aboam sat abundanter (Vain.). Thallus et soredia nec KOH, nec CaCl202, nec his solutionibus unitis reagentia. Apothecia lat. circ. 0.3—0.9 mm, simplicia aut parce confluentia, crass. circ. O.20 (—O.14) mm, sat opaca, haud pruinosa. Hypothecium partim dilute pallidum, jodo non reagens, in parte superiore hyphis partim erectis, partim ramoso-connexis, leviter pachydermaticis, conglutinatis (cavitatibus circ. O.003 mm latis, sub- globosis aut oblongis), in parte inferiore magis pachydermaticis, ramoso-connexis, irregulariter contextis, item conglutinatis. Perithe cium chondroideum, decoloratum, jodo non reagens, circ. O.0-60— 0.070 (—O.ioo) mm crassum, hyphis radiantibus, ramoso-connexis, membranis sat tenuibus (in KOH turgescentibus), conglutinatis, cavitatibus O.002—O.0015 mm latis, saepe ellipsoideis. Hymenium circ. 0.045—0.070 mm crassum, jodo caerulescens, dein vinose ru bens. Paraphyses simplices, apice paruni incrassatae, cavitatibus angustissimis, oblongis, membrana gelatinosa, sat tenui, KOH parum turgescente. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, long. O.oio—O.oio, crass. O.0035— 0.0045 mm. Conidangia alabastrina. Sterigmata brevia, tenuissima, simplicia, apicibus conidia efferentia. Conidia bacilliformia, recta aut parcissime leviter arcuata, long. O.ooo—O.005 (O.004), crass. O.0005 mm. Gonidia cystococcoidea, globosa, diam. saepe O.oos—O.005 mm, saepe etiam autosporis impleta et diam. O.020 mm. F. albidocinerea Vain. Thallus sorediis albidis. Apothecia albido-cinerea. Dislr. N.: Ad corticem Sorbi in luco montis Kasberget in Esbo (II. Lindberg). Apothecia crass. circ. 0.2 mm. Hypothecium decoloratum, in parte superiore hyphis partim erectis, leviter pachydermaticis, con glutinatis (cavitatibus subglobosis aut oblongis, O.003—0 0015 mm la tis), in parte inferiore magis pachydermaticis, irregulariter contextis. Perithecium decoloratum, chondroideum, circ. O.oso—O.050 mm cras sum, hyphis radiantibus, pachydermaticis, conglutinatis, ramoso- connexis (in KOH visis), cavftatibus O.002—O.0015 mm latis, oblongis ellipsoideisve aut subglobosis. Hymenium circ. O.oso mm crassum, haud granulosum, jodo caerulescens, dein vinose rubens. Paraphyses simplices, apice parum incrassatae, cavitatibus angustis, crebre sep tatae, membrana gelatinosa, sat tenui, KOH parum turgescente Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 405 (demum maxima parte dissoluta). Sporae 8:nae, distichae, oblongae, rectae, simplices (endosporio interdum excrescentias internas defectas formante, quare sporae defecte 1-septalae apparent), long. O.oio—0.02i, crass. O.oos—O.0045 mm. Gonidia globosa, saepe diam. O.ooo—O.oio mm. Sect. Lecidea symmicta. Apothecia convexa, straminea, livida vel subnigricantia, hypothecium pallidum, paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, (sec. Hedlund: inferne parce ramosae et anastomosantes), epithe cium granulosum, KOH mox sese dissolvens. 217. L. symmicta Ach. Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 36 (emend.); Hedl. Krit. Bern. Lec. Micar. (1892) p. 56. Bialora Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. II (1818) n. 45, Sched. Grit. I (1824) p. 13. Lecanora varia e symmicta Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 109; Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 163. Lecanora varia *L. symmicta Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. I (1871) p. 262 p. p. Lecanora symmicta Ach. Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 340 p. p. Lecidea alabasirina ci Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 190 p. p., Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 46 p. p. (herb. Ach.). Lecanora varia var. alabasirina Nyl. Ad Yeg. Hels. (1859) p. 231 (Mus. Fenn.). Exs. Fr. 1. c. n. 45. — Sommerf. PL Grypt. Norv. I (1826) n. 65. — Hepp Flecht. Eur. II (1853) n. 68, IV (1853) n. 192. — Fellm. Lich. Arct. (1864) n. 132 (in mus. Fenn., n. 133 et 134 ad Lecan. snbiniri- catam pertinent. — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1877) n. 707 a, b, (1883) n. 998, (1888) n. 1390. - Arn. Lich. Monac. (1892) 11. 267, (1893) n. 300, (1895) n. 394. — Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1883) n. 759. — Havaas Lich. Exs. (1902) n. 111. — Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. .Gont. (1921) Norv. n. 731—734. (p. p. sec. cit.). Thallus sat tenuis aut modice incrassatus aut tenuissi- mus, verruculoso-inaequalis aut laevigatus, granulis. soredio- rum parce inspersus aut sorediis destitutus, substramineus aut impure albidus, hypothallo raro distincto. Apothecia saepe crebra, vulgo sat parva, tota adnata, convexa, disco pallido aut stramineo-pallido aut lutescente aut rufescente aut cyanescente, nudo aut tenuissime pruinoso, margine tenuissimo, mox excluso. Hypothecium decoloratum palli- dumve. Epithecium granulosum, decoloratum pallidumve aut hymenium plus minus rufescens olivaceumve, KOH non 406 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. reagens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae oblongae, long. 0.007—0.016, crass. 0.004—O.oos mm. Distr. Ad corticem Alni, Betulae et Juniperi et ad lignum vetus tum erescit, frequenter aut sat frequenter in maxima parte territ. nostri proveniens. In Lapp. Kolaensi passim, etiam ad Mare Glaciale haud rara (Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 133, Kihlm. N. Beitr. Flecht. Kola p. 55). In Lapp. Fenn. sat frequens (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. I p. 160, Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 331). F. alnicola Vain. Lecidea sijmmictera f. alnicola Vain. in Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. Cont. (1021) n. 731. Thallus sat tenuis, verruculoso-inaequalis, granulis sorediorum passim parce inspersus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia carneo- pallida testaceave. Dislr. Praesertim ad corticem Alni incanae provenit, nec rara Thallus KOH subfulvescens, addito CaCl202 distinctius auran- tiaco-fulvescens, nequidem intus rubescens, jodo non reagens. Apo thecia lat. 0.5—0.9 (—1.5) mm, gonidia non continentia, vulgo te nuissime pruinosa. Hypothecium decoloratum, KOH non reagens, chondroideum, hyphis erectis, pachydermaticis, conglutinatis, pas sim ramoso-connexis, cavitatibus angustissimis, in parte inferiore hyphis crebrius ramoso-connexis et magis irregulariter contextis, in parte superiore jodo dilute caerulescens. Perithecium jodo non reagens, hyphis tenuibus, radiantibus, ramoso-connexis, sat leptoder maticis (membranis in KOH leviter turgescentibus), conglutinatis, cavitatibus angustissimis, stramineum, materiam subtilissime granu losum continens. Hymenium circ. O.070 mm crassum, jodo persisten ter caerulescens (»dein thecis fulvescentibus» in L. sijmmictera sec. Nyl. in Lich. Paris, 1806, p. 81). Epithecium impure pallido-strami- neum, granulosum, KOH decoloratum. Paraphyses arcte cohaeren tes, simplices, apice haud aut parum incrassato, cavitatibus oblongis, angustissimis, membrana tenuiter gelatinosa, in KOH leviter turge scente. Conidia in »L. sijmmictera arcuata, long. O.023—O.025, crass. O.ooi mm» (sec. Arn. Lich. Munch., 1891, p. 60, Fl. 1872 p. 78 t. 2 f. 5), in »L. sijmmicta arcuata, long. O.ois—O.020, crass. O.0005 mm» (sec. Nyl. Lich. Nov. Zel., 1888, p. 63). Gonidia cystococcoidea, globosa, diam. O.oio—O.014 mm. F. junipericola Vain. Lecidea sijmmictera var. junipericola Vain. 1. c. (1021) n. 732, Thallus sat tenuis, verruculoso-inaequalis, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia carneo-pallida testaceave. Ad corticem Juniperi non sit rara. Thallus KOH subfulvescens, addito CaCl202 distinctius auran- tiaco-fulvescens. Apothecia vulgo tenuissime pruinosa. — In f. alnicolam transit. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 407 F. fumosa Vain. Thallus sat tenuis, verruculoso-inaequalis, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo tenuissimo, obscure cinerascente, praesertim ad margi- nem thalli conspicuo. Apothecia carneo-pallida testaceave, majore parte demum livido-cinerascentia. Dislr. Ta.: Ad corticem Alni incanae in Hersala in Hollola (Vain.). Thallus KOFI leviter subfulvescens, addito CaCl202 distinctius fulvescens. Apothecia vulgo tenuissime pruinosa. F. subfumosa Vain. Thallus sat tenuis, verruculoso-inaequalis, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo tenuissimo, obscure cinerascente, praesertim ad margi- nem thalli conspicuo. Apothecia carneo-pallida testaceave. Dislr. Tb.: Ad corticem Betulae et Alni in Pihlajavesi (Vain.). Thallus KOH intense fulvescens, addito CaCl202 dilutius reagens, CaCl202 non reagens Apothecia tenuissime pruinosa. F. lutea Vain. Thallus sat tenuis, verruculoso-inaequalis, sorediis destitutus aut granulis sorediorum parcissimis inspersus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia pulchre lutea, Dislr. Tb.: Ad corticem Alni incanae in Pihlajavesi (Vain.). Thallus KOH intense fulvescens, addito GaCl202 dilutius reagens, CaCl202 solo non reagens. Apothecia haud pruinosa. F. ecruslacea (Nyl.) Vain. Lecanora symmictera f. acruslacea Nyl. in Stizenb. Lich. Helv. I (1882) p. 116 p. p. L. s. f. ecruslacea (Nyl.) Arn. Lich. Frank. Jur. (FL 1884 p. 121, Lich. Munch. (1891) p. 60). Thallus evanescens, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia crebra, partim contigua confluentiave, pallida vel impure pallida. Lignicola. Dislr. Ad saepirnenta lignea et truncos vetustos arborum. Ta.: Hersala in Hollola (Vain.). Tb.: Ad Tourujoki in Jyväskylä (Vain.). Apothecia haud distincte pruinosa. F. saepincola (Ach.) Vain. Lecidea saepincola Ach. Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 263 p. p. Exs. Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. Gont. (1921) n. 733. Thallus tenuis aut sat tenuis, verruculosus, sorediis destitu tus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia crebra et partim contigua con fluentiave, pallida testaceave aut rufescentia. Dislr. Ad saepirnenta lignea haud rara. Thallus KOFI fulvescens, addito GaCl202 plus minus distincte dilute rubescens, CaCl202 solo non reagens. Apothecia haud distincte pruinosa. — Norrl. et Nyl. 1. c. (1921) m 734 ad statum hujus formae in f. ecrustaceam transeuntem pertinet. F. trabalis (Ach.) Vain. Lecidea saepincola var. Irabalis Ach. Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 35 p. p. (trabicola Nyl. in Arn. Lich. Munch., 1891, p. 60 forsan hue pertinet). 408 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Thallus modice incrassatus aut crassus, verruculoso-inaequalis, diffractus dispersusve, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia crebra et partim contigua confluentiave, colore variegata ;saepe etiam in eodem specimine), testacea, rufescentia, fuscescentia et cyaneo-nigricantia. Dislr. Ad saepimenta lignea haud rara. Thallus KOH fulvescens, addito CaCl202 praesertim intus dilute rubescens, CaCl202 solo non reagens. Apothecia haud pruinosa aut pallida interdum tenuissime pruinosa. F. pumilionis (Rehm) Vain. Lecanora varia var. pumilionis Rehm in Arn. Lich. Exs. (1861) n. 138 a (b, 1872, c 1882). Lecanora symmicia f. pumilionis Arn. Fl. 1872 p. 74. Lecanora pumilionis Arn. Lich. Exs. Index (1804) p. 5. Lecidea pumilionis Nyl. Fl. 1872 p. 248. Thallus tenuis aut sat tenuis, verruculoso-inaequalis, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia obscurata, subcya- nescentia vel livido-fuscescentia, crebra aut subdispersa. Distr. In saepimentis ligneis ad Kiiskinkylä Hoglandiae (»L. symmiclera f. hypaiterna Nyl.» in Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. p. 70). Ad corticem Alni glutinosae in Enonsaari in Hollola in Ta. (Vain.). Ad corticem et lignum ramulorum siccorum in reg. subalp. montis Hammastunturi in LIn. (»v. trabalis» in Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. I p. 160). Thallus KOH leviter fulvescens, addito GaCl202 distinctius ful vescens. Apothecia haud pruinosa. Hymenium totum sordide oliva- ceum, jodo pers. caerul. Hypothecium decoloratum. Obs. 1. Lecanora symmiclera f. calvescens Nyl., Fl. 1885 p. 601, En. Fret. Behr. (1888) p. 52 (Lecidea symmicia f. calvescens Vain. Lich. Exp. Pitlekai, 1909, p. 120), »ecrustacea et apotheciis fuseescen tibus» descripta, vix a f. pumilionis distinguenda est nisi apotheciis crebrioribus et p. p. contiguis (sec. specim. orig.). Ad eandem for- mam etiam f. hypaiterna Nyl. (in Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv., 1885, p. 70), sine descriptione indicata, ad saepimenta lignea in Kiiskin kylä (leg. Vain.?) et in Lapua Ostrobottniae (Räsänen) collecta, per tinet. Sub v. saepincola ab Arn. in Lich. Frank. Jur. (1884) p. 122 etiam Parmelia varia ij denigrata Schaer. Lich. Helv. Exs. (1840) n. 327 relata est (haud Bialora denigrata Fr.). Lecanora maculiformis ft denigrata Hepp Flecht. Eur. n. 191 ad L. subintricaiam pertinet (in herb. Nyl.). Obs. 2. »Lecanora symmiclera f. melius dicenda L. maculiformis Hoffm. »Nyl. in sched. sec. Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. (1885) p. 70. Ad corticem pini collecta et ad L. symmiclam nostram pertinet. Verru caria maculiformis Hoffm. exactius cognita non est. Obs. S. »Lecanora symmicia f. thallo subleproso Nyl. in litt. et Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57. \:o 2. 409 Scand. p. 163» in Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. (1885) p. 70 indicata, ad lignum Hoglandiae ab Edwin Nylander collecta, apotheciis pallidis, subpruinosis et thallo verruculoso-inaequali, sat tenui, haud sore- dioso, KOH sordide flavescente, addito CaCl202 extus intusque dilute rubescente instructa est. Obs. 4. L. symmicta nostra sec. Nyl. species sequentes ampler! i- tur: Lecanora symmicta Nyl. Fl. 1872 p. 249, Lich. Nov. Zel. (1888) p. 63, Cromb. (qui auspicio Nylandri scripsit) Mon. Brit. Lich. (1894) p. 433. »Thallus subeffusus, tenuis aut tenuissimus, subleprosus aut minute granulosus, 0aCl2O2 aurantiacus (in specimine orig. Achariano solutione optima hypochloritis calcici non reagens, KOH et CaCl2()2 unitis praesertim intus leviter rubescens). Apothecia pallido-lute- scentia aut pallido-testacea, partim olivacea.» Sub hac specie a Nyl. citatus »Fr. L.S. n. 45», cujus specimen in herb. Nyl. etiam thallum alienum sorediosum continet (n. 26604), et in alia sched. (n. 26614) Nyl. notavit »ap. CaCl + ». »Var. saepincola (Ach.)» sec. Nyl. hue pertinet. Var. saepincola Nyl. FL 1872 p. 249, Cromb. 1. c. p. 434. »Thallus effusus, granulosus aut granuloso-inaequalis, interdum subevane- scens. Apothecia sordide rufescentia aut nigricantia.» In specimine orig. Achariano solutione optima hypochloritis calcici soli thallus nec superne nec intus reagens, sed KOH addito CaCl202 leviter rube scens, praesertim intus. L. symmiclera Nyl. Fl. 1872 p. 249 (»potissime Bialora» sec. Nyl. Lich. Paris, 1896, p. 81), Cromb. 1. c. p. 434. »Thallus effusus. suble prosus aut subgranulosus, CaCl202 non reagens. Apothecia thallo concolora, pallide aut obscure olivacea.» »Huc Hepp Flecht. Eur. n. 68.» Var. aitema Nyl. Fl. 1873 p. 299, Cromb. 1. c. p. 435 (conf. sub L. soraliata). Thallus aliquantum incrassatus, leprosus. Apothecia nigra. L. irabalis Nyl. FL 1877 p. 458, Cromb. 1. c. p. 435. »Thallus effusus, glebuloso-granulatus, subverrucoso-diffractus, sat tenuis aut modice incrassatus, cinerascens, KOH lutescens, CaCl202 non rea gens. Apothecia pallide livida, sordide pallido-testacea aut livido- nigricantia.» In specim. orig. Achariano thallus KOH addito CaCl202 praesertim intus leviter rubescens, CaCl202 solo non reagens. 218. L. orosthea Ach. Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 72, Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 37; Vain. Lich. Exp. Antarct. Beige (1903) p. 18. Lichen orosiheus Ach. Lich. Svec. Prodr. (1798) p. 38 (Palellaria orosthea Ach. 1. c), non Sm. Engl. 410 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Bot. (1806) t.1540. Lecanora orosthea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 400; Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. VI (1825) n. 165, Sched. Grit. (1825) p. 12; Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 181; Lich. Paris (1806) p. 61 (non Hedl. Krit. Lec. Micar. p. 39). L. varia *L. orosthea Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 165. Lecanora orosthea f. pelrophila Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 1 (1871) p. 263. Lecidea sulphurea f. pelrophila Hedl. Krit. Bern. Lec Micar. (1892) p. 56. Exs. Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. VI (1825) n. 165 (in herb. Nyl.?) - Lojka Lich. Hung. I (1882) n. 36 (in herb. meo). — Havaas Lich. Norv. Exs. (1902) n. 148, 149. Thallus sat tenuis aut sat crassus, leviter verruculoso- inaequalis aut sat laevigatus, soraliis dispersis aut demum subconfluentibus instructus, stramineus, hypothallo indi stincto. Apothecia saepe crebra aggregatave, vulgo sat parva, tota adnata, convexa, disco pallido aut raro obscure livido- cinerascente, margine tenuissimo mox excluso. Hypothe cium decoloratum pallidumve. Epithecium granulosum, pallidum aut subcinerascens, KOH non reagens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae oblongae, long. O.oos—O.on, crass. 0.003—0.005 mm (»long. —0.oi6, crass. —-O.007 mm» sec. Nyl.). Dislr. Ad basim rupium saxorumque silicosorum locis siccis luminosis sterilis haud rara in partibus meridionalibus mediisque territorii. Thallus strato corticali destitutus, continuus aut subdispersus aut saepe demum rimoso-diffractus, KOH fulvescens, addito CaCl202 intensius fulvescens (praesertim soredia intense reagentia), CaCl202 solo 11011 reagentia, medulla alba, jodo non reagens. Apothecia lat. 0.3—-0.8 mm, raro tenuissime pruinosa, disco nec KOH nec CaCl202 reagente, gonidiis destituta, strato thallino gonidioso imposita. Hypo thecium pallidum subdecoloratumve, KOH fulvescens, jodo caerule scens, hyphis conglutinatis, suberectis, ramoso-connexis, partim cellu lis turgescentibus et ramulis clavatis, O.003—O.004 mm crassis abun danter instructis. Perithecium tenue subevanescensve, in margine hyphis radiantibus, ramoso-connexis. Hymenium O.050—O.070 mm crassum, jodo intense caerulescens (»dein violascens» sec. Nyl.). Epithecium granulosum, pallidum aut (in apotheciis lividis) pallido- cinerascens. Paraphyses simplices, crass. O.001 mm, apice parum incrassatae, parum gelatinosae, in KOH laxe cohaerentes. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, simplices, ellipsoideae oblongaeve aut subovoideae, apicibus vulgo rotundatis. Gonidia »filiformia, long. O.014—O.ois, crass. O.001 111111» sec. Hedl. 1. c. p. 55, »long. O.oio—O.020 inm» sec. Nyl. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 411 Lich. Paris p. 61. Gonidia cystococcoidea, globosa aut ellipsoidea, diam. O.OOÖ—O.012 mm. F. sublivescens (Nyl.) Vain. Lecanora oroslhea var. sublivescens Nyl. Fl. 1872 p. 248 (Hue Addend. I, 1886, p. 93), Lich. Paris (1896) p. 61 (haud L. sublivescens A. L. Smith Mon. Brit. Lich. I, 1918, p. 292). L. oroslhea f. livida Nyl. in Brenn. Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. (1885) p. 69 (nomen nud.). L. oroslhea v. glaucocarpa Harm. Gat. Lich. Lorr IV (Bull. Soc. Sc. Nancy XXXI?, 1896?) p. 300. Thallus sorediis abundanter evolutis. Apothecia livido-obscu- rata. Dislr. N.: Ad saxa porphyrica in Ylikäytävä in Hoglandia vel Suursaari, (»f. livida» in Brenn. I. c.). Ta.: Ad scopulum syeniticum in Kirkonkylä in Padasjoki (Vain.). Obs. F. laevior Vain. (Lecanora oroslhea f. laevior Vain, in Havaas in Bergens Museums Aarbok 1909 n. 1 p. 18), thallo sat laevigato, rimuloso-diffracto, soraliis parcis parvisque instructo, apotheciis pal- lidis, in latere rupis ad Granvin in Norvegia collecta est. 219. L. sulphurea (Hoffm.) Ach. Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 37 (excl. b); Gray Nat. Arr. Brit. PL (1821) p. 470; Hook, in Sm. Engl. FL V (1833) p. 181; Hedl. Krit. Bern. Lec. Micar. (1892) p. 55 (excl. var.); Vain. Lich. Gaucas. (1899) p. 323. Lichen sulphureus Hoffm. En. Lich. (1784) p. 32 tab. IV f. 1 sec. Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. (1798) p. 58. Parmelia sulphurea Ach. Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 159. Lecanora Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 399 (excl. var.); Floerk. Deutsch. Lich. 2 (1815) p. 9; Fr. Sched. Grit. (1825) p. 6, n. 136; Mudd Man. Brit. Lich. (1861) p. 152; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. I (1871) p. 258; Arn. Lich. Frank. Jur. (Fl. 1884) p. 119; Nyl. Lich. Paris (1896) p. 60. L^armelia polytropa b sulphurea Schaer. Lich. Helv. Spic. VIII (1839) p. 408'. Lecanora varia *L. sulphurea Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 165. Lichen calcareus Leers Fl. Herborn. (1775) p. 254 (sec. Hoffm.), nec Linn, nec Weis. Lecidea circumdiluta Nyl. Fl. 1874 p. 11; Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. (1885) p. 97; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 182. Exs. Floerk. Deutsche Lich. II (1815) n. 33. — Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. V (1825) n. 136. — Schaer. Lich. Helv. Exs. XIII (1840) n. 324. - Hepp Flecht. Eur. IV (1853) n. 189 p. p. (in herb. meo). — Leight. Lich. Brit. Exs. IV (1853) n. 114 (Mus. Fenn.). — Nyl. Lich. Mont- Dore (1856) n. 38, Lich. Pyr. Or. (1872) n. 58 (in herb. Nyl.). — Arn Lich. Exs. (1862) n. 188. — Lojka Lich. Hung. Ill (1882) n. 126. — Havaas Lich. Norv. Exs. I (1901) n. 50.— Havaas Lich. Norv. Occ. II (1913) n. 39. — Zahlbr. Krypt. Exs. Vindob. XI (1904) n. 1042. — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. XXII (1915) n. 547. (Sec. Arn. 1. c. cet.). 412 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Thallus modice incrassatus aut sat crassus, leviter inae- qualis aut sat laevigatus, sorediis destitutus, sulphureus aut impure stramineus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia saepe crebra, vulgo sat parva, primum thallo immersa, dein mox adnata, disco subcaeruleo-nigricante aut nigro aut raro pal- lido-livescente, tenuissime pruinoso aut nudo, convexo aut rarius subplano, margine pallidiore pallescenteve, tenui, haud prominente, demum aut mox excluso. Hypothecium saepe impure pallidum subdecoloratumve. Hymenium parte superiore plus minus intense subcyanescente aut raro epithe- cio subolivaceo. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae ob- longae ellipsoideaeve aut ovoideo-oblongae, long. O.009—- 0.013, crass. O.004—0.006 mm. Dislr. Ad rupes saxaque granitica porphyricaque locis ventosis apertis praesertim ad littora maris. AL: »Passim» sec. Edvin Nylan der (Ai. Lafveg. p. 89), ibi etam ab A. Vahlberg collecta. Ab.: Vepsänsaari prope Aboam (Vain.). N.: Mäkiinpäällys et Somerikon- vuoret Hoglandiae (Vain.), Mjölö et Observatorium astron. (Vain. a. 1882). St.: Sastmola (A. J. Malmgren). Sa.: »Passim» sec. Edvin Nylander (Lafveg. Sav. p. 73). Thallus crebre aut partim sat increbre rimoso-diffractus aut rarius distincte areolatus, areolis contiguis, angulosis, interdum partim demum convexis, medulla inferne alba, KOH flavescente, dein sal tern maculatim rubescente, addito GaGl202 partim distinctius rea- gente, jodo fulvescente, GaCl202 solo non reagens, superne KOH parum reagens, addito CaCl202 distinctius flavescens, strato corticali haud evoluto. Apothecia lat. 0.4—1.7 mm, simplicia aut tuberculoso- divisa aut tuberculato-confluentia, opaca, gonidiis destituta, strato thallino gonidioso imposita, novella saepe facie externa zeorina, sed etiam inferne late perithecio gonidiis destituto a thallo disjuncta. Hypothecium pallidum subdecoloratumve, jodo sat dilute caerule scens, KOH haud reagens, hyphis erectis, sat leptodermaticis, con glutinatis, partim parciusque cellulis incrassatis instructum, in parte infima hyphis irregulariter contextis. Perithecium tenue, jodo non reagens, hyphis oblique subradiantibus, sat leptodermaticis, conglu tinatis (in margine ramoso-connexis et in KOH distinctius turgescen tibus), cavitatibus angustis aut sat angustis, extus vulgo obscura- tum, intus subpallidum aut subdecoloratum. Hymenium sine limite in hypothecium transiens, jodo caerulescens. Epithecium KOH subolivaceo-nigricans (in ap. obs-curatis), haud aut distincte granu losum. Paraphyses simplices, apice clavatae, clava O.002—O.003 mm Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 413 crassa, etiam in KOH arcte cohaerentes. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, simplices, apicibus vulgo rotundatis. Gonidangia minutissima, haud rara, thallo immersa, apice vulgo nigro, haud aut parum prominente, Sterigmata simplicia, apice sensim attenuato, filiformi-elongato, basi crass. O.0018 mm, parte incrassata long. circ. O.oos mm. Conidia bene arcuata aut parce leviter arcuata flexuosave, long. O.ois—0.024, crass. 0.0005 mm. Gonidia cystococcoidea, diam. O.oos—0.015 mm, simplicia, globosa aut subellipsoidea. F. pallidolivens Vain. Apothecia pallido-livescentia aut p. p. dilute cinereo-livescentia, tenuissime pruinosa. Distr. Ad rupem graniticam in ins. Mjölö prope Helsingforsiam (Vain.). Epithecium pallido-olivaceum, granulosum. Hypothecium palli dum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes (etiam in KOH). Sporae long. O.ooo—-0.013, crass. O.004—-O.ooo mm. Sect. Lecidea lucida. Apothecia parva, lutea, ceraceo-flavida vel in olivaceum vergentia, hypothecium pallidum, sporae minutae vei m;nu tissimae. 220. L. lucida Ach. Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 74, Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 200, Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 48; Schaer. Lich. Helv. Spic. IV (1833) p. 187, En. Lich. Eur. (1850) p. 150; Nyl. Prodr. Lich. Gall. (1857) p. 104 (350), Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 195; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 432. Lichen lucidus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. (1798) p. 432. Biatora lucida Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. II (1818) n. 42, Sched. Crit. I (1824) p. 13, Lich. Eur. Ref. (1831) p. 279; Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 208. Psilolechia Mass. Es. Gomp. Ale. Gen. Lich. (1860) p. 20. Pulveraria alboflava Floerk. in Berl. Mag. 1807 p. 10 (sec. Ach.). Lepraria Floerkeana Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 663 (sec, Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 48). Exs. Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. II (1818) n. 42. — Schaer. Lich. Helv. Exs. XIII (1833) 11. 225. — Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1851) n. 92. — Hepp Flecht. Eur. IX (1860) 11. 484 (in herb. meo). — Leight. Lich. Brit. Exs. XIII (1867) n. 385. — Am. Lich. Exs. (1885) n. 1110. — Havaas Lich. Norv. Exs. (1901) n. 13. (Lynge 1. c). Thallus totus farinoso-sorediosus aut p. p. parce verrucu losus, tenuis aut crassus, continuus aut areolato-diffractus dispersusve, citrinus aut flavescens, hypothallo indistincto. 414 E. A. \ainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Apothecia typice parva, adnata, convexa, immarginata, lutea citrinave aut vitellina. Hypothecium decoloratum. Epithe cium lutescens, KOH non reagens. Paraphyses in KOH visae laxe cohaerentes. Sporae oblongae elongataeve aut clavatae, »long. O.003—O.007, crass. O.ooi—O.003 mm» sec. Th. Fr. et ann. Nyl.). Dislr. Locis siccis umbrosis et in cavernis luminosis ad basim ru- pium et in saxis graniticis gneissaceisve et dioriticis et porphyrieis, raro ad terrain et cortices lignaque vetusta crescens passim aut sat rare per totum territorium provenit. AL: Passim (E. Nyl. Ai. Lafv. p. 90), Lindesholm in Finström (K. Linkola). Ab.: Ispoinen (Vain.), Katariinanlaakso (V. Räsänen), Härkäluoto ad Bodnäs in F3argas (Lin kola). N.: Suursaari v. Hoglandia (E. Nylander, M. Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. p. 82), Degerö (VV. Nyl.), Bölsö in Kyrkslätt (A. KuJl- hem). Ka.: Vanha-Viipuri (Vain. Lich. Vib. p. 60). Ik.: Pällilä in Muola (A. O. Kihlman). St.: Kokemäki (A. J. Malmgren), Björneborg (Malmgren). Ta.: Mustiala et Letku in Tammela (Kullh.), Vanaja (Norrl.), passim prope Vesijärvi (Norrl. Bidr. Sydöstr. Tav. Fl. p. 185), Jokioinen in Padasjoki (Vain.), Luhanka et Korpilahti (Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. p. 109). KLad.: Haud rara (Norrl. Symb. Fl. Lad.-Kar. p. 29), Valamo (Nyl.). KOI.: Vosnessenje (Elfv. Arit. Veg. Svir p. 168). KOn.: Sat frequenter (Norrl. Fl. Kar. On. II p. 27). Oa.: Bötom (Malmgren), Kvarken (Malmgren), Lapua (V. Räsänen Meddel. 46 p. 172). Tb.: Pihlajavesi (Vain.), Piililä, Norola in Korpi lahti (Vain.), Kanavuori, Rutaniemi in Jyväskylä (Vain.). Sb.: Kieluvanmäki et Neulamäki prope Kuopio (Linkola, Lang Lich. Sav. Bor. p. 33). Kb.: Vieki in Lieksa, Liiihivaara in Nurmes (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 34). Om.: Kokkola (Räs. 1. c.). Ob.: Muhos (M. E. Huumonen, Räs. 1. c.). OKaj.: Lehtovaara in Kianta (Vain. 1. e.). Kuus.: Porontimajärvi (F. Silen). LKem.: Lappea (Norrl. Ber. Torri. Lappm. p. 345), Keimioniemi (Norrl. 1. c. p. 334), Jeris- järvi in Muonioniska (Norrl). LIn.: In reg. conif. ad Kultala (Vain. 1. c), Muddusniemi in Inari (F. Silen). LIm.: Umba (Kihlman). Thallus nec KHO nec GaCl202 reagens, in parte superiore hyphis 0.0017—O.0022 mm crassis, in parte inferiore saepe gonidiis destitutus. Apothecia lal. 0.2—0.5 (•—1) mm, vulgo simplicia, interdum tubercu losa aut nonnulla confluentia, saepe crebra. Hypothecium increbre contextum, leptodermaticum, in parte inferiore maculis impellucidis, gonidiis desfitutum. Peritliecium in parte inferiore apothecii evo- lutum, hyphis radiantibus, tenuibus, leptodermaticis, conglutinatis, extus lutescens, intus decoloratum, cellulis oblongis, 0.001—0.0015 mm latis. Hymenium circ. O.030 mm crassum. »Jodo asci primum dilute caerulescunt, dein vinose rubent, apice colorem saepe caerulescente. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 415 cetera fulvescunt». Paraphyses simplices, parce septatae, crass. 0.ooo7—O.ooi mm, apicem versus sensim leviter incrassatae. Epithe cium luteo-granulosum. Sporae 8:nae, distichae. Gonidia cystococ coidea, diam. O.005—O.014 mm, globosa et parcius ellipsoideo-subglo- bosa, cystidium et nucleum continentia, autosporas formantia, mem brana distincta. Obs. Specimina lignicola ab Ach. nominata sunt L. lutea ft thejoiea (Vet. Ak. Handl. 1808 p. 270, Lich. Univ., 1810, p. 209, Syn. Lich. 1814, p. 48, L. lucida a granulosa Schaer. En. Lich. Eur., 1850, p. 150), terrigena y satura Ach. herb. (Th. Fr. 1. c). L. lucida ft leprosa Schaer. (1. c.) ad specimina saxicola spectat. Specimina ad radices corticola crescentia in Hepp Flecht. Eur. IX (1860) n. 484 nominantur Bialora lucida ft leprosa b corticola. 221. L. symmictella Nyl. Flora 1868 p. 163, Obs. Peziz. Fenn. (1869) p. 59; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 11(1874) p. 433; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 142. Biatora Arn Lich. Exs. (1883) n. 627, Lich. Frank. Jur. (Fl. 1884) p. 151. Agyrium caesium Fr. Syst. Myc. II p. 231, Scler. Suec. n. 279 (in herb. Nyl.), haud Lecidea caesia Ach. Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 17. Exs. Fr. 1. c. — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1875) n. 627, (1883) n. 1001. — Arn. Lich. Monac. (1890) n. 109, 110. - - Lojka Lich. Univ. IV (1886) n. 177. — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. IV (1898) n. 02. (Sec. Lynge, cet.). Thallus evanescens, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia vulgo dispersa, minutissima, late adnata, basi leviter aut parum constricta, convexa, disco pallido aut carneo- vel stramineo-pallido aut raro albido, immarginata aut margine tenuissimo, concolore aut raro obscurato. Hypothecium decoloratum stramineumve, jodo haud aut parum reagens. Epithecium stramineo-pallidum, granulosum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, apice haud incrassatae. Sporae oblongae ellipsoideaeve, long. O.003—-O.oos, crass. O.0015—O.0017 mm (»—0.003 mm» sec. Nyl.). Distr. Ad lignum truncorum Pini et Juniperi et ad muscos rara. Ab.: Gunnarsnäs in Pargas (v. albida, F. Elfving). N.: Hoglandia (v. cinclula, M. Brenner). Ta.: Evo (J. P. Norrlin), prope templum in Korpilahti (Norrl.). KOI.: Nikola (v. albida, Elfv.), Gorki (v. cinclula, Elfv.). Sb.: Kuopio (Linkola). Ob.: Luppio prope Alkula (Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 346). 416 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV Facie externa simillima est Catillariae micrococcae, sporis simpli- cibus ab ea differens. Apothecia lat. O.i—O.25 mm, depresso-convexa aut hemisphaerica, gonidiis destituta, KOH non reagentia. Llypo- thecium hyphis erectis, tenuibus, sat leptodermaticis et inferne modice pachydermaticis, conglutinatis, cavitatibus oblongis vel bre- vioribus, circ. O.0015 mm latis. Perithecium decoloratum et extus pallido-granulosum (superne obscuratum in v. cinclula), circ. O.025— 0.035 mm crassum, jodo non reagens, hyphis radiantibus, sat pachy dermaticis, conglutinatis, simplicibus, cavitatibus elongatis, angustis simis. Hymenium O.030—O.oio mm crassum, jodo intense persistenter caerulescens (conf. v. cinclula). Paraphyses simplices, apice haud aut parum incrassatae, tubulis angustissimis, membrana parum gelati- nosa. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, simplices. Gonidia sat parce prove- nientia, cystococcoidea, globosa aut raro ellipsoidea, diam. O.oio— 0.010 mm. (Sec. specim. a Nyl. determinatum, in Evo a Norrl. a. 1865 collectum, hie descripta est.). Var. albida (Nyl.) Vain. L. minula f. albida Nyl. sec. annot, (ined.). Apothecia albida, convexa, immarginata. Dislr. Supra Blepharoziam ciliarem emortuam collecta. Ab.: Gunnarsnas in Pargas (Elfv.). KOI.: Nikola prope flumen Svir (»L. symmiclella» in Elfv. Ant. Veg. Svir p. 168). Ob.: Tiuranen in Simo (Räsänen). Thallus indistiiictus. Sporae oblongae, simplices, »long. O.006— 0.007, crass. O.002—O.003 mm» sec. annot. Nyl. Var. cinclula (Nyl.) Vain. Lecidea cinclula Nyl. in Brenn. Bidr. Llogl. Lafv. (1885) p. 84 (sec. specim. orig.). L. symmiclella var. circumnigricans Nyl. in Elfv. Ant. Veg. Svir (1878) p. 168 (sec. spe cim. orig. sub L. glomerella 11. 19120 in herb. Nyl., etiam in Mus. Fenn.), nomeii nudum. Agyrium caesium Fr. (1. c.) p. p. (sec. specim. in herb. Nyl.). Apothecia disco depresso-convexo, stramineo-albido, margine tenuissimo, nigricante aut cinereo-nigricante, subpersistente. Dislr. Ad lignum vetustum truncorum Pini et Juniperi. KOI.: Gorki (Elfv., »v. circumnigricans Nyl.»). N.: Mäki in pä ally s in Hog- landia (M. Brenner, »*7.. cinclula Nyl.» in Mus. Fenn., »L. symmiclella var. circumnigricans» in 11. 20638 in herb. Nyl.). Ta.: Prope tem- plum in Korpilahti) Norrl., nonnulla apothecia cum f. typica L. sym- mictellae). »Sporae long. O.004—O.007, crass. O.0015—O.0025 mm. Jodo gelatina hymenialis caerulescens, deinde violaceo-obscurata.» (Sec. Nyl.). Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, o7, N:o 2. 41/ 222. L. clavulifera Nyl.1) Nyl. Addenda nova, Flora 1869 p. 294, 1877 p. 463 et 188J p. 539 (sec. Hue Addenda nova p. 133). Th. Fries Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 133. Arnold Lich. Fragrn., Flora 1884 p. 563. — Zahlbr. Lat. Lich. Ill (1925) p. 748, ubi syn. Tab. Ill, fig. 2. Thallus albidus vel albido-cinerascens, tenuis, gra nule* s o-f a tiscens, granulae contiguae vel plus minusve dispersae. Apothecia numerosa, vulgo dispersa, late adfixa et arcte adpressa, minuta, diam. 0.2—0.3 mm, jam primi tus convexa, immarginata, atra vel olivaceo-atrata vel (sec. Nyl.) ochraceo-rufa, madefacta obscure livida vel olivacea, discus epruinosus, nitidiusculus, minute scabrosulus. Hy pothecium pallidum, hymenium angustum, 35—40 //, impure fuligineo-smaragdulum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, in apice haud incrassatae. Asci anguste clavati, 6—-7 // crassi, octospori. Sporae minutissimae, clavatae (saepe male evolutae), 4—-6 x 1 fi. Pycnoconidia ignota. Thallus KOH flavescens, CaCl202 J ~-. Hymenium J e eaeruleo sordide. vinosum, KOH: . Distr. Supra radices Abietis dejectae et ad terram in abiegnis, in locis humidis. In Fennia nondum saxicola inventa. LKem,: Muo nioniska, Keimioniemi, leg. J. P. Norrlin. Ta.: Laurilinna, Koski (Vain.). N.: Mjölö prope Helsingforsiam (Vain.). Obs. The editor found it very difficult to place this species. Nylander wrote: »e stirpe L. lucidae» (Hue Addenda p. 133). If a plant such as Lecidea clavulifera f. subviridicans Nyl. in Zwackh Lich. exsic. No. 844 really belongs to this species, this statement is prob able. Th. Fries regarded it an Eu-Lecidea of his sect. L. elabenlis (Lich. Scand. p. 552: »hyphae non amyloideae, hypothecium palli dum, paraphyses concretae.») But he suggests the section L. sylvi- colae, the »Micro-Lecideae» as a more probable place (»hyphae non amyloideae, apothecia minuta, mox vel demum convexa, paraphyses concretae»). x) By B. Lynge. 27 418 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV To judge from the two plants in herb. Vainio (det. Nyl.) it is a Biatora. The editor might also suggest a comparison with the species of the L. erythrophaea section of Th. Fries Lich. Scand. p. 465: »apothecia parva, vulgo obscurata, hypothecium (normaliter) palli dum, paraphyses plus minus concretae, sporae mediocres vel minutae, spermat ia (ubi visa)^minut e, brevia.» APPENDI X. Crocynia neglecta (Nyl.) Hue. Lecidea neglecta Nyl. Ad Veg. Lich. Hels. (Not. Sällsk. F. Fl. Fenn. IV, 1859) p. 233 (excl. apoth.), Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 244 excl. ap.); Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 524 (excl. ap.); Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 86; Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Un. Ill (1925) p. 640 p. p. Exs. Arn. Lich. Exs. (1874) n. 601 a, b (hb. Nyl.). Thallus erustaceus, verruculis et granulis minutis, demum aut fere mox contiguis, interdum brevissime isidioideis, par tim granula sorediorum formantibus obtectus, albidus vel cinereo-albidus, modice incrassatus aut sat crassus, KOH non bene reagens (saepe demum subflavescens), hypothallo indistincto, semper sterilis, interdum apotheciis Nesolechiae negleclae Vain, infestatus (conf. infra). Thallus nec jodo, nec GaCl202 reagens sec. Th. Fr. Gonidia cysto- coccacea, globosa, saepe autosporas numerosas continentia. Apo thecia, a Nylander et Th. Fr. aliisque auctoribus ad banc speciem duct a descriptaque, revera pertinent ad fungum parasitantem, yesolechiam neglectam Vain., quae nullae speciei lichenum affinitatem ostendit et hymenio jodo non reagente, ascis omnino leptodermaticis et paraphysibus laxis melius cum fungis congruit. Apothecia ejus »lat. 0.2—0.25 mm, sporae fusiformi-oblongae aut oblongae, long. 0.007—0.14, crass. O.0025—O.0035 mm» (sec. adnot. Nyl.), distichae, de- colores, simplices, rectae. Asci cylindrico-clavati. Hymenium tenue. Epithecium fuscum, KOH demum subrubricosum. Paraphyses sim plices, non gelatinosae, tenues, apice baud incrassatae, in KOH facile disjunctae. Hypothecium fuscescens, KOH demum rubricosum. Perithecium fusco nigrum, KOH demum subrubricosum. — Etiam in thallo sterili Buelliae (Calolechiae) epigaeae var. cacuminum (Mass.) Jatta, sorediis destitutae, verrucis paullo majoribus instructae, goni diis leviter differentibus, crescit. Sic specimina in Pyrenaeis a Nyl. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 419 i) By B. Lynge. collecta, in Obs. Lich. Pyr Or. (1873) p. 26 et 49, Lich. Pyr. Or. (1891) p. 50 et 73 commemorata, sec. hi). Nyl. in thallo hujus Buel- Hae obveniunt, »Lecidea neglecta» igitur adhuc melius ad Leprarias releganda est. Obs. 1. Lichen segeslria Neck. Meth. Muse. (1771) p. 113, Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. (1798) p. 6 (»Lepraria segeslria») forsan ad Lepraria/n neglectam Vain, spectat, quod tamen est incertum. Specimina Acha riana e Suecia nunc indeterminabilia sunt. Obs. 2.1) Vainio had writ ten the above description of this species which he referred to the genus Lecidea, as L. neglecta (Nyl.) Vain. Its apothecia have repeatedly been described, e. g. by Nylander as well as by Th. M. Fries. The editor was able to study these fer tile plants. He got the impression that the apothecia must belong to a parasitic fungus, a Nesolechia, and not to the thallus of the lichen. The fertile plants were submitted to Dr. Nannfeldt, Uppsala, and to Dr. Keissler, Wien. Either of them confirmed the editor's opinion. Dr. Keissler was kind enough to write: »Betreffs der Lecidea neglecta weise ich darauf bin, dass Hue in Monographia Crocyriiarum dieselbe im Anhang zu den Crocynia- Arten aufzählt und ausfuhrlich beschreibt, und dass der gleiche Autor später in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, vol. 71 (1021) p. 277 sie als Crocynia neglecta Hue anfuhrt und auf Grund der Originalexemplare von Nylander eine genaue Beschreibung derselben gibt. Der Querschnitt durch den Thallus der fraglichen Flechte, der in Wien gemacht wurde, zeigt, wie Hofrat Zahlbruckner sagt, nichts auffälliges, was zu einer sicheren Bestimmung derselben eine Handhabe bieten wurde, doch gewirmt man nicht recht den Eindruck, dass ein Lecidea-Luger vorliegt. Dieser letztere Umstand und die Tatsache, dass die frag lichen Apothecien nicht schlecht auf Nesolechia vilellinaria passen, scheinen dafiir zu sprechen, dass wir bier eineri sterilen Thallus nach Art einer Crocynia vor uns haben, auf dem die Nesolechia parasitiert. Eine Stiitze erfährt diese Anschauung in der Feststellung, dass ausserdem am Querschnitt eingesenkte Perithecien zu sehen sind, die offenbar einem zweiten, auf dem Lager entwickelten Parasiten zu- gehören, dessen Bestimmung leider nicht möglich war, weil die Gehäuse leer sind.» The editor has, accordingly, felt it necessary to remove this spe cies from the genus Lecidea, and to refer it to the genus Crocynia. 420 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. 8. Catillaria (Ach.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 563 (maj. p.); Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) j). 153 (em.)j Mass. Ric. Lich. Crost. (1852) p. 78 (em,); Zahlbr. Ascol. (1005) p. 133 p. p.; Vain. Lich. Fenn. II (1892) p. 129, Lich. Ins. Philipp. IV (1923) p. 47. Lecidea *Catillaria Ach. Meth. Lich, (1803) p. 33 (emend.); Vain. Ivtud. Lich. Bres. II (1890) p. 38. Bialorina Mass. 1. c. p. 134 (maj. p.). Thallus crustaceus, uniformis, gonidia continens. Sporae 87. — Norrl. ei Nyl. Herb. Lich Fenn. cont. (1921) n. 722. Thallus fenuissimus aut sat tenuis, verruculoso-inaequalis, cinerascens aut virescenti-cinereus albidusve, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia mediocria aut sat parva. late adnata, nigra, nuda aut raro subpruinosa, leviter nitida, diu pla- niuscula et margine tenui instructa, demum interdum leviter convexa immarginataque. Hypothecium nigricans. Hyme nium epithecio partim cyanescenti-nigricante aut etiam parte inferiore eyaneseens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae 8:nae, ellipsoideae oblongaeve, 1-septatae, long. O.oio —0.0]2 (—-0.014) mm, crass. 0.003—0.005 mm (»—O.ooo mm» sec. Nyl.). Di.slr. KLacL: In latere rupis niarmoreae uno loco sat copiose in Ruskeala (Norrl. J. e. n. 722, Symb. Fl. Lad.-Kar. p. 30). KOn.: Supra saxn quartzoso- vel granitoso-calcarea ad Suojärvi el Valkea- mäki (Norrl. Fl. Kar. Oneg. II p. 33). Apothecia lat. circ. 0.8—0.4 mm, crass, circ. 0.2 mm, basi leviter constricta, disco laevigato. Hypothecium ex hyphis leptodermaticis, irregulariter contextis, conglutinatis formatum, KOH obscure pur- pureum. Perithecium nigricans, KOH in parte summa marginis eyaneseens aut aeruginosum, ceterum obscure purpureum, hyphis radiantibus, conglutinatis, membranis in KHO leviter turgescentibus, cavitatibus angustis. Hymenium (in Arn L. Exs. n. 1587 e loco orig. medio dilute glaucescens), O.050—O.oco (—O.OTO) mm crassum, jodo dilute caerulescens, dein vinose rubens, KOH superne et inferne demum olivaceo-virescens. Paraphyses simplices, membranis gelati- nosis, KOH parum aut distincte turgescentibus, tubulis O.0005— »».(»oi mm latis, p. p. apice leviler incrassatae. Sporae distichae, rec- tae, apicibus obtusis aul rotundatis, in specim. orig. long. O.oio— O.012, crass. 0.003-—0.004 mm. Conidia »filiformia, curvata, long. 0.012 - 0.014, crass. O.0005 mm» sec. annot. Nyl. (conf. etiam Arn. Lich. Tirol XV] p. 391). Gonidia cystoeoccoidea, simplicia, subglobosa, diani, o.oos—0.012 mm, vacuolis lateralibus, membrana sat tenui. Obs. 1. C.subnitida in Arn. Lich. Tirol XVI (1870) p. 390, epi thecio obscure smaragdulo et hypothecio parte superiore ei concolore nec rubricoso descripta, saltern descriptione cum C. hypochlorella Vain. congruif. Obs. 2. Biaiora atliallina Hepp Flecht. Eur. IX (1860) n. 49(; Biaiorina lenlicularis y acruslacea (Hepp) Arn. Fl. 1858 p. 502), Catillaria alhallina Helli). Vet. Vk. Förh. 1867 p. 273, Th. Fr. Lich. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 425 Scand. II (1874) p. 584, Patellaria irisiis (Hepp) Mull. Arg. Princ. Class. Lich. (1862) p. 58, Fl. 1870 p. 261 (Catillaria tristis Arn. Lich. Tirol XVI, 1876, p. 301), gonidiis trentepohliaceis, e cellulis formatis O.oio—O.oio mm longis, O.oio—O.014 mm crassis, partim parce concate- natis, pachydermaticis, instructa, ad Catinariam acruslaceam (Hepp Vain, pertinet, paraphysibus simplicibus ab Arthoniactine Vain. (Cat. Welw. Air. PI. Lich. p. 430) differentem el ad Lecanactineas pertinentem (conf. Vain. Lich. Fenn. II, 1922, p. 143). Obs. 3. Lecidea grossa Pers. in Nyl. Prodr. Lich. Gall. (1857) p. 385 (130), Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 230 (Catillaria Blomb. Vet. Ak. Förh. 1867 p. 122, Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II, 1874, p. 581), paraphysibus opegraphinis, parce ramoso-connexis, praesertim apice flexuosis in structa, rectius ad Arlhoniaclinem Vain, pertinet conf. Vain. Lich. Fenn. II p. 143). 3. C. hypochlorella Vain. Lecidea hypochlorella Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. I! (Meddel. Soc. F. et Fl. Fenn. X, 1883) p. 26. Thallus tenuis, rimoso-diffractus, sat inaequalis, aut ver ruculosus dispersusque, ochraceus aut cinerco-virescens, nut partim evanescens. Apothecia mediocria aut parva, din plana marginataque, saepe demum convexa et fere immargi nata, nigra, nuda, opaca. Hymenium totum aut inferius smaragdulum, interdum epithecio olivaceo fuligineove. Para physes arcte cohaerentes, apicibus baud incrassatis. Hypo thecium parte superiore smaragdulum, parte inferiore peri thecio concolor, rubricoso-fuligincum six e atropurpureum. Sporae 8:nae, oblongae vel fusiformi-oblongae, long. 0.009 0.014, crass. O.oos—O.004 mm. Distr. Ad lapidem graniticum loco aprico ventoso in reg. subalp. in jugo Suoloselkä in LIn. (Vain.). Proxima est, C. subnitidae Hellb., quae hymenio evanescente nec smaragdulo ab ea differt. Thallus sorediis destitutus, KOLI non rea gens, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia usque ad marginem adnata aut demum leviter constricta, lat. 0.4—O.o (0.3- 0.9) mm, sat tenuia, disco levissime subscabrido aut sat laevigato, nudo, margine tenui. sat integro, haud prominente, nigro, nudo. Hymenium crass. 0.056— O.ooo mm, jodo caerulescens deindeque vinose rubens, KOH non rca- aens. Kpithecium tenue, interdum partim decoloratum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, gelatinam in KOH leviter turgescentem percur- E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV rentes, simplices, apicibus haud incrassatis. Sporae distichae, deco- lores, apicibus obtusis, 1-septatae. Gonidia parca, globosa, simplicia, diani. O.009—U.012 mm, membrana modice incrassata. 4. C. Laureri Hepp in Arn. Lich. Exs. (1867) n. 353 (baud Biaiora Laureri LIepp Flecht. Eur., 1853, n. 4 sec, Th. Fr.); Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 582. Lecidea inlermixta Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 194 p. p. (non L. inlermixta Nyl. Addit. Crypt. Chil., 1855, p. 161, conf. infra), Fl. 1866 p. 374; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 152 (excl. var.). Catillaria inlermixta Arn. Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien (1870) p. 455. Exs. Arn. Lich. Exs. (1867) n. 353, (1874) n. 603. — Rabenh. Lich. Eur. Exs. XXX (1868) n. 804. — Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1888) n. 793. — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. II (1897) n. 41, XXV (1916) n. 613. Johns. North Engl. Lich. IX (1900) n. 337. — Zahlbr. Lich. Rar. Exs. (1908) n. 109. (Sec. Lynge Ind. Lich. Exs.). Thallus tenuis, leviter inaequalis, albidus aut subcinera- seens, hypothallo nigricante interdum limitatus. Apothecia mediocria aut sat parva, late adnata, disco citius convexo, nigro, nudo, margine saepe"pallidiore, modice incrassato, saepe mox excluso. Hypothecium rufescens, saepe parte in- fima subfulvescente. Epithecium aeruginoso-nigricans. Para physes arcte cohaerentes. Sporae 8:nae, ellipsoideae oblon- gaeve aut subovoideae, 1-septatae, long. O.012—-O.014 (»—0.017» sec. Th. Fr.), crass. O.oos mm (»0.006—-0.0075 mm» sec. Th. Fr.). Dislr. Ad corticem Fagorum in Dania et Suecia proveniens, in Fennia adhuc collecta non est. Facie externa saepe parum differt a Lecidea atroviridi (Arn.). Thallus KOIT lutescens fulvescensve (»obscurior vix mutatur» sec. Th. Fr.). Apothecia sat crebra, lat. 1—0.7 mm (»—1.5 mm» sec. Th. Fr.), basi demum leviter constricta. Perithecium (in Zwackh L. E. n. 793) extus dilute aeruginosum (sordide), intus subalbidum (sordide), hyphis radiantibus, sat pachydermaticis, cavitatibus an gustis. Hypothecium crassum, ex hyphis erectis formatum. Hyme nium circ. O.oos mm crassum, »jodo caerulescit, dein sordide decolora- tur, ascis violascentibus» (Th. Fr.). Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, simplices, apice clavatae. Sporae distichae, apicibus rotundatis ob- susisve. Gonidia simplicia, subglobosa, diani. O.006—O.014 mm. Obs. In specimine orig. (n. 18214 a in herb. Nyl.) e Chili »L. inter- mixlae Nyl.» apothecia basi constricta, f usea, lat. 0.8—0.5 mm, hypo- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 427 thecium subincoloratum (etiam sec. annot. Nyl.), quare ad C. Laureri non pertinet. Postea perperam ad C. iniermixtam specimina C. Lau reri Hepp (Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II p. 582), hypothecio fuscescente instructa, a Nyl. et aliis auctoribus ducta sunt. 5. C. chalybaea (Borr.) Mass. C. chalybeja Mass. Ric. Lich. Crost. (1852) p. 791; Arn. Lich. Tirol XX (1879) p. 356 (C. chalybeia), XXIII (1887) p. 101, Lich. Frank. Jur. (Fl. 1884) p. 175. Lecidea chalybeia Borr. Engl. Bot. Suppl. (1831) tab. 2687 f. 2; Nyl. Herb. Lich. Par. Ill (1855) n. 139, Prodr. Lich. Gall. (1857) p. 136 (382) excl. L. nigroclavaia, Fl. 1881 p. 185, Lich. Paris (1896) p. 06, Suppl. Lich. Paris (1897) p. 7; Leight. Lich. Great Brit. 3 ed. (1879) p. 327; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 25; Hue Addenda II (1888) p. 231. Bialora holomelaena fj chaly beia Hepp Flecht. Eur. I (1853) n. 13. Biatorina lenlicularis a vulgaris Koerb. Parerga Lich. 2 Lief. (1860) p. 144. Catillaria (Bia torina) lenlicularis a vulgaris Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 568. Bialora deplanaiula Mull. Arg. Fl. 1870 p. 165 (sec. annot. Nyl. in specim. orig. n. 12004). Exs. Hepp 1. c. n. 13. — Nyl. 1. c. n. 130. — Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1880) n. 599. — Lojka Lich. Hung. II (1882) n. 82 (sec. Lynge 1. c. p. 341). Thallus vulgo tenuis, continuus aut minute areolatus, cinereo-nigricans cinerascensve aut impure albidus, aut evanescens, hypothallo nigricante, tenui, bene evoluto aut evanescente. Apothecia parva, late adnata, nigra, nuda, opaca, disco piano aut demum convexo, laevigato, margine tenui, persistente aut demum excluso. Hypothecium fusce scens aut fulvo- vel pallido- aut subrubricoso-fuscescens. Hymenium epithecio vulgo fuscescente vel fusco-nigro, cete rum decoloratum aut praesertim basim versus smaragdulum vel aeruginosum. Paraphyses sat laxe cohaerentes. Sporae 8:nae, vulgo ovoicleae, 1-septatae, »long. O.007—-O.oio, crass. 0.0025—0.0035 mm» (sec. Nyl.). Distr. Ad rupes et saxa, granitica, gneissacea et schistosa, prae sertim in littore marino, interdum etiam in littore iacuum, raro ad lignum. In insulis Alandiae (E. Nylander). N.: Hangö (E. Häyren), Rovholmsgrund in Tvärminne (E. Häyren). Somerikonvuoret (Vain. in M. Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv., 1885, p. 117) et alibi (E. Nylander) Hoglandiae; prope Helsingforsiam (Vain.), insula Träskoplan in 428 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV Esbo (Vain.). Porkala et alibi in Kyrkslätt (A. Kullhem). Ka.: Uuras Viburgi (Vain.). Ta.: Letku (»B. lenticularis» Kullh. Lich. Rar. Must. p. 274) et Mustiala in Tammela (Kullh.), ad Sikolahti in Luhanka, Paljakko et Piililä in Korpilahti (Vain. Fl. Tav. Or., 1878, p. 115). OKaj.: Ad Lainmasjärvi in Kuhmo (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. Il p. 25). F. vulgaris (Koerb.) Vain. Bialorina lenticularis a vulgaris Koerb. Parerga Lich. (1865) p. 144. C. lenticularis a vulgaris Th. Fr. 1. c. p. p. Thallus tenuis, continuus aut minute areolatus, cinereo-nigricans, hypothallo nigricante, bene evoluto. Hymenium praesertim basim versus smaragdulum vel aeruginosum. Disir. Ad rupes et saxa, granitica, gneissacea et schistosa, in littore marino et in littore lacus. — Specimens were present in herb. Vainio from the following places: N.: Träskoplan in Esbo (Vain.), and Ta.: Letku in Tammela (Kullhem). Thallus sorediis destitutus, KOH non reagens. Apothecia lat. 0.3—0.4 (—0.5) mm, crass, circ, O.ieo mm, basi leviter aut parum con stricta, margine haud aut leviter prominente. Hypothecium in parte superiore partim cellulis depressis, in seriebus horizontalibus dispo- sit is, in parte inferiore saepe fulvescens. Perithecium fusco fuligineum, hyphis conglutinatis. Hymenium circ. 0.065—O.OTO mm crassum, jodo caerulescens, dein vinose rubens. Paraphyses sat laxe cohaerentes, simplices, tenues, apice capitatae clavataeve, clava O.002-—O.003 mm crassa, vulgo i'uscesceiite. Asci clavati. Sporae distichae, ovoideae aut oblongae ellipsoideaeve, apicibus rotundatis aut alt ero apice obtuso, long. O.ooo—O.ooo, crass. O.0025—O.0035 mm a me visae. Coni- dangia »punctiformia, elevata, inter apothecia dispersa.» Gonidia >>oblonga, long, vix O.002 mm, crass. O.0005 mm» (Arn. Lich. Tirol XX p. 356). Gonidia cystococcoidea, diam. O.ooo—O.oio mm, simplicia. »Leptogonidia haud rara» sec Th. Fl. 1. c. p. 568, sed talia numquam in hac specie vidi, quare fortuito immixta sint. F. alhalliza (Nyl.) Vain. Lecidea chahjbeia f. athalliza Nyl. Lich. Pyr. Or. (1801) p. 10. Thallus tenuis, minute areolatus aut subcontinuus vel crebre rimu- losus, impure albidus vel albido-cinerascens, hypothallo indistincto Hymenium praesertim parte inferiore aeruginosum. Dislr. Ad rupes gneissaceas et graniticas in tateribus rupium. N.: Prope Helsingforsiani (Vain.). Ta.: Piililä in Korpilahti (Vain.), rhallus KOH 11011 reagens. Apothecia late aut usque ad margi- nem adnata, disco piano aut demum convexo, laevigato, opaco, mar gine tenui, haud aut leviter prominente, persistente aut demum ex- cluso. Perithecium fuligineum aut fusco-fuligineum, hyphis sat tenui bus, sat leptodermaticis, conglutinatis. Hymenium circ. O.oio—O.055 Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 420 mm crassum, saepe etiam sub epithecio fusco-fuligineo anguste aeru ginosum, KOH non reagens. Hypothecium totum fuscescens aut rubricoso-fuscescens aut parte inferiore fulvo-fuscescens, KOH non reagens, textura variabile, hyphis irregulariter contextis aut erectis aut in parte superiore horizontaliter dispositis. Paraphyses apice clavatae capitataeve. Sporae vulgo ovoideo-oblongae, altero apice rotundato, altero obtuso, 1-septatae, long. O.oos—O.oio, crass. O.0025—- 0.003 mm. Obs. 1. L. chalybeia f. athalliza Nyl. 1. c. »thallo nonnisi macula glauco-cinerasceiite indicato, sporis nonnihil majoribus (long. O.ooo— O.on, crass. O.ooi mm)» describitur. »Passim supra lapides olivetorum ad Palada.» Obs. 2. L. chalybeia *L. chloroscolina Nyl. in Hue Addenda 11, 1888, p. 231 (L. chloroscolina Nyl. Fl. 1877 p. 565, Fl. 1882 p. 457, Leight. Lich. Great Brit. 3 ed., 1870, p. 352), »thallo cinereo-virente, sporis typice 1-septatis, interdum simplieibus, long. O.oos—O.on, crass. 0.003—O.ooi mm, gelatina hymeniali jodo caerulescente, dein fulvescente, paraphysibus apice nigrescenti-clavatis, »thalamio non nihil caerulescente», hypothecio nigro vel »fusco», supra caerulescente, KOH nonnihil violascente, »sterigmafibus 3—4-articulatis, articulis conidia efferentibus», conidiis »ellipsoideis, long. O.002, crass. O.ooi min», a Nyl. 1. c. et in herb, suo descripta est. In specimine orig. hypothallus haud evolutus. Est status intermedius inter f. athallizam Vain, et f. vulgar em Vain. Obs. 3. Bialorina nubila Norm. (Vet. Ak. Forh. 1870 p. 804), »crusla bene evoluta, late expansa, granuloso-scabra, demum rimoso- areolata, fusca v. nigricante insigni» ad »C. lenticularem a vulgarem saxicolam» sec. Th. Fr. et specim. orig. in herb. Nyl. pertinet. — L. nubila Vain. Lich. Vib. (1878) p. 60, ad lapidem in Tervaniemi Vi burgi parcissime lecta, sporis 1-septatis (vel demum 3-septatis), long. O.oio—O.012, crass. O.0035—O.004 mm descripta est. Obs. 4. C. lenlicularis f. evoluta Th. Fr. 1. c. p. 569, »sporis usque ad o.oio mm longis et O.004 mm crassis» instructa, cujus specimen minutum e Mortensnaes Varangriae reportatum est, accuratiori stu dio a Th. Fr. commendatur. F. ach lor a Vain. Thallus tenuis, minute areolatus, impure albidus vel subcinera- scens, hypothallo indistincto. Hymenium typice haud aeruginosum. Dislr. Ad rupes gneissaceas in caverna rupis et in rupe littorali lacus. Ta.: Sikolahti in Luhanka (Vain.), Letku in Tammela (Kullh.). OKaj.: Ad Lammasjärvi in Kuhmo (in Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II }). 25 descripta). Hypothecium fuscescens aut totum vel parte inferiore fulvo- fuscescens. Epithecium fuligineum aut fusco fuligineum, ceterum 430 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. hymenium decoloratum aut partim praesertimque parte inferiore fulvescens (aut in aliis apotheciis etiam aeruginosum). Paraphyses crass. 0.0015 mm, apice O.003 mm. Sporae visae long. O.oio, crass. 0.003 mm, 1-septatae. Gonidia cystococcacea. F. ilicis (Mass.) Vain. Lecidea ilicis Mass. Mem. Lich. (1853) p. 124. Catillaria ilicis Mass. Symm. Lich. (1855) p. 47 (»ap. extus intusque atra» sec. Mass., conf. Arn. Lich. Frank. Jur. p. 174). Bilimbia (?) minutula Koerb. Lich. Sei. Germ. VII (1861) n. 190 (sec. herb. Nyl.). Thallus tenuis, cinerascens vel cinereo-glaucescens, aut evane- scens, hypothallo indistincto. Hymenium epithecio fusco-fuligineo, ceterum decoloratum. Flypothecium fuscum aut pallido-fuscescens. Corticola et lignicola. Disir. In Fennia nondum collecta. Obs. Lecidea nigroclavata Nyl. in Nya Bot. Not. 1853 (Coll. Gall. Merid.) p. 11 (160), cet,, et Bialorina nigroclavata Arn. p. p. ad hanc formam pertinent (conf. sub Catillaria nigroclavata). »Biatora sy- nothea /i chalybeia» in Hepp Flecht. Kur. I (1853) n. 15, ad L. nigro- clavaiam a Stizenb. in Lich. Helv. I (1882) p. 210 ducta, in herb, meo ad Lecideam glomerulosam (DC.) Nyl. pertinet. 6. C. epigaeella (Nyl.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 569. Lecidea epigaeella Nyl. Flora 1865 p. 7, Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 165; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 239. Thallus sat tenuis, subcontinuus, sat laevigatus, cinereo- pallidus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia minutissima par- vave, thallo immersa, disco piano, fusco aut nigricante, nudo, immarginata. Hypothecium fuscum. Epithecium fuscescens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, gelatinosae. Sporae 8:nae, ovoideae oblongaeve, 1-septatae, long. O.015—O.oio mm (»—0.023 mm» sec. Nyl.), crass. O.007—O.on mm. Dislr. Supra terram nudam arenosam ad ,Katschkofka (Kat- schkova) prope Mare Glaciale in LPon. (N. I. F'ellman). Sec. speci men in herb. Nyl. (conf. etiam Th. Fr. 1. c.) collecta etiam ad Tho- masdal Varangriae bor. in Norvegia (J. M. Norman). Ad Scutulam in thallo alieno parasitantem apothecia pertinere mihi viderentur, sed thallum talem in nulla alia specie observavi, quam ob causam potius ad Lecanias aspicilioideas haec species perti- nant. Thallus opacus, sorediis destitutus, KOH non reagens. Apo thecia punctiformia, lat. circ. O.i—O.2 mm, crass, circ. 0.2 mm, sat crebra, tantum thallo marginata aut saepe annulo angusto thallino circumscisso cincta, disco impresso aut thallum aequante, ceterum Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, .>7, N:o 2. 431 gonidiis destituta. Perithecium interne tenue fuscescensque, superne evanescens aut deficiens. Hypothecium KOH non reagens, ex hyphis tenuibus, leptodermaticis, irregulariter crebre contextis, conglutina tis formatum. Hymenium circ. O.090 mm crassum, »jodo asci soli caerulescunt» (sec. Th. Fr.). Epithecium KOH dilutius coloratum. Paraphyses simplices, tubulis u.0005—O.ooi mm crassis, septatis, mem brana gelatinoso-incrassata. Asci clavati, apicem versus membrana saepe sat crassa. Sporae distichae, apicibus obtusis aut rotundatis aut altero apice rotundato, haud constrictae. Gonidia vulgo globosa, diam. O.005—O.012 mm, simplicia, membrana sat tenui. Sect. 2. Leptolecania \ aim Apothecia fusca aut nigricantia, in parte inferiore pe- rithecii aut etiam in hypothecio parce gonidia continentia. Hypothecium decoloratum pallidumve aut parte superiore fuscescens. Sporae minutae. Apotheciis stratum myelohyphicum, ex hyphis non conglutinatis formatum, haud continentibus, et marginibus lecideinis gonidiisque destitutis, eamque ob causam habitu omnino lecideinis a Lecania Lecanoraque haec sectio differt et forsan genus autonomum non con- stituit, sed potius affine videtur Caiillariae leniiculari. Ceterum etiam in sect. Psorolliecio variationes inconstantes (C. sulphurala v. ochro- cheila et v. lecanocheila Vain. Lich. Ins. Philipp. Ill, 1921, p. 105), peritheciis strato thallino obductis instructae, proveniunt. 7. C. atropurpurea (Schaer.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 565. Lecidea sphaeroides /> atropurpurea Schaer. Lich. Helv. Spic. IV (1833) p. 165. Biaiorina atropurpurea Mass. Ric. Lich. Crost. (1852) p. 135; Koerb. Par. Lich. 2 Lief. (1860) p. 142; Arn. Lich. Tirol IV (1869) p. 625, Lich. Munch. (1891) p. 82. Biatora Hepp Flecht. Eur. II (1857) tab. 31 n. 279. Lecanora Hedl. Krit. Bern. Lec. Micar. (1892) p. 52. Lecidea Nyl. Fl. 1873 p. 294. Biaiorina arceuiica Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 192 (errat. typ. pro arceuiina Ach.), sec. Koerb. 1. c. p. 142. Bialora adpressa Hepp Flecht. Eur. II (1857) tab. 31 n. 277. Biaiorina adpressa Koerb. 1. c. p. 143; Arn. Lich. Frank. Jur. (Fl. 1885) p. 172, Lich. Tirol XXIII (1887) p. 142, XXV (1893) p. 395. Lecidea adpressa Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 153 (excl. var.). L. inlermixla var. lignaria Nyl. in Not. Sällsk. F. Fl. Fenn. IV (1859) p. 231, Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 194. L. gyaliza Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 104 (sec. Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 153). 432 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV Exs. Schaer. Lich. Helv. Exs. IX (1833) n. 206. — Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1851) n. 85 A, B, (1859) n. 371, (1861) n. 397. — Hepp Flecht. Eur. II (1857) n. 277 (sec. Arn.), 279 (sec. Stizenb.). — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1860) n. 76 a, b, (1873) n. 595, (1883) n. 1003. — Arn. Lich. Monac. (1889) n. 45, (1894) n. 356. — Rabenh. Lich. Eur. Exs. XXIII (1862) n. 627. — Fellm. Lich. Arct. (1864) n. 160. — Lojka Lich. Univ. I (1885) n. 27. - Lojka Lich. Hung. III (1882) n. 136. — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. V (1909) n. 114, VII (1910) n. 168. — Norrl. el Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. cont. (1921) n. 723. (Sec Lynge Ind. Lich. Exs., cet.). Thallus tenuissimus evancscensve aut tenuis, verruculose varieve inaequalis, subcontinuus aut areolatus dispersusve, einerascens aut cinereo-glaucescens aut rarius subalbidus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia crebra, parva, late adnata, gonidia parce aut sat abundanter continentia, disco piano aut raro demum depresso-convexo, fusco aut fusco-nigri cante nigrove aut parce etiam fusco-rufescente, margine concolore aut nigricante, tenui, vulgo persistente. Hypothe cium decoloratum pallidumve aut raro superne dilute sub- fuscescens. Epithecium fuscescens subfuscumve, KOH non reagens. Paraphyses sat laxe cohaerentes, apice anguste clavatae. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, ellipsoideae oblongaeve, L-septatae, long. O.oio— 0.012 (—-O.015), crass. O.005—-O.006 mm, Dislr. Ad corticem Juniperi et rarius Alni et Sorbi et Salicis capreae et Betulae et ad lignum putridum, interdum etiam Polyporum igniarium siccum et muscos destructos crescit, toto terri torio passim aut sat rare proveniens. Ab.: Merimasku (P. A. Kar sten). N.: Mjölö (VV. Nylander) et Tali (J. P. Norrlin) prope Helsing forsiani, Gesterby in Kyrkslätt (G. Lang). Ka.: Monrepos et Vanha- Viipuri (Vain. Lich. Vib. p. 64). KOn.: Käpselkä (A. Kullhem), Suo- järvi (Norrl. Fl. Kar. Oneg. II p. 29) KOI.: Humbaritsa (Elfv. Ant. Veg. Svir p. 168). Ta.: Mustiala et Letku et Kaukijärvi in Tammela (Kullh. in Not, Sällsk. F. Fl. Fenn. XI p. 274), Hersala et Kotomäki Norrl.) in Hollola, Padasjoki (Norrl.), passim in hoe territorio sec. Norrl. (Bidr. Sydöstr. Tav. FL p. 189), Judinsalo in Luhanka (Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. p. 114). Oa.: Vasa (P. A. Karsten). Sb.: Puijo ad Kuo pio (K. Linkola). Kb.: Pag. Lieksa et Ekypti in par. Lieksa (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 25). OKaj.: Ohtosenvaara in Kuhmo, Hevois- vaara et Kiannanniemi in Kianta (Vain. 1. c). Kuus.: Nuorunen ( F. Silen), Paanajärvi (P. A. Karsten) et alibi (N. I. Fellman). KKer.: Ruankoski (Fellm.). LKem.: Muonio (Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 433 p. 337). LIn.: Reg. subalp. montis Hammastunturit, reg. pinif. prope Paatsjoki (Vain. 1. c), Kaamajoki (F. Silen). LTul : Kola (Fellm. 1. c. n. 160). Gonidia parce aut sat abundanter in hypothecio et parte inferiore perithecii constanter continet, qua nota cum Lecaniis (L. cyrtella) congruit, defectu strati myelohyphici, hyphis non conglutinatis in struct^ et margine apotheciorum lecideino, gonidia haud continente, ab iis differens et habitum lecideinum ostendens et analogias cum Lecanora obscurella (Sommerf.) Hedl. praebens. A C. nigroclavala etiam colore apotheciorum et apice paraphysum anguste clavato distinguitur. Thallus sorediis destitutus, KOH non reagens. Apothe cia nuda, lat. 0.2—O.o mm, basi saepe levissime constricta. Perithe cium extus rufescens aut violaceo-rufescens aut partim inferne palli dum, intus pallidum aut dilute rufescens aut subalbidum, hyphis radiantibus, conglutinatis, cavitatibus cellularum ellipsoideis oblon- gisve, 0.0015—-0.003 mm latis, membranis sat tenuibus aut modice in crassatis, conglutinatis. Hypothecium hyphis conglutinatis. Hyme nium circ. 0.070—O.075 mm crassum, jodo leviter caerulescens deinde que vinose rubens. Paraphyses crass. O.ooi mm, apice clavato O.002— 0.003 mm crasso. Sporae apicibus rotundatis aut rarius obtusis, medio saepe demum leviter constrictae, exosporio saepe distincto, Gonidia cystococcoidea. Obs. In specimine n. 102 in Hollola a. 1863 ab J. P. Norrlin col lect o, »L. gyaliza» a Nyl. determinato, hymenium inferius et hypothe cium superius anguste dilute subfuscescens ceterumque albida, para physes apice anguste clavatae, clava crass. O.002—O.003 mm. Perithe cium gonidia parce continens. Est forma (f. gyaliza Vain.) C. atro- purpureae ad C. chalybaeam f. ilicis (Mass.) accedens. — Planta a f. ilicis apotheciis sat parce gonidia continentibus differens, hypothecio parte superiore bene fuscescente instructa, ad corticem Fagi in Voi- rons in Sabaudia a Mull. Arg. collecta, his formis est proxima et nominetur C. Sabaudica Vain. (sec. determ. Mull. Arg. ad C. chaly baeam pertinet). 8. C. Neuschildii (Koerb.) Th. Fr. C. alropurpurea *C. Neuschildii Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 566. Biaiorina Neuschildii Koerb. Par. Lich. 2 Lief. (1860) p. 143. Lecanora Hedl. Krit. Bern. Lec. Micar. (1892) p. 52. Lecidea alropur purea var. Neuschildii Nyl. in Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 25. L. gyaliza *L. pleiotera Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 208. L. adpressa var. pleiotera Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 153. Thallus evanescens aut tenuis, verruculosus, dispersus, cinerco-glaucescens, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia crebra, 434 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. minuta aut minutissima, gonidia parce aut sat parce conti- nentia, late adnata, disco piano aut demum depresso-con- vexo, fusco aut fusco-nigricante, margine concolore tenui, vulgo persistente. Hypothecium decoloratum. Epithecium rufescens. Paraphyses sat laxe cohaerentes, apice anguste clavatae. Sporae 12—16:nae (et saepe p. p. 8:nae), subtri- stichae, ellipsoideae, 1-septatae, long. O.oio—0.013, crass. 0.005—O.006 mm. Disir. Ad lignum vetustum et ad corticem Juniperi et Alni crescit. Ta.: Tiirismaa in Hollola (Vain.), Vesijako in Asikkala (Norrl. Bidr. Sydöstr. Tav. Fl. p. 189), Padasjoki (Norrl.). Ob. Luppio in Yli tornio (Norrl.). LKem.: Sattanen in Sodankylä (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 25). LTul.: Kola (N. I. Fellman). Ascis polysporis a C. atropurpurea differt, item ad Lecanias acce- dens. Thallus sorediis destitutus. Apothecia nuda, KOH non rea gentia, lat. 0.2—0.4 mm, basi haud aut demum leviter constricta. Perithecium hyphis conglutinatis, extus rufescens, intus pallidum, basim versus in parte interiore parce aut sat parce gonidia continens. Hypothecium hyphis conglutinatis, plectenparenchymatice divisis, cavitatibus vulgo rotundatis, diani. O.002 mm, membranis sat tenui bus. Hymenium circ. O.070 mm crassum, jodo intense caerulescens. Paraphyses crass. O.001 mm, apice clavato O.002—O.0035 mm crasso. Sporae apicibus rotundatis aut rarius obtusis, medio saepe demum leviter constrictae, exosporio saepe distincto, interdum demum dilute fumoso-obscuratae. Gonidia cystococcoidea, globosa, diam. O.oos— 0.012 mm, interdum autosporas O.ooo mm latas continentia. Sect. 3. Biatorina (Mass.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 564 maj. p. Biatorina Mass. Ric. Lich. Crost. (1852) p. 184 maj. p.; Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 189; Th. Fr. Lich. Arct, (1860) p. 185, Gen. Heterol. (1861) p. 85; Arn. Lich. Munch. (1891) p. 81; Zahlbr. Ascol. (Engl. et Prantl Naturl. Pflanzenfam., 1905) p. 134; Vain. Lich. Ins. Philipp. IV (1923) p. 47. Lecidea subg. Catillaria st. 1. Biatorina Vain.fitud Lich. Bres. II (1890) ]>. 38. Apothecia dilute colorata aut rufescentia fuscescentiave aut nigricantia, gonidiis destituta. Hypothecium decolo ratum aut pallidum luteolumve aut dilute coloratum sub- rubescensve. Paraphyses simplices. Sporae minutae medio- cresve. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 435 9. C. lenticularis (Ach.) Lindau Flecht. (Kryptogamenfl. fur Anfänger III, 11)13) ]). 87. Lecidea lenticularis Ach. Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 28; Nyl. Lich. Paris (1890) p. 95, Suppl. Lich. Paris (1807) p. 7. Biaiorina Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 101. Zeora lenticularis v. erubescens Flot. Lich. Fl. Siles. (1849) p. 50. Catillaria lenticularis /i erubescens Th. FT*. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 568. Biaiorina pulicaris Mass. Ric. Lich. Crost. (1852) p. 136 (sec. cit.). B. versicolor Hellb. in Vet. Ak. Förh. 1867 p. 271, Nerik. Laffl. (1871) p. 81. B. lenlicularis f. Heppii Mass. in Arn. Lich. Tirol IX (1872) p. 306 (XVI, 1876, p. 302). Thallus tenuis evanescensve et macula albida aut rarius ochracea indicatus aut sat tenuis cinerascensque, hymothallo indistincto albidove. Apothecia parva, late adnata, nigri cantia, nuda (»interdum pruinosa» sec. Th. Fr.), plana aut demum depresso-convexa, margine tenui, persistente aut demum excluso. Llypothecium decoloratum (aut »lutescens» sec. Arn.). Hymenium epithecio fuscescente, KOH purpu- rascente, ceterum decoloratum. Paraphyses sat laxe cohae rentes. Sporae 8:nae, oblongae aut ovoideo-oblongae, demum 1-septatae, long. 0.007—O.on, crass. O.002—O.004 mm. Var. iypica (Arn.) Vain. Biaiorina lenlicularis a) planta typica, vulgaris Arn. Lich. Tirol XVI (1876) p. 302. Zeora lenlicularis /i erubescens Flot. 1. c. (nom. inept.) Catillaria lenticularis /i eru bescens Th. Fr. 1. c. Lecidea lenticularis Ach. 1. c; Nyl. 1. c. Bia iorina lenlicularis Arn. Lich. Tirol IX (1872) p. 311, XVI (1876) p. 392, XXIII (1887) p. 101, Lich. Frank. Jur. (Fl. 1884) p. 173, Lich. Munch. (1801) p. 83, p. p. B. versicolor Hellb. 1. c. (sec. specim. orig. in herb. meo). Exs. Rabenh. Lich. Eur. Exs. IV (1856) 11. 108, XXIV (1862) 11. 673. — Hepp Flecht. Eur. I (1857) n. 12 p. p. (in herb, meo), IX (1860) n. 408, 502. — Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1858) 11. 272. — Anzi Lich. Rar. Langob. Ill (1861) n. 120, Lich. Ven. II (1863) n. 67, 69, IV n. 175, Lich. Min. Rar. It. VI (1865) n. 254, 255. — Flagey Lich. Franche-Comte I (1882) n. 34. — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1888) n. 1393. (Sec. Arn. Lich. Frank. Jur. p. 173.) Saxicola. Thallus vulgo albus (fortuito lutescens vel subochraceus rubensve). Apothecia primum subinnata, dein adnata. Distr. »Caleem primitivam amat, latera praerupta incolens» in Suecia (sec. Th. Fr. 1. c). In Fennia noiidum collecta. 436 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica J\ Thallus e materiis alienis interdum coloratus. Sec. Flot. 1. c. thallus rubescens planta rubricosa immixtus est (»die rosenröthlich schimmernde Kruste hat ihre Farbe einer kleinen Tornia zu verdan- ken, welche perlschnurartig dieselbe, und selbst die Keimplatte, durchzieht.») Hypothallus indistinctus (aut subalbidus in B. lenti- culari f. geographica Mass. in Anzi Lich. Ven. II, 1863, n. 68, Arn. Lich. Tirol XVI, 1876, p. 393, »thallo indistincte albido-decussato»). Apothecia crebra, lat. 0.2—0.4 mm, basi haud constricta (specim. in Hepp 1. c. n. 12 hic descriptum). Perithecium fusco-fuligineum, intus dilutius coloratum, KOH purpureum, hyphis conglutinatis. Hypo thecium KOH non reagens, in parte superiore partim cellulis depres- sis, in parte inferiore membranis sat pachydermaticis, cavitatibus angustis, rotundatis aut difformibus. Paraphyses simplices, sat laxc cohaerentes, apice capita to clavatove, parte superiore fusco, KOH purpureo, ceterum hymenium decoloratum, jodo intense persistenter caerulescens. Sporae distichae, saepe altero apice rotundato, altero obtuso. Gonidia »oblonga, long. O.002—O.003, crass. O.001—O.0015 mm» (Arn. Lich. Munch. p. 83). Gonidia cystococcoidea, globosa aut ra rius subglobosa, simplicia, diani. 0.009—O.014 mm. 10. C. nigroclavata (Nyl.) Vain. (Lindau Flecht., 1913, p. 90 p.p.). Lecidea Nyl. in Nya Bol. Not. 1853 (Collect. Gall. Merid.) p. 11 (160) p.p., FL 1855 p. 247 p. p., Prodr. Lich. Gall. (1857) p. 136, p. p., Lich. Paris (1896) p. 96; p.p. Bialorina Arn. Lich. Tirol XVIII, (1878), p. 251, XXIII (1887) p. 145), XXX (1897) p. 211 (11), Lich. Frank. Jur. (FL 1884) p. 174 p. p., Lich. Munch. (1891) p. 83 p. p. Lecidea lenticularis var. nigro clavata Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 242 p. p. Biatorina, chalybeia **corlicola Krempelh. Lich. Fl. Bay. (1861) p. 202 (sec. Arn. Lich. Munch, p. 83). Thallus tenuis, dispersus, albido-glaucescens, hypoihallo indistincto. Apothecia parva, late adnata, nigra, nuda, opaca, gonidiis destituta, disco piano aut demum depresso- convexo, laevigato, margine tenui, persistente aut demum excluso. Hypothecium pallidum. Hymenium epithecio fusco- fuligineo, KOIT non reagente, ceterum decoloratum. Para physes sat laxe cohaerentes. Sporae 8:nae, suboblongae, de mum 1-septatae, long. O.oos— O.oio, crass. O.002—O.0025 mm. Dislr. Ad corticem Pruni cerasi prope Beaucaire in Gallia merid. (Nyl.) crescens, ex aliis locis cum C. chalybaea f. minutula (Koerb.) commixta est, nec adhuc in Fennia collecta. »L. nigroclavata», in Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 437 Lahentausta ad Kirjavalaht i in Karelia Ladogensi lecta, sec. determ. Nylandri a Norrl. in Symb. Fl. Lad.-Kar. p. 30 indicata, sicut etiam specimen in Satakunta ab A. J. Malmgren lectum, hoc nomine a Nyl. determinatum, ad Bilimbiam populorum (Mass.) pertinent. Vix nisi statione alia, apotheciis nigris et epithecio KOFI minus distincte reagente et forsan non eandem materiam continente a C. lenliculari (Ach.) differens, forsan non est autonoma species. Thallus sorediis destitutus, KOFI non reagens. Apothecia lat. circ. 0.3—0.5 mm, basi haud constricta. Perithecium gonidiis destitutum, intus anguste pallidum, extus fusco-fuligineum. Hypothecium impure pallidum (leviter in colorem dilute subfuscescentem vergens), KOH non reagens. Epithecium fusco fuligineum, KOFI non reagens, sed post tempus longius purpureum. Paraphyses apice fusco-fuligineo- capitatae. Sporae distichae, decoloratae, oblongae aut subovoideo- oblongae. Gonidia cystococcoidea, globosa, diam. O.oos—0.01.5 mm, vacuolis lateralibus,membrana tenui aut modice incrassata. Obs. 1. Specimen orig. n. 20307 in herb. Nyl., prope Beaucaire in Gallia lectum, supra descriptum est. Specimen n. 12044 supra Ulmum ad Sceaux prope Parisios collectuni, item sub »L. nigroclavala» a Nyl. in Coll. Lich. Gall. Merid. p. 11 citatum, ad C. chalybaeam f. ilicis (Mass.) pertinet, hypothecio fusco instructum. Obs. 2. Lecidea subrimulosa Nyl., Fl. 1875 p. 445, sec. Blomb. et Forss. En. IT. Scand. (1880) p. 02 in Fennia et sec. Hue Addenda II (1888) p. 216 in Anglia collecta est, sed hae indicationes erroneae sunt, nam re vera ad Kongsvold in Norvegia a Zetterstedt lecta est. Ceterum Hue loca natalia lichenum in opere citato saepe perperam indicat, Kareliam cum Suecia commiscens. 11. C. leucophaeotera (Nyl.) Vain. Lecidea Nyl. Flora 1873 p. 293; Blomb. et Forss. Enum. Plant. Scand. (1880) p. 85; Nyl. in Brenner Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. (1885) p. 82; Flue Addend. II (1888) p. 153. Thallus sat tenuis, areolatus aut p. p. verrucosus verru- culosusve, albus (KOH lutescens sec. Nyl.), hypothallo in distincto. Apothecia sat parva aut fere mediocria, elevata et sat crassa, basi bene constricta, disco fusco, piano aut demum depresso-convexo, margine sat crasso, concolore pallidioreve, elevato, persistente aut demum excluso. Hypothecium palli dum aut dilute subrufescenti-pallidum aut »incolor» (sec. Nyl.). L]pithecium rufum, KOLI subpurpureum. Paraphyses 438 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. arcte cohaerentes, simplices, haud gelatinosae. Sporae »8:nae, oblongo-fusiformes, 1-septatae, long. O.014—O.018, crass. 0.005—O.007 mm» (sec. Nyl.). Dislr. In pariete porphyrico humido rupis in Majakallio Hog- landiae (M. Brenner). Facie externa Lecaniam aipospilam in memoriam revocans. Thal lus sorediis destitutus, areolis verruculisque circ. 0.3—O.15 mm latis, rotundatis aut difformibus, subcontiguis, depresso-convexis. Apothe cia »lat. 0.5—0.7 mm» sec. Nyl., crass, circ. O.220—O.350 mm, gonidiis destituta. Perithecium dilute rufescens aut partim extus intense rufescens (KOH subpurpureum), hyphis radiantibus, conglutinatis, basin versus sat leptodermaticis, cavitatibus ellipsoideis aut subglo- bosis, 0.003—0.005 mm latis, in margine angustioribus longioribusque et membranis leviter incrassatis. Hypothecium in parte summa hyphis praesertim subhorizontalibus, conglutinatis, tenuioribus, cavitate O.001—O.0015 mm Iata instructis, leviter pachydermaticis, in parte in feriore irregulariter contextis, leptodermaticis, conglutinatis et di stincte limitatis et passim parce etiam cavitatibus intercellularibus disjunctis, cavitate cellularum globosa subglobosave, O.004—-O.ooo mm Iata. Hymenium 0.0005—0.070 mm crassum, »jodo caerulescens, dein decoloratum, ascis violascentibus» (sec. Nyl.). Paraphyses crass. 0.0015, apice O.003—O.ooi mm. Asci clavati. Gonidia globosa, diam. O.ooo—O.012 mm, simplicia, membrana sat tenui. 12. C. Griffithii (Sm.) Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. XVIII (1914) n. 440. Lichen Griffithii Sm. Engl. Bot. (1807) tab. 1735 (sec. Cromb. On Lich. With., Grev. XII, p. 60, A. L. Smith M011. Brit. Lich. II, 1911, p. 118). Lecidea Hook, in Sm. Engl. Fl. V (1833) p 177. Biatorina Mass. Ric. Lich. Crost. (1852) p. 134; Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 191; A.L.Smith 1. c. Lecidea parasema f microcarpa Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1808 p. 260, Lich. Univ (1810) p. 176. Lecidea anomala FToerk. Deutsch. Lich. IX (1821) p. 1, n. 161 (haud Ach.). L. enteroleuca (j grandinosa Ach. 1. c. p. 177. L. hamadrys Ach. 1. c. p. 672. Biatora mixta Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. II (1818) n. 40, (conf. hb. Ach.), Vet. Ak. Handl. 1822 p. 267 (sec. Th. Fr.), Sched. Grit. (1824) p. 13, Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 268. Lecidea tricolor Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 207 (haud Lichen tricolor With. Bot. Arr. Brit. PL ed. 3, IV, 1796, p. 23, conf. infra), FL 1886 p. 102, Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 323. Catillaria Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 574. Lecidea discoidella Nyl. Fl. 1863 p. 306, Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 149. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 430 Exs. Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. II (1818) n. 40. — Floerk. Deutsch. Lich. IX (1821) n. 161 (in herb. Nyl.). — Bohl. Lich. Brit. XV (1837) n. 119. — Leight. Lich. Brit. Exs. II (1852) n. 60. — Anzi Lich. Sondr. VI n. 172. — Mudd Lich. Brit. Exs. II (1861) n. 155. — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1862) n. 216, (1889) n. 1438. — Stenh. Lich. Suec. Exs. VI (1863) n. 169. — Koerb. Lich. Sel. Germ. X (1864) n. 278. — Hepp Flecht. Eur. (XIII) IV (1867) n. 738 (in herb. Vain.). — Larbal. Lich. Herb. VII (1880) n. 268, IX (1881) n. 345. — Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1889) n. 1084. — Elenkin Lich. Fl. Ross. Ill (1904) n. 140. — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. VI (1909) n. 144, XVIII (1914) n. 440. — Merrill Lich. Exs. n. 266. (Sec. cit.). Thallus modice incrassatus aut tenuis, areolatus aut verru cosus aut parcius verruculosus, areolis verrucisve difformi- bus aut rotundatis, vulgo depresso-convexis, dispersis aut contiguis, albus aut albidus, aut rarius evanescens, hypo thallo albo plus minus distincto. Apothecia mediocria aut sat parva, late adnata, disco piano aut vulgo demum depresso- convexo, saepe versicolore, nigricante, fuscescente aut livido- fuscescente vel sublivido-pallescente vel livido-subcarneo, opaco, margine sat tenui mediocrive, saepe subconcolore, per sistente aut demum excluso. Hypothecium subdecoloratum pallidumve. Hymenium parte superiore subviolaceum, KOH distinctius violascens pallidumve. Paraphyses arcte cohae rentes, simplices. Sporae 8:nae, oblongae, rectae, 1-septatae, »long. 0.008—0.016, crass. 0.003—0.004 mm» (sec. Th. Fr.). Distr. Ad corticem et raro ad lignum Abietis excelsae, raro ad corticem Pini et ad ramulos siccos Alni (in regionibus externis etiam ad corticem Juniperi, Quercus, Aceris, Betulae) crescens, rara in Fennia est. Alandia (E. Nylander). Ab.: Ernholm in Nagu (F. Elf ving), Tennäs in Pargas (K. Lindholm). N.: Kappelniemi, Jokiinsuu, Kappelkallio, Purjeniemenpäällys, Pohjaskorkia in Hoglandia sec. determ. Nyl. in Brenn. Bidr. Hogl. Lafv. p. 90, Tammisaari in Lohja (Ch. E. Boldt), Mjölö (Nyl., Vain.), Degerö (A. Kullhem), Toivola (Vain.), Heikovik ad Strömsby (M. Brenner) et alibi in Kyrkslätt (Kullh.). Ka.: Koivisto (E. Nyl.). LTul.: Kola (N. I. Fellm., »L. cliscoidella»). Thallus areolis verrucisque 0.4—0.2 (—O.i) mm latis, interdum etiam latioribus, sorediis destitutus, KOH leviter subflavescens aut parum reagens. Apothecia lat. 1—0.4 mm, crass. circ. O.240 mm, basi leviter aut levissime constricta, gonidiis destituta, margine saepe leviter prominente. Perithecium extus obscure subviolascens aut 440 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV totuin pallidum, ex hyphis formatum radiantibus, leptodermaticis, conglutinatis, cavitatibus angustis, oblongis ellipsoideisque. Hypo thecium hyphis irregulariter contextis et in interna parte hypothecii subhorizontalibus, leviter pachydermaticis, cavitatibus cellularum circ. 0.0015 mm latis, rotundatis oblongisque. Hymenium circ. O.oio—- O.060 mm crassum, jodo intense persistenter caerulescens. Paraphyses haud gelatinosae, crass. O.001—O.0015 mm, apice clavatae et crass. 0.0015-—O.oos mm. Conidangia »leviter obscurata» (Flag. Fl. Lich. Franche-Comte p. 384). Sterigmata »pauci-articulata, parce ramosa, apicibus conidia efferentibus». Gonidia »oblonga ovoideave, recta, long. 0.003—0.0035, crass. O.0015 mm» (sec. annot, et icon, in herb. Nyl. et in Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 149) aut »cylindrica, saepius curvata, apices versus attenuata, long. O.004—O.oos mm» (sec. Flag. 1. c). Gonidia cystococcoidea, globosa aut subglobosa, diam. O.ooe—O.012 (—O.020) mm, vacuolis lateralibus, membrana sat tenui, interdum autosporas numerosas continentia. Obs. 1. Lichen tricolor Withering, Bot. Arr. Brit. PL 3 ed., IV (1796) p. 23, tab. XXXI f. 6, sec. specim. orig. in herb. With., ut indicat Cromb. in Lich. With. Herb., Grevillea XII p. 60, pertinet ad Gyalectam (Secoligam) Eloiowii (Koerb.) sive Lecideam querceli Nyl., his verbis descripta: »saucer very minute, orange-coloured, deeply hollowed, like the cup of a Peziza, the border pale-brown». Aliud specimen pertinet ad Gyalectam carneolam (Ach.) et Hysteriurn puli- care Pers. sec. Cromb., et specimen Achario missum et description! baud congruens ad Catillariam Griffithii, ut af firmat Nyl. in FL 1886 p. 102. Obs. 2. Sec. Th. Fr. 1. c. ad hanc speciem pertinent etiam Lecidea enteroleuca ji grandinosa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 177, Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 19, et Lecanora anomala (3 ferruginosa Ach. Lich. Univ. s 1810) p. 381. Obs. 3. Lecidea discoidella Nyl., Fl. 1863 p. 306, Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 149, »vix nisi statione hyperborea recedit», ut indicat Th. Fr. 1. c. p. 575. »Forsan subspecies L. tricoloris apotheciis nigris et sporis minoribus differens» sec. annot. Nylandri in bibl. sua. 13. C. chloroticella (Nyl.) Blomb. et Forss. Enum. Plant. Scand. (1880) p. 91 (Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II, 1874, p. 571). Lecidea chloroticella Nyl. Fl. 1866 p. 85; Norrl. Bidr. Sydöstr. Tav. Fl. (1870) p. 188. Lecidea cyrlella *£. chloroticella Nyl. in Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 154. Thallus tenuis, verruculoso-inaequalis, cinereo-glauce- scens, haud sorediosus. Apothecia crebra, parvula, late ad- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 441 nata, depresso-convexa, immarginata, testacea (»albido- flavescentia» sec. Nyl.), subopaca, haud pruinosa. Hypothe cium pallidum. Hymenium totum decoloratum aut epithecio sordide pallido, KOH non reagens. Paraphyses arcte cohae rentes, simplices furcataeve, mediocres, apice incrassatae. Sporae 8:nae, oblongae, rectae, long. 0.009—-O.on (»—O.014» mm sec. Nyl.), crass. 0.003 (sec. Nyl. »—0.0045») mm. Gonidia cystococcoidea, simplicia. Distr. Ad Polyporum igniarium vetustum prope Kaila in Asikkala in Ta. (Norrl. 1. c.). Facie externa subsimilis Lecaniae cyrlellae et Lecideae albohya- linae. A C. micrococca jam paraphysibus et gonidiis differt. Affinis sit C. globosae. Thallus subdispersus, verruculis depresso-convexis, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia lat. circ. O.25 mm, simplicia, pro minentia, tota unicoloria, KOH non reagentia. Hypothecium subchon- droideum, hyphis conglutinatis, erectis, pachydermaticis, increbre ramoso-connexis, cavitatibus cellularum O.002—O.0015 mm latis, oblon gis aut rotundatis. Perithecium sat bene evolutum, decoloratum, gonidiis destituturn, hyphis conglutinatis, pachydermaticis, cavita tibus oblongis aut ellipsoideis, O.004—0.00:15 mm latis. Hymenium O.oso mm crassum, jodo dilute aut sat intense caerulescens, dein ob scure vinose rubens. Paraphyses crass. O.0015 mm, apice O.003 mm, simplices aut raro apice furcatae, haud gelatinosae. Sporae distichae, apicibus obtusis aut rotundatis, simplices et p. p. 1-septatae. Goni dia globosa, diam. O.oos—O.013 (—O.oio) mm. aut subellipsoidea, diam 11x7 et 12 x 9 /I. 14. C. Bouteillei (Desmaz.) Zahlbr. Vain. Lichenogr. Fenn. II (1922) p. 268. C. Bouleillii Zahlbr. Lich. Rar. Exs. (1910) n. 128. L^armelia Bouteillei Desmaz. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3, VII (1847) p. 191. Lecanora PI. Crypt. Fr. XXXII (1847) n. 1595. Lecidea Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 152; Vain. Meddel. Sällsk. F. Fl. Fenn. XXII (1896) p. 77. Biaiorina Arn. Lich, Exs. (1866) n.331; Sydow Flecht. Deutschl. (1887) p. 167; A.L.Smith Mon. Brit. Lich. II (1911) p. 119. Lecanora varia n Bouteillei Schaer. Enum. Lich. Eur. (1850) p. 83. Lecidea rubicola Crouan Fl. 1869 p. 294; Nyl. Fl. 1872 p. 251; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 156. Lecanora rubicola Nyl. in Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1880) n. 582 A, B. Biaiorina rubicola Arn. Lich. Frank. Jur. (Fl. 1885) p. 160, (1890) p. 35, Lich. Munch. (1891) p. 81, (1892) p. 17, (1897) p. 24. Biaiorina foliieola Millardet sec. Arn. Lich. Exs. (1866) 11. 331. Biaiorina Hohenbiihelii 442 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Poetsch Syst. Oesterr. Grypt. (1872) p. 217 (Nyl. Fl. 1872 p. 251). Lecidea cyrlella *L. Hohenbuehelii Nyl. in Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 154. Exs. Desmaz. PL Grypt. Fr. XXXII (1847) n. 1595 (Mus. Fenn.), ed. 2, XXIV n. 1195 (herb. Nyl.). — Arn. Lich. F]xs. (1866) n. 331, (1889) n. 1439, Lich. Monac, (1895) n. 403. — Rabenh. Lich. Eur. Exs. XXXII (1870) n. 856. — Koerb. Lich. Sei. Germ. XIV (1873) n. 403 (sec. Lynge 1. c. p. 301). — Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1876) n. 469, (1880) n. 582, 586 (herb. Nyl.). — Erb. Crit. It. ser. 2 XVIII (1879) n. 875 (sec, Jatta Fl. It. Grypt. Lich. p. 579). —- Roumegu. Lich. Gall. Exs. V (1883) n. 455 (sec. Lynge 1. c. p. 466). —Lojka Lich. Univ. I (1885) n. 28 a, b. — Kerner Fl. Exs. Austro-Hung. XIV (1896) n. 2761. — Zahlbr. Lich. Rar. Exs. (1910) n. 128 (sec. Lynge 1. c. p. 540). Thallus tenuis aut modice incrassatus, glaucescens aut albido- vel cinereo-glaucescens, plus minus sorediosus aut partim verruculosus, dispersus aut sat continuus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia minutissima, late adnata, basi parum constricta, disco piano aut vulgo demum depresso-convexo, carneo-pallido pallescenteve aut raro obscurato fuscescenteve, tenuissime pruinoso nudove, margine tenui, integro, subal- bido cinerascenteve, persistente aut demum excluso. Hypo thecium pallidum aut raro dilute subfuscescens. Hymenium totum decoloratum aut epithecio pallido subfuscescenteve, KOH non reagente. Paraphyses increbrae, simplices. Spo rae 8:nae, ovoideae aut rarius oblongae, vulgo rectae, long. 0.009—0.013 (»—-0.016»), crass. 0.003—O.005 mm. F. Hohenbiihelii (Poetsch) Vain. Apothecia disco carneo-pallido aut pallescente, tenuissime prui noso aut raro demum subdenudato. Thallus soraliis distinctis nullis, at vulgo granulis sorediorum parcissimis inter verruculas thalli disper sis, parum conspicuis. Distr. Supra folia et ramulis Abielis excelsae in Evo in Ta. a. 1894 detexit J. E. Furuhjelm. — In externis etiam ad folia Piceae et Buxi aliarumque arborum et ad corticem Rubi collecta est. — Thallus KOH et CaCl202 parum reagens. Apothecia dispersa aut partim aggregata, lat. 0.2—0.3 mm, gonidiis destituta. Perithecium decoloratum, hyphis subradiantibus, conglutinatis, leviter pachyder maticis, cavitatibus ellipsoideis oblongisve, O.002—O.0015 mm latis. Hypothecium pallidum, KOLI p. p. dilute violascens, p. p. non rea gens, hyphis irregulariter contextis, conglutinatis, modice pachyder maticis, cavitatibus cellularum rotundatis et ellipsoideis, parcius etiam Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 443 oblongis. Hymenium circ. O.045 mm crassum, totum decoloratum aut epithecio pallescente, saepe leviter granuloso, jodo intense persisten ter caerulescens. Paraphyses sat increbrae parcaeque, simplices aut parce ramosae, crass. O.0015—O.0005 mm. Sporae distichae, vulgo rec- tae, apicibus obtusis aut altero apice rotundato, distincte 1-septatae. Gonidia »lageniformia, uno apice crassiora, medio apicem angustio- rem versus leviter sinuato-constricta, long, vix O.004, crass. O.ooi mm» (sec. annot, et icon, in n. 18868 et 18870 in herb. Nyl.). Gonidia cysto coccoidea, globosa, diam. O.ooo—O.oio mm, simplicia, sed vulgo glo- meruloso-aggregata (in sorediis), membrana sat tenui. F. abielicola (Nyl.) Vain. Lecanora rubicola Nyl. f. abielicola Nyl. in Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1880) n. 582. Lecidea rubicola Nyl. f. abieli cola Nyl. in Zwackh Lich. Heidelb. (1883) p. 47 (p.p.). Exs. Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1880) n. 582 A (B p. p.). — Arn. Lich. Monac. (1895) n. 403. Apothecia disco carneo-pallido pallescenteve, tenuissime prui noso aut denudato. Thallus soraliis albidis rotundatis aut demum confluentibus instructus. — »Sporae oblongae, apicibus obtusis, 1-septatae, long. O.oio—O.oio, crass. O.003—-O.OOO mm, gel. hym. jodo caerulescens, dein vinose rubens» sec. annot. Nyl. in 11. 18865. — In Fennia nondum collecta est. F. degenerans Vain. Lecanora rubicola f. abielicola Zwackh Lich. Exs. 11. 586 (primum nominata est »L. micromma Nyl.», quae hue 11011 pertinet). Exs. Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1880) n. 586 (in herb. Nyl.). Apothecia disco obscurato fuscescenteve, haud pruinoso, margine sordide albido. Thallus cinerascens vel cinereo-glaucescens, soraliis rotundatis, sordide albidis instructus. Dislr. Ad corticem ramorum Abietis in Heidenknörzel prope Heidelbergam (Zwackh von Holzhausen). In F'ennia nondum col lecta. Etiam colore et reactione hypothecii a f. Ilohenbuhelii differt, sed non est autonoma species. Notis anatomicis congruentes. Perithe cium totum aut extus sordide diluteque subfuscescenti-pallidum et intus etiam decoloratum, jodo non reagens et KOFI demum decolo ratum. Hypothecium sordide diluteque subfuscescenti-pallidum, KOH demum decoloratum, jodo parte superiore caerulescens. Hyme nium circ. O.oso—O.035 mm crassum, jodo intense persistenterque caerulescens. Epithecium haud granulosum, tenuiter subfuscescens, KOH demum decoloratum. Paraphyses increbrae parcaeque, sim plices, crass. O.ooi—0.0015 mm (in KOH distinctae). Sporae ovoideo- oblongae, long. O.oio—0,oi3, crass. O.003—O.004 mm, rectae, altero apice rotundato, altero obtuso, 1-septatae, distichae. Gonidia cystococcoi dea, globosa aut subglobosa, diam. O.ooo—O.012 mm, vacuolis laterali- 444 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV bus, saepe etiam autosporas numerosas continentia, membrana sat tenui. Obs. Lecidea rabicola Crouan et B. Hohenbiihelii Poetsch sec. specimina orig. in herb. Nyl. ad C. Bbuieillei (Desmaz.) pertinent, sicut etiam Nyl. in bibliotheca et herb, suo annotavit. Item etiam Lecidea rosella Merat Add. a la Revue de la Fl. Par. p. 498 sec. Des maz. PL Grypt. Fr. XXXII n. 1595 ad eandem speciem pertinet, nec ad L. rosellam (Pers.) Ach. 15. C. globulosa (Floerk.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 575. Lecidea globulosa Floerk. Deutsch. Lich. (1821) p. 1, n. 181 (sec. Arn. Lich. Frank. Jur., 1884, p. 173 Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 202, Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 149); Hedl. Krit. Bern. Lec. Micar. (Bin. Sv. Yet.-Ak. Handl. 18, III, n. 3, 1892) p. 67. Bia- lora Rabenh. in Hepp Flecht. Eur. I (1853) n. 16. Biatorina Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 191, Par. Lich. (1865) p. 144; Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 188; Arn. Lich. Munch. (1891) p. 83. Biaiora anomala Fr. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1822 p. 266 et Lich. Eur. Ref. (1831) p. 269 (»praecipue liaec, admixtis variis melanocarpis» sec. Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 575), Lich. Suec, Exs. XII (1852) n. 350 (sec. Th. Fr.). Lecidea anomala Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 202 (excl. var.), Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 149 (excl. var.). L. vernalis var. anomala Nyl. Yeg. Lich. Hels. Sav AI. (Not. Sällsk. F. et FL Fenn. IV, 1859) ]). 232. Exs. Floerk. 1. c. — Flot. Lich. Exs. II (1829) n. 111 (non vidi). - Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1851) n. 89 A, B, (1859) n. 346, (1881) n. 679. - Fr. 1. c. — Hepp 1. c. — Rabenh. Lich. Exs. XVI (1859) n. 465. — Anzi Lich. Sondr. n. 173, Lich. Exs. It. VI (1865) n. 258. — Jae)*, Leiner et Stizenb. Bad. Grypt. X (1861) n. 449. — Stenh. Lich. Suec, Exs. VI (1863) n. 168. — Fellm. Lich. Arct. (1864) n. 155. — Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. IV (1875) n. 176, cont. (1921) n. 725, 726. — Lojka Lich. Hung. Exs. II (1882) n. 56. — Flag. Lich. Fran- che-Gomte VI n. 271. - - Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. II (1897) n. 35, XIV (1913) n. 364 (v. pallens). — Mig. Grypt. Exs. XV (1904) n. 53. (Sec. Arn. 1. c. et Lynge Ind. Lich. Exs.). Thallus tenuissimus, verruculis minutis inspersus aut verruculosus, albidus, aut evanescens, hypothallo indistincto albidove tenuissimoque. Apothecia sat crebra, parva, late adnata aut saepe basi demum bene constricta, vulgo jam primitus convexa immarginataque, nigra aut rarius fusca aut fusco-rufescentia aut livido-testacea, parum nitida aut Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 44.) subopaca, hand pruinosa. Hypothecium impure pallidum aut decoloratum aut raro partim subfuscescenti-pallidum. Epithecium fuligineum aut aeruginosum olivaceumve aut fuscescens, KOH parum reagens. Paraphyses arcte cohae rentes, simplices, tenuiter gelatinosae. Sporae 8:nae, rectae, long. O.oos—O.oio (0.006—O.OIO), crass. O.0025—O.0035 (O.002 0.004) mm. Conidangia rara, nec numerosa. Dislr. Praesertim ad lignum in truncis vetustis, ad parietes et saepimenta lignea, saepe etiam ad corticem Alni, Salicis capreae, Betulae, Sorbi, Juniperi crescens, sat frequenter in partibus meri dionalibus et niediis territorii provenit, adhuc in Karelia bor. et Ostrobotnia Kajanensi. Kuus.: In reg. abiet. montis Näränkävaara (Vain.). KKer.: Reg. abiet. montis Kivakka (Vain.). LEnont.: »Nonnullis locis in reg. abiet, et ad Iletta in reg. pinif.». (Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 336). LKem.: Hietasuanto et Sattanen in Sodan kylä (Vain., f. Ohlertii et f. epirhoda). LIn.: In reg. subalp. jugi Suoloselkä et ad Humeri Paatsjoki (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 26). F. lignicola (Arn.) Zahlbr. Beitr. Flecht. Niederöst. VII (Verb. Z.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1917) p. 16. Biaiorina ijlobulosa f. lignicola Arn. Lich. Tirol XI (1873) p. 518 (34). Apothecia simplicia aut subsimplicia, convexa, nigra. Epithecium majore parte aeruginoso-nigricans fuligineumve. Hypothecium vulgo pallidum. Dislr. Supra indicata. Thallus saepissime obsoletus, sorediis destitutus, hypothallo in- distincto. Apothecia simplicia lat. 0.2—0.5 (—0.6) mm. Perithecium membranis sat crassis, conglutinatis, cavitatibus cellularum in parte marginali ellipsoideis, O.002—O.ooi mm latis, in parte inferiore angusti- oribus oblongisque, decoloratum aut partim extus epithecio concolor. Hypothecium vulgo pallidum aut sordide pallidum aut partim in eo dem apothecio fulvescens aut fusco-pallidum, chondroideum, irre gulariter contextum, membranis conglutinatis, sat crassis et in parte superiore tenuioribus et hyphis crebrius contextis. Hymenium circ. 0.0:30 mm crassum, late coloratum aut epithecio aeruginoso-iiigricante fuligineove aut in eodem apothecio partim violaceo-fuligineo, jodo caerulescens. Conidia »recta, long. O.ooa—O.ooo, crass. O.ooi mm» (sec. Arn. 1. c), »recta, long. O.ooi—O.003, crass. O.0005 mm» (sec. annot. Nyl. in herb, suo), »recta, raro curvata, long. O.ooi-—O.ooo mm» (sec. Flagey FL Lich. Franche-Comte p. 387), cylindrica, recta et parce levissime curvata, long. O.ooi mm, conidangio strato aeruginoso in struct o (in specim. in Ekypti in Lieksa collecto). 446 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV Obs. Specim. orig. f. lignicolae Zwackh distributa in ejus Lich. Exs. (1859) n. 347. F. Ohleriii (Koerb.) Vain. Lecidea Ohlerlii Koerb. Par. Lich. 3 Lief. (1861) p. 217. L. globulosa f. Ohlerlii Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 26. Biatorina globulosa f. Ohlerlii Arn. Lich. Frank. Jur. (Fl. 1884) p. 173. Apothecia simplicia aut subsimplicia, convexa, nigra. Epithe cium fuligineum. Hymenium ceterum, praesertim parte superiore, sordidum aut sordide fuscescens aut sordide aeruginosum (in eodem specimine). Hypothecium superne dilute fuscescens aut partim (in eodem apothecio) sordide pallidum. Dislr. In tecto ligneo in Padasjoki in Ta. (Vain.). In saepimento ligneo ad Sattanen in Sodankylä in LKem. (Vain.). Apothecia KOH non reagentia. Hypothecium parte inferiore dilutius coloratum pallidumve. Hymenium O.035—O.040 mm crassum. Paraphyses apice leviter incrassatae. Gonidia cystococcoidea, glo bosa, simplicia, diarn. 0.007—O.oio mm, membrana leviter incrassata. F. fuscopurpurea (Arn.) Vain. Biatorina globulosa f. fuscopurpurea Arn. Lich. Tirol XI (1873) p. 518 (34). Catillaria globulosa f. epirhoda Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 576. Lecidea globulosa f. epirhoda Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 27. Exs. Malnie Lich. Suec. Exs. XV (1913) n. 364 (Mus. Fenn., >L pallens»). Apothecia simplicia, vulgo convexa, nigra. Epithecium fuligi neum. Hymenium ceterum, praesertim parte superiore, fusco-rubri- cosum. Hypothecium fusco-rubricosum aut partim subdecolorat uni. Dislr. In saepimento ligneo ad Hietasuanto in Sodankylä in LKem. (Vain.). F. glomerulascens (Nyl.) Vain. Lecidea globulosa f. glomerulascens Nyl. in Mus. Fenn., Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 27. Apothecia p. p. aggregata aut plura confluentia, nigricantia aut fuseo-nigricantia, convexa. Epithecium vel hymenium parte superiore aeruginoso-nigricans. Hypothecium pallidum aut sordide pallidum aut (in eodem apothecio rnarginem versus) dilute vel intense rubri- cosum.. Dislr. Ad lignum trunci Betulae in Tiirismaa (J. P. Norrlin) et in pariete ligneo ad Pyhäniemi (Vain.) in Hollola in Ta. Ad lignum trunci putridi in turfoso ad Mujejärvi in Nurmes in Kb. (Vain.). Ad lignum trunci in Suoloselkä in L.In. (Vain.). In specimine ad Pyhäniemi collecto, a Nyl. nominato, thallus sat crassus, leviter morbosus, perithecium decoloratum aut intus in hypothecium rubricosum transiens, chondroideum membranisque incrassatis, tubulis saepe angustissimis, brevibus, hypothecium partim pallidum, partim rubricosum, hymenium parte superiore aeruginoso- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 447 nigricans, apothecia KOH non reagentia, paraphyses arcte cohaeren tes, simplices, sporae simplices et parcissime 1-septatae, long. O.007—- O.on, crass. O.002—O.oos mm, gonidia cystococcoidea, globosa aut sub globosa, simplicia, membrana leviter aut sat bene incrassata (—O.002 mm), interdum etiam autosporas continentia. In specimine ad Muje järvi collecto apothecia habitu similia, thallus evanescens, hypothe cium sordide pallidum, epithecium aeruginoso-nigricans (vel partim fuscescens), KOH olivaceo-aeruginosum, sporae long. O.oos—-O.on, crass. O.0035—€.005 mm. F. fusco pallescens (Nyl.) Vain. Lecidea globulosa f. fuscopallescens Nyl. in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. (1873) p. 346. L. globulosa f. pallens Nyl. in Norrl. Bidr Sydöstr. Tav. Fl. (1870) p. 187 p. p. et in Norrl. Fl. Kar. Oneg. II (1876) p. 30. Apothecia simplicia, fusco-nigricantia aut minore parte etiam livido-fuscescentia vel rufescentia vel subtestacea. Epithecium deco loratum et saepe partim fuscescens aut partim varie coloratum. Hypothecium pallidum aut decoloratum. Dislr. Ad corticem Juniperi et Betulae et lignum vetustum arbo rum pluribus locis. Thallus tenuissimus, albidus, hypothallo indistincto. Perithecium decoloratum, cavitatibus cellularum ellipsoideis, O.002—O.oos mm latis, membranis incrassatis. Epithecium decoloratum aut olivaceum aut sordide caeruleo-violascens aut olivaceum vel smaragdulum, KOH saepe distinctius olivaceum. Hymenium O.030—O.035 mm crassum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, parum gelatinosae, membranis in KOH demum bene gelatinoso-incrassatis. Gonidia cystococcoidea, simplicia, diam. O.oio—O.012 (—O.021) mm, interdum autosporas conti nentia. V. pallens Vain.; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 576 (excl. f. fuscopallescenle). Lecidea globulosa var. pallens Nyl. in Norrl. Bidr. Sydöstr» Tav. Fr. (1870) p. 187 (Not. Sällsk. F. Fl. Fenn. Förh. XI, 1871) partim (conf. infra). Apothecia simplicia, rufescentia et p. p. testacea. Epithecium decoloratum. Hypothecium vulgo pallidum aut partim testaceum. Dislr. Ta.: Ad corticem Juniperi ad Vaania in Hollola (Vain.) et ad Kaila in Asikkala (Norrl. 1. c.). Thallus tenuissimus, albidus. Apothecia KOH non reagentia. Perithecium decoloratum, cavitatibus cellularum saepe oblongis, membranis incrassatis. Hymenium circ. O.035—O.050 mm crassum, jodo sat dilute caerulescens deindeque fuscescenti-rubescens. Para physes arcte cohaerentes, simplices aut parce furcatae, parcissime etiam ramoso-connexae, parum gelatinosae, membranis in KOH demum gelatinoso-incrassatis. Sporae simplices et parce 1-septatae, long. O.oio—0.013, crass. O.0025—O.0035 mm (in specim. e Vaania). 448 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV Gonidia cystococcoidea, globosa aut subglobosa, diam. circ. O.012— O.ooo mm, interdum autosporas continentia. Obs. L. globulosa v. pallens Nyl. in Norrl. Bidr. Sydöstr. Tav. Fl. p. 187 (baud descripta) sec. specim. orig. n. 553 supra corticem Juniperi ad Kaila in Asikkala collectum tantum nonnullis apotheciis ad f. pallentem Vain. ceterumque ad f. fuscopallescentem (Nyl.) per tinet. Aliud specim. orig. ad corticem Salicis capreae in Evo lectum nondum est cognitum. 16. C. epiblastematica (Wallr.) Vain. Patellaria epiblastematica Wallr. Fl. Crypt. Germ. II t. 4 (1833) p. 464 (sec. determ. Nyl. et Arn.). Seutula Arn. Lich. Monac. (1889) n. 76, (1896) 11. 451, Lich. Munch. (1891) p. 130 (forsan pr. p. etiam: Rehm in Rabenh. Krypt.-IT. Ase, 1890, p. 322); Zopf Uebersicht schmaroz. Pilze, Hedwigia XXXV 1896, p. 347; Vouaux Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. XXIX, 1913, p. 423; Mig. Krypt.-Fl. Ase, 1913, p. 896; Lindau Micr. Pilze, Krypt. Anf. II 1, 1922, p. 159. Biatorina A. L. Smith Mon. Brit. Lich. I, 1911, p. 132, Biaiora Heerii Hepp Flecht. Eur. III (1853) n. 135. Exs. Hepp Flecht. Eur. III (1853) n. 135. — Arn. Lich. Monac. I (1889) n. 76, (1896) n. 451. - - Hepp Flecht. Eur. III (1853) n. 135 (in herb. meo). Thallus tenuis, verruculosus, verruculis minutissimis, di spersis, pallidis, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia minutis- siina, late adnata, nigra aut nigricantia, nuda, opaca, disco piano aut depresso-convexo, margine tenui, persistenti aut mox excluso. Hypothecium pallidum aut partim rubricefso- rufescens. Hymenium parte superiore aeruginosum aut par tim ad marginem subpurpureum. Paraphyses sat arcte cohae rentes, simplices. Sporae 8:nae, subovoideae, long. O.oos—- O.oio, crass. 0.003 mm (»long. O.012—O.015, crass. O.004—O.005 mm» sec. Arn. 1. c). Dislr. Supra partes mortuas emorientesque (et vigentes) thalli Peliigerae caninae var. rufesceniis ad Hersala in Hollola (apotheciis) et in Sutoisenniemi in Korpilahti (conidiis) a. 1874 legi (Nyl. determ.), ad Mustiala in Tammela (A. Kullhem) in Ta., ad Keret (N. I. Fell man, »Lecidea ci;rtella *L. Heerii» Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 152). Est verus lichen, gonidiis instructus. Verruculae thalli lat. circ. 0.05 mm aut minores, parce etiam majores, gonidia abundanter con- tinentes. Apothecia passim crebra, lat, O.i—O.25 (O.35) mm (numquam Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 440 29 pallida a me visa). Hypothecium plectenparenchymaticum, cavita tibus anguloso-rotundatis aut difformibus, lat. O.0015—O.ooi mm, mem branis sat tenuibus aut modice incrassatis. Perithecium hypothecio concolor aut partim obscure subpurpureum (tunc KOH purpureum). Hymenium O.035—O.045 mm crassum, jodo leviter caerulescens, dein vinose rubens. Paraphyses haud gelatinosae, crass. O.ooi mm, apice vulgo aeruginoso, clavato, crass. O.003—O.004 mm. Sporae distichae, decolores, ovoideae aut subovoideo-oblongae, altero apice rotundato, altero obtuso, haud constrictae, 1-septatae aut partim simplices. Conidangia prominentia, subglobosa, lat. O.205—O.235 mm, testaceo- pallida aut nigricantia aut apice basive nigricantia (tunc violacea sub microscopio). Basidia brevia, simplicia. Gonidia vulgo ovoideo- oblonga ovoideave, altero apice rotundato, altero obtuso, rectae aut saepe p. p. curvatae, long. O.0045—O.007, crass. O.002 mm, saepe uno guttulo instructae (conf. Arn. Lich. Tirol VI, 1871, p. 1145). Sec. Arn. Lich. Munch., 1891, p. 130 »spermog. punctif., fusca, spermat, curvula, O.009 mm long., O.ooi mm lat., pycnides semiglobosae, apice pertusae, lutesc, demum fuscesc, stylosporae incol. elongato-obl., rectae, non raro cum 3—4 guttulis, O.015—O.ois mm long., O.003 mm lat. (Tul. Mem. p. 110).» Vix ad banc speciem pertineant. Gonidia globosa (aut subglobosa), diam. O.007—O.oio mm, vulgo simplicia, parce etiam glomerulosa, membrana vulgo modice incrassata, inter dum etiam sat crassa. Obs. Nomen hujus speciei adhuc incertum est. Seutula epiblaste- niatica Arn. Lich. Monac. (1889) 11. 76 cet. quidem hue pertinet et specimen orig. Wallrothianum ab Arn. visum est (conf. Rehm. 1. c. p. 323), sed non thallo descriptum et ab Arn. ad Seutulani ductum. Item Biatora Heerii Hepp Flecht. Eur. Ill (1853) 11. 135 in herb, meo est Catillaria epiblastematica (Arn.) Vain., sed in Hepp Syst. Sarnml. XVI (1852) n. 211 et Schaer. Lich. Helv. Exs. XXVI (1852 n. 630 (a nobis non visis) forsan pertinet ad Seutulani miliar em (Wallr.) nostram, quae multo frequentior et abundantior est, quam Catillaria epiblastematica (Arn.) Vain, (vix ad plura exsiccata Hep- piana sufficiens). Sect. 4. Micarea (Fr.) Vain. Micarea FT. Syst. Orb. Veg. (1825) p. 257 (emend.); Hedl. Krit. Bern. Lec. Micar. (1892) p. 87 (em.). Apothecia dilute colorata aut rufescentia fuscesccntia nigri- cantiave, gonidiis destituta. Hypothecium decoloratum palli dumve aut raro subrubescens. Paraphyses ramoso-connexae aut p. p. simplices immixtae. Sporae minutae mediocresve. 45U E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV 17. C. graniformis (Hag.) Vain. Lichen graniformis Hagen Tent. Hist. Lich. (1782) p. XLVII, t. 1 f. 2. Biatorina A. L. Smith Mon. Brit. Lich. (1911) p. 117 Lichen Ehrhariianus Ach. Prodr. Lich. Suec. (1794) p. 39, tab. 2 f. 1. Lecidea Ehrhariiana Ach. Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 73, Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 191, Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 47 (a); Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 195; Hedl. Krit. Bern. Lec. Micar. (1892) p. 58. Catillaria Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 510. Biatorina Arn. Lich. Tirol (1876) p. 411, Lich. Frank. Jur. (FL 1885) p. 170, Lich. Munch. (1891) p. 82. Lecidea corrugata Ach. Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 18. Limboria Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1815 p. 259, t, 6 f. 5, 1817 p. 238. Rhyiisma corrugatum Fr. Syst. Myc II (1823) p. 565. Clioslomum Fr. Lich. Eur. (1830) p. 455. Lecidea biformis Floerk. Deutsche Lich. VII (1821) p. 3, n 122 (Mus. Berol.). Exs. Floerk. Deutsch. Lich. II (1815) n. 24. — Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. IX (1824) n. 253. — Schaer. Lich. Helv. FIxs. VIII (1828) n.192. — Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1851) n. 91, 109 A, B, (1881) n. 680. — Hepp Flecht. Eur. I (1853) n. 228, III (1860) n. 497. — Rabenh. Lich. Eur. Exs. IV (1856) n. 94, XXII (1861) n. 607, XXVIII (1866) n. 764. — Stenh. Lich. Suec. Exs. V n. 134. — Leight. Lich. Brit. Exs. XIII (1867) n. 410. — Arn. Lich. Monac. (1891) n. 179. — Kerner FL Exs. Austro-LIung. XIV (1896) n. 1896. - Mig. Crypt. Germ. IX (1903) n. 28. — Zahlbr. Krypt. Exs. Vindob. XIII (1905) n. 1231 - Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. VI (1909) n. 143. (Sec. cit.). Thallus modice incrassatus aut sat tenuis, verrucosus areolatusve, areolis verrucisque rotundatis angulosisve, con- vexis aut depresso-convexis, dispersis aut contiguis, 'strami- neis aut raro olivaceo-stramineis, hypothallo albido parum distincto aut evanescente. Apothecia mediocria aut sat parva, late adnata, disco depresso-convexo aut primum piano, stra- mineo- aut carneo-pallido, haud pruinoso, immarginata aut primum tenuiter marginata. Hypothecium decoloratum. Epithecium pallidum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae 8:nae, oblongae, rectae, 1-septatae, »long. O.007—O.on, crass. O.0025—0.0035 mm. Conidangia frequentia, prominentia, atra, conlluentia, glomerulos rugosos, 0.3—0.6 mm latos formantia. Dislr. Ad lignum nudum vetustum, praesertim in parietibus, et ad corticem Ouerci Alandia: Frequenter sec.E. Nyl. et locis nume- rosis collecta. Ab.: Runsala vel Ruissalo (P. A. Karsten, Vain.), Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 451 Toijoinen in Hirvenluoto (Vain.), Korpo (G. Renvall), Pargas (non- nullis locis, F. Elfving), Littoinen (Vain.), Kustavi (IL Hollmen et V. Sederholm), ad stationem Perniö (abund. c. apofh., Vain.), Han nula in Askainen (K. Linkola). N.: Elgö in Tvärminne (K. Linkola), Kyrkslätt (A. Kullhem), Annila in Sjundeä (V. Sederholm). St.: Loimaa (A. J. Malmgren). Ta.: Mustiala (A. Kullhem). Conidangiis atris, comparate magnis, thallo vulgo stramineo insidentibus, numerosis jam sine apotheciis facile discernitur Thallo interdum partim subsquamuloso-areolato, puree crenulato lobulatove ad Thalloedaema accedens. Thallus verrucis areolisque 0.8—O.a (1.5—0.15) mm latis, totis adnatis aut nonnullis subsqua- inulose adscendentibus, subnitidis, haud pruinosis, sorediis destitu tes, superne strato corticali subcarfilagineo circ. O.ois mm crasso obductis, KO II vix distincte flavescentibus aut paruni reagent ib us, GaCl202 et jodo immutatis. Apothecia lat. 1—0.5 (—-l.o) mm, basi haud constricta, gonidiis destituta, sed strato gonidioso thallino im- posita, interdum demum tuberculosa, parum nitida subopacave, mar gine disco concolore pallidioreve, baud prominente. Perithecium decoloratum, jodo 11011 reagens, hyphis subradiantibus, leviter pachy dermaticis, conglutinatis, cavitatibus oblongis brevibusve, O.0015— O.ooi mm latis. Hypothecium decoloratum, parte superiore jodo caeru lescens, hyphis irregulariter contextis, leviter pachydermaticis, cavi tatibus oblongis, angustis. Hymenium circ. O.oso mm crassum, jodo intense persistenter caerulescens et partim demum obscure subvio- laceum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, numerosae, crass. O.ooi mm auf apice levissime incrassatae, simplices et parce ramoso-connexae (immers. visae). Sporae distichae, apicibus obtusis, lateribus convexis aut rarius cylindricis. Conidangia in lamina tenui fusco-fuliginea (»KOH violacea» sec. Arn.), basi dilute violaceo-fuscescentia, parte inferiore thallo immersa, conglomerata, in glomerulo partim partibus superioribus sejunctis et ostiolis diversis, cavitatibus confluentibus, irregularibus, partim laceratis. Sterigmata simplicia, long. circ. O.oio, crass. O.ooi mm, apicibus conidia efferentibus, anaphysibus im mixta O.oois mm crassis, increbre ramoso-connexis, cavitatem coni- dangii percurrentibus, increbris et sat parcis. Conidia ellipsoidea oblongave, apicibus rotundatis obtusisve, lateribus convexis, recta, simplicia, decoloria, long. O.003—O.002, crass. O.ooi mm., in f. ccracella (Th. FT1. 1. c. p. 262, Hedl. 1. c. p. 50) crass. circ. O.0017 mm. Gonidia cystococcoidea, globosa, simplicia, diam. O.ooo—O.018 mm, cliroma- tophoro centrali, anguloso, vacuolis lateralibus, nucleo et pyrenoide instructa, membrana sat tenui. Obs. Vulgo sine apotheciis erescit, lat as saepe tegens plagas, coni dangia abundanter procreans, quod indicat propagatioiiem conidiis fieri, quum etiam soredia numquam profert. Ad talia specimina 4 52 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. apotheciis destituta, tantum conidangiis instructa, Lichen graniformis Hag. et Lecidea corrugata (Rhytisma corrugalum Fr.) spectant. 18. C. Dufourei (Ach.) Vain. Lichenogr. Fenn. II (1922) p. 140, 258. Lecidea Dufourei Ach. in herb. sec. Nyl. Fl. 1867 p. 373, Nyl. in Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. (1873) p. 336. L. Dufourii Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 157. Catillaria spliaeralis Koerb. Par. Lich. 3 Lief. (1861) p. 196 (sec. descr.); Arn Lich. Tirol XIV (1875) p. 26 (458) sec. specim. orig. (nec. Fr., nec Schaer., conf. Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 383). Buellia sphaeralis Anzi Neosymb. (1866) p. 12 (sec. specim. orig.). Lecidea sphaeroides sabulelorum f. simplicior Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 205 p. p. (conf, Vain. 1. c. p. 140, 258). Thallus sat tenuis aut modice incrassatus, verruculosus, verruculis circ. 0.15—0.2 mm latis, rotundatis convexisque, confluentibus et partim dispersis, solidis, cinerascentibus aut rarius pallescentibus subalbidisve, haud pru'inosis, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia late adnata, vulgo fere mediocria, convexa, imrnarginatac[ue, atra, nuda. Hypothecium decolo ratum aut sordide albidum. Epithecium vulgo cyanescenti- vel aeruginoso-fuligineum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, simplices et parce ramoso-connexae. Sporae 8:nae, oblongae aut ovoideo-oblongae, rectae, long. O.on—0.014 (O.oio—O.ois), crass. 0.003—O.004 (—O.ooo) mm. Dislr. Supra muscos destructos et terram humosam in rupibus. LKem.: Pahtarinne (Kätkäsuanto) in par. Muonioniska (J. P. Norr lin). LEnont.: Ad basim montis Pietsovaara (Norrl.). Lin.: Pitkä- vuono (F. Silen), Ruoptuinvaara (Vain.). Thallus sorediis destitutus, nec KOH, nec GaCl202 reagens, verru culis nec clavatis, nec substipitatis, nec fistulosis, quibus notis a Thalloedaemate sgualescente (Nyl.) haec species differt. Apothecia lat. 0.5—1 mm, parum aut leviter nitida, primum depresso-convexa et vix distincte marginata. Hypothecium crassum, chondroideum, superne vulgo sordide subciiierascens, inferne decoloratum, aut ad marginem sordide diluteque subviolascens, KOH parum reagens, pachydermaticum, cavitatibus cellularum oblongis, O.ooi mm latis, hyphis ramoso-connexis, conglutinatis, in parte superiore suberectis, ceterum irregulariter contextis. Perithecium tenue, extus aerugino sum aut fuscescens aut totum decoloratum pallidumve, chondroi deum, hyphis subradiantibus et ramoso-connexis, pachydermaticis. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 453 conglutinatis, tubulis oblongis, O.ooi-—O.0015 mm longis. Hymenium O.ooo—-O.090 mm crassum, jodo caerulescens, dein vinose rubens. Epithecium cyanescenti- vel aeruginoso- aut rarius olivaceo-fuligi neum, KOH non reagens, »ac. nitr. obscure violascens» (sec. Arn.). Paraphyses increbre septatae, membrana gelatinosa KOH parum turgescente instructae, tubulo circ. O.0015 mm crasso, a strato gelati noso membranae in KOH facile disjuncto, ita ut haud gelatinosae apparent. Asci clavati. Sporae distichae, 1-septatae, apicibus obtu sis rotundatisve. Conidia »bacillaria, recta, long. O.0045, crass. O.ooi mm» (sec. annot, et icon, in specimine n. 18839 in herb. Nyl., ab Arn. 1. c. e Tirolia commemorato). Gonidia valde variabilia in eadem verruca thallina (sed forsan non ad diversas species pertinentia), vulgo globosa, cavitate diam. O.oos—O.016 mm, simplicia aut demum glomerulosa, interdum etiam autosporas numerosas continentia, membrana saepe bene incrassata. 19. *C. Kivakkensis Vain. n. sp. Thallus subsquamoso-verruculosus, verruculis difformi- bus, 0.3—O.i mm latis, dispersis aut contiguis confluenti- busve, depresso-convexis, sat tenuibus, solidis, testaceis aut pallido-fuscescentibus, haud pruinosis, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia sat parva mediocriave, late adnata, mox convexa immarginataque, atra, leviter nitida, nuda. Hypothecium pallidum et partim rubricosum. Epithecium aeruginosum aut rarius olivaceum violaceumve. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, simplices et parce ramoso-connexae. Sporae 8:nae, ellipsoi deae aut rarius ovoideae, rectae, long. O.ooe—O.on, crass. 0.0035—-0.005 mm. Dislr. KKer.: Supra muscos vigentes et destructos (praesertim Andreaeas petrophilas) in rupe in reg. subalp. montis Kivakka (Vain.). Proxima Catillariae Dufourei, colore thalli, hypothecio partim rubricoso et sporis ellipsoideis ab ea differens, sed forsan var. ejus. Thallus sorediis destitutus, KOH 11011 reagens, verruculis nec clavatis, nec substipitatis, nec fistulosis. Apothecia lat. O.i—0.7 mm, sat di spersa. Hypothecium crassum, in eodem apothecio partim pallidum et partim rubricosum, KOH non reagens, chondroideum pachyderma- ticumque, hyphis conglutinatis, in parte crassa superiore erectis, in parte inferiore irregulariter contextis, cavitatibus angustissimis elon- gatisque et passim parce etiam ellipsoideis latioribusque et monili- formi-concatenatis. Hymenium circ. O.ooo—O.070 mm crassum, inter dum totum sordide violaceum, jodo caerulescens (leviter), dein vinose 454 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. rubens, KOH non reagens, sine limite distincto in hypothecium con- tinuatum, praesertim colore et hyphis (paraphysibus) minus crebre contextis ab eo differens. Paraphyses increbre aut sat increbre sep- tatae, membrana gelatinoso-incrassata, cavitate O.0005—-O.ooi mm Iata. Asci clavati. Sporae distichae, 1-septatae, apicibus rotundatis obtu- sisve. Gonidia vulgo simplicia, cavitate subglobosa, diam. O.007— U.012 mm, aut ellipsoidea et cav. 13x9 vel 9x5 ju, p. p. glomeru- losa, membrana gelatinoso-incrassata 20. C. intrusa Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 579. Lecidea intrusa Th. Fr. Bot. Not. 1867 p. 152 (haud Krempelh., 1867). Lecideopsis (?) intrusa Zopf Lledwigia 1897 p. 338. Lecidea contrusa Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 29. Thallus sat tenuis aut sat crassus, verrucosus areolatusve, dispersus aut areolis pulvinulos dispersos formantibus, ob scure cinerascens. Apothecia parva aut sat parva, convexa, immarginata, atra, nuda, late adnata, basi haud constricta. Hypothecium decoloratum, parte infima (subperitheciali) rubricosa. Hymenium praesertim superius aeruginosum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, gelatinosae. Sporae oblongae ellipsoideaeve, long. O.007—O.018, crass. O.004—O.007 mm, inter dum p. p. globosae et diam. O.007 mm (tunc simplices).^ Dislr. Inter alios lichenes saxicolas (Lecidea panaeola, L. fuli- ginosa, L. lapicida, L. macrocarpa) crescit, sed non est parasita. Ab.: Louhikkomäki (Vain.) Ta.: Heinämaa in Mustiala (A. Kullhem, conf. Th. Fr. 1. c. p. 579). Kuus.: Reg. subalp. montis Nuorunen (Vain. I.e.). LIn.: Reg. subalp. in Hammastunturit (Vain.). Apotheciis rotundatis instructa, ad Graphideas pertinere non potest, etiam hypothecio ex hyphis erectis formato ab iis differens. Interdum insulas, ad instar Lecideae iniumescenlis (Flk.) Nyl., in thallo aliorum liehenum format. Thallus verrucis circ. 0.2—0.4 mm latis, saepe in acervulos parvos dispersos confertis. Apothecia lat. O.25—0.6 mm, crass, usque ad O.c mm, crebra, sed parce evoluta, praesertim in ascis morbosis et in hypothecio saepe materiam miniatam, KOH viola- scentem, continentia. Hypothecium ex hyphis formatum erectis, sat pachydermaticis, conglutinatis, in parte inferiore parce ramoso- connexis. Perithecium in parte inferiore apothecii distinctius evo- lutum, extus dilute aeruginosum aut in medio apothecii rubricosum (KOH violascens), hyphis pachydermaticis, increbre ramoso-connexis, Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, o7, X:o 2. 455 radiantibus, conglutinatis. Hymenium circ. O.ooo—O.oso mm cras sum, sine limite distincto in hypothecium transiens, KOH non rea gens, jodo caerulescens, dein vinose rubens (aut partim demum decoloratum). Paraphyses simplices et ad latus apothecii parce ramoso-connexae. Asci clavati aut p. p. subpyriformes. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, decolores, 1-septatae et p. p. simplices, apicibus vulgo rotundatis, haud constrictae. Gonidia cystococcoidea, glo bosa, simplicia, diam. O.oio—O.017 mm, interdum autosporas conti- nentia. 21. C. elachista (Koerb.) Vain. Bialora sarcopicioides Mass. Ric. Lich. Grost. (1852) p. 128 p. p.; Anzi Lich. Ven. II (1863) n. 61 (in Mus. Vindob., sed haud in herb. Nyl.). Lecidea Vain. Not. Syn. Lich. (1886) p. 25. Biaiora elachista Koerb. Par. Lich. 2 Lief. (1860) p. 159 (haud Parmelia elachista (Ach.); Zwackh Enum. Lich. Heidelb. (FL 1862) p. 510 (in Zwackh Lich. Exs. n. 122 distributa). Lecidea anomala *L. glomerella Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 203. Catillaria glomerella Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 578. Lecidea Nyl. in Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. VII (1882) 11.314, coiit. (1921) n. 724. Biatorina Arn. Lich. Exs (1889) n. 1471, Lich. Munch. (1891) p. 83, Lich. Tirol XXX (1897) p. 4 (212). Micarea Hedl. 1. c. p. 75, 85 Exs. Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1852) 11. 122 (in herb. Nyl. et sec. Zwackh Lich. Heidelb. p. 46), n. 131 (sec. Lynge Ind. Exs. II p. 170). - Anzi Lich. Venet. II (1863) n. 61. — Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. VII (1882) n. 314, cont. (1921) 11. 724. — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1889) n. 1471, Lich. Monac. (1892) 11. 246. Thallus modice incrassatus, verruculosus, verruculis vulgo subglobosis, dispersis aut rarius partim contiguis, cinerascen- tibus aut impure albidis pallidisve aut olivaceis aut raro obscure cinereo-virescentibus, aut partim evanescens, hypo thallo indistincto. Apothecia parva, convexa, basi constricta, immarginata, vulgo fusca aut fusco-nigra, rarius nigricantia, subopaca, haud pruinosa. Hypothecium luteo-pallescens aut decoloratum aut raro sordide pallescens. Epithecium fusce scens aut fuscescenti-pallidum, KOH non violascens. Para physes arcte cohaerentes, simplices et parce ramoso-con nexae. Sporae 8:nae, rectae aut p. p. leviter curvatae, long. O.oio—-0.014 (—O.ois), crass. 0.0025—O.003 (—-O.002) mm (»—O.004 mm» sec. Nyl.). 456 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Dislr. Ad truncos pineos puiridos, interdum etiam carbonatos, praesertim in paludibus turfosis, raro in tecto ligneo horrei. Sat rara aut passini in provinciis mediis Fenniae (Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 203, Kullh. in Not. Soc. Fl. F. Fenn. XI, 1871, p. 274, Norrl. H. L. F. VII n. 314, cont. n. 724, Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. p. 112, Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 28) et in prov. austr. Kareliae Rossicae (Norrl. Fl. Kar. Oneg. II p. 30, Elfv. Ant. Veg. Svir p. 168). F. simplicala (Nyl.) Vain. Lecidea glomerella f. simplicala Nyl. in Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. VII (1882) n. 314; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 28. Micarea glomerella f. simplicala Hedl. 1. c. p. 75, 85. Apothecia simplicia, nec confluentia, nec tuberculosa, vul^o fusca aut fusco-nigra. Thallus haud obscuratus. Dislr. Ad truncos putridos et raro in tecto ligneo horrei. Ta.: Evo in Lammi (Vain.), Jutinsalo et Onkisalo in Luhanka (Vain.). Sb.: Pieksämäki (Vain.). Kb.: Prope pag. Lieksa (Vain.). Thallus verruculosus, verruculis O.i—0.2 mm latis, impure palli- dis aut cinerascentibus olivaceisve, aut partim evanescens. Apothe cia lat. 0.2—-0.5 mm. Perithecium luteo-pallescens aut extus testa- ceum, hyphis radiantibus, modice pachydermaticis, cavitatibus O.ooi— 0.002 mm latis. Hypothecium luteo-pallescens, hyphis modice pachy dermaticis, suberectis, ramoso-connexis. Hymenium circ. O.oso mm crassum. Epithecium fuscescens aut olivaceo-fuscescens aut testa- ceo-rufescens, KOH non reagens et demum subdecoloratum, »jodo caerulescens deindeque sordide decoloratum» (sec. Th. Fr.). Para physes arcte cohaerentes et in aqua visae parum distinctae, in KOH »onspicuae, O.0015 mm crassae, apice parum incrassatae, flexuosae, modice ramosae, increbre ramoso-connexae, gelatina hymeniaM KOH turgescente. Sporae 8:nae aut aborfu pauciores, distichae, ovoideo- oblongae aut fusiformi-oblongae aut oblongae, apicibus obtusis aut altero apice rotundato, rectae aut p. p. leviter curvatae, typice 1-septatae, long. O.oio—O.on mm, interdum fortuitoque 2—3-septa- tae (in uno asco sporas binas, 3-septatas, O.017 et O.ois mm longas, 0.0025 mm crassas, apice obtusas distinctissime vidi). Gonidia pleuro- coccoidea, globosa aut subglobosa, diam. O.oos—O.oos mm, simplicia aut glomerulosa, membrana modice incrassata. F. glomerella (Nyl.) Vain. Bialora elachista Koerb. Par. Lich. 2 Lief. (1860) p. 150; Zwackh En. Lich. Heidelb. (Fl. 1862) p. 510. Lecidea anomala *L. glomerella Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 203. Exs. Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1852) 11. 122 (in herb. Nyl.). — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1880) 11. 1471 (maj. p.), Lich. Monac. (1892) n. 246. - Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. cont. (1021) 11. 724. Apothecia p. p. confluentia tuberculosave, vulgo fusca aut fusco- nigra. Thallus haud obscuratus. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 45/ Dislr. Acl truncos putridos. Ta.: Ad templum, Myllynkylä, 1 laarankorpi, Pähkäjärvi in Tammela (A. Kullhem), Hammo in Hollola (J. P. Norrlin), Evo in Lammi (Norrl.), Onkisalo in Luhanka (Vain.), Tianen in Korpilahti (Vain.). Oa.: Bötom (A. J. Malm gren). Sb.: Mustamaki in Haminanlahti prope Kuopio (K. Lin kola). Kb.: Pag. Lieksa et Vieki in par. Lieksa (Vain.), Mujejärvi in Nurmes (Vain.). KPom. occ: Koroppi et Vuosiniemi in Repola (Vain.). Thallus verruculosus, verruculis O.i—0.2 (•—0.3) mm latis, impure albidis pallidisve aut cinerascentibus vel cinereo-glaucescentibus olivaceisve, aut partim evanescens. Apothecia saepe p. p. etiam simplicia. Perithecium luteo-pallescens aut praesertim extus test a - ceum vel fuscescens. Hypothecium pallidum aut impure pallidum subalbidumve, hyphis suberectis, crebre septatis. Hymenium circ. 0.050—0.055 mm crassum. Paraphyses ramoso-connexae, partim etiam simplices. Sporae rectae aut p. p. leviter curvatae, 1-septatae aut parcius simplices (parce etiam 3-septatae sec. annot. Nyl.), long. O.oio—0.014, crass. O.002—O.003 mm (sec. annot. Nyl. long. —O.oig, crass. —0.0035 mm). Conidangia prominentia. Gonidia ellipsoidea, long. 0.004, crass, vix. O.002 mm, recta. Gonidia pleurococcoidea, glo bosa, diam. O.004—O.oio mm, saepe demum glomerulosa, membrana modice incrassata. Obs. Lecidea glomerella f. ecruslacea Nyl. in Elfv. Ant. Veg. Svir (Medd. Soc. F. Fl. Fenn. II, 1878) p. 168 forsan hue non pertinet, thallo instructa evanescente, apotheciis simplicibus, 0.3—0.5 mm la tis, parce confluentibus, nigris aut parce fuscescentibus, epithecio testaceo-fuscescente aut hymenio livido-fuinoso, KOH violascente, jodo persistenter caerulescente, paraphysibus ramoso-connexis, gel. by in. KOH turgescente, tenuissimis, hypothecio pallido, ex liyphis suberectis formato, sporis oblongis, long. O.oos—O.on, crass. 0.002—0.003 mm, simplicibus (unam sporam 1-sepfatam vidi), pyeni- diis verrucaeformibus, prominentibus, circ. O.no mm latis, olivaceo- nigricantibus, massa albida conidiorum protrudentium diu supra ostiolum restante, conidiis fusiformi-oblongis ellipsoideisve, rectis. long. O.002—0.0035, crass. O.001—O.0015 mm, apicibus obtusis. Ad Gorki prope Svir in Karelia (F. Elfving). — Infra apothecia gonidia pleuro coccoidea et Gloeocapsae observantur. E C. denigrala sit evoluta, sed a Lecidea glqbulari vix nisi apotheciis majoribus differt. F. poliococcoides Vain. Lecidea glomerella f. poliococcoides Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 29. Micarea glomerella f. poliococcoides Hedl. Krit. Bern. Lec. Micar. (1892) p. 75, 85. Apothecia simplicia et p. p. tuberculosa confluentiave, nigra. Thallus obscure cinereo-glaucescens aut p. p. dilutius coloratum. verruculosus. 458 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV Distr. Ad truncum carbonatum prope Vieki in par. Lieksa in Kb. Thallus verruculis 0.2—O.i mm latis. dispersis aut partim subcon- tiguis, opacis. Apothecia simplicia lat. O.i—O.25 mm, p. p. etiam f ubereulato-coiifluentia. Perithecium pallido-fuscescens. Hypothe cium lutescenti-pallidum, hyphis suberectis. Epithecium rufo- fuscescens, KOH partim dissolutum et nubes rufo-fuscescentes effun dens (haud violascens). Hymenium ceterum fulvescens aut decolora tum, circ. O.oiö mm crassum. Paraphyses parce ramoso-connexae, apice ramulosae. Sporae oblongae, leviter curvatae aut rectae, 1-septatae, long. O.on—O.019, crass. O.003 mm. Gonidia pleurococcoi- dea, diam. O.ooo—O.ooi (—O.oos) mm, simplicia aut bicellulosa aut glo- merulosa, membrana modice incrassata. Obs. 1. Ab hae forma notis internis leviter differt v. carbonicola \ aim, in trunco carbonato ad Tianen in Korpilahti collecta (»Lecidea poliococca» sec. determ. Nylandri in Vain. Fl. Tav. Or., 1878, p. 112), facie externa similis f. poliococcoidi. Thallus verruculosus, obscure cinereo-glaucescens. Apothecia nigra. Epithecium olivaceo-fuligi neum. Hymenium ceterum dilute sordide smaragdulo-olivaceum, KOH fuscescenti-olivaceum (haud violascens). Hypothecium colore simile, hyphis suberectis. Sporae subfusiformes, saepe leviter cur vatae, long. 0.009—0.012, crass. O.002—0.003 mm. Gonidia micareoidea, chromatophoris vulgo globosis, diam. O.ooi—O.002 mm, viridibus, cel lulis 0.004—O.ooo mm latis, saepe binis aut glomerulosis, pariete com- muni gelatinoso-incrassato. Forsan 11011 est autonoma species, etsi praesertim gonidiis a C. elachista differt. LTterius est inquirenda. Obs. 2. Lecidea poliococca Nyl., Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 203 (Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II p. 578), sec. specim. orig. 11. 10144 in herb. Nyl., in sylva Parken in Suecia collectum, ad C. denigraiam f. poliococcarn Vain, pertinet. Thallus verrucis 0.2—0.3 (O.i—-0.5) mm latis, cinereo- pullescentibus, subcoiiliguis. Apothecia 0.2—0.4 mm lata, convexa, immarginata, nigra. Hypothecium pallidum aut testaceo-pallidum, KOH leviter sordideque violascens, dein rubescens (qua nota forsan accidentali a C. denigrata differt), hyphis suberectis. Hymenium pal lidum aut testaceo-pallidum (aut epithecio partim decolorato), KOH sicut hypothecium reagens. Paraphyses iiumerosissimae, ramoso- connexae, tubulis tenuibus, gel. hym. KOH turgescente. Gonidia pleurococcoidea, globosa, diam. O.005—O.oos mm, membrana modice incrassata, simplicia aut g-lomerulosa. 22. C. denigrata (Fr.) Vain. C. denigrata Hedl. Om Balbildn. Cat. (Bot. Not. 1801) p. 191 p. p. Bialora denigrata Fr. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1822 p. 265, Lich. Eur. Ref. (1830) p. 270. Lecidea Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 149; Vain. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 459 Lich. Caucas. (1899) p. 320. Biatorina Arn. Lich. Tirol XI (1873) p. 518. L. vernalis var. denigrata Nyl. Lich. Fl. Helsingf. (Not. Sällsk F. et Fl. Fenn. IV, 1858—59) p. 98. L. anomala 2) f. denigrata Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1860) p. 202. L. synothea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 169 p. p., Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 26 p. p. (non sit L. synothea Ach. in Vet. Ak. Handl. 1808 p. 236, conf. Vain, in Hedl. Krit. Bern. Lec. Mic. p. 91). Bialora synothea Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. IV (1824) p. 21, n. 98 (sec. Th. Fr.). Catillaria Beltr. Gas. Lich. Bassan. (1858) p. 174; Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 577; Vain. Lich. Fenn. II (1922) p. 259. Biatorina Koerb. Par. Lich. (1865) p. 144; Arn. Lich. Tirol IV (1869) p. 625, Lich. Munch. (1891) p. 82; Flagey Lich. Franche- Gomte (1894) p. 389. Lecidea (ungicola Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 672 p. p., Syn. Lich. (1814) p. 35 p. p. (sec. Th. Fr. 1. c. p. 578, Nyl. 1. c. p. 203, etiam nomen ineptum). Exs. Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. IV (1824) n. 98 (in herb. Nyl.). — Flot. Lich. Exs. (1829) n. 112. — Hepp Syst. Samml. XVI (1852) n. 210, Flecht. Eur. I (1852) n. 14. — Rabenh. Lich. Eur. Exs. XXIII (1862) n. 626. — Anzi Lich. Exs. Min. Rar. It. VI (1865) n. 256. — Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. IV (1875) n. 177. — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. VI (1909) n. 145 p. p., XV (1913) n. 365. Thallus tenuis aut evanescens aut sat crassus, einereo- aut olivaceo- aut nigricanti-virescens, leviter inaequalis aut verruculosus. Apothecia crebra aut dispersa, parva aut minu- tissima, late adnata, vulgo convexa, immarginata, nigra aut raro fusco-nigra, subopaca, haud pruinosa. Elypothecium luteo-pallescens aut decoloratum. Hymenium partim decolo ratum aut olivaceum aut sordide subviolascens aut aerugi nosum, KOH mox violascens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, simplices et parce ramoso-connexae. Sporae 8:nae, rectae aut p. p. leviter curvatae, long. 0.007—-O.on (—O.014), crass. 0.0025—0.003 mm. Conidangia saepe numerosissima, massa albida conidiorum protrudentium diu supra ostiolum re- stante. Dislr. Ad lignum putridum parietum, tectorum, saepimentorum, pontium, truncorum, et ad corticem Alni et Pini crescit, passim pr oveni ens. F. synothea (Fr.) Vain. Thallus tenuis, leviter inaequalis aut partim subverruculosus. Apothecia parva. Disir. Ad corticem Alni glutinosae et ad lignum. Est forma typica hujus speciei. 460 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Thallus dispersus. sorediis destitutus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia lat. 0.3—0.4 —-0.2) mm, nigra. Hymenium partim decolo ratum, ceterum parte superiore olivaceum aut aeruginosum, KOLI violascens, jodo intense caerulescens. Conidangia prominentia, conoi- dea, basi lat. circ. O.15—O.25 mm, nigra, parte superiore subcyane- scentia, KOH solutionem pulchre violascentem effundentia et demum denuo subcyanescentia. Conidia ellipsoidea aut oblonga aut ovoideo- oblojiga, long. O.003—O.oois, crass. vix O.002 mm, apicibus rotundatis aut altero apice obtuso, recta, simplicia (conf. etiam Arn. Lich. Munch. p. 82), sec. Th. Fr. 1. c. »long. O.004—-O.005, crass. O.002 mm». Conidia »longiora et saepe curvata», a Hedl. (Om Bälbildn. Cat. p. 100) observata, verisiin, ad Bilimbiam Niischkeanam pertinent (conf. Lich. Fenn. II p. 250). Gonidia pleurococcoidea, subglobosa aut glo bosa, diam. O.oos—-O.007 mm aut long. O.005—O.007, crass. O.004—O.ooo mm, simplicia aut 2—4-cellulosa aut glomerulosa, membrana modice incrassata. Gonidia a Hedl. culta diam. long. O.oio—-O.013—O.ois mm (Hedl. 1. c. p. 200) et ab eo ad Protococcum viridem ducta suut. F. poliococca (Nyl.) Vain. Lecidea poliococca Nyl. Lich. Scand. 1861) p. 203 (Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II p. 578). Exs. Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. IV (1824) n. 98 (in herb. Nyl.). Thallus modice incrassatus aut sat crassus, verruculosus. Apo thecia parva. Dislr. Ad parietes et saepimenta lignea vet usta collecta. Ab.: Iso-Heikkilä Aboae (Vain.), Ulvala in Lohja (G E. Boldt;. N.: Helsingforsia (W. Nylander). Kyrkslätt (A. Kullhem). Ta.: Koski (Vain.), Hersala in Hollola (Vain., Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. n. 177), Asikkala (Norrl.). LKem.: Sattanen in Sodankylä (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 28). Thallus verruculis circ. O.is—-O.3 (—0.4) mm latis, convexis, sub- globosis aut rarius difformibus, vulgo laevigatis, ciiiereo-virescenti- bus aut obscuris vel rarius albido-cinerascentibus, contiguis auf par tim dispersis. Apothecia verruculos thalli parum aut leviter superan tia, crebra aut partim subcontigua, lat. 0.3—-0.4 (—-O.2) mm, nigra aut raro fusco nigra. Hypothecium luteo-pallescens aut decoloratum, hyphis modice pachydermaticis, crebre septatis, ramoso-connexis, in parte superiore suberectis, in parte inferiore magis irregulariter contextis. Perithecium pallidum, hyphis radiantibus, conglutinatis, tubulis tenuissimis, membranis modice incrassatis. Hymenium circ. 0.035—0.040 mm crassum, parte superiore olivaceum aut subviola scens fuscescensve, KOFI violascens. Paraphyses numerosissimae, simplices et partim praesertim parte inferiore) ramoso-connexae, crebre septatae, crass. O.ooi—O.0015 mm, leviter gelatinosae, gelatina in KOLI modice turgescente. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, oblongae aut fusiformi- vel ovoideo-oblongae, rectae aut p. p. curvatae, apicibus Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 461 obtusis aut rotundatis, 1-septatae et p. p. simplices, long. O.oio— 0.012 (0.007—O.on) mm. Gonidia eilipsoidea aut oblonga aut p. p. ovoi- dea, recta, long. O.003—O.006, crass. O.0015—vix O.002 mm. Gonidia pleurococcoidea, globosa, diam. O.ooo—O.oio mm, simplicia aut parce 1-septata, chromatophoro anguloso, membrana sat tenui, vacuolis lateralibus, saepe etiam Gloeocapsis (forsan parathallos haud forman- tibus, etsi hypnosis) intermixta. F. pyrenothizans (Nyl.) Vain. Lecidea anomala f. pyrenothizans Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 203. L. deniyraia f. pyrenothizans Nyl. in Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. (1878) p. 112. Micarea deniyraia f. pyrenothi zans Hedl. Krit. Bern. Lec. Micar. (Bihang K. Sv. Vet.-Ak. Llandl. 18, III, n. 3, 1892) p. 78, 89. Exs. Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. XV (1893) 11. 365. Thallus tenuissimus dispersusque aut evanescens. Apothecia miiiutissima. Disir. Ad lignum in truncis putridis in silvis, ad saepirnenta lig nea, ad corticem Alni et Pini crescens, locis numerosis collecta. O Kaj.: Saukko in Kianta (Vain.). Thallus parum distinctus aut verruculis minutissimis, dispersis, albido-cinerascentibus aut cinereo-virescentibus indicatus. Apothecia crebra aut dispersa, lat. 0.2—O.15 (—O.25) mm, nigra aut p. p. sub- fuscescentia. Hypothecium luteo-pallescens aut sordide pallidum aut decoloratum. Hymenium superius vel epithecium subolivaceum aut sordide pallidum, KOIT violascens. Sporae ovoideae oblongaeve aut variabiles, rectae aut p. p. leviter curvatae, 1-septatae aut p. p. sim plices, long. O.006—O.011 (—-O.on), crass. O.0025—-O.003 (—O.004) mm (»-—0,002 mm» sec. annot. Nyl. in herb. meo). —- In specimine ad Saukko in Kianta collecto sporae long. O.012—O.014, crass. O.003-- — 0.004 mm, 1-septatae, saepe leviter curvatae. Obs. 1. Lecidea denigrata var. submisella Nyl. (in Vain Fl. Tav. Or., 1878, p. 112) apotheciis minoribus (lat. 0.0025—O.001 mm) differt a f. pyrenothizanie (Nyl.). Thallus evanescens. Apothecia vulgo sat crebra. Sporae oblongae aut ovoideo-oblongae, p. maj. p. simplices, in nonnullis ascis demum omnes septatae, »long. O.007—O.on, crass. O.002—0.003 mm» (etiam sec. annot. Nyl.). Hypothecium sordide lute- scenti-pallidum, chondroideum, hyphis sat pachydermaticis, crebre septatis, ramoso-connexis, cavitatibus angustis, subglobosis et ellip soideis oblongisque. Perithecium tenue, chondroideum, sordide subviolascens (KOH violaceum) aut extus pallidum. Hymenium superne nigricanti-olivaceum aut sordide subviolaceum, KOH fere totum sordide violascens. Paraphyses sat numerosae, gelatinosae, simplices et p. p. ramosae et ramoso-connexae. Ad truncum putri- dum in Piililä in Korpilahti (Vain.). A f. pyrenothizante non est distin- guenda. 402 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Obs. 2. Micarea denigrata var. Friesiana Hedl. (1. c. p. 78, 89), etiam f. hemipoliellam (Nyl.) et f. spododeni (Nyl.) amplectens, in has 8 formas divisa est: 1. f. pgrenoihizans (Nyl.) sporis 1. 7—11, cr. 2—3 u, apotheciis O.i—0.3 mm latis, crusta tenui vel obsoleta, 2. f. sporis 1. 7-—4 5, cr. 2—2.5 p, crusta obsoleta, 3. f. sporis 1. 7—12, cr. 2—3 //, apotheciis mox valde tuberculatis, 0.3—0.8 mm latis, crusta fere obsoleta, 4. f. sporis plurimis simplicibus, paucis obsolete I-septatis, 1. 7—13, cr. 2.5—3//, apotheciis O.i—0.3 mm latis, crusta tenuissima, o. f. heniipoliella (Nyl.) Hedl. (videas sub ea), 6. f. vulgaris Hedl. sporis 1-septatis, paucis 3-septatis raro immixtis, 1. 7—44, cr. 2.5—- 3.5 //, apotheciis olivaceo-nigricantibus vel nigris, 0.2—0.4 mm latis, crusta bene evoluta -— obsoleta (ad C. denigralam partim non per- fineat), 7. f. spododes (Nyl.) Hedl. sporis 1-septatis, paucis 3-septatis interdum immixtis, 1. 6—46 (—19), cr. 2.5—3.5 //, apotheciis lute- scenti vel livido-sordidis vel demum olivaceo-nigricantibus, saepe depresso-convexis, 0.2—0.5 mm latis, crusta tenui-obsoleta (ad C. denigralam non pertinet), 8. f. sporis 1. 9—14, cr. 2—2.5 JU, apothe ciis 0.2—0.4 mm latis, crusta bene evoluta. Obs. 3. Lecidea denigrata var. bacidiella Vain., Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 28 (Micarea denigrata v. bacidiella Hedl. Krit. Bern. Lec. Micar., 1892, p. 79, 00), secund. apothecium magis vetustum sporis 3-septatis, parce etiam 4—5-septatis instructa, ad Bacidiam minuscu- lam Anzi (Vain. Lich. Fenn. II p. 200) pertinet. In hoe apothecio hymenium parte superiore sordide violascens, in alio (a. 1883 exa- minato) olivaceo-smaragdulum vel aeruginosum, quare intermedia est inter v. obscuriorem et v. planiorem. Ad lignum trunci vetusti prope Pyhätunturi in Sodankylä collecta. 23. C. hemipoliella (Nyl.) Blomb. et Forss. Enum. PL Scand. (1880) p. 92. Lecidea denigrata *L. hemipoliella Nyl. Fl. 1875 p. 11; Vain. Lich. Vib. (1878) p. 62; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 150. Lecidea hemipoliella Vain. FL Tav. Or. (1878) p. 112. L. denigrata f. sublivescens Nyl. FT. 1881 p. 530 (sec. specim. orig.); Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 150. Exs. Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1861) n. 304 (in herb. Nyl.). Thallus tenuissimus, albido-cinerascens aut obscure ci nerascens aut subalbidus. Apothecia crebra aut sat crebra, minutissima, late adnata, convexa, immarginata, disco livido aut subdimidiatim livido aut livido-obscurato et ceterum pallidiore, interdum parceque cinerascenti-pallida, subopaca, haud pruinosa. Hypothecium lutescenti-pallidum aut raro Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 463 decoloratum. Epithecium dilute sordide violaceum, partim striis fumoso-lividis, partim subdecoloratum, KOH mox violascens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, simplices et partim ramoso-connexae. Sporae 8:nae, rectae vel leviter curvatae, long. 0.009-—O.on mm (»—O.oos mm» sec. Nyl.), crass. O.003 mm. Dislr Ad corticem Alni, Pini et Abietis et ad lignum vetustum. N.: Kyrkslätt (A. Kullhem). Ka.: Vanha-Viipuri (Vain.). Ta.: Mustiala (»B. poliococca» A. Kullh. Not. Sällsk. F. Fl. Fenn. XI, 1871, p. 274), Tiirismaa in Hollola (Vain.), Evo (J. P. Norrlin), Ruta- lahti in Korpilahti (Vain.). Kb.: Koriseva in Lieksa, oppid. Nurmes (Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 28). Thallus verruculis circ. O.15 mm latis, dispersis, convexis, sub- globosis, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia lat. O.15—0.3 mm, pro minentia, tota unicoloria aut subdimidiatim pallidiora. Hypothecim hyphis modice pachydermaticis, praesertim in parte superiore vulgo suberectis. Perithecium subdecoloratum aut dilute sordide viola scens, hyphis radiantibus, modice pachydermaticis, cavitatibus saepe 0.0015 mm latis aut tenuissimis, oblongis aut (in parte exteriore) brevibus. Hymenium circ. O.040 mm crassum, jodo persistenter caerulescens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, simplices et partim ramoso-connexae, membranis gelatinosis, KOH turgescentibus, tu bulis O.001—0.0005 mm latis. Sporae rectae aut raro p. p. leviter curvatae, apicibus obtutis aut rotundatis, 1-septatae aut parcius simplices. Gonidia pleurococcoidea, globosa aut subglobosa, diam. O.ooo—O.oos (—O.014) mm, simplicia aut glomerulosa, membrana modice incrassata 24. C. sordidescens (Nyl.) Vain. Catillaria prasina ji byssacea Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 573 (haud Zwackh). Micarea prasina f. byssacea Hedl. Krit. Bern. Lec. Micar. (1892) p. 77, 87. Biatorina prasina var. byssacea A. L. Smith Mon. Brit. Lich. II (1911) p. 120. Lecidea byssacea Vain. Lich. Gaucas. (1899) p. 320. Micarea prasina Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 399 (haud Fr.), Par. Lich. 5 Lief. (1865) p. 439 (sec. exs. cit.). Biaiora prasina Hepp Flecht. Eur. II (1857) tab. XXXI n. 278 (in herb. Nyl.). Lecidea erysiboides f. sordidescens Nyl. in Norrl. Bidr. Sydöstr. Tav. Fl. (1870) p. 188. L. sordidescens Nyl. Fl. 1874 p. 312, Fl. 1880 p. 393; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 152. Catillaria prasina f. sordidescens Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 445. C. pra sina ft byssacea f. sordidescens Blomb. et Forssell En. PI. Scand. (1880) p. 94. Biatorina sordidescens Arn. Lich. Frank. Jur. (Fl. 1885) p. 171, (1890) p. 36. Micarea prasina f. sordidescens Hedl. 464 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV 1. c. p. 77. Lecidea erysiboides *L. prasiniza Nyl. Fl. 1874 p. 312; Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 151. Catillaria prasina /j byssacea f. pra siniza Blomb. et Forss. En. PL Scand. (1880) p. 04. L. prasiniza Nyl. Fl. 1881 p. 7 (excl. var. prasinoleuca); Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1880) n. 592 B, C, D. Biaiorina prasiniza Arn. Lich. Frank. Jur. (FL 1885) !>. 171 p. p., (1890) p. 36 p. p., Lich. Miinch. (1892) p. 18 (excl. var.), 1897) p. 24 (excl. var.). Exs. blepp Syst. Samml. XVII (1852) n. 224 (sec. cit.), Flecht. Eur. II (1857) n. 278 (in herb, meo et Nyl.). —• Arn. Lich. Exs. 1865) n. 280 c (in herb. Nyl., a et b sec. Arn. Ind. p. 6, n. 1472 hue non pertineat). — Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1880) n. 592 B, C, D (in herb. Nyl.). — Lojka Lich. Univ. I (1885) n. 29, 31 (in herb, meo et Nyl.). Thallus tenuis evanescensve aut modice incrassatus, sub- verniceus, verruculoso-inaequalis, subcontinuus aut disper sus, cinerco- aut olivacco-glaucescens aut nigricanti-vire- scens, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia vulgo crebra, sim plicia aut demum tuberculosa confluentiave, simplicia, sat parva, late adnata, primum depresse, demum vulgo bene convexa, immarginata, livido-nigricantia aut partim nigri cantia aut parce vel subdimidiatim livido-testacea, opaca, baud pruinosa. Ilypothecium lutescenti-pallidum. Epithe cium decoloratum aut dilute pallidum aut subolivaceum vel viridulo-pallidum, KOH violascens. Paraphyses parcae, tenuissimae, increbre ramoso-connexae. Sporae 8:nae, ovoi- deae aut ovoideo-oblongae, rectae, long. O.007—-O.oio, crass. 0.003—0.004 mm. Dislr. Ad truncos putridos arborum et ad corticem Alni in silvis subhumidis. Ka.: In insula Uuras Viburgi (»L. sordidescens» in Vain. Lich. Vib. p. 64), in Vanha-Viipuri (»L. prasiniza» in Vain. I.e.). Ta.: Haarankorpi et Saukonniemi in Tammela (»Biaiorina prasina» Kullh. in Not. Sällsk. F. Fl. Fenn. Förh. XI, 1871, p. 274), Nyystölä (Vain.) et Virnajärvi (»L. erysiboides» sec. Nyl. in Norrl. Bidr. Syd östr. Tav. Fl. p. 188) in Padasjoki, Evo (»L. erysiboides f. sordide scens» sec. Nyl. in Norrl. 1. c), Piililä in Korpilahti (»L. prasiniza» sec. determ. Nyl. in Vain. Fl. Tav. Or. p. 112). Tb.: Norola in Jyväs kylä (»L. sordidescens» Nyl. in Vain. 1. c). 4Tiallus verruculis O.0005—O.0015 mm latis, haud sorediosus. Apo- thecia lat. O.15—0.3 mm, tuberculosa confluentiaque etiam majora (circ. 0.5—-0.8 mm lata), demum basi etiam bene constricta, vulgo tola unicoloria. Ilypothecium hyphis suberectis, indistincte a hy- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 465 30 menio limitatum, KOH saepe etiam violascens, aut non reagens. Hymenium usque ad O.OOO—O.070 mm crassum, jodo caerulescens dein- deque violaceo-obscuratum (aut obscuratum in specim. orig. ex Evo). Sporae altero apice rotundato, altero obtuso, sec. annot. Nyl. crass. >>—0.0045 mm». Gonidia »bacilliformia, recta, long. O.ooo—O.007, crass. 0.0007—O.001 mm» sec. annot. Nyl. in n. 21655 et 21611 (»L. pra- siniza»). Gonidia micareina, glomerulosa, cavitate O.005 mm lata, pariete communi plus minus incrassato, gelatinoso. 25. C. melanobola (Nyl.) Vain. Lecidea melanobola Nyl. Flora 1867 p. 371. L. erysiboides *L. mela nobola Nyl. in Hue Addend. II (1888) p. 151. Catillaria prasina /i byssacea f. melanobola Blomb. et F^orssell En. PI. Scand. (1880) p. 91. Micarea prasina f. melanobola Hedl. Krit. Bern. Lec. Micar. (1892) p. 77, 87. Thallus evanescens aut tenuis tenuissimusve, verruculoso- inaequalis verruculisve albidis vel impure albicantibus aut cinereo-glaucescentibus, depresso-convexis, subdispersis, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia sat crebra, minutissima, late adnata, bene convexa, immarginata, nigra aut parce sublivido-nigricantia, opaca, nuda. Hypothecium lutescenti- pallidum. Epithecium nigricanti-aeruginosum (raro partim subdecoloratum), KOH pulchre caeruleo-violascens. Para physes increbrae parcaeque ramosae et ramoso-connexae. Sporae 8:nae, rectae, long. O.007—-O.oio, crass. O.0025—O.003 mm (—0.004 mm sec. Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 574). Disir. Ad corticem Abielis excelsae ad Sarvala in Kuhmoin (Norrl. Bidr. Sydöstr. Tav. Fl. p. 188). Proxime affinis C. denigralae (f. pyrenolhizanli) et C. hemipoliellae, ab ambabus praesertim epithecio nigricanti-aeruginoso, KOH pulchre eaeruleo-violascente differens. Apothecia lat. O.15—O.i mm, sim plicia aut parcissime confluentia. Hypothecium chondroideum, tubu lis tenuissimis, crebre ramoso-connexis, membranis leviter incrassatis. Perithecium evanescens. Hymenium O.040—O.035 mm crassum, jodo caerulescens deindeque vinose rubens (in specim. orig.), »dein vinose iulvescens» sec. annot. Nyl., »demum plus minus fulvo-rubescens» sec. Hedl. 1. c. p. 88. Paraphyses increbrae parcaeque, tenuissimae, crass. 0.0005 mm, flexuosae, ramosae et ramoso-connexae, in KOH demum dissolutae. Sporae distichae, ovoideae, altero apice rotundato, altero obtuso, simplices et p. p. 1-septatae. Gonidia subglobosa vel subel- 466 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV lipsoidea, diam. 8x6, 7x5, 5x4 ti, vulgo demum glomerulosa, membrana modice incrassata. — Sec. annot. Nyl. ad »L. prasinizam» Nyl. pertinet. 2(5. C. prasina (Fr.) Vain. Micarea prasina Fr. Syst. Orb. Veg. (1825) p. 257 (sec. Th. Fr. et Hedl.). Biatora Fr. St. Agr. Fems. Ind. (1825) p. 38. Lecidea Schaer. Lich. Helv. Spic. IV (1833) p. 164, En. Lich. Eur. (1850) p. 137. Biatora vernalis anom. prasina Fr. Lich. Eur. Ref. (1830) p. 262. Biatora byssacea Zwackh n. 188, non n. 30 (p. 30) ad Lecid. airoviridern per tinens, Enum. Lich. Heidelb. (Fl. 1862) p. 510, haud Harnpe Linnaea 1852 p. 711 (species dubia). Catillaria prasina a laela Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 573. Micarea prasina f. laela Hedl. Krit. Bern. Lec. Micar. (1802) p. 77, 87. Biaiorina prasiniza f. laela Arn. Lich. Munch. (1802) p. 18, (1807) p. 25. Lecidea prasiniza var. prasinoleiica Nyi. Fl. 1881 p. 7; Zwackh Lich. Heidelb. (1883) p. 46. Biaiorina pra siniza f. prasinoleuca Arn. Lich. Frank. Jur. (Fl. 1885) p. 171, (1890) p. 36. (Catillaria in Zahlbr. Krypt. Exs. Vindob. n. 1061 ad Gyalectam dilutam pert.). Lecidea crysiboides *L. micrococca Nyl. in Hue Addenda II (1888) p. 151 p. p., sec. determ. (haud Koerb.). L. micrococca Nyl. Fl. 1881 p. 7 p. p.; Vain. litud. Lich. Bres. II (1800) p. 38. Exs. Leight. Lich. Brit. Exs. V (1854) n. 151 (Mus. Fenn.). — Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1880) n. 501 A, B, 592 A, E, 503 A—O (nerb. Nyl. et Vain.). —- Lojka Lich. Univ. I (1885) n. 30. — Vain. Lich. Bras. Exs. (1891) n. 165, 1103 (1191 ined.), 1335. — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1885) n. 1122 (in C micrococcam acced.), Lich. Monac. (1892) n. 244, 245. — Zahlbr. Lich. Rar. Exs. (1912) n. 175 (non vidi). Thallus crassus aut sat crassus aut sat tenuis aut raro tenuissimus, e granulis minutissimis, prolificantibus constans, continuus aut dispersus, glaucescens aut cinereo- vel olivaceo- glaucescens, hypothallo indistincto (aut raro evoluto). Apo thecia crebra aut dispersa, simplicia aut demum tuberculosa confluentiave, late adnata, depresse aut rarius bene convexa, immarginata aut primum tenuiter marginata, simplicia, vulgo sat parva aut fere mediocria, pallido- aut albido-carnea aut rarius sublivido-carnea aut rufescentia, opaca, haud prui nosa. Hypothecium lutescenti-pallidum pallidumve aut fere decoloratum. Epithecium decoloratum aut partim pallidum, KOH non reagens. Paraphyses parcae, tenuissimae, ramoso- connexae. Sporae 8:nae, ovoideo-oblongae oblongaeve, rec- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 467 tae, long. 0.008—O.012 (— 0.014), crass. 0.003—O.004 mm. Gonidia micareina, glomerulosa, pariete communi gelatinoso-incras- sato. Dislr. Ad truncos putridos et raro ad corticem Alni et ad tecta lignea putrida. Ta.: Haarankorpi, Särkijärvi, Letku et Pähkijärvi in Tammela (»passim» sec. A. Kullhem 1. c), Hersala (Vain., »L. micro- cocca f. viridella» sec. determ. Nyl.), Tiirismaa (J. P. Norrlin, »L subduplex f. prasinala» Nyl. n. 21362 in herb, suo, Mus. Fenn.) in Hollola, Virnajärvi in Padasjoki (»L. erysiboides» sec. determ. Nyl in Norrl. Bidr. Sydöstr. Tav. Fl. p. 188, specimen in *L. sordidescen- lem transiens). Thallus e verruculis constans —-O.2 mm latis et e granulis circ. 0.030-—O.ooo mm latis, irregulariter prolificantibus varieque connatis, soredia vera haud formantibus, hyphis thallinis tenuibus intricatis parietem gelatinoso-incrassatam gonidiorum percurrentibus (Vain. Ivtud. Lich. Bres. II p. 39), hypothallo indistincto aut (in Lich. Bras. Exs. n. 1335, var. hypocyanea Vain.) caeruleo-nigricante, praesertim ad ambitum thalli evoluto. Apothecia lat. 0.2—0.4 (—0.7) mm, tuber culosa — 1 mm, tola unicoloria aut margine etiam pallidiore, baud prominente. Flypothecium subchondroideum, hyphis erectis, modice pachydermaticis, interdum KOH dilutissime, vix distincte viola scens. Perithecium chondroideum, ex hyphis radiantibus formatum, dilute pallidum aut fere decoloratum. Hymenium circ, O.050—O.ooo mm crassum, jodo caerulescens, ascis partim demum vinose rubenti- bus. Sporae apicibus rotundatis aut altero apice obtuso. Conidangia subglobosa, albida (in Zwackh Lich. Exs. n. 593 A). Sterigmata bre- vissima, simplicia, apicibus conidia efferentibus. Gonidia cylindrico- oblonga, recta, long. O.005—O.007, crass. O.001—O.0012 mm, apicibus obtusis. Gonidia glomerulosa, cavitate subglobosa aut ellipsoidea, long. O.003—O.oos, lat. O.003—O.004 mm, pariete communi gelatinoso, sat crasso (strato gelatinoso in KOH saepe demum plus minus disso- luto). Obs. 1. C. prasina apotheciis pallidioribus, KOH non reagentibus, a C. sordidescente differt, sed interdum etiam apothecia leviter obscu- rata, KOH violascentia parce procreat. Ita in specimine in Padas joki lecto apothecia pallida KOH non reagunt, sed apothecia leviter obscurata KOH violascentia. In specimine ad Särkijärvi lecto apo thecia livido-carnea KOH tantum dilutissime et parum distincte vio lascentia. -— In specimine ad Hersalam collecto apothecia ab hyphis fuscescentibus fungi parasitantis p. p. obscurata, KOH non reagentia. Obs. 2. Lecidea minuta f. viridella Nyl. (in Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II, 1874, p. 571 sub Catillaria micrococca e Dania indicata), thallo tenuiore et apotheciis minoribus, depresse convexis instructa, facie 468 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. externa magis C. micrococcae, quam »viridellae» in Hersala colleclo (thallo crasso, olivaceo-virescente instructae), similis est, sed ambae ad C. prasinam pertinent. Obs. 3. L. vernalis var. prasina Nyl. in Norrl. Bidr. Sydöstr. Tav. Fl. p. 186 sec. Th. Fr. (1. c. p. 574) ad L. vernalem inter Prolococcum vegetantem spectat. Obs. 4. F. prasinoleuca (Nyl.) Vain. Lecidea prasiniza var. prasinoleuca Nyl. Fl. 1881 p. 7 (Zwackh Lich. Exs., 1880, n. 591 A, B, 592 A, E, 593 A—C, ined.), Lojka Lich. Univ. I (1885) n. 30, L. erysiboides *L. prasiniza var. prasinoleuca Nyl. in Hue Addenda II (1888) p. 151, ad corticem abietis prope Heidelbergam in Ger- mania collecta et »apotheciis livido-albis albidisve» descripta, thallo sat tenui vel modice incrassato instructa, a statu typico parum differt. 27. C. micrococca (Zwackh) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 571 p. p. Biatora Koerb. Par. Lich. 2 Lief. (1860) p. 155; Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1861) n. 416. Lecidea Nyl. Fl. 1881 p. 7 p. p; Vain. Lich. Gaucas. (1899) p. 321. Biaiorina Arn. Lich. Frank. Jur. (Fl. 1885) p. 171, Lich. Munch. (1891) p. 18, (1897) p. 25 (excl. Lich. Monach. n. 243, saltern in Mus. Fenn. ad Gyalectam dilutam pertinente). Micarea prasina f. micrococca Hedl. Krit. Bern. Lec. Micar. (1892) p. 87. Exs. Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1861) n. 416 (herb. Nyl.). — Koerb. Lich. Sel. Germ. IX (1864) n. 250 (sec. Arn.). — Rabenh. Lich. Eur. Exs. XXVII (1865) n. 733. — Larbal. Lich. Herb. IV (1879) n. 139 (sec. A. L. Smith Mon. Brit. Lich. II p. 47). Thallus tenuissimus, albido-cinerascens vel subalbidus. Apothecia crebra aut sat crebra, minutissima, late adnata, bene convexa, immarginata, carneo-pallida, subopaca, haud pruinosa. Hypothecium pallidum aut fere decoloratum. Hy menium totum pallidum aut subdecoloratum, KOH non rea gens. Paraphyses parcae, tenuissimae, ramoso-connexae. Sporae 8:nae, oblongae, rectae, long. 0.007—-O.on, crass. O.002 —0.0025 mm (»—-0.0035 mm» sec. annot. Nyl.). Gonidia mem brana modice incrassata aut sat tenui. Distr. N.: Ad corticem Abietis in Gumtäckt prope Helsingfor siam (Vain.). Ka.: Ad corticem Abietis in abiegno in Vanha-Viipuri (Vain. Lich. Vib. p. 64). Ta.: Ad corticem Alni in Tiirismaa in Hollola (Vain., n. 615, »L. albohijalina pulchra» sec. determ. Nyl.). Kb.: Ad corticem Alni in luco ad Jännevaara in Nurmes (Vain.). Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 469 Facie externa subsimilis est Lecideae albohyalinae Nyl., quae apotheciis vulgo paullo majoribus, sporis simplicibus, cavitate cellu- larum hypothecii latiore, paraphysibus simplicibus et gonidiis cysto- coccoideis ab ea differt. Thallo minus evoluto, haud virescente, goni diis haud gelatinosis et apotheciis vulgo minoribus, numquam medio- cribus, nec tuberculosis, nec confluentibus a C. prasina (Fr.) distin- guitur, cum ambabus saepe commixta. Thallus subdispersus, hypo thallo indistincto. Apothecia lat. O.15—-O.25 (—0.3) mm, promi nentia, tota unicoloria. Hypothecium KOH non reagens, hyphis erectis, ramoso-connexis, pachydermaticis aut sat pachydermaticis, cavitatibus O.0005 mm latis, brevioribus longioribusve. Perithecium sat bene evolutum, pallidum, KOH non reagens, chondroideum, hy phis ramoso-connexis (KOH visis), leviter pachydermaticis, cavitati bus oblongis, angustis aut angustissimis. Hymenium circ. O.050 mm crassum, jodo intense caerulescens (dein decoloratum, ascis fusce- scentibus, in solutione magis diluta), KOFI non reagens aut partim epithecio dilutissime, vix distincte subviolascente (in n. 615, cum C. hemipoliella crescente). Paraphyses flexuosae, sat increbre ramoso- connexae, partim etiam ramosae. Sporae distichae, apicibus obtusis, abundanter 1-septatae, parce simplices. Gonidangia »punctiformia, albescentia», conidia »recta, long. O.005, crass. O.0015 mm» (sec. Arn. Lich. Munch. 1892 p. 18). Gonidia 2—4-cellulosa glomerulosave aut partim simplicia, cellulis subglobosis aut subellipsoideis, 4—10 mm latis, membrana modice incrassata aut sat tenui. Obs. Nomine haec species incerta est, nam specimen orig. Bia- torae micrococcae Koerb. exactius adhuc non cognitum, forsan ad formam minus evolutam C. prasinae pertinet, sicut plantae hoc no mine a pluribus auctoribus determinatae. Etiam »Biatora micro- cocca» Arn. in Lich. Exs. (1865) n. 279 (ad Eichstätt collecta) ad C. prasinam pertinet, sed algas et gelatinosas glomerulosasque et leptodermaticas simplicesque continet (sec. specim. in herb. Nyl.). 28. C. erysiboides (Nyl.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II (1874) p. 572. Lecidea Nyl. Ad Veg. Hels. Sav. Al. (Not. Sällsk. F. Fl. Fenn. IV, 1859) p. 232, Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 208, Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 153, Fl. 1880 p. 394; Hue Addenda II (1888) p. 151; Hedl. Krit. Bern. Lec. Micar. (1892) p. 87. Biatorina Arn. Lich. Exs. (1883) n. 1002, Lich. Frank. Jur. (1885) p. 171, Lich. Tirol XXIII (1887) p. 142. Exs. Fellm. Lich. Arct. (1864) n. 156. — Arn. Lich. Exs. (1883) n. 1002. — Havaas Lich. Norv. Exs. (1904) n. 292. — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. X (1912) n. 239. 470 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Thallus evanescens tenuissimusve verniceusque, leviter verruculoso-inaequalis, continuus, cinereo-glaucescens palli- dusve, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia parva, depresso- convexa aut rarius primum plana, late adnata, basi leviter aut parum constricta, simplicia, immarginata aut rarius pri mum tenuiter marginata, testaceo-rufa aut rarius testacea rufescentiave, haud pruinosa. Hypothecium pallidum aut decoloratum. Hymenium totum decoloratum aut epithecio pallido, KOH non reagente. Paraphyses increbrae, ramosae et ramoso-connexae. Sporae 8:nae, ovoideae, rectae, long. O.oos—-0.009 mm (»0.007—O.oos—O.014 mm» sec. annot. Nyl.), crass. 0.003 —O.005 mm. Dislr. Ad truncos putridos praesertim Coniferarum sat rara. N.: Gumtäckt prope Helsingforsiam (VV. Nyl.), Kyrkslätt (A. Kull hem). Ta.: Mustiala, Kuivajärvi, Pähkijärvi in Tammela (Kullh.), Tiirismaa et Messilä in Hollola (Vain.), Nyystölä et Arokoski in Padasjoki (Vain.). Evo (Norrl.). Oa.: Vasa (P. A. Karsten sec. Th. Fr. 1. c.). Tb.: Kanavuori et Haapakoski in Jyväskylä (Vain. Fl. Fav. Or. p. 112). KOn.: Klimski Monasterium (Th. Simming). Ob.: Turtola (Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 346). KKer.: Ruankoski (Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 153), Apothecia lat. 0.2—0.4 mm, crebra aut sat crebra. Perithecium distincte evolutum, vulgo decoloratum, cartilagineum, tubulis sub- oblongis, tenuissimis, membranis incrassatis (in KOH visum hyphis distincte ramoso-connexis), KOH non reagens. Hypothecium palli dum (KOH solutionem subtestaceam effundens) aut decoloratum, cartilagineum, hyphis crebre ramoso-connexis, tubulis tenuibus vel tenuissimis, membranis sat pachydermaticis. Hymenium circ. O.055 mm crassum, totum decoloratum aut epithecio tenui pallido, KOH non reagens (nequidem in Arn. n. 1002), »jodo caerulescens, dein vi nose rubens» (sec. Th. Fr.). Sporae saepe altero apice obtuso, altero rotundato. Gonidia globosa, diam. 7—16 //, aut ellipsoidea, diam. 16 x 14 et 10 x 7 //, simplicia rarissime 1-septata, pyrenoide, nucleo et vacuolis lateralibus instructa, membrana modice incrassata. 29. C. anterior (Nyl.) Vain. Lecidea anterior Nyl. Fl. 1875 p. 299. L. erysiboides *L. anterior Nyl. in Hue Addenda II (1888) p. 152. Micarea anterior Hedl. Krit. Bern. Lec. Micar. (1892) p. 76, 86. Catillaria erysiboides f. anterior Blomb. et Forss. Enum. Pl. Scand. (1880) p. 91 Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 471 Thallus tenuissimus aut sat tenuis, verniceus, leviter verruculoso-inaequalis, continuus, cinereo-glaucescens vel subpallidus, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia parva, con vexa, late adnata, basi leviter constricta, simplicia aut vulgo tuberculoso-divisa confluentiave, testacea aut testaceo-rufe- scentia, opaca, haud pruinosa, immarginata. Hypothecium pallidum aut decoloratum. Hymenium totum decoloratum pallidumve aut epithecio partim rufescente, KOH non rea gens. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, sat abundanter ramoso- connexae. Sporae 8:nae, elongato-ovoideae, rectae et p. p. leviter curvatae, long. 0.009—0.016, crass. O.003—O.0045 mm (sec. Nyl. et Hedl.). Distr. Ad truncos putridos Coniferarum rara. N.: Kerava in Tuusula (Vain.). Ta.: Hersala in Hollola (Vain., determ. Nyl.), Asikkala (J. P. Norrlin, determ. Nyl.). Apothecia lat. O.25—0.45 (-—-O.006) mm, crebra aut sat crebra. Perithecium parum evolutum, pallidum, KOH non reagens, ex hy phis formatum subparallelis (in sectione paucis), sat pachydermaticis, cavitatibus tenuissimis, brevibus. Hypothecium pallidum aut deco loratum, partim cellulis subglobosis, diam. O.003 mm, in seriebus sub- verticalibus dispositis. Hymenium circ. O.040—O.oso mm crassum, decoloratum aut totum pallidum aut epithecio partim rufescente testaceove, KOH non reagente, jodo caerulescens, dein obscuratum ascisque subfuscescentibus. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, ramoso- connexae, apicibus saepe abundanter ramulosis, membrana gelati- noso-incrassata, tubulis O.0005—O.0015 mm latis, elongatis aut brevibus. Sporae »elongato-ovoideo-oblongae, p. p. leviter curvatae, altero apice saepe attenuatae» (etiam sec. Hedl. 1. c.) aut ovoideae et altero apice obtuso, rectae. Conidangia »prominentia, conoidea» (sec. icon, a Nyl. del. in n. 21655). Conidia »saepissime bacillaria, recta, long. 0.004—O.006, crass. 0.00075 mm» sec. Hedl. 1. c). Gonidia globosa, diam. O.oos—0.004 mm, simplicia aut parce 2-cellulosa, membrana sat tenui, vacuolis lateralibus. Obs. F. diluta (Hedl.). M. anterior f. dilula Hedl. 1. c. »Apothecia sordide luteola — luteo-rubella, 0.2—0.4 mm lata. Hymenium deco loratum vel dilute luteolum, jodo levissime caerulescens, dein vinose rubens. In Helsinglandia Sueciae.» 472 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. 9. Diplophragmia Vain. (n. gen.) Thallus crustaceus, uniformis, gonidia continens. Sporae 8:nae, decoloratae, breves aut sat breves, comparate crassae, ellipsoideae oblongaeve aut ovoideae, strato gelatinoso haud indutae, 2-septatae aut p. p. 1-septatae, septo tenui. Gonidia cystococcoidea. 1. D. Petsamoensis Vain. (n. sp.) Thallus albidus, KOH extus intusque lutescens, in eodem specimine areolatus et verrucosus verruculosusque, areolis modice incrassatis, difformibus, 0.3—0.15 mm latis, contiguis, depresso-convexis planiusculisve, verrucis sat crassis, sub- globosis, —0.7 mm latis, laevigatis, verruculis —O.i mm latis, hypothallo indistincto. Apothecia dispersa et partim crebra, vulgo mediocria, late adnata, convexa, demum immarginata, atra, nuda, opaca. Hypothecium albidum, crassum. Epi thecium olivaceo-fuscescens aut subcyanescenti-nrgricans, KOH obscure purpureum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes, simplices. Sporae 8:nae, ellipsoideae oblongaeve aut ovoideae, rectae, »long. O.on —O.015, crass. O.005—O.007 mm» (sec. Räsä nen), 2-septatae aut p. p. 1-septatae. Dislr. LPets.: Ad rupem gneissaeeam in tundra in Kalastaja- saari in Petsamo (V. Räsänen). Nulli speciei cognitae Calillariarum affinis et ab hoe genere sporis 2-septatis recedens, quare forsan rectius genus autonomum consti- tuit. Facie externa Lecideam stigmateam f. diasemoidem (Nyl.) in memoriam revocans, etiam notis internis a C. leucophaeotera (Nyl.) et C. Dufourei (Ach.) differt, nec consideranda est ut Bilimbia, sporis defecte divisis instructa, nam sporas optime evolutas 2-septa- tas abundanter continet. Thallus sorediis destitutus, jodo non rea gens, verrucis nec clavatis, nec substipitatis, nec fistulosis, qua nota etiam a T hallo edaemale differt. Apothecia lat. 1—0.6 mm, primum depresso-convexa et margine tenuissimo nigroque, vix distincto in structa, basi parum aut leviter constricta. Hypothecium crassum, jodo caerulescens, KOH non reagens, hyphis irregulariter contextis, conglutinatis, membrana modice incrassata, cavitatibus elongatis, 0.3-—0.15 mm latis. Perithecium dilutissime impure caerulescens aut p. p. extus fuligineum, membranis incrassatis, conglutinatis, cavita- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 473 tibus oblongis aut ellipsoideis aut subglobosis, O.0015—O.oos mm latis. Hymenium circ. O.050 mm crassum, jodo caerulescens, dein mox vinose rubens. Paraphyses gelatinam parcam percurrentes, in KOH demum sat laxe cohaerentes, crass. O.0015—O.002 mm, apice haud aut parum incrassatae, cellulis oblongis, saepe leviter constrictis. Sporae poly- stichae, apicibus obtusis. Gonidia cystococcoidea, globosa aut rarius subglobosa, diam. O.oos—O.015 mm, membrana sat tenui, pyrenoide et nucleo instructa, interdum autosporas plures continentia. 10. Seutula Tul. Mem. Lich. (Ann. Sc. Nat. III, t. XVII, 1852) p. 118; Koerb. Par. Lich. 5 Lief. (1865) p. 454; Karst. Rev. Asc. (Acta Soc. F. Fl. Fenn. II, 1885) p. 143, 149; Sacc. Syll. Fung. VIII (1889) p. 486, X (1892) p. 25 (XI, 1895, p. 416), XVIII (1896) p. 174; Rehm in Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl. Asc. (1890) p. 291, 321; Vouaux Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. XXIX (1913) p.401, 419; Mig. Krypt.-Fl. Asc. (1913) p. 884, 895; Lindau Micr. Pilze (1922) p. 159; Vain. Lich. Fenn. II (1922) p. 129. Nesolechia Mass. Symm. Lich. (1855) p. 75 p. p., Misc. Lich, (1856) p. 13 p. p. Parasitae lichenum, gonidiis destitutae, ad Fungos perti- nentes. Sporae 8:nae, decoloratae, breves, ellipsoideae oblon gaeve aut ovoideae, strato gelatinoso haud indutae, 1-septa tae, septo tenui. Catillariis proxime affinis, ut praesertim Sc. miliaris (Wallr.) Karst. et C. epiblastematica (Wallr.) Vain., quae pos terior gonidiis instructa est, ostendunt. a. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. 1. Sc. miliaris (Wallr.) Karst. Parasita Pelligerae et Opisteriae (Nephromae). Apothecia lat. 0.4—O.15 mm, p. 473 2. Sc. solorinicola (Vain.) Rehm. Solorinicola. Apothecia lat. 1—0.5 (—0.3) mm, p. 476 /j. Paraphyses sat laxe cohaerentes. 3. Sc. uniseplala (Nyl.) Vain. Stereocaulicola, p* 477 1. Sc. miliaris (Wallr.) Karst. Rev. Asc. (1885) p. 149 (em.); Sacc. Syll. Fung. VIII (1889) p. 486 (em.). Peziza miliaris Wallr. Fl. Crypt. Germ. II t. 4 (1833) p. 499 (conf. infra). Seutula Wallrothii Tul. Mem. Lich. (1852) p. 119, tab. XIV f. 14—24; Koerb. Par. Lich. 5 Lief. (1865) p. 454. Biaio rina Wallrothii Lönnr. Vet. Akad. Förh. 1858 p. 276. Lecidea ano- 474 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. mala f. Wallrolhii Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 203. Calloria peili- gerae Fuck. Symb. Myc. p. 283 (sec. Sacc). Seutula epiblastematica Rehm in Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl. Ase. (1890) p. 322 (em.; Arn. Lich. Frank. Jur. (1890) p. 46 p. p. (sec. cit.). Apothecia crebra confertave, parva minutissimave, nigra aut p. p. fuscescentia, raro etiam pallida, haud pruinosa, plana convexave, tenuiter marginata aut demum immargi nata, basi leviter constricta. Hypothecium pallidum aut rarius fuscum. Epithecium fuscescens aut rarius obscure subviolascens vel cyaneo-nigricans. Paraphyses arcte cohae rentes. Sporae vulgo ovoideae aut p. p. oblongae aut ovoideo- vel fusiformi-oblongae, long. O.007—O.011 (—O.oiö), crass. 0.003—O.005 mm. Vulgo peltigericola. Var. epigena (Nyl.) Vain. Lecidea epigena Nyl. Fl. 1865 p. 4, Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 149, Hue Add. II (1888) p. 242. Biatorina epigena Arn. Lich. Fragm. XVI (Fl. 1872) p. 151 (13). Seutula epi gena Rehm I.e. (1890) p. 322; Zopf Hedwigia 1896 p. 347; Mig. Krypt.-Fl. Asc. (1913) p. 896. Exs. Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1876) n. 446 p. p. — Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. XXIV (1916) n. 590. Apothecia p. p. paullo majora (lat. O.35—0.4 mm), nigra aut fuscescentia. Epithecium fuscescens. Sporae p. p. paullo majores, long. O.oio—O.016, crass. O.004—O.005 mm (»—-0.007 mm» sec. Nyl.). Disir. Supra thallum Peltigerae caninae var. rufescentis pluribus locis. Ab.: Karkkali in Karjalohja et Paloniemi in Lohja (C. E. Boldt). N.: Fredriksberg et Tölö prope Helsingforsiam (Vain.). Ta.: Hollola (Vain.), Renko et Mustiala (A. Kullhem), Nyystölä et Prusila in Padasjoki (Vain.). Ka.: Kalliovaara in Lieksa (»L. Heerii» in Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 30). OKaj.: Prope templum in Kianta (»L. Heerii» 1. c). Kuus.: Juumajärvi (F. Silen). KKer.: Kouta- järvi (N. I. Fellman). LPon.: Orlov (»L. Heerii» in thallo Solorinae saccaiae, Kihlm. Neue Beitr. Flecht. Kola p. 57, videas infra). Sine limite distincto in var. versicolorem Vain, transit. Hypothe cium chondroideum, irregulariter contextum, membranis incrassatis, tubulis tenuibus, pallidum aut superne fusceseenti-pallidum. Peri thecium hyphis radiantibus, conglutinatis, sat pachydermaticis, cavitatibus oblongis aut ellipsoideis, circ. O.002—O.003 mm latis. Hy menium circ. 0.060—0.070 mm crassum, parte superiore fuscescens aut (in specim. ad Orlov collecto) p. p. aeruginosum. Sporae ovoideae aut fusiformi-oblongae, 1-septatae, decolores. Macrosporangia (pyc- nidia, pyenides) parce cum apotheciis et abundanter in thallis diver- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 475 sis una cum speciminibus fertilibus (et tunc crebre) producta, globosa, diam. 0.i60—O.220 mm lata, pallida testaceave. Basidia simplicia, interdum parce septata, long. circ. O.ou, crass. O.003 mm. Macroconi- dia (stylosporae), cylindrico-oblonga, curvata aut subflexuosa aut p. p. recta (in eodem macrosporangio), apicibus rotundatis, 1-septata et p. p. simplicia, haud constricta, decolorata, long. 0.013—O.019, crass. 0.005 (—-O.0035) mm. Obs. Specimen orig. L. epigenae Nyl. in Mus. Fenn. (ad Kouta- järvi collectum) ad statum in var. versicolorem Vain, vergentem per tinet, margine apotheciorum prominente, persistente, inferne pallido instructum. Var. versicolor Vain. Sculula Wallrothii Nyl. Herb. Lich. Par. II (1855) n. 100. Lecidea Heerii Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 150 et in determinationibus. Apothecia minutissima, lat. 0.2—-O.3 (—O.15) mm, nigra aut fu- scescentia rufescentiave. Epithecium fuscescens aut subpurpureum aut p. p. subaeruginosum. Sporae long. O.007—-O.012 (—O.015), crass. O.003—O.ooe mm. Dislr. Supra thallum Peltigerae caninae et var. rufescentis et (sec. Karst. 1. c.) raro P. aphihosae et Opisteriae (Nephromae) iomen- losae sat rare vel passim. Ab.: Ispoinen (K. Linkola), Katariinan- laakso (V. Räsänen) prope Aboam, Ersby in Pargas (K. Linkola), Merimasku (P. A. Karsten). N.: Krogen ad Tvärminne (K. Lin kola), Hagen in Ekenäs (E. Häyren), Vanhakaupunki et Toivoin (Vain.) et Meilans (K. Linkola) prope Helsingforsiam, Kasaberg et ad stationem in Esbo (K. Linkola). Ka.: Hietala ad Viburgum (»L. Heerii» Vain. Lich. Vib. p. 64). Ta.: Syrjä (P. A. Karsten) et Kaukola atque Lietso et Mustiala in Tammela (A. Kullhem), sat rare sec. Norrl. (»L. Wallrothii» in Bidr. Sydöstr. Tav. Fl. p. 187), in Taaveli et Tiirismaa in Hollola (Vain.), Urajärvi in Asikkala (Norrl.), Evo (Norrl.), Kalliojärvi in Orimattila (K. Linkola), Prusila in Padas joki (Vain.), Sutoisenniemi in Korpilahti (Vain.). Tb.: Ristikiven- laakso (K. Linkola) et Äijälä (Vain.) prope Jyväskylä. Kb.: Kallio- vaara in Lieksa (Vain.). OKaj.: Kylmälä in Kuhmo (»L. Heerii» Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II p. 28). LKem.: Sulasalmi in Kuolajärvi (Pesola). Apothecia nigra aut fuscescentia rufescentiave et saepe p. p. in v. pallidam Vain., apotheciis pallidis instructam, transeuntia Peri thecium fuscescens purpureumve aut partim rubricosum decolora- tumve, membranis sat pachydermaticis, cavitatibus ellipsoideis oblongisve, O.002—O.004 mm latis. Hypothecium pallidum aut fusce scenti-pallidum aut parte superiore rubricosum. Hymenium O.040— O.oso mm crassum, jodo vinose rubens, ascis apice primum dilute caerulescentibus. Epithecium fuscescens aut partim rubricosum deco- 476 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV loratumve aut parce aeruginosum. Paraphyses simplices, parce septatae, membrana haud gelatinosa, apice leviter incrassatae cla- vataeve. Sporae ovoideae aut parcius oblongae. Macrosporangia (pycnidia) globosa, diam. O.ioo—O.170 mm, nigricantia aut fuscescentia rufescentiave (violacea sub microscopio) aut pallida, ostiolo minu- tissimo. Basidia long. 0.015 —0.020, crass. O.00-3 mm, simplicia, haud septata. Macroconidia (stylosporae) cylindrico-oblonga aut p. p. elongata, recta aut parce etiam leviter curvata, apicibus rotundatis, simplicia et parce etiam 1-septata (in eodem macrosporangio), long. 0.014—0.017 (—-0.028), crass. O.0035 mm. Var. pallida Vain. Peziza miliaris Wallr. Fl. Grypt. Germ. II t. 4 (1833) p. 400 (Biatorina Th. Fr. Lich. Arct., 1860, p. 188). Exs. Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1876) 11. 446 p.p. Apothecia minutissima, lat. 0.2—0.15 mm, pallida aut testacea vel rufescenti-testacea. Epithecium decoloratum aut roseum. Sporae vulgo long. 0.009—O.on, crass- O.005 mm. Dislr. Supra thallum Pelliyerae caninae et var. rufescenlis. Ab.: Ispoinen prope Aboam (K. Linkola), Ajonpää in Naantaali (Vain.). N.: Meilans (K. Linkola) et Toivola (Vain.) prope Helsingforsiam. Ta.: Taaveli et Tiirismaa in Hollola (Vain.), Sutoisenniemi in Korpi lahti (Vain.). Tb.: Histikivenlaakso prope Jyväskylä (K. Linkola) LTul.: Rybatshi (H. Envald). Saepe una cum var. uersicolore crescit, sine limite in earn transiens, praesertim in partibus magis umbrosis Pelligerae crescens. — F. testaceorufescens Vain., apotheciis fusco- aut testaceo-rufescentibus et epithecio partim rubricoso instructa, intermedia inter has for ma s, in ainbas transit. Ad Prusila in Padasjoki (Vain.), Mustiala (A. Kullh.), Katariinanlaakso prope Aboam (V. Räsänen). 2. Sc. solorinicola (Vain.) Rehm in Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl. Ase. (1890) p. 324; Vouaux Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. XXIX (1913) p. 420, 428; Mig. Krypt.-Fl. Ase. (1913) p. 895, 897. Lecidea solorinicola Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 30. Seutula solorinaria (Nyl.) var. solorinicola Karst. Rev. Ase. (1885) p. 151; Sacc. Syli. Fung. VIII (1889) p. 487. Seutula solori- naecola Zopf Hedwigia 1896 p. 358. Apothecia crebra confertave, mediocria aut parva, fusco- atra aut nigricantia, haud pruinosa, primum planiuscula marginataque, dein convexa et immarginata, basi leviter constricta. Hypothecium pallidum decoloratumve aut par tim fusco-lutescens. Epithecium fuscescens aut partim palli- Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 477 dum. Paraphyses arcte cohaerentes. Sporae subfusiformes aut p. p. ovoideo-oblongae, long. 0.009—0.012, crass. 0.003— 0.0035 mm. Solorinicola. Disir. Supra thallum Solorinae saccalae loco calcareo prope Kön gäs (Lin.) in regione betulina ad Mare Glaciale (Vain.). Apothecia lat. 1—0.5 (—-0.3) mm, interdum contigua confluen- tiave. Hypothecium parte superiore sat leptodermaticum et cavita tibus cellularum angustissimis, ceterum sat pachydermaticum et cavitatibus majoribus. Perithecium fuscescens, tenue, ceterum perithe cium pallidum, sat pachydermaticum, cavitatibus ellipsoideis, O.004— 0.003 mm latis. Hymenium O.055—-0.070 mm crassum, jodo leviter caeru lescens glaucescensve, dein mox vinose rubens. Paraphyses arcte cohae rentes, simplices, p p. apice fuscescentes et leviter clavatae. Asci clavati. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, decolores, p. p. apice sat acutis. Obs. Lecidea solorinaria Nyl. (Circa Lich. Armor., 1863, p. 402), »affinis L. oxysporae (Tul.)» perperam descripta, sec. specim. orig. sporis distincte 1-septatis ab ea differt. Proxima est Sc. solorinicolae Vain., vix nisi perithecio in parte exteriore cavitatibus cellularum angustissimis et paraphysibus apice paullo crassioribus et sporis fusi- formibus, apicibus sat acutis ab ea recedens. 3. Sc. uniseptata (Nyl.) Vain. Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlek. (1909) p. 117. Lecidea Nyl. fin. Gen. Lich. (1857) p. 117; Vain. Adj. Lich. Lapp. II (1883) p. 29. L. Siereo- caulorum var. uniseptata Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 183. /-.(?) Stereocaulorum Anzi Lich. Rar. Langob. VII (1861) n. 262, Manip. Lich. (1862) p. 155 (conf. infra). Biatorina Arn. Lich. Tirol XIII (1874) p. 280 (51), XV (1876) p. 386, XXIII (1887) p. 89, Lich. Fragm. XXIX (1888) p. 19 (quoad descr.). Apothecia crebra aut dispersa, parva, adnata aut pri mum innata, atra aut nigricantia, haud pruinosa, plana aut rarius demum depresso-convexa, tenuiter marginata aut immarginata. Hypothecium pallidum fulvescensve aut deco loratum aut partim subfuscescens. Epithecium fuscescens. Paraphyses vulgo sat laxe cohaerentes. Sporae fusiformes aut rarius oblongae vel fusiformi-oblongae, long. O.013— O.016 (»—O.019» sec. Nyl.), crass. O.004—O.005 mm (»—-O.006 mm» sec. Nyl.). Parasita in Stereocaulo. Var. stereocaulorum (Th. Fr.) Vain. Lich. Exp. Vegae Pitlek. (1909) p. 117. Lecidea uniseptata var. stereocaulorum Vain. Adj. Lich. 478 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Lapp. II (1883) p. 29. Biaiorina stereocaulorum Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. (1860) p. 188. Seutula stereocaulorum Koerb. Par. Lich. 5 Lief. (1865) p. 455; Karst. Rev. Asc. (1885) p. 151; Sacc. Syl. Fung. VIII (1889) p. 486; Rehm in Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl. Asc. (1800) p. 325; Zopf Hed- wigia 1806 p. 361; Vouaux Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. XXIX (1913) p. 420, 429; Mig. Krypt.-Fl. Asc. (1913) p. 895, 896. Lecidea stereocaulorum Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. (1866) p. 183. Catillaria siereocaulina Oliv. Par. Lich. Fr. p. 22 (sec. cit.). Exs. Anzi Lich. Lang. VII (1861) n. 262. — Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. IV (1875) n. 175. — Zwackh Lich. Exs. (1884) n. 911 in herb. meo). Hypothecium praesertim sordide pallidum aut fulvescens aut partim subfuscescens. Dislr. In thallo specierum plurium Slereocauli (St. alpinum, sub- coralloides, tomentosuin, paschale, denudatum, condensalum) sat rara. Ta.: Lietsa in Tammela (A. Kub 3m), Sikomäki (Norrl. H.L.F. n. 175) et Jokioinen (Vain.) in Padasjoki, Evo (Vain.). Tb.: Haukka vuori in Korpilahti (Vain.), Pihlajavesi (Norrl.). OKaj.: Lentiira in Kuhmo (Vain.). Kuus.: Reg. subalp. in Mäntytunturi (Vain. 1. c). Kar. \ Pom.: Kosagora (Th. Simming, Nyl. 1. c). LEnont.: Kilpis järvi (Norrl. Ber. Torn. Lappm. p. 336). LIn.: Kaamajoki (F. Silen). Proxima est .Sc. miliari, praesertim matrice diverso, demum par tim deformato, apotheciis vulgo primum plus minus immersis, tenuio- ribus, colore minus variabilibus et notis internis ab ea leviter diffe rens. Apothecia lat. 0.2—0.5 mm, crass. circ. 0.2 mm, primum basi non constricta. Hypothecium leviter pachydermaticum, cavitatibus rotundatis aut subellipsoideis, 0.0015—0.0025 mm latis. Perithecium hyphis radiantibus leptodermaticis, conglutinatis, cavitatibus oblon gis, 0.0015 mm latis, fuscescens (praesertim in margine) aut intus et subtus pallescens. Hymenium O.045—0.050 mm crassum, ascis solis jodo caerulescentibus (»jodo vinose fulvescens, thecae apice caeru- lescentes, dein ibi violacee tinctae» sec. Nyl.). Paraphyses sat laxe aut in aliis speciminibus sat arcte cohaerentes, simplices, crass. vulgo 0.0015 mm, apice clavatae aut fere capitatae, clava O.003—-O.oos mm Iata, sumrno apice fusco. Sporae 8:nae, distichae, decolores, apicibus sat acutis aut sat obtusis. Obs. Phragmonaevia Fuckelii (Rehm) Zopf (Hedwigia 1806 p. 347, Mig. Krypt.-Fl. Asc. II, 1913, p. 826), apotheciis rotundatis et p. p. ellipsoideis difformibus, disco pallido, piano, margine crenu- lato, albido, sporis decoloribus, 1-septatis, ovoideo-oblongis instructa, ad Peltigeras parasitans, ad Ersby in Pargas (K. Linkola) et ad Korso in Tusby (E. Häyren), in monte Iivaara in Kuusamo (Vain.. »CryptomijCes peltigerae» Karst. 1. c. p. 167) Lichenographia Fennica IV. INDEX. *) Agyrium caesium Fr. Amygdalaria pelobotrya Norm. Arthonia abscondita lurida var. globularis Ach. physciae Arthothelium Flotowianum Koerb. Aspicilia aquatica Koerb. atrocinerea Mass. complanata melanophaea Koerb. 184, morioides Blomb. panaeola Koerb. pelobotrya Th. Fr. rhagadiella Hue tenebrosa Koerb. — var. fuscocinerea Boist. Astroplaca Bagl. Bacidia DeNot. eaerulea Koerb. Kuopioensis Vain. ophiospora (Hellb.) Baeomyces rubiformis Wahlenb. Biatora (Fr.) Th. Fr. IS admixta Kullh. 218, adpressa Hepp albofuscescens Kullh. alnicola Anzi 415 ambigua Mass. anomala Fr. 153 asserculorum Arn. athallina Hepp 69 atrofusca Flot. 351, 225 atropurpurea Hepp 86 atrorufa Fr. atroviridis Hellb. 234 Bauschiana Koerb. Berengeriana Mass. 245 betulicola Kullh. 244 borealis Hepp 197 botryosa Fr. 185 byssacea Zwackh 94 Gadubriae var. symphicar- 153 poides Mull. Arg. 153 cartilaginea Lönnr. 116 cinnabarina Fr. 244 coarctata Arn. 82 — f. ochrinaeta Arn. 37 collodea Th.Fr. 8 conglomerata (Heyd.) Mass. 184 consanguinea Anzi 192, 289 consimilis Nyl. 289 cuprea Fr. cyanea Hepp 117, 37 decolorans Fries l, 71 denigrata Fr. 408, 219 deplanatula Mull. Arg. 294, 431 Diapensiae Tuck. 356 elachista Koerb. 455, 212 271 444 226 424 362 431 :>( i 218 304 347 224 379 334 466 224 350 65 329 333 58 387 196 238 386 136 340 458 427 363 456 *) By B. Lynge. 480 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. enteroleuca fi rugulosa b olivacea Hepp 271 grand is Hepp 270 oospora Th. Fr. 229 erythrophaea Th. Fr. 212 ostreata var. cladonioides Fr. 47 fallax Hepp 389, 402 panaeola Fr. 192 flavocaerulescens 171 phaea Flot. 160 flexuosa Fr. 343 Pilati Flepp 142, 143 fuliginosa Fr. 337 pilularis Koerb. 390 fusca Hepp v. Almqu 349, 353 platycarpa fi steriza 156 fuscolutea y sanguineoatra polycarpoides Mull. Arg. 131 (Flk.) Fr. 350 porphyrospoda Anzi 204 fuscorubens Nyl. 69 prasina Hepp 463, 466 gelatinosa (Flk.) Rabenh. 345 pullata Norm. 202, 204 globulosa Rabenh. 444 pungens Nyl. 258, 259, 261 glomerata b lignaria 224 quernea Fr. 67 Heerii Hepp 448, 449 rivulosa Fr. 312 helvola (Koerb.) Th. Fr. 390 — b corticola Fr. 314 holomelaena fi chalybaea — fi B. Kochiana Fr. 323 Hepp 427 rufofusca (Anzi) Nyl. 57 humida Kullh. 339 rugulosa Hepp 390 hyalinella Koerb. 212 rupestris Fr. 61 incrustans Rabenh. 63 — var. alpina Arn. 62 Kochiana Rabenh. 323 *B. incrustans Arn 63 Laureri Hepp 270, 426 - f. lutescens (Vain.) H av. 63 leprosula Arn. 204 var. terrestris et terricola leucophaea Flk. 192 Anzi 64 — a genuina Koerb. 193 sanguineoatra Lönnr. 350 - var. genuina f. viridiatra sapinea Th. Fr. 395 Koerb. 186 sarcodea Th. Fr. 58 lignaria Arn. 224 sarcopicioides Mass. 455 lucida Fr. 413 scalaris Fr. 47 — fi leprosa b corticola 415 Siebenhaariana f. terricola Lulensis LI eli b. 199 Arn. 61 lygaea Mass. 328 stiriaca Mass. 314 lygaeoides Anzi 250 sylvicola Mull. Arg. 297 micrococca Koerb. 468, 469 symmicta Fr. 405 miliaris Th. Fr. 476 symmictella Nyl. 415 miscella Fr. 347 synothea Fr. 459 misella Falk 227 — fi chalybeia 430 mixta Fr. 438 tabescens Koerb. 67, 271 mollis Arn. 317 tenebricosa Norm. 212 monticola Hepp 69 terricola Th. Fr. 64 Nowajae Koerb. 229 testacea Fr. 43 Nylanderi Anzi 201 Tornoensis Th. Fr. 229 oehracea (Hepp) Vain. 71 tuberculata Fr. 308 Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57. N:o 2. 481 turficola Hellb. 59 turfosa *verrucula Norm. 368 turgidula Fr. 214 uliginosa Fr. 335 — a botryosa Fr. 334 variegata 120 vernalis Fr. 349, 387 — b conglomerata Fr. 387 — var. prasina Fr. v. Nyl. 466, 468 —- var. viridescens 345 viridescens Fr. 344 — var. putrida Koerb. 344 viridiatra Stenh. 186, 281 Wulfenii Hepp 275 Biatorella deplanata Almqu. 364 geophana (Nyl.) Wain. 32, 364, 365 -— f. boreella (Nyl.) Vain. 365 Biatorina 420, 421, 434 adpressa Koerb. 431 arceutina Koerb. 431 atrofusca Lönnr. 35 atropurpurea 431 Bouteillei Arn. 44 chalybeia **corticola Krempelh. 436 denigrata Arn. 459 Ehrhartiana Arn. 450 epiblastematica A. L. Sm. 448 epigena Arn. 474 erysiboides Arn 460 fallax Arn. 402 foliicola Millardet 441 globulosa Koerb. 444 — f. fuscopurpurea Arn. 446 — f. lignicola Arn. 445 - f. Ohlertii Arn. 446 glomerella Arn. 455 graniformis A. L. Smith 450 Griffithii Mass. 438 Hohenbi'ihelii Poefsch 441, 444 lenticularis Koerb. 427, 435 — y acrustacea (Hepp) Arn. 424 - f. geographica Mass. 436 - f. Heppii Mass. 435 - a vulgaris Koerb. 427, 420 Lightfootii Koerb. 315 micrococca Arn. 468 Neuschildii Koerb. 433 nigroclavata Arn. 430, 436 nubila Norm. 429 poliococca Kullh. 463 prasina 464 — var. byssacea A. L. Smith 463 prasiniza Arn. 464 - f. laeta Arn. 466 — f. prasinoleuca Arn. 466 pulicaris Mass. 435 rubicola Arn. 441 sordidescens Arn. 463 Stereocaulorum Arn. 477, 478 synofhea Koerb. 450 versicolor Hellb. 435 Wallrothii Lönnr. 473 Bilimbia De Not. 8 gomphillacea (Nyl.) 280 (?) minutula Koerb. 430 Nitschkeana 46 populorum (Mass.) Vain. 222, 437 subviridescens Nyl. 271 trachona 33 Blastenia rupestris Zahlbr. 61 Buellia atrata 90 coniops (Wahlenb.) 267 disciformis 98 (Gafolechia) epigaea var. cacuminum (Mass.) Jatta 418 perlutescens Vain. 271 sphaeralis Anzi 452 Calloria peltigerae Fuck. 474 Catillaria (Ach.) Th. Fr. 8, 420, 422 31 482 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. anterior (Nyl.) Vain. 422, 470 — f. diluta (Hedl.) 471 athallina Hellb. 424 atropurpurea (Schaer.) Th. Fr. 223, 420, 431, 434 - f. gyaliza Vain. 433 - *Neuschildii Th. Fr. 433 Bouteillei (Desmaz.) Zahlbr. 421, 441, 444 f. abieticola (Nyl.) Vain. 443 - f. degenerans Vain. 443 - f. 1 lohenbuhelii (Poetsch) Vain. 442, 443 chalybaea (Borr.) Mass. 294, 420, 427, 433 - f. achlora Vain. 429 - f. alhalliza (Nyl.) Vain. 428 - f. ilicis (Mass.) Vain. 430, 433, 437 f. minutula (Koerb.) 436 - f. vulgaris (Koerb.) Vain. 428, 429 chalybeiodes Zahlbr. 292 chalybeja Mass. 427 chloroticella (Nyl.) Blomb. et Forss. 421, 440 denigrata (Fr.) Vain. 422, 457, 458, 462, 465 - var. obscurior 462 var. planior 46 — f. poliococca Vain. 458, 460 — f. pyrenothizans (Nyl.) Vain. 461, 465 - f. synolhea (Fr.) Vain. 459 Dufourei (Ach.) Vain. 421, 452, 453, 472 — *C. Kivakkensis Vain. 453 Ehrharliana Th. Fr. 421, 450 elachista (Koerb.) Vain. 422, 455, 458 var. carbonicola Vain. 458 — f. glomerella (Nyl.) Vain. 456 - f. poliococcoides Vain. 457, 458 — f. simplicata (Nyl.) Vain. 458 epiblastematica (Arn.) Vain. 421, 448, 449, 473 epigaeella (Nyl.) Th. Fr. 420, 430 erysiboides (Nyl.) Th. Fr. 422, 469 — f. anterior Blomb. et Forss. 470 globosa 441 globulosa (Flk.) Th. Fr. 421, 444 - f. epirhoda Th. Fr. 445, 446 — f. fuscopallescens (Nyl.) Vain. 447, 448 — f. fuscopurpurea (Arn.) Vain. 446 — f. glomerulascens (Nyl.) Vain. 446 - f. lignicola (Arn.) Zwackh 445, 446 - f. Ohlerfii (Koerb.) Vain. 445 — f. pallens Vain. 446, 447 — f. subglobulosa Th. Fr. 220 glomerella Th. Fr. 422, 455 graniformis ( Hag.) Vain. 421, 450 — f. ceracella Th. Fr. 451 Griffithii (Sm.) Malme 421, 438, 440 grossa Blomb. 425 hemipoliella (Nyl.) Blomb. et Forss. 422, 462, 465, 469 hypochlorella Vain. 420, 423, 424, 425 ilicis Mass. 430 inlermixta Arn. 426, 427 intrusa Th. Fr. 54, 422, 454 * Kivakkensis Vain. 421, 453 Laureri Hepp 420, 426, 427 lenticularis (Ach.) Lindau 421, 430, 435, 437 — var. chalybeioides Boist. 292 — /3 erubescens Th. Fr. 435 - f. evoluta Th. Fr. 429 — var. typica (Arn.) Vain. 435 - a vulgaris Th. Fr. 427, 428 Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 483 leucophaeotera (Nyl.) Vain. Cladonia (Hill) Web. 8 421, 437, 472 Cladonieae Vain. 8 Lightfootii Oliv. 315 Cliostomum melanobola (Nyl.) Vain. 422, 465 corrugatum Fr. 450 micrococca (Koerb.) Th. Fr. Crocynia 398, 422, 441, 466, 467, 468 neglecta (Nyl.) Hue 32, 418, 419 Neuschildii (Koerb.) Th. Fr. Cryptomyces 420, 433 peltigerae 478 nigroclavata (Nyl.) Vain. Diplophragmia Vain. 8, 472 421, 430, 433, 436 Petsamoensis Vain. 472 prasina (Fr.) Vain. Diplotomma 422, 466, 467, 468, 469 trullisatum Krempelh. 109, 110 — ft byssacea Th. Fr. 463 Eucatillaria Th. Fr. 420, 422 f. melanobola Blomb. Eulecidea (Th. Fr.) Lynge et Forss. 465 10, 12, 71 — — f. prasiniza Blomb. Gyalecta et Forss. 464 atrata Ach. 184 — f. sordidescens Blomb. carneola (Ach.) 440 et Forss. 463 diluta 466, 468 — var. hypocyanea Vain. 467 (Secoliga) Flotowii (Koerb.) 440 - a laeta Th. Fr. 466 Gyrophora — f. prasinoleuca (Nyl.) polyphylla 186 Vain. 468 Helocarpon — f. sordidescens Th. Fr. 463 crassipes Th. Fr. 366 Sabaudica Vain. 433 Hysterium sordidescens (Nyl.) Vain. pulicare Pers. 440 422, 463, 467 Lecania sphaeralis Koerb. 452 aipospila 438 Stereocaulina Oliv. 478 cyrtella 398, 433, 441 subnigra (Nyl.) Blomb. et Lecanora Forss. 420, 423 angulosa 357 subnitida Hellb. anomala ft ferruginosa Ach. 440 420, 423, 424, 425 argopholis 252 sulphurata var. lecanocheila atropurpurea Hedl. 431 Vain. 430 atrosulphurea 287 — var. ochrocheila Vain. 430 badia 69 synothea Beltr. et Cas. 459 Bockii Rodig. 06 tricolor Th. Fr. 421, 438 Bouteillei Desmaz. 441 tristis Arn. 425 (Aspicilia) caesiocinerea Nyl. 255 Catinaria calva Nyl. 61 acrustacea (Hepp) Vain. 425 — var. irrubata Nyl. 62 Cenomyce — *L. leucoderma Nyl. 65 rubiformis Ach. 37 * Siebenhaariana Stizenb. 64 Chrysospora Vain. 43 var. terricola Stiz. 0 1 484 F. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. cinerea *L. Dicksonii Nyl. 184 — var. sublivescens Nyl. 411 coarctata Ach. 329 paroptoides Nyl. 207, 396 jj listrota Ach. 331 pelobotrya Sommerf. 153 -— fj o rna ia Sommerf. 331 phaeopis Nyl. 117 coilocarpa var. sorediata Räs. 401 (Aspicilia) plumbea (Garov.) 190 complanata f. coracodes 197 polytropa *viridiatra Nyl. 187 coracina Hepp 245 prosechoides Nyl. 319 deflectens Nyl. 312 pumilionis Arn. 408 detrusa Th. Fr. 396 Rhaetica var.hyperborea Nyl. 154 deus La Nyl. 78 rhagadiella Nyl. 116 diamarla (Ach.) 186 rimosa a sordida b lecidina Dicksonii Nyl. 184 Schaer. 319, 320 (Zeora) expallens Ach. 401 rubicola Nyl. 441 falsaria 6 cyathoides Ach. 312 — f. abieticola Nyl. 443 fuscescens (Somrft) 186 rubiginans Nyl. 68 gibbosa *L. Dicksonii Nyl. 184 rupestris Leight. 61 glaucoma lecideina ( Schaer.) saepincola Ach. var. trabalis Nyl. 320 Ach. 407 granulosa Ach. 340 sordida (Flk.) Nyl. 14 , 86 Hagenii (Ach.) Koerb. 319 — (j lecideina Hellb. 319 hypaitema Nyl. 401 subcarnea *L. bicincta var. incrustans Ach. 64 lecideina (Schaer.) Nyl. 320 irrubata Nyl. 61 subfusca var. biatorea Nyl. *L. calva Lainy 63 205, 207 subsp. Siebenhaariana sulphurea Ach. 86, 411 Cromb. 64 symmicta (Ach.) Th. Fr leucophaea Nyl. 192 403, 405, 408, 409 leucophaeiza (Nyl.) 196 — f. aitema Th. Fr. 401 maculiformis 408 — f. pumilionis Arn. 408 denigrata Hepp 408 — var. saepincola Nyl 409 micromma Nyl. 443 symmictera 408, 409 milvina 199 f. acrustacea Nyl. 407 Mosigii Koerb. 93 , 94 - var. aitema Nyl. 409 Neuschildii Hedl. 433 f. calvescens Nyl. 408 nigroglomerata Leight. 193 - f. hypaitema Nyl. 401 obscurella (Somrft) Hedl. tenebricans Nyl. 197 223, 234, 433 tenebrosa Nyl. 245 (Aspicilia) obtecta Vain. 186 — *tumidior Nyl. 188 ochrinaeta Ach. 333 testacea Ach. 43 ornata Nyl. 331 trabalis Nyl. 409 orosthea Ach. 410 trapelia Ach. 331 — f. glaucocarpa Harm. 411 varia var. aitema Nyl. 401 f. livida Nyl. 411 — var. alabastrina Nyl. 405 f. pelrophila Th. Fr. 410 - r] Bouteillei Schaer. 441 Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. 57, N:o 2. 485 — var. intricata f. viridiatra Nyl. 187 — *L. oroslhea Nyl. 410 — var. pumilionis Rehm 408 - *L. sulphurea Nyl. 411 — e symmicta Th. Fr. 405 Lecidea (Ach.) Th. Fr. 8, 9 acclinis Flot. 222 adpressa Nyl. 431 — var. pleiotera Nyl. 433 aenea 186, 285 aeneola Zahlbr. 99, 101 — f. incrassata Zahlbr. 101 aestivalis Ohl. 39 aggerata Mudd 298 aglaea Somrft 21, 277, 279, 280, 282 — var. aglaeida ( Nyl.) 279 — var. Brunneri (Nyl.) 279 — var. hypophaea Vain. 278, 279 — var. Norrlinii Vain. 279, 280 aglaeida Nyl. 278, 270 aglaeiza Nyl. 285 aglaeotera Nyl. 283 aitema Ach. 401 alabastrina a Ach. 405 albidocinerella Vain. 16, 256, 266, 267, 269 albocaerulescens (Wulf.) Flk. 20, 111, 136, 158, 163, 167, 172 - f. alpina Th. Fr. 168, 169 — f. (Ö) flavocaerulescens Schaer. 162, 170, 171 f. lividoatra Vain. 160 — f. prolificans Vain. 168 — var. soralifera Vain. 160 — var. soredizodes Zahlbr. 169 — var. vulgaris 167 — var.—s.f. lividoatra Vain. 169 albofuscescens Nyl. 26, 27, 356, 357 - *Mustialensis Vain. 27, 357 albohyalina Th. Fr. 30, 393, 397, 399, 441, 468, 469 — f. prosequens Vain. 399 albosuffusa Th. Fr. 19, 181 f. albomarginata 182 f. epicyanescens Vain. 183 — f. epiporphyrea Vain. 183 var. glaucocarpa (Arn.) Vain. 181 — var. inferior (Nyl.) Vain. 182, 183 var. nuda (Th. Fr.) 183 var. peirosa Vain. 182, 183 albuginosa Nyl. 169, 170 alpestris, sect. 376 alpestris Somrft v. Th. Fr. 35, 372, 373, 376, 377, 378, 382 f. assimilata 373 f. bilocularis Zahlbr. 370 *L. limosa Nyl. 370 *L. stenotera Nyl. 377 — var. (ft) tonineoides Hellb. 376, 377 Altensis Th. Fr. 25, 71, 210 var. fuscorubescens Vain. 71, 211 amaurospoda Nyl. 202, 203, 204 ambigua Fr. 120 amphotera height. ZSS amphoteroides Vain. 20, 289. 290 amylacea (Ach.) Nyl. 286 anomala Flk. v. Nyl. 438, 444 — f. 5. albohyalina Nyl. 397 2. f. denigrata Nyl. 450 y flavicans Ach. 273 — *L. glomerella Nyl. 455, 456 var. (v) minuta Schaer. 212, 394 f. misella Nyl. 225, 227 f. pyrenothizans Nyl. 461 f. Wallrothii Nyl. 473 anterior Nyl. 470 anthracophila Nyl. 47 antiloga Stirt. *L. infra lapponica Vain. 234 aphana Nyl. 297, 290 486 E. yi. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. apochroeella Nyl. 27, 358, 359, 399 var. botryodes Nyl. 309 - var. botryoides Nyl. 308, 360 f. denudatula Vain. 359 f. n udella Vain. 359 f. poliodes Blomb. el Forss. 359 aquatilis (Nyl.) 164 aquilonia (Krempelh.) Nyl. 57 arctica Somrft 377, 378, 384 f. nuda Vain. 385 - var. pallida Tuck. 382 f. pruinosa Vain. 385 arcLogena Th. Fr. 283, 284, 285 areolata (Schaer.) Zahlbr. 286 armeniaca, sect. 277 armeniaca (DG) Fr. 14, 134, 278, 280, 281, 284 f. aglaeoides 281, 283 - f. aglaeotera 281, 283 *L. arctogena Malme 283 *— f. leucomelaena Vain. 283 var. intumescens 278 var. laevigata Flot. 281, 283 f. laevis Th. Fr. 282 f. lutescens (Anzi) Nyl. 281, 282, 283 var. melaleuca (Som merf.) Fr. 282, 283 1*. nigrita 281, 283 f. pallens 281 var. Ramondii 281 aspicilioidea 210 asserculorum Ach. 225 assimilata Nyl. 33, 367, 372, 376, 378 f. alpestris 367, 373 var. Hardangeriana Vain. 374 f. infuscata Th. Fr. 366, 367, 373, 374, 378 f. irrubata Th. Fr. 373 var. melaenida Vain. 372, 374 asyndeta Vain. v. Nyl. 22, 321 101 96 98 99 246 245 351 352 athroocarpa Ach. 13, 104, 105 - f. polygonia (Flot). 104, 105 atomaria 307, 308 atroalba Fr. 82, 138, 199 — var. enteromorpha Flot. 138 — var. intumescens Flot. 85 atrobrunnea, sect. 96 atrobrunnea (Ram.) Schaer. 13, 96, 98, 99, — var. leprosolimbata — *L. subcinerascens Nyl. atrocervina Vain. 13, atrocinerea (Schaer.) Vain. 23, 105, 189, 196, 244, 248, 249, 252 — var. Fellmanii Vain. — var. tenebrosa Vain. atrofusca Nyl. — f. minuescens Nyl. atrofuscescens 100, 103, 104, 105 atroocarpoides Vain. 13, 101 atropurpurea Nyl. 431 — var. Neuschildii Nyl. 433 atrorufa Ach. 50 atrorufella Nyl. 52, 60 atrosanguinea (Flk.) Vain. 21, 265 — f. Heralensis Vain. 266 — f. renegata Vain. 266 atroviridis (Arn.) Th. Fr. 30, 218, 220, 221, 222, 225, 426, 466 — f. dilutescens Vain. 220, 221 — f. ocelliformis Hedl. 220 — f. subglobosa (Nyl.) Vain. 218, 220 — f. Tiirismaensis Vain. 221 auriculata Th. Fr. 19, 146, 147, 148 — var. evoluta Th. Fr. 146 — var. diducens (Nyl.) Th. Fr. 147, 148 - var. — f. confoederans Blomb. et Forss. 147 Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 487 var. Hardangeriana Vain, f. paupera Th. Fr. - var. subinops Vain. 147, — f. subpruinosa Vain, aviaria Vain. 16, badia Nyl. Berengeriana (Mass.) Th. Fr. 33, 347, 348, 349, - f. chlorosa Vain. — var. cupreiformis Nyl. — *L. cuprina Nyl. biformis Floerk. boreella Nyl. botryocarpa botryoides Nyl. 18, botryosa (Fr.) Th. Fr. v 26 364, 309, 360, Nyl. 27, 206, brachysperma Vain Brasiliana Vain. Brujeriana (Hepp) Brunneri 278, byssacea Vain, cacuminum 12, Cadubriae (Mass.) Nyl. 211, caerulea Krempelh. caesia Ach. 119, *caesioalbescens (Magn.) Vain. 319, - f. glaucoma Vain, f. trapezoides Vain. caesioatra Schaer. 35, - f. nuda Vain. - f. pruinosa Vain, caesiopruinosa Th. Fr. 319, calcivora *L. atro fusca Nyl. Caradocensis Leight. cechumena jj athroocarpa Ach. chalybeia Borr. - f. athalliza Nyl. 428, — *L. chloroscolina Nyl. chalybeioides (Nyl.) Vain. 16, 292, 293, chloroscotina Nyl. chloroticella Nyl. 143 chlorotiza Nyl. 389 148 cinctula Nyl. 416 148 cinerascens A. L. Smith 108, 110 148 cinereoatra Ach. 19, 158, 172, 175 84 — var. cinereoatra (Ach.) 175 53 — f. extenuata Vain. 176 — var. meiosporella 175 387 - f. subinnata Vain. 174, 175 348 - f. tumidior Vain. 175 348 cinereopallens Vain. 29, 397 348 cinereorubra Vain. 61 450 cinereorufa Schaer. 11, 54 365 f. acarosporoides Vain. 55 310 cinnabarina, stirps 71 362 cinnabarina Somrft 12, 61, 65 cinnabarodes Nyl. 61 334 circumdiluta Nyl. 411 208 circumflexa Nyl. 327 228 cladonioides (Fr.) Th. Fr. 330 10, 47, 49 270 clavulifera Nyl. 30, 34, 417, 463 tab. II, fig. 2 324 — f. subviridicans Nyl. 417 215 coarctata, sect. 329 184 coarctata (Sm.) Nyl. 415 24, 329, 331, 332 — f. biaforiza Vain. 332 320 - f. cot aria (Ach.) Nyl. 332 319 — var. dioritica Vain. 333 320 - var. elachista (Ach.) Nyl. 384 331, 332 385 - var. — f. subcrenulata 385 Cromb. 331 320 — var. exposita Nyl. 332 351 — var. expositella Vain. 330, 332 46 — *L. obtegens Th. Fr. 105 15, 24, 333 427 — var. ochrinaetella Vain. 333 429 - var. ornata Nyl. 331 429 — f. subfumigata Nyl. 333 — var. trapelia (Ach.) Vain. 331 294 commaculans Nyl. 19, 290 429 conferenda Nyl. 440 20, 230, 302, 303, 304, 307, 354 488 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. f. dolosula 230 *phaea Flot. 161 var. mesoleuca Vain. 305, 306 - fi (f.) platycarpa Fr. v. W. - var. minor (Nyl.) Vain. 303 Nyl. 155, 179, 182 1*. moriformis Th. Fr. 304 — B. I. pruinosa Fr. 158 var. paraphana (Nyl.) — var. speirea Dietrich 108 Th. Fr. 305 - f. steriza Nyl. 156, 161. 179 var. suhbicolor Vain. 304 - fi tectorurn Mass. 74 — var. subsylvicola Vain. 306 — a vulgaris 109 f. umbratilis Arn. 302 contrusa Vain. 454 var. violascens Vain. 306 convexa var. hydrophila f. confervoides f intumescens ferrosa Zahlbr. 164 Schaer. 85 — var. hydrophila f. oblite- confluens, sect. 106 rata 165 confluens Fr. (Web.?) Ach. v. — var. musiva Zahlbr. 166 Fr. 14, 106, 108, 113, 127 coracina Ach. 247 - f. connectens Vain. corrugata Ach. 450, 451 107, 114, 128 cotaria Ach. 332 var. declinans Nyl. 126 crassipes, sect. 366 f. ecrustacea Anzi 108, 132 crassipes (Th. Fr.) Nyl. f. meiosporoides 110 33, 366, 368, 372, 373, 383 - 6 ochromela Ach. 130 - f. minor Nyl. 334, 368 - f. sorediza (Nyl.) Vain. 111 — f. moriformis Th. Fr. 367 f. — *f. meiosporoides — f. pulveracea 370 Norrl. 112 - f. pulverula Th. Fi. 368 y (L.) steriza Ach. 154, 156 croceicola Vain. 239 var. subcalcarea Nyl. 110 Crombei Jones 27 f. vulgaris Schaer. 107, 113 crustulata (Ach.) Vain. confoederans Nyl. 147 19, 82, 176, 1 77, 178 confusa Nyl. 53 - f. convexella 177, 179 f. subconfusa Nyl. 54 — f. ferruginea Krempelh. 180 consimilis Nyl. 27, 238 — f. lignicola Sandst. 178 conligua Th. Fr. 114, 154, - fi macrocarpa 176 155, 158, 160, 161, 165, 173, 175 - var. rnacrospora Kbr 176 - var. albocaerulescens Nyl. 167 — f. minutissima Vain. 179 f. caesioconvexa Harm. 157 — var. oxydata 176, 180 - *L. confluens Nyl. 106, 110 — var. soredizodes Lamy 169 — *(L.) crustulata 177, 179 — f. subminutissima 178, 180 — *L.—f convexella Harm. 179 - c variegaia Flol. 178 *L.—f. minutissima — a vulgaris 176, 177 Harm. 179 cuculi Vain. 16, 247 - f. flavicunda 162, 171, 172 cuprea Somrft v. Nyl. — *L. meiospora Nyl. 34, 347, 348, 386, 387 114, 157, 173, 179 - *L. Berengeriana Nyl. 347 — f. oxydata Harm. 161 — *L. cupreiformis Nyl. 348 Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o • > 480 *dilutior Nyl. 386, 387 — f. ochromeliza 125, 130 — f. subvernalis Vain. 387 - f. subterluens 125, 128 cupreiformis Nyl. 348 decolorans Ach. 51, 340 cuprina Nyl. 348 — /j cinnamomea Hellb. 57 cyanea (Ach.) Vain. * flexuosa Nyl. 343 12, 117, 119, 122 - f. fusconigra Nyl. 343 - f. Achariana Vain. 121 delincla Nyl. 10. 354 f. composita Vain. 122 - var. leptophylliria Vain. 354 f. dispersella Vain. 123 — var. subverrucosa Nyl. — f. hypophaeiza Vain. 123 354, 355 f. lactea (Flk.) Vain. 124 demarginata Nyl. 205 f. ochracea Zahlbr. 132 demissa (Rutstr.) Ach. 1 1 , 49 - f. oxydata (Koerb.) Vain. 125 — f. albicans Vain. 51 - f. plumbescens Nyl. 120 var. demisella Vain. 51 f. polycarpa (Nyl.) Vain. demolita Vain. 11. 325 120, J22 dendritica Ach. 7 y> var. pseudopilati 110 denigrata 458 var. subauriculafa 120 — var. bacidiella Vain 462 - f. Sudetica (Koerb.) 122 *L. hemipoliella Nyl. 462 - f. sympecta (Nyl.) 123 *L. misella Nyl. 225 cyaniza Nyl. 181, 182, 183 f. pyrenofhizans Nyl. 461 cyathoides Ach. - f. sublivescens Nyl. 462 22, 312, 313, 314, 318 — var. submisella Nyl, 461 f. corticola (Fr.) Vain. 314 deusta (Stenh.) Nyl. — f. depauperata Leight. 312 23, 78, 79, 80, 81. 1 35 - f. lobatula Nyl. 314, 320 f. coracinella Vain. 70 - f. saxicola (Fr.) Vain. deusta Mass. 351 313, 315 Diapensiae Th. Fr. 33, 363, 364 — f. Velkuensis Vain. 312, 313 diasema Nyl. 270 cyrtella *L. chloroticella Nyl. 440 diasemoides Nyl. 253, 265 *L. lleerii Nyl. 448 — f. sublaevigata Vain 254 —- *L. Hohenbuehelii Nyl. 442 Dicksonii (Gmel.) Ach. daphoena (j L. ochracea Ach. 137 16, 184, 186 decipiens (Ehrh.) Ach. 11, 39 — var. immergens Vain. 1 85 — var. dealbata 40 -— var melanophaea (Fr.) declinans Nyl. Vain. 185 124, 125, 126, 127, 128 diducens Nyl. 148 — f. ecrustacea 125, 132 dilutiuscula Nyl. 299, 304 — f. ochromela 125, 130 discoidella Nyl. 438, 439, 440 — f. ochromelaena Nyl. 131 discolorella Nyl. 107 — var. subterluens Nyl. 128 disjecta 196 — var. —: ochromelaena 125 dispansa Nyl. 204, 205 declinascens Nyl. 125, 127, 128 — f. emarginata Nyl. 206 — f. ecrustacea 125 distensa Vain. 24, 190, 191 490 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. distrata Arn. 267 dolosula (Nyl.) Vain. 31, 231 Dovrensis Nyl. 35, 376, 382, 383 - *L. limosa Nyl. 379 var. (*) stenotera Nyl. 377 dubia Schaer. 260 Dufourei Ach. 452 Dufourii Hue 45 efflorescens (Hedl.) Vain. 28, 403 - f. albidocinerea Vain. 404 - f. Ruissaloensis Vain. 404 Khrhartiana Ach. 450 elabens, sect. 23 elabens Fr. 32, 232, 234 elaeochroma, sect. 252 elaeochroma (Ach.) Th. Fr. 211, 252, 268, 272 fi achrista Somrft 269 x dolosa Th. Fr. 274 d hypoleuca Th. Fr. 257 - /7 Laureri Th. Fr. 270 / muscorum Th. Fr. 275 f-' pungens (Kbr) Th. Fr. 259 f. subsequens Th. Fr. 261 elata Schaer. 21, 286 elegans (Th. Fr.) Vain. 15, 150, 151 - f. subdenudata (Vain.) 152 ementiens Nyl. 369, 370, 371 *L. ramulosa Nyl. 369 en alli za Nyl. 240, 241 - fi fuliginea Th. Fr. 243 enclitica Nyl. 26, 239, 242 - f. subnigra Nyl. 423 endogonia Nyl. 318 enteroleuca Arn. v. Nyl. 252, 256, 260 d flavida Fr. 273 fi grandinosa Ach. 438, 440 - var. hypoleuca Vain. 257 fi muscorum Th. Fr. 275 enteromorpha (Flot.) Vain. 25, 133, 137, 138, 141 - f. aggregatula Nyl. 139 — var. ecrustacea Vain. 138, 140 - f. elevata 138 - f. oxydata (And.) Vain. 139 - f. perfecta (Arn.) Vain. 138, 139 — f. perfectior (Nyl.) Vain. 138, 140 — f. subtumida Vain. 140 enterophaea Vain. 18, 307 epigaeella Nyl. 430 epigena Nyl. 474, 475 epiiodiza Nyl. 248, 249 epiphaea Nyl. 10, 32, 58, 59 - var. rupiseda Th. Fr. 59 epiz(x)anthoidiza Nyl. 28, 34, 399, 400, 401, 403 — var. incana (Sommerf.) Vain. 402 — f. vera Vain. 40 erratica Kbr. 18, 244, 294, 307 erysiboides Nyl. 464, 467, 469 - *L. anterior 470 - *L. melanobola Nyi. 465 — *L. micrococca Nyl. 466 — *L. prasiniza Nyl. 464 — *L. — var. prasinoleuca Nyl. 468 — f. sordidescens Nyl. 463, 464, 467 erythrophaea, sect. 211 erythrophaea Flk. 31, 58, 212, 214 — f. rufescens Vain. 214 — f. tenebricosa (Nyl.) Vain. 213, 214 — f. testacea Vain. 214 euphorea (Flk.) Nyl. 25, 267, 268 — f. achrista (Sommerf.) Vain. 269 — *L. enteroleuca (Ach.) Nyl. 256, 260 —- f. euphorea (Flk.) Vain. 268, 269, 271 — f. hypoporphyrea Vain. 269 Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 491 - f. laeviuscula Nyl. — f. Laureri (Hepp) Vain. 270, — *muscorum Nyl. — f. tabescens (Koerb.) Arn. euphoroides Nyl. euspeirea Nyl. expansa Nyl. 239, 294, — f. demarginata Nyl. — f. paraclitica Nyl. extenuata Nyl. 17, 20, 92, 93, 94; tab. I, fig. 3 flavicunda Ach. flavocaerulescens (Hornem.) Ach. 19, 170, flexuosa (Fr.) Nyl. 31, — var. achristella Friesii Ach. 10, frigidella Nyl. 229, fuliginea 337, 339, — fi L. icmalea Ach. fuliginosa Tayl. II, 53, 54, fumosa Nyl. — var. fuscoatra Nyl. — var. grisella Flk. v. Vain. 75, — fi Mosigii Ach. —- fi opaca Schaer. — var. polygonia Flot. fungicola Ach. furvella Nyl. 14, 15, tab. Ill, fig. 2. fusca, sect. fusca (Schaer.) Th. Fr. 25, 33, 349, — var. atrofusca (Fl.) Th. Fr. 351, — f. atrorufidula Vain. — f. caerulescens Vain. — f. persistens (Nyl.) Th. Fr. — var. sanguineoatra (Nyl.) Th. Fr. 348, 350, 351, 352, 269 271 275 271 232 110 295 295 243 90. 171 171 343 344 46 230 340 337 454 73 73 77 74 73 105 459 86; 347 352 371 352 352 352 354 — f. subpersistens Vain. 353 — f. subtristis Vain. 352, 353 — var. Templetonii (Tayl.) Th. Fr. 352 - f. frisfior (Nyl.) Th. Fr. 351 fuscescens Sornrft 186, 201 — var. leprodea Nyl. 201 — *L. Nylanderi Vain. 201 fuscoatra, sect. 72 fuscoatra (L.) Ach. 18, 72, 82, 93, 100, 101, 252, 301 — f. cechumenoides Vain. 77 - f.—subf. relrahens (Nyl.) Vain. 76 — var. deusta Stenh. 78 - f. fumosa (Hoffm.) Nyl. 73 - *L. fumosa Nyl. 73 - f. fuscoatra (Nyl.) Vain. 73 —- fi gibba Ach. v Wahlenb. 96, 245 var. grisella Norrl. 75 — var. — f. pauperrima Harm. 76 f. macra subf. fumosa Harm. 73 f. Mosigii (Ach.) Nyl. 74, 93, 94 f. — subf. subecrustacea Vain. 76 f. opaca (Schaer.) Vain. 73 — var. pallescens Fr. 76 f. pauperrima (Nyl.) Vain. 76 — f. retrahens (Nyl.) Vain. 76 — f. roridella Vain. 75 — f. roridula 252 — f. scopulorum Vain. 74 — y subcontigua Fr. 76 — f. subcontiguella Vain. 76, 77 — f. subecrustacea Falk 76 — f. turgida (Anzi) Vain. 73 fuscocinerea Nyl. 16, 80, 82, 83, 84, 245 —- var. gyrizans Nyl. 83 fuscoferruginea Vain. 16, 19, 91 492 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. fuscorubens Nyl. 12, 69, 355 - var. atrosanguinea Vain. 256 f. fuscorubescens Vain. — var. — f. glabra (Krem- 70, 71 pelh.) Vain. 258 f. goniophiloides Vain. var. — f. pungens Vain. 260 70, 71 f. diasemoides 263 var. (vel *B.) ochracea jj egenea Krempelh. 260 (Hepp) Vain. v. Arn. 70, 71 f. enteroleuca (Nyl.) Vain. 260 var. planata Vain. 71 f. grisea Vain. 254 gelatinosa Flk. 35, 345 var. incongrua f. diase- var. minor 346 moi des Vain. 253 geophana Nyl. 364, 365 — var. — f. granulosa gerula 69 Vain. 254 Ghisleri Anzi 202 var. — f. granulosa s. f. gibberosa Th. Fr. 395, 396 caesiocinerea Vain. 255 gibbosa var. subclepressa 210 var. — f. spalhea Vain. 253 glabra Krempelh. 260 *L. laiypiza Vain. 264 globifera Ach. 11, 41 f. pungens (Kbr) Vain. - var. dilula Nyl. 37 141, 259, 260 f. glaucescens Vain. 38 f. subpungens Vain. 260 - var. rubiformis Nyl. 37 — f. subsequens Vain. globularis (Ach.) Nyl. 260, 261, 262 32, 225, 457 granulosa, sect. 340 f. deviella Vain. 228 granulosa (Ehrh.) Schaer. - f. misella (Nyl.) Vain. 227 31, 35, 340 f. olivascens 228 — f. escharoides 342 •sphaerella 28 - f. fusconigra (Nyl.) Th. globulosa Flk. 397, 444 Fr. 343 -var. albohyalina Nyl. 397, 398 f. hilaris Ach. 342 f. epirhoda Vain. 446 Griffithii Hook. 438 f. fuscopallescens Nyl. 447 grisella Flk. v. Nyl. 75, 77 f. glomerulascens Nyl. 446 — f. meiosporiza Nyl. 75 f. pallens Nyl. 447, 448 f. Mosigii Zahlbr. 74 glomerella Nyl. 455 f. subecruslacea Zahlbr. 76 f. ecruslacea Nyl. 457 griseoatra Schaer. v. A, L. Sm. — f. poliococcoides Vain. 457 196, 245 — f. simplicala Nyl. 456 griseococcinea Nyl. 61 glomerulosa (DC.) Nyl. v.Th. griseonigricans Vain. 18, 19, Fr. 259, 267, 268, 334, 430 89, 90, 91; tab. IV, fig. 2 f. ambigua (Mass.) Vain. 271 — f. Repolensis Vain. 89, 00 - f. euphorea (Flk.) Vain. 267 grossa Pers. 425 — f. populnea Vain. 269 gyaliza Nyl. 431, 433 — f. Wulfenii Vain. 275 - *L. pleiotera Nyl. 433 goniophila Flk. v. Nyl. gyrizans Nyl. 82 21, 124,252, 258,259, 265 Ilaemensis Vain. 17, 354 Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 493 hamadrys Ach. 438 Heerii 474, 475 I lelsingforsiensis Nyl. 13, 102, 103 f. Alppilensis Vain. 103 Heisin kiensis Vain. 22, 322 helvola (Kbr) Th. Fr. 29, 390, 392, 393, 396, 399 — f. efflorescens Hedl. 403 *L. minor Nyl. 29, 34, 392 f. subsylvana Vain. 392 hemipoliella Vain. 462 Hoglandica Nyl. 22, 314, 326, 327 humida (Kullh.) Th. Fr. 212, 339 humosa (Ehrh.) Nyl. 26, 34, 337, 339, 340 f. argillacea (Krempelh.) Vain. 339 - f. fuliginea (Ach., Nyl.) 338 — f. fuscovirens Vain. 338 hydro pica Koerb. 82 hypochlorella Vain. 425 hypocyanea Vain. 17, 300 bypopodia Nyl. 334 f. subassimilata Nyl. 366 hypopta Ach. 32, 205, 207, 208 f. biatorca (Nyl.) Vain. 207 - f. insequens 206, 207, 208 - f. ruficeps Vain. 207 icmalea Ach. 33 ilicis Mass. 430 immersa fjatrosanguinea Flk. 258, 260, 265 —- var. goniophila Flk. 265 impavida Th. Fr. 93, 94 in can a Sommerf. 402 incincta Nyl. 298 inconcinna Nyl. 87 inconfluens Nyl. Ill incongrua Arn. 193, 254 — f. bryobata Nyl. 254 incongruella Vain. 256, 267 — var. albidocinerella Vain. 266 inferior Nyl. 182, 183 - f. subgyrosa Nyl. 88, 89, infidula Nyl. 297, 299, 303, infralapponica Vain. 27, 234, in ops Th. Fr. 13, insequens Nyl. inserena Arn. I 88, insularis Nyl. 85, interjecta Nyl. interjuncta Nyl. inlermixta Nyl. —- var. lignaria Nyl. intrusa Th. Fr. intumescens (Flk.) Nyl. 14, 84, 86, 95, infurgescens Nyl. irrubala Ach. 61 Ivalensis Vain. 17, Jurana Schaer. 183, Kaj ani ta Nyl. Keimioeensis Vain. 18, 81,92, Ki tiilen sis Vain. 14, 81, Kochiana Hepp 22, 323, 325, — *L. Hoglandica Nyl. —- f. lygaea Nyl. — *L. morosa La my Kolaensis Nyl. 31, 230, — f. dolosula Nyl. lactea Flk. 119, 120, 121, 124, 127, — f. Achariana Harm. — var. melanophaea Nyl. 184, lapicida Ach. 13, 14, 114, 115, 118, 119, 125, 127, 129, 133, 138, 140, — ft cyanea Ach. v. Vain. 117, 118, 119, 122, - var. declinans 124, 125, 126, 128, f. declinascens — f. ecruslacea Vain, f. ochromeliza 184 304 235 148 207 190 86 77 61 426 131 454 454 7 1 , 63 296 184 301 135 134 329 326 328 324 303 231 136 121 185 var. var. var. Harm. var. —s. f. subterluescens 454 125 133 126 132 130 128 494 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. var. f. verrucifera Vain. 133 var. declinata Nyl. 148 - f. ecruslacea Anzi 14, 132 var. griseolurida Nyl. 116 *L. lithophila Nyl. 135, 137 var. minor Nyl. 302, 303 f. ochracea (Nyl.) Vain. 13, 129, 132, 162 var. ochromela 125, 130 f. ochromeliza (Nyl.) Harm. 13, 130, 133, 162 - b oxydaia Rabenh. 132 - var. pallidocinerea (Flk.) Flol. 124 - ft panlherina Ach. 119 — f. plumbescens (Nyl.) 129 *L. polycarpa Nyl. 120 f. pseudospeireiza Vain. 129 f. silacea Nyl. 115 f. subterluescens Vain. 140 var. Swarzioidea Nyl. 124 var. tessellata 125, 132 - f. verrucifera Vain. 133 lapillicola Vain. 17, 299 latens Tayl. 297, 298 latypea Ach. 257 - f. latypiza Nyl. 255, 258 Laureri Arn. 270 laxula Nyl. 18, 361 lenticularis Ach. 435 — var. nigroclavata Nyl. 436 lepidotella Nyl. 36, 46, 80 leprodea Nyl. 201, 202 leptoderma Dub. 256, 260 leuciticoides Nyl. 110 leucomelaena Vain. 24, 283, 284, 285 leucophaea, secl. 186 leucophaea (Flk.) Nyl. 15, 25, 135, 187, 189, 101, 192, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200 -— var. consanguinea Vain. 196 var. dispersa Vain. 195 — var. genuina (Koerb.) Vain. 193 — var. — f. sorediosa Vain. 194 — var. griseoatra Vain. 194, 195, 196 — var. — f. propagulifera Vain. 195 - f. Lulensis Th. Fr. 199 — var. obscurescens Vain. 195 — var. perrugosa Vain. 195 — f. propagulifera Vain. 194, 195 — var. rugosa Vain. 195 — var. sanguineella Vain. 194 — var. sorediosa Vain. 194 leucophaeiza Nyl. 196 leucophaeoides Nyl. 199 leucophaeotera 437 Lightfootii (Sm.) Ach. 31, 311, 315, 316 lignaria (Kbr) Nyl. 27, 220, 221, 224, 395 - f. betulicola (Hedl.) Vain. 225 — f. endamylea (Hedl.) Vain. 225 - f. Hultingii (Hedl.) Vain. 225 limborina Lamy 87 limosa Ach. 35, 376, 377, 379 — f. albocincta Vain. 381 — *L. alpestris f. bilocula ris Vain. 379 — f. ochrophaea Vain. 380 lithophila, sect. 135 lithophila Th. Fr. 25, 124, 127, 129, 135, 137, 140 — f. cyanea Zahlbr. 118 -— var. lithophiliza Vain. 137, 140 —- f. minula 136 - *f. (vel. f.) ochracea Arn.v. Nyl. 129, 130, 131, 132, 137 — var. pallidocinerea Flk. 124 — f. pruinosa 136 — f. subecrustacea Nyl. 132 — f. subnuda 136 Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 495 — f. umbrosa 136 f. lignatilis Nyl. 161 lucida, sect. 413 - var. hydrophila f. aqua- lucida Ach. 15, 23, 413 tilis Nyl. 163 — a granulosa Schaer. 415 — var. — f. ferrosa Vain. 164 — (j leprosa Schaer. 415 - var. — f. — *obliterata — y satura Ach. 415 Vain. 165 lugubris Fr. 54 - var. — f. musiva Vain. 166 Luhankaensis Vain. 15, 21, - var. — f. — * planior Vain. 163 255, 258 — var. meiosporella f. sub Lulensis (Hellb.) Stizenb. innata Vain. 174 14, 199, 209 — f. phaea Slein. 160 — f. cinerella Vain. 200 - f. phialaea Vain. 150 — f. epichlora Vain. 200 — a plaiycarpa Th. Fr. 155 — f. leucophaeoides Vain. 199 - a — f. phaea Th. Fr. 160 — f. Transsylvanica (Nyl.) - f. praetoria Th. Fr. 150 Vain. 200 - f. pruinosa Vain. 158 lurida (Sw.) Ach. 11 , 42 — var. — sleriza Vain. 156 — f. dispersa 42 - var. — f. caesioconvexa lutea [j theiotera Ach. 415 Zahlbr. 157 luteoatra Nyl. 23, 186, 188 var. f. subconvexa Zahlbr. 157 — f. subleprodes Nyl. 188 — f. subconvexa Vain. 150 luteola var. albohyalina Nyl. — *L. subecruslacea Vain. 178 397, 398 — f. subflavicunda Vain. 162 — rj hypopla Ach. 205 - ft superba Th. Fr. 158, 150 lutulata Nyl. 299 margarilacea a Ach. 108, lygaea Ach. v. Th. Fr. marginata Schaer. 280 22, 323, 324, 326, 327, 328 meiocarpa Nyl. lygaeiza Vain. 16, 23, 246,250, 252 30, 393, 304, 308, 300 lygaeoplaca Vain. 22, 327 meiospora Nyl. lynceola Th. Fr. 20, 307 165, 166, 174, 177 macrocarpa Th. Fr. - *L. crustulata var. sore 154, 155, 168, 173, 454 dizodes Lamy 160 — *L. albocaerulescens Th. - f. flavicunda 172 Fr. 167 — f. subecrustacea 177 - *L. — f. flavocaerulescens melaenida Nyl. 374 Th. Fr. 171 melaleuca Sommerf. 283 — f. caesioconvexa Vain. 157 melancheima Tuck. — var. cinereoatra Vain. 172 223, 232, 233, 234, 236 — f. contigua Vain. 158 melanobola Nyl. 465 — *L. cruslulala Th. Fr. 176 melanochroza Leight. 226, 227 — *L. •— s. f. atrocaerulea melanophaea Fr. 184, 185 Vain. 178 melaphanoides Nyl. 20, 291 — *L. — f. convexella Vain. 179 mesoiropa Nyl. 130, 132, 102 — *L.— f. minutissima Vain. 170 mesotropiza Nyl. 102 496 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. mesotropoides Nyl. micrococca Nyl. - f. viridella Nyl. microsphaeroides Vain. *L. minor Nyl. minuta Mass. v. Nyl. 212, — var. sarcoptoides — f. viridella Nyl. miscella Sommerf. v. 466, 31, 393, Nyl. 347, miscelliformis Nyl. miscelloides Nyl. inisella Nyl. 225, mollis (Wbg) Nyl. 22, 317, 319, 320, — var. albescens Zahlbr. - *L. asyndeta Nyl. — var. (vel *) caesioalbe- scens Magn. 22, montanella Vain. 33, monticola Schaer. morbifera Vain. 34, 36, 362, 375; tab. I, fig. 1. morosa Duf. Mosigii (Hepp) Anzi 17, 93, 94, 95 — f. somphoteriza Vain. muscorum fi geochroa Ach. — *L. Muslialensis Vain. muiabilis var. stenospora Nyi. myriocarpoides Nyl. 239, 240, 243, var. consimilans Nyl. myrmecina Fr. neglecta Nyi. 366, 418, nigroclavata Nyl. 427, 430, nigrocruenta Anzi nitidula Fr. nubila Vain. nugaria Nyl. 16, 192 468 467 217 392 395 206 467 373 334 334 227 321 319 321 319 371 69 374, 324 96 94 384 357 212 297 241 46 419 437 259 176 429 293 f. — demarginala (Nyl.) Vain. 295 436, 292, — f. deplanata (Nyl.) Vain. Nylanderi (Anzi) Th. Fr. 28, 201, obnubila Th. Fr. obscurella (Sommerf.) Nyl. obscurissima Nyl. 74, 80, 93, *L. obtegens Th. Fr. ocelliformis Nyl. ochracea Nyl. ochromela Ohlerlii Koerb. olivacea (Lloffm.) Nyl. v. Mass. 25, 259, 271, — f. achrista - f. dolosa (Ach.) Vain. — f. elaeochroma (Ach.) Vain. f. euphoreoides Vain. f. limität a (Ach.) Vain. 271, — f. muscicola Nyl. f. Wulfenii (Hepp) Vain. 32, olivascens Th. Fr. oreina Stiz. ornata orosthea Ach. — f. laevior Vain. — f. livida — f. sublivescens (Nyl.) Vain. ostreata Schaer. — var. myrmecina Ach. — a vulgaris Th. Fr. oxyspora (Tul.) pallida Th. Fr. 35, 382, panaeola, sect. 150, panaeola (Ach.) Vain. 15, 150, 192, 333, — fi elegans Th. Fr. — var. griseoatra Flot. panaeoloides Nyl. pantherina 108, 118, 119, 122, 144' 29, 32, 332, 15, 45 295 202 188 211 210 333 218 71 125 446 272 271 274 273 275 272 275 275 217 286 334 409 411 411 411 • 81 46 46 477 383 153 454 151 196 193 121 l78 Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 4(J7 — a var. Achariana 120, 121, 122 a var. — subvar. pseudo- pilati 144, 145 — f. cyanea 119 — var. lactea Vain. 124 — *L. lapicida Th. Fr. 125 — *L. — B. pseudospeirea Th. Fr. 129, 131, 132 — f. oxydata Anzi 125 - *L. peralbida Th. Fr. 124 — y var. polycarpa 122 pantherina f. pseudopilati Zahlbr. 144 — f. sympecta Blomb. et Forss. 123 pantosticta var. (vel d) spi- lota Ach. 117, 136 papilla ta Fr. 270 — f. subviridescens Nyl. 271 para cli tica Nyl. 26, 243, 294 paraphana Nyl. 305, 306 parasema Nyl. 187, 250, 252, 268, 272, 276 — ö crustulata Ach. 176 — *L. dolosa Nyl. 274 — ecrustacea 142 — fi L. elaeochroma Ach. 272, 273 — f. euphoroides Vain. 275 - var. flavens Nyl. 273 — *L. incongrua Nyl. 254 — *L. latypea f. ecrustacea Brenner 258 — *L. — muscicola Nyl. 275 - *L.— f. Wulfenii Stizenb. 275 — *L. latypiza Nyl. — var. leucoplacoides Nyl. 276 254, 255, 258 — f. limitata Vain. 272 — 'Q microcarpa Ach. 438 — f. nitidula Nyl. 177 — *L. olivacea Arn. 272 — * L. subincongrua Nyl. 255 (?) parasemella Nyl. 32, 276, paratropa*polycarpoides Nyl. paupercula Th. Fr. 13, 99, 100, 101, 102, — f. fuscoatrata (Nyl.) Vain. — f. incrassata Vain. — f. subfumosa — f. Theodori Vain. 100, pauperrima pelobotryon (Wbg) Somrft Leight. 15, 153, pericarpoides Nyl. 129, 131, perlutescens Nyl. perobscurans Nyl. 202, persistens Nyl. pertingens Nyl. petraea var. intumescens Flk petrosa Arn. 181, 182, - fi albosuffusa Th. Fr. — var. glaucocarpa Arn. 181, — a nuda Th. Fr. Petsamoensis Räsänen 14, phaeenterodes — var. soredizodes Nyl. phaeopelidna Vain. 29, 30, tab. IV, fig. 1. phaeotera Nyl. 33, phialaea Norm, phylliscina Nyl. 19, Pilati (Hepp) Kbr 24, 141, 144, — var. Hardangeriana Vain, pithyophiloides Vain. 26, plana Lahm 133, 138, — f. ecrustacea Vain. — var. incommoda Vain. — f. oxydata And. — f. perfecta — f. perfectior Nyl. — var. subtumida Vain, platycarpa Ach. 154, 155, 161, 162, — f. flavicunda — f. oxydata Vain. 375 131 103 101 101 101 101 76 154 132 271 203 352 254 . 85 183 181 182 182 208 170 169 221, 228 159 144 143, 145 143 242 257 140 140 139 139 140 140 160, 177 162 161 32 498 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. — f. phaea Vain. 160 propinqua Th. Fr. 297 — f. sleriza Nyl. 156, 177 pruinosa Anzi 127, 136 platycarpiza Nyl. 423 pseudopilati Vain. 12, 14, 144 plebeia Nyl. 27, 240, 241, 243 pullata (Norm.) Th. Fr. — f. consimilans (Nyl.) Vain 30, 202, 203, 204 241 — var. impullata Vain. 204 — var. pithyophiloides Vain — var. Normani Vain. 204 239, 242 — f. perobscurans (Nyl.) — f. primaria Vain. 240, 241 Vain. 203 pleiotera Nyl. 221 pumilionis Nyl. 408 plumbea Garov. 190 pungens Nyl. plumbeoatra Vain. 18, 90 258, 259, 260, 265, 266 plumbicolor Nyl. 322 pycnocarpa (Kbr) Ohlert plusiospora Th. Fr. 219, 224 16, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291 — f. endamylea Hedl. 225 — *L. amphotera Vain. 289 — f. Hultingii Hedl. 225 pycnocarpiza Vain. 289 Pohjoiskorkiensis Vain. 324 querceti Nyl. 440 poliocarpa 99, 102 quernea Ach. 12 , 67 poliodes Nyl. 18, 359 — f. saxicola 68 polycarpa Fr. 119, 120, 121, ramulosa Th. Fr. 122, 123, 125, 138 33, 367, 368, 369, 371 — var. composita Vain. 122 —- var. evoluta Th. Fr. 370 — f. ecrustacea 125 —• var. depressa Th.Fr. 369, 371 — *L. lactea Vain. 124 renegata 266 — f. oxydata 125 resinae *L. globularis Nyl. 225 — *L. sympecta Hue 123 Rhaetica Zahlbr. 154 polycarpoides Nyl. 131 rhagadiella (Nyl.) Th. Fr. 13, 116 poliococca Nyl. 458, 460 rimiseda Nyl. 19, 81 polycocca Somrft 16, 301 rivulosa, sect. 310 porphyrospoda (Anzi) Th. rivulosa Ach. 312, 314, 317 Fr. 28, 31, 202, 204 — b corticola Th. Fr. 314, 316 praeconligua Nyl. 150 — f. cyathoides Magnuss. 313 praenubila Nyl. 16, 92, 251 — [3 Kochiana Schaer. 323 praeruptarum Du Rietz et — var. lygaea Linds. 328 Magn. 15, 311 — fj mollis Wahlenb. 317 praestabilis Nyl. 235, 236 — var. sorediata Magnuss. 313 prasina Schaer. 344, 466 — a superficialis Schaer. 312 prasiniza Nyl. 464, 465, 466 — a — b corticola Schaer. 314 — var. prasinoleuca 464, 466 — a —- a saxicola Schaer. 313 prasinolepis Nyl. H, 49 rosella (Pers.) Ach. 444 proludens Nyl. 142, 143 rubicola Crouan v. Nyl. prominula Borr. 176 441, 444 promiscens Nyl. 149 — f. abielicola Nyl. 443 — f. inops Nyl. 148 rubiformis Wahlenb. 11, 37, 30 Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 499 rubiginans (Nyl.) Magnuss. — var. (vel*L.) fuscorubens 12, 68 Nyl. 69 rufofusca (Anzi) Nyl. — var. planiuscula Nyl. 351 11, 35, 57, 213 — * subcaerulescens Nyl. 352, 353 — var. planior Nyl. 205 — *L. tristior Nyl. 351 rugifera Vain. 12, 56 sapinea (Th.Fr.)Vain. v.Zahlbr. rupestris (Scop.) Ach. 12, 61, 65 29, 224, 343, 395, 396, 397 —- f. alpina (Arn.) Vain. 62 sarcopicioides Vain. 455 — var. calva (Dicks.) Schaer. 63 sarcopsoides (Mass.) 397 — var. incrustans (DC) Satakuntensis Vain. 17, 90, 95 Schaer. 63 scalaris Ach. 10, 44 — fi irrubata Ach. 61, 62, 63 — fi myrmecina Ach. 45, 46 47 — f. lutescens Vain. 63 segregans Nyl. 288 f. rufescens Schaer. 63 serenior Vain. 14, 20, 249 - var. v. * L. Siebenhaariana silacea, sect. 114 (Kbr.) Th. Fr. 12, 63, 64, 65 silacea Ach. — *— f. alpina (Arn.) 65 13, 115, 116, 132, 134, 135 — * L. terricola (Anzi) Th. Fr. —- var. griseolurida (Nyl.) 12, 64, 65 Th. Fr. 116 russula Ach. 61 — f. subsilacea Nyl. 116 russulina Nyl. 61 Silenii Vain. 11, 52 53 sabuletorum y euphorea Flk. sincerula f. Dicksonii Nyl. 267, 268 184, 185 — y fuscocinerea Schaer. 379 solorinicola Vain. 476 — var. geochroa Wahlenb. 384 somphotera Vain. — var. microspora Mass. 232 20, 23, 248, 250 *L. montana 353, 371 — f. epiioidiza Vain. 249 — fi syncomista b. alpestris — var. serenior Vain. 248 Somrft 372, 376 — f. subcontiguella Vain. 249 Salweyi Vain. 77 somphoterella Vain, 17 83 sanguineoatra Nyl. 348, 349, 350 soraliata Vain. 28, 401, 409 — var. atrofusca *var. per- sordidescens Nyl. 463, 464 sistens Nyl. 352 soredica 106 — var. — *var. Templetonii sorediza Nyl. 13, 107, 108, Vain. 353 111, 112, 113, 114 — var. — *var. — f. sub- — f. connectens Vain. 113 tristis Vain. 353 f. meiosporoides (Norrl.) — var. — * var. trisfior Vain. 351 Zahlbr. 112, 114 • - var. — *var. — f. caeru f. renudata Vain. 112 lescens Vain. 352 soredizodes (Nyl.) Vain. — var, (vel *L.) fusca Nyl. 15, 168, 169 350, 351 — f. albuginosa (Nyl.) Vain. 170 — *L. — f. subcaerulescens — f. phaeenterodes (Nyl.) Nyl. 352 Vain. 170 500 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. so ro ph o ra Vain. 26, 237 — f. obliterata Vain. 164 speclabilis a armeniaca 281 — f. ochrocarpella Vain. 167 — var. intumescens Flot. 278 - f. oxydaia (Koerb.) Vain. 161 -— var. laevigata Rabenh. 283 — f. pachysteriza Vain. 162 speirea Ach. 14, 108, 110 - f. phaea (Flot.) Vain. 160 — f. alpina Hepp. 109, 110 —- f. phialaea (Norm.) Vain. 159 — f. margaritacea Ach. 100, 110 — f. planior Vain. 163 — f. meiosporoides Norrl. 112 - f. praetoria (Th. Fr.) Vain. 159 — f. pruinosa Vain. 110 - f. pruinosa Vain. 158, 168 — f. subcalcarea 109 - f. sterizella Vain. 156, 161 — * subconfluens Th. Fr. - f. subconvexa Vain. 156, 164 111, 113 — f. subflavicunda Vain. 162 — var. trullisata 109 — f. submusiva 163, 166, 167 sphaeralis Fr. 384 — f. superba (Koerb.) sphaerella (Hedl.) Vain. 30, Vain. 159 394, 399 — f. xylomeiospora Vain. 161 — f. umbricola Hedl. 393, 394 stigma tea Ach. 21, 252, 258, 259 sphaeroides ft atropurpurea — f. caesiocinerea Vain. 254, 255 Schaer. 431 - f. diasemoides (Nyl.) Vain — f fusca Schaer. 349 253, 254, 256, 264, 472 - rj muscorum 345 — f. glabra (Krempelh.) — * L. sabulelorum f. simpli- Vain. 256 cior Nyl. 452 — f. granulosa (Arn.) Vain. — var. viridescens Schaer. 344 254, 255, 258 sphaeroidiza Vain. 27, 399 — f. hypoleuca (Th.Fr.) Vain. 257 spilota Fr. 117 192 — f. luxurians Vain. 254 spilotica Fr. 131, 132 — f. ma era Vain. 255 spongiosula Nyl. 86 — f. spathea Vain. 253 stenotera Nyl. 35, 376, 377, 378 subbullata Vain. 21, 23, 280 — f. bilocularis Vain. 379 subcinerascens Nyl. 13, 98 Stereocaulorum Anzi 477, 478 subconcolor (Anzi) 330 — var. uniseptata Nyl. 477 subconfluens Anzi v. Th. Fr. 114 steriza (Ach.) Vain. subconfusa Nyl. 54 20, 154, 168, 172, 173, 175 subcongrua Vain. 21, 254, — f. caesioconvexa Vain. 255, 263, 265 157, 168 —• f. elaeochromiza Vain. — f. cinereoatra 166 263, 264 — f. contigua (Nyl.) Vain. 158 - f. incongruens Vain. 263, 265 — f. ferrosa Vain. 164 — f. latypeella Vain. 263 -— f. hydalea Vain. 163, 167 *L. subcrustulata f. subnii- — f. lignatilis (Nyl.) Vain. nutissima Vain. 178 26, 161 subdepressa Vain. 371 — f. macrocarpa (DC) Vain. 155 subdita Nyl. 25, 191, 192 — f. meiosporella 161, 165, 166 subduplex Nyi. 29, 34, 389, 390 Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 501 — f. prasina ta Nyl. 467 - f. aggerata (Mudd) Zahlbr.298 subflexuosa Vain. 34, 362. 374 — var. aphana Zahlbr. 299 subfumosa Vain. 99, 101 —- var. Flotowii Vain. 297, 299 subfuscescens Vain. — f. Hellbomii Vain. 298 28, 222, 234, 235 — var. infidula Nyl. 303 subglobulosa Nyl. 220 — var. sublivida Vain. 298, 361 subglomerella Nyl. 215 symmicta, sect. 405 subgyratula Nyl. 88 symmicta Ach. 28, 29, 405, subgyrosa Nyl. 184 406, 408, 409 subhumida Vain. 28, 212, 223 — f. alni cola Vain. 406 subinfidula Nyl. 302. 309 — f. calvescens Vain. 408 subinsequens 258 - f. ecrustacea (Nyl.) Vain. 407 subintricata 408 — f. fumosa Vain. 407 sublivescens A. L. Sm. 411 f. hypaitema Nyl. 408 submilvina Vain. 24. 198, — f. junipericola Vain. 406 tab. Ill, fig. 1 — f. pumilionis (Rehm) Vain. subnigra Nyl. 423 401, 408 subnitida Nyl. 423 — f. saepincola (Ach.) Vain. subocelliformis Nyl. 219, 221 407, 408 subplanafa Vain. 25. 141 — f. subfumosa Vain. 407 subplumbea Anzi 188. 189 — f. trabalis (Ach.) Vain. subrimulosa Nyl. 437 407, 408 subrivulosa Vain. 23. 24, 316 — f. trabicola Nyl. 407 subsequens Nyl. 20, 261. 264 symmictella Nyl. 29, 415, 416 — f. Paatsjokensis Vain. 261, 262 — var. albida (Nyl.) Vain. subsilacea Nyl. 116 415, 416 subsimilis Nyl. 61 — var. cinclula (Nyl.) Vain. 415 subuliginosa Nyl. 349 — var. circumnigricans Nyl. 416 Sudel ica Koerb. 122 symmictera 406 sulphurea (Hoffm.) Ach . 23, 411 f. alnicola Vain. 406 — f. pallidolivens Vain 413 - f. hypaitema Nyl. 408 f. pelrophila Hedl. 410 — var. junipericola Vain. 406 superba Koerb. 159 sympecta Nyl. 122, 123 superlata Vain. 21. 209, symphoreella Nyl. 288 lab. II, fig. 1. synothea Ach. 459 Swartzioidea Nyl. 124 Templetonii Tayl. 352, 353 sylvan a Th. Fr. 392, 394, tenagea Ach. 332 395, 397, 400 tenebrica Nyl. 328 — *L. meiocarpa Nyl. 392 tenebricans Nyl. 23, 197 sy Ives Iris Vain. 27, 400, tenebricosa Nyl. 58, 212 tab. I, fig. 2 tenebrosa, sect. 244 syivicola, sect. 287 tenebrosa Flot. 189, 196, sylvicola Flot. 18. 297, 299, 244, 246, 247, 250 300, 303, 305, 300, 307, 360 — var. caucasica Vain. 247 502 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. — var. lygaeoides Vain. 250 tumida Mass. 111, 113 — *obscurissima Nyl. 93 tumidior Nyl. 24, 188, 189, 190 — *L. somphotera Vain. 248 turficola (Hellb.) Th. Fr. — *L. — var. serenior Vain. 249 11, 36, 52, 59 — *L. tumidior Nyl. 188 turfosa Jatta 368, 369 lernaria 257 turgidula Fr. 30, 32, 206, tessellata Flk. 14, 117, 118, 214, 218, 240 119, 122, 127, 129, 131, 192 — f. endopella Leight. 215 f. daphoena 130 — f. lividula Nyl. 217 — var. ochracea 130, 131, 132 — f. pithyophila (Somrft) f. vel var. plumbescens Th. Fr. 216 Nyl. 118, 129 — var. pulveracea Th. Fr. 216 - var. spilota Ach. 132 — f. subalbida Vain. 216 testacea (Hoffm.) Ach. - f. typica Th. Fr. 215 11, 43 , 61 uliginosa, sect. 334 - var. albida 43 uliginosa (Fr.) Nyl. testaceoatra Vain. 24, 284, 285 34, 335, 339, 340 theiodes Somrft 12, 133, 134 — f. argillacea (Krempelh.) — var. Kuusamoensis Vain. 134 Hedl. 339 — var. reperta Vain. 134 — *L. botryosa Nyl. 334 Tianensis Vain. 26, 27, 242 — d co en osa Fr. 337 Tirolica Vain. 143 — f. fuliginea Th. Fr. 337, 340 Tornoensis, sect. 228 - y geomoea Ach. 335 Tornoensis Nyl. — y L. humosa Nyl. 27, 34, 223, 229, 230, 277 335, 337, 340 Transsylvanica Nyl. 200, 285 — c proletaria Th. Fr. 339 trichogyna Norm. 364 umbonatula Nyl. 96 tricolor Nyl. 438, 440 uniseptata Nyl. 477 tristior Nyl. 351, 352 — var. Stereocaulorum Vain. 477 trochodes (Tayl.) Gromb. vapulata Anzi 106 16, 17, 87, 88, 89, 184 variegata Fr. 120, 178 var. eupsoides Vain. 80 ventosa Vain. 39 — var. Hardangeriana Vain. 80 vernalis, sect. 386 var. limborina (Nyl.) Vain vernalis (L.) Ach. 29,34, 88, 89 277, 387, 380, 390, 392, 403, 468 - var. nigrita Th. Fr. 87, 88 — *L. albohyalina Nyl. 398 — var. subgyratula Vain. 88 — var. anomala Nyl. 444 tuberculata Somrft - var. cupreiformis E. Nyl. 348 17, 300, 308, 310, 360 — var. denigrata Nyl. 459 var. botryocarpa (Nyl.) var. (*L.) epizanthoidiza Vain. 310 Nyl. 401 — var. Scandinavica Vain. 309 — f. fallax (Hepp) 389 var. subinfidula (Nyl.) - *L. helvola Th. Fr. 390 Th. Fr. 309 * L.—f. subsylvana Vain. 392 Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 503 f. (vel p) incana Th. Fr. Laureri Koerb. 270 387, 402 — b muscorum Koerb. 275 f. minor Th*. Fr. 392, 393 Mosigii Koerb. 74 *L. minuta Nyl. 359, 393, 394 ochracea Koerb. 71 var. montana 353 pallida Koerb. 382 *prasinolepis Nyl. 49 plana Lahm 138 — f. subduplex Nyl. 389, 390 — var. ecrustacea Nyl. 141 — *L. tenebricosa Nyl. 212 —- f. perfecta Arn. 139 verrucula (Norm.) Th. Fr. 33, 368 polycarpa Koerb. 120, 138 vicaria Th. Fr. 228 — f. oxydata Koerb. 125 viridescens (Schrad.) Ach. pruinosa Koerb. 136 32, 35, 344, 346 pycnocarpa Koerb. 287 — var. gelatinosa Nyl. 345 spilota Koerb. 117 viridiatra Ach. 134, 186, 281 theiodes Koerb. 133 Vogesiaca Schaer. 124 turgidula Fr. 214 vulpinaris Nyl. 206 — var. atroviridis Arn 218 Wallrothii 475 umbra 1 ills Arn. 302 Wulfenii Arn. 275 Wulfenii Koerb. 275 xanthococca, sect. 235 xanthococca Koerb. 235 xanthococca Sommerf. Lecideopsis (?) 26, 235, 237 intrusa Zopf 454 - var. immutata Vain. 236 Leciophysma — var. praestabilis (Nyl.) finmarkicum Th. Fr. 277 Vain. 236, 237 Lepraria - *L. sorophora Vain. 26, 237 expallens Fr. 401 Lecideaceae Vain. 8 Floerkeana Ach. 413 Lecideales Vain. 8 incana Ach. 402 Lecidella neglecta Vain. 419 aglaea Koerb. 277, 281 segestria 419 arctica Koerb. 384 Leptolecania, Vain., sect armeniaca Arn. 281 420, 430, 431 assimilata Arn. 372 Lichen a tro fuscescens 104 albocaerulescens Wulf. 167 borealis Koerb. 379 athroocarpus Ach. 105 botryosa Hepp 142 atroalbus L. 82 Brunneri 278, 279 atrocinereus Dicks. 247 elabens Koerb. 232 atrorufus Dicks. 50 eluta Koerb. 232 calcareus Leers. 411 glabra Krempelh. 257 calvus Dicks. 61, 63 goniophila var. granulosa cinerascens With. 108, 110 N* Arn. J 254 coarctatus Sm. 329 inserena 188 confluens Weber 106 — var. subplumbea Arn. 188 — f. renudata 107 insularis Koerb. 85 coracinus Ach. 247 504 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. cyathoides Ach. 312, 313 Limboria decolorans Schrad. 340 corrugata Ach. 450 demissus Rutstr. 49 Micarea (Fr.) Vain., sect. 421, 449 Dicksonii Gmelin 184 anterior Hedl. 470 dubius Borr. 276 — f. diluta Hedl. 471 Ehrhartianus Ach. 450 denigrata var. bacidiella flavocaerulescens Hornem. 170 Hedl. 462 fuscoater L. 72 — var. Friesiana Hedl. 462 glebulosus Sm. 331 — f. hemipoliella (Nyl.) g ran i form is Hagen 450 Hedl. 462 granulatus Ehrh. 340 — f. pyrenothizans Hedl. Griffithii Sm. 438 461, 462 gypsophilus Schrad. 39 — f. spododes (Nyl.) Hedl. 462 humosus Ehrh. 337 — f. vulgaris Hedl. 462 incanus Ach. 402 globularis Hedl. 227, 228 lapicida Ach. 120 glomerella Hedl. 455 leucophaeus Vahl 192, 193 — f. poliococcoides Hedl. 457 Lightfootii Sm. 315 — f. simplicala Hedl. 456 lucidus Ach. 413 misella Hedl. 227 luridus Sw. 42 prasina 463, 466 miscellus Sm. 278 — f. byssacea Hedl. 463 muscorum Wulf. 275 — f. laela Hedl. 466 orostheus Ach. 409 —- f. melanobola Hedl. 465 parasemus Ach. 252, 272 — f. micrococca Hedl. 468 — var. limitala (Scop.?) Ach. 272 — f. sordidescens Hedl. 463 pelobotryus Wahlenb. 153 verrucula (Norm.) Hedl. 368 pilularis Dav. 390 Microspora Vain., sect. 44 querneus Dicks. 07 Nesolechia Mass. 473 rupestris Scop. 61 intumescens (Rehm) Sacc. 85 — a typica Th. Fr. 62 neglecta Vain. 418 sanguineoater Wulf. 349 vitellinaria 410 sa xi tragus Sm. 43 Oedemocarpus scalaris Ach. 44 a eri a eu s Trev. 278 segestria Neck. 419 Opegrapha silaceus Ach. 115 saxigena var. trocbodes Tayl. 87 speireus Ach. 108, 110 Opisteria stellatus Rein. 39 lornen tosa 475 sulphureus Hoffm. 411 Pachyspora tessellatus Sm. 117 rhagadiella Arn. 116 testaceus Ach. 43 Pannularia tricolor With. 438, 440 de fi ci ens Vain. 330 uliginosus Schrad. 335, 337 humida (Kullh.) Vain. 212 vernalis L. 387 Parmelia viridescens Schrad. 344 Bouteillei Desmaz. 441 Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 505 coarctata c trapelia Fr. 331 — monticola Steiner 69 b microphyllina Fr. 331 Psilolechia elachista (Ach.) Zwackh 331, 455 lucicla Mass. 413 fuliginosa 69 Psora (Hall.) Mass., subgen. ostreata 45 10, 25, 32, 37 pelobotrya Hepp 153 anthracophila Falk 47 polytropa b sulphurata armeniaca var. viridiatra 281 Schaer. 411 atrobrunnea Mass. 96 sulphurea Ach. 411 — f. aeneola Arn. 101 varia r\ denigrata Schaer. 408 — var. subfumosa Arn. 101 Patellaria cinereorufa Arn. 54 epiblastematica Wallr. 448 decipiens Koerb. 39 fumosa Hoffm. 73 demissa Almqu. 4 glomerulosa DC. 272 Friesii Hellb. 6 incrustans DC. 63 fuliginosa Arn. 53 macrocarpa DC. 154 fumosa var. turgida Anzi 74 orosthea Ach. 409 globifera Mass. 41 trisfis (Hepp) Moll. Arg. 425 Koerberi Mass. 53 variabilis var. patellarisWallr. 136 lugubris Mass. 4 Peltigera lurida Koerb. 42 aphthosa 475 ostreata Hoffm. 4 canina 6 pycnocarpa Mull. Arg. 289 — var. rufescens rubiformis Th. Fr. 37 448, 474, 475, 476 spectabilis var. lutescens 281 Pertusaria subfumosa 10 lutescens (Hoffm.) La my 68 - f. aeneola Arn. 101 protuberans 217 testacea Hoffm. 43 Peziza xanthococca Arn. 235 miliaris Wallr. 473, 476 Psorothecium (Mass.) Vain. 423 Phragmonaevia Pterygium Fuckelii (Rehm) Zopf 478 pannariellum 102 Physcia Pulveraria obscura f. sciastra 356 alboflava Floerke 413 Pilophoron (Tuck.) Nyl. 8 Pyrrhospora Koerb. 60 Placodium quernea Koerb. 7 incrustans A. L. Sm. 64 Ramalina rupestre Brant h et Rostr. 61 fatiscens (Th. Fr.) 312 subsp. Siebenhaariana Rhizocarpon (Ram.) Th. Fr. 8 A. L. Sm. 64 Armeniacum DC. 281 Placolepis (Trev.) Vain., sect. 3 7 atrobrunneum (Ram.) DC. 96 Porpidia badioatrum 197 trullisata Koerb. 109, 110 chionophilum 278 Protoblastenia (Zahlbr.) Vain., geographicum 248, 291, 321 sect. 9, 10, 12, 60, 71 — var. alpicolum 281 506 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica IV. Rhytisma condensaium 478 corrugatum Fr. 450, 451 denudatum Rimularia paschale 478 limborina Nyl. 87, 88 subcoralloides 47 Rinodina tomentosum 478 atrocinerea Mudd 247 Thalloedema Mass. 8 Sarcogyne squalescens (Nyl.) 452 simplex 265 Toninia (Mass.) Koerb. 8 Schaereria cumulata 335 cinereorufa Koerb. 54 syn cornista Th. Fr. 371 Seutula Tul. 8, 473 Torula 436 epiblastematica Arn. v. Urceolaria Rehm 448, 449, 474 cinerea d atrovirens Schaer. epigena Rehm 474 244, 247 miliaris (Wallr.) Vain. pelobotrion Wahlenb. 153 449, 473, 478 Verrucaria — var. epigena (Nyl.) Vain. 474 confluens Hoffm. 106 — var. pallida Vain. 475, 476 coracina Hoffm. 247 — f. testaceorufescens Vain. 476 dendritica Hoffm. 73 — var. versicolor Vain. fasciculata Hoffm. 105 474, 475, 476 fumosa Hoffm. 73 solorinaecola Zopf 476 griseoatra Hoffm. 245 solorinicola (Vain.) Rehm humisimilis Hoffm. 335 473, 476, 477 maculiformis Hoffm. 408 solorinaria (Nyl.) var. solo- multipuncta Hoffm. 135 rinicola Karst. 476 pantherina Hoffm. 119 Stereocaulorum Koerb. 478 punctata *V. atrosanguinea uniseptata (Nyl.) Vain. 473, 477 Hoffm. 265 •— var. Stereocaulorum (Th. — *V. olivacea Hoffm. 272 Fr.) Vain. 477 rufescens 63 Wallrothii Tul. 473, 475 Xylographa Solorina parallela 397 crocea 239 Zeora saccata 474, 477 coarctata Koerb. 329 Sporopodium Mont. 8 lenticularis var. erubescens vulpinum 61 Flot. 435 Stereocaulon leucoderma Anzi 6 alpinum 478 Stenhammari Koerb. 320 Mense Decembri a. 1933 impressum. Lichenographia Fennica II. INDEX Lichenographia Fennica II. INDEX1) Abacina b Mykochlamys Norin. 280 Acarospora fuscata var. smaragdula 325 Arthonia intertexta fi pauperrima S. Almqu. 268 Arthrorhapis (Th. Fr.) Vain., sect. 149, 220 flavovirescens Th. Fr. 221 grisea Th. Fr. 223 Arthrospora (Mass.) Vain., sect. 229, 266 acclinis Th. Fr. 26 populorum Mass. 266 Bacidia De Not. 128, 146 abbrevians (Nyl.) Th. Fr. 149, 164, 204, 205, 206, 207, 209 — f. epihypna Blomb. et Forss. 157 f. expallens Th. Fr. 207 — f. spurca Vain. 208 f. Turtolensis Vain. 209 acerina Zwackh 178 af finis (Zwackh) Vain. 146, 154, 178, 198 - var. brachytera (Th. Fr.) 158, 161 — var. chlorocheila Vain. 157, 159 — var. chlorocheiloides Vain. — var. endoporphyrea Vain. — var. epihypna (Nyl.) Vain. — var. erythrochlora Vain. — var. incrustata Vain. - var. melanotica (Nyl.) Vain. — var. oribata (Nyl.) Vain. — var. separabilis (Nyl.) Vain. 158," 159, — var. subrufescens (Nyl.) Vain. 153, 159, —- f. transcendens Vain. albescens (Hepp) Zwackh 148, 191, 192, — var. carneoluteola (Nyl.) Vain. — var. intermedia (Hepp) Arn. 185, — var. phacodes (Koerb.) Vain. 191, 192, alpina (Schaer.) Vain. 149, — var. subecrustacea (Nyl.) Vain. anomala Koerb. arceutina (Ach.) 223, Arn. 147, 165, f. deminuta Th. Fr. var. endophaeotera Vain. 180, 160 155 157 156 161 156 161 209 198 209 194 192 193 193 224 225 150 179 181 ]) By B. Lynge. 181 508 E. A. ]'ainio, Lichenographia Fennica II; Index. a genuina Branth et Rostr. f. hemipolia Th. Fr. var. hypochroa Vain. 180, Arnoldiana Koerb. 147 •— ft inundata Koerb. -— f. modesta Arn. — a vulgaris Koerb. Arthrosporum Zahlbr., asserculoruni Th. Fr. atrogrisea (Hepp) Vain. 170, 171, sect. 227, 147, 176, — ft irrorata Th. Fr. atrosanguinea Anzi (v. Zwackh) 154, — a corticola Th. Fr. — a — L b af finis Th. Fr. — a — f. brachytera Th. Fr. — (L — f. curtula Th. Fr. — var. epihypna — ft Hegetschweileri Hepp — f. melanotica Malme bacillifera f. abbrevians Arn. — b incompta Branth et Rostr. Beckhausii Th. Fr. 200, 202, — a obscurior Th. Fr. — var. poliaena Th. Fr. — f. stenospora Arn. biaiorina (Koerb.) Vain. circumspecta Malme coerulea Koerb. 196, dolera (Nyl.) Blomb. et Forss. 147, effusa Rabenh. — pmacrospora (Hepp) Arn. — var. muscicola Hepp egenula Th. Fr. endoleuca (Nyl.) Vain. 148, 177, flavovirescens (Dicks.) Anzi 149, 221, — var. arenicola A. L. Smith 223 179 — var. citrinella (Ach.) Vain. 195 221, 223 196 — var. detrita Vain. 223 — var grisea (Th. Fr.) Vain. 223 197 fraxinea Lönnr. 184 185 Friesiana (Hepp) Koerb. 170 148, 196 170 — var. coerulea (Koerb.) Vain. 199 266 — var. leprarioides Vain. 198 210 — var. Norrlini (Lamy) Vain. 197, 198, 199 177 fuscoreagens Vain. 149, 226 164 fuscorubella (Hoffm.) Arn. 146, 150, 170 156 — var. acerina (Pers.) Vain. 154 150, 151 159 — var. Guthnickii (Hepp) 161 Stizenb. 151 205 — var. polychroa (Th. Fr.) 158 Vain. 151 156 — f. umbratilis Stizenb. 151 156 Hegetschweileri (Hepp) Vain. 207 149, 200, 215 — var. haematomela (Nyl.) 166 Vain. 217 203 — var. rectiuscula (Nyl.) 201 Vain. 216, 217 202 — var. vermifera (Nyl.) 202 Vain. 216, 217 178 hemipolia (Nyl.) Vain. 205 148, 194, 199 199 herbarum (Hepp) Arn. 147, 164, 168 172 *Hollolensis Vain. 148, 197, 193 198, 199 150 holomelaena c corticola Anzi 168 (v. Zwackh) 167, 214 190 incompta (Borr.) Anzi 147, 166, 214 178 — var. flocculosa (Flot.) Vain. 167 225 — var. leprifera Vain. 168 Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, ol, N:o 2. 509 inornata (Nyl.) Th. Fr. 147, 166 intermedia (Hepp) Arn. 148, 193 — var. chlorotica Arn. 191 — var. phacodes 194 intermissa (Nyl.) 148, 178 inundata (Fr.) Koerb. 148, 153, 185, 189, 190, 197, 204 — f. abbreviata Vain. 188 — b corticola Krempelh. 171 — f. dissulta Vain. 189 — f. granulifera Vain. 188, 189 — f. lacustris (Fr.) Vain. 188 — f. laevigata Vain. 187 — f. prunicola Vain. 188 — f. sublacustris Vain. 189 invertens Vain. 149, 204 Kuopioensis Vain. 149, 219 — f. fumosa Vain. 219, 220 — f. pallescens Vain. 220 *laurocerasi (Del.) Vain. 147, 175, 177, 178, 179 lecideoides Kullh. 215 luteola ö caesiopruinosa Mudd 202 minuscula Anzi 148, 200, 251 — var. Beckhausii (Koerb.) Vain. 202, 203 — f. decolorascens Nyl. 203 — f. fomentaria (Nyl.) Vain. 203 — f. longigerula Vain. 202 — var. obscurior Vain. 201, 202, 203 —- var. planior Vain. 202 — f. subpallens (Nyl.) Vain. 202, 203 mollis Zwackh (v. Th. Fr.) 167, 215 muscorum (Sw.) Arn. 146, 162, 165, 181 — var. chromatophila Vain. 162 — var. irrorata (Th. Fr.) Vain. 164 — var. terrestris (Nyl.) Vain. 163 14: 165, 191, ophiospora (Hellb.) Th. Fr. 149, 218, 219, peltigericola Vain phacodes Koerb. podicellata Hellb. polychroa Koerb. propinqua Flepp 146, quercicola (Nyl.) Vain. 149, — f. bacillifera (Nyl.) Vain 204, 206, — f. circumspecta (Nyl.) Vain. 206, 207, — f. cyanocalypta Vain. Ropalospora (Mass.) Zahlbr., sect, rubella fEhrh.) 148, 191, Gal- Mass. 181 — var. albomarginata desi) Rabenh. — y assulata Koerb. — b atrosanguinea Hepp — *coronata Koerb. — var. fuscopurpurascens (Harm.) Vain. — var. lecanorina (Hepp) Krempelh. — var. luteola (Schrad.) Vain. — var. — f. chlorotica (Ach.) Vain. — f. ochrocarpa Arn. 182, — var. pachythallina Vain. — var. porriginosa (Turn.) Vain. — a vulgaris Koerb. Sarothamni Vain, sororians (Nyl.) Vain, sparsa Kullh. 147. subacerina Vain. 147, 176, — var. brachysporella Vain, subfuscula Th. Fr. tenella Kullh. 149, 172, 174, 177, 240, 148, 181 193 218 150 152 205 207 209 206 232 192 184 193 167 184 183 184 182 185 185 184 184 182 214 209 204 178 175 242 190 510 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica II; Index. umbrina (Ach.) Th. Fr. 149, quercinus Pers. 70 165, 210, 214 radiatus ft B. nemoxynus — f. alnicola Vain. 214 Ach. 110 — var. compacta (Koerb.) roseus Pers. 3, 4, 11, 226 Th. Fr. 212 — b coccodes Fr. 13 — f. corticola Zwackh 214 — f. palustris Fr. -— f. leptomerea (Sommerf.) 214 — f. praesens Fr. 13 — var. orthospora 210, 214 rufus (Huds.) DG. 3, 4, 6 — var. psotina (Fr.) Th. Fr. — var. carneus Nyl. 8 212, 214 — f. corticata Vain. — f. saepimentorum Nyl. — var. sessilis Nyl. 8 214, 215 — f. subsquamulosa Nyl. 8 — var. turgida (Koerb.) Th. rupestris Pers. 8 Fr. 213, 214 — ft B. byssoides Ach. 8 vegeta Vain. 146, 153 — y B. lignorum Ach. 8 vermifera Th. Fr. 215 spinosus y B. palamaeus Ach. 51 — *B. haematomela Th. Fr. 217 strepsilis Ach. 117 Weitenwebera Zahlbr., sect. 227 trachypus Nyl. 6 Baeoderma turbinatus £ B. crispatus Ach. 56 Madagascareum (Nyl.) Vain. 3 uncialis ft B. dicraeus Ach. 47 Baeomyceae Vain. 3 Biatora Baeomyces Pers. 3, 125 abstrusa Rabenh. 167 alcicornis ft B. cladomorphus affinis Zwackh 154, 159 Ach. 07 arceutinoides Anzi 193 bacillaris ft B. brachytes Ach. 34 atrogrisea LIepp 176 — y B. styracellus Ach. 32 — ft anomala Hepp 152 byssoides Schaer. 6, 10 atrosanguinea ft Hegetsch- caespiticius Pers. 70 weileri Hepp 215 carneus Floerk. 4, 8, 223 byssoides b rupestris Fr. 8 cenoteus Ach. 71 effusa Hepp 179 cocciferus y B. asoteus Ach. 36 —-ft macrocarpa Hepp 150 — ft B. extensus Ach. 35 Friesiana Hepp 196, 197 deformis ft B. clavatus Ach. 31 — var. coerulea Hepp 196 degenerans Floerk. 95 fuliginea y psotina Fr. 212 fuscorufescens Vain. 4, 10 fuscolutea d lacustris Fr. 188 — f. brachypus Vain. 11 fusispora Hepp 134 — f. vaginata Vain. 11 hypnophila ft chlorococca pachypus Nyl. 6 Graewe 249 paeminosus Krempelh. 3 imbricata Hepp 132 y Phloeopodium Stizenb. 6 incompta Hepp 166 placophyllus Wahlenb. 4, 6 — f. minor Vain. 168 pocillum Ach. 104 inundata Fr. 185 pyxidatus f B. apotictus lignaria S saxigena Hepp 257 Ach. 102 luteola, stat. endoleuca Nyl. 177 Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 511 — var inundata Fr. 185 mixta Fr. 21 modesta Zwackh 171 muscorum Hepp 246 polychroa Th. Fr. 150, 151 premnea Leight. 177 Regeliana Hepp 141 rubella var. anceps Hepp 150 stenospora Hepp 202, 203 streptospora (Naeg.) Llepp 210 Stizenbergeri Hepp 253, 254 trachona Flot. 232 trisepta Naeg. 255 Tulasnei Hepp 186 vernalis a luteola Fr. 181 Biatorella 129 Biatorina cumulata Th. Fr. 143 Bilimbia De Not. 128, 227 *accedens (Arn.) Th. Fr. 228, 246, 249 albicans Arn. 261 albidolivens (Nyl.) Blomb. et Forss. 229, 260 aparallacta Mass. 242 atrolivida Vain. 229, 261, 263 Badensis Koerb. 236 Bouteillei Jatta 268 calcariella (Nyl.) Blomb. et Forss. 228, 234 chlorococca Graewe 229, 249, 250, 266 coprodes Koerb. 232 decedens Hepp 246 epixanthoides (Nyl.) Kullh. 228, 238, 240, 263 — var. microbola (Nyl.) Vain. 240 -—- f. normalis Vain. 240 — f. versatilis Vain. 240 faginea Koerb. 242 fusca Mass. 26 gomphillacea (Nyl.) Vain. 229, 251 granulans Vain. 229, hypnophila (Ach.) Th. Fr. 228, — f. atrior (Stizenb.) Th.Fr. — f. crustifera Vain. - f. ludens (Nyl.) Th. Fr. — * B. microcarpa Th. Fr. *interspersula (Nyl.) Vain. 229, lignaria (Ach.) Arn. 139, 228, 247, 250, 257, — f. nigrata (Nyl.)A.L.Sm. lugubris (Sommerf.) Th. Fr. 227, 230, — f. cinerascens (Nyl.) Vain. melaena (Nyl.) Arn. 229, 253, — f. aeruginosa Vain. — f. catillarioides Vain. — f. decrustata Vain. — f. endocyanea Vain. — f. epiphaeotera Vain, milliaria Th. Fr. 247, 251, - f. livescens Th. Fr. — fi saxicola Koerb. — fi trisepta Th. Fr. Naegelii (Llepp) Anzi 228, 242, 244, 257, — f. cyanomela (Nyl.) Vain. — f. vacillans Vain. Nitschkeana Lahm 229, 251, obscurata (Sommerf.) Th. Fr. 229, 261, — f. fusca (Mass.) Vain. 262, — f. leucorhypara (Nyl.) Th. Fr. " 263, — var. microcarpa Th. Fr. 234, 264, — f. prolifera Nyl. — f. rhypara Vain. -— var. submuricola Vain. 238, 265 244 245 245 246 264 250 266 248 231 231 254 254 255 254 255 252 258 257 255 261 244 243 258 262 264 264 265 264 263 264 512 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica II; Index. — f. vernaliformis Vain. 263 Vallis-Tellinae Anzi 242 pallens Kullh. 228, 236 violacea (Crouan) 238 — f. nudior Vain. 237 Brigantiaea Trevis. 268 peliocarpa Anzi 258, 260 Buellia populorum (Mass.) Vain. alboatra 274 228, 229, 266 alpicola fi soluta Bagl. et rivulicola Vain. 228, 237, 238 Garest. 323 sabuletorum Arn. 244 badioatra a vulgaris Koerb. 326 sabulosa Mass. 141 —• fi rivularis Flot. 326 sororians Blomb. et Forss. 209 Catocarpus Koerb., sect. 317 sphaeroides (Dicks.) Th. Fr. chlorospora Hellb. 332 228, 234, 236, 240 concreta Zwackh 336 — f. carneoalbida (Mull. confervoides Krempelh. 292 Arg.) Nyl. 236 Gopelandi Koerb. 329, 330 — f. carnella Vain. 236 effigurata Anzi 319 — f. minima Vain. 236 herbarum 173 — f. peralbida (Nyl.) Th. Fr. myriocarpa 200 235, 236, 237 punctiformis 216 — a terrigena (Koerb.) Anzi 262 *Rhizocarpon Tuck. 276 subfuscula (Nyl.) Th. Fr. Rittokensis Hellb. 324 227, 228, 240, 241 rivularis Arn. 326 — var. leucococcoides (Nyl.) sphaeralis Anzi 340 Vain. 241, 242 Capitularia Floerk. 14 — var. venusta (Hepp) amaurocraea Floerk. 42 Vain. 241, 242 decorticata Floerk. 85 subviridescens var. trisepta degenerans O. G. (gracile- A. L. Sm. 255 scens) Floerk. 98 syncomista Th. FT*. 141 gracilis ö Gap. aspera FTo- trachona (Ach.) Arn. 228, 232 erk. 91 — f. coprodes Vain. 232 — y Gap. macroceras Floerk. 92 -— f. macrescens Vain. 233 — B. chordalis Floerk. 90 -— var. nigricolor Vain. 232 — fi hybrida (leucochlora) — var. subviolacea (Lang) Floerk. 91 V ain. 233 neglecta Floerk. 104 trisepta (Naeg.) Arn. 139, pityrea Floerk. 114 140, 143, 210, 229, 255, 260 pleurota Floerk. 37 — f. fraterculans Nyl. 257 Carambolea 227 — f. leucococca 258 Catillaria 129 — f. saxicola (Koerb.) Arn. 257 cinereovirens Mull. Arg. 336 — f. simplicior (Nyl.) Vain. 258 concreta Koerb. 290 — f. ternaria (Nyl.) Vain. Dufourei (Ach.) Nyl. 140, 258 256, 257, 258 grossa Th. Fr. 143 — f. triseptatula (Nyl.) Jemtlandica Th. Fr. 331 Vain. 256, 257 Massalongii Koerb. 335 Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 513 sphaeralis Koerb. 140 foliosa Sommerf. 82 synothea 259 furcata var. subulata Floerk. 51 Theobaldi Koerb. 142 gonorega b euphorea Ach. 07 Catinaria 143 — e G. virgata Ach. 50 grossa (Pers.) Vain. 143 — h. polypaea Ach. 07 Hiontana Vain. 143 gracilis a cetrariaeformis Del. 00 Catöcarpus (Koerb.) Th. Fr., Mougeotii Del. 84 sect. 279 317 muricata Del. 56 alpicolus Mull. Arg. 320, 322 obtusata Ach. 47 Anzianus Mull. Arg. 319 oxycera Ach. f. craspedia Ach. 43 applanatus Am. 332 papillaria Ach. 27 atroalbus f. (vel. C*) rivu- pityrea b acuminata Ach. 86, 87 laris Arn. 320 pleurota Ach. 37 — f. subiculosus Arn. 328 portentosa Duf. 25 cinereovirens Mull. Arg. 338 pyxidata a G. lophyra Ach. 104 confervoides Krempelh. 338 racemosa £ foliolosa Del. 50 Copelandi Arn. 331 — var. pinnata Floerk. 50 effiguratus Arn. 310 rangiferina £ C. pumila Ach. 23 Hoehstetteri Koerb. 332, 333 rangiformis var. foliosa ignobile Arn. 336 Floerk. 55 polycarpus Arn. 338 scabriuscula a Del. 5(> — f. rhododendri Arn. 340 silvatica var. condensata Rittokense Helli). 324 Floerk. 25 sphaericus Arn. 319 — var. erinacea Desmaz. 23 Cenomyce (Ach.) Th. Fr., —- y laxiuscula Del. 23 sect. 14, 15 , 28 — £ portentosa Del. 25 allotropa var. corymbosa Ach . 50 squamosa d muricella Del. 65 carneopallida fi cyanipes uncialis ij turgeset. s Del. 17 Sommerf. 123 Chasmariae (Ach.) Floerk. 16, 47 cenotea b crossota Ach. 72 Cladina (Nyl.) Vain. 15, 20 chloroides Floerk. 20 amaurocraea *C1. destricta chlorophaea Floerk. 105 Nyl. 14 coccifera a C. stemma tina Ach i. 35 — f. constipata Norrl. 11 — d coronata Del. 36 — f. fruticulascens Norrl. 44 -— var. ochrocarpia Floerk. 37 destricta Nyl. 44 coniocraea Floerk. 112 destricta Zopf 44 coralloidea Ach. 117 Cladonia (Hill) Web. 14, 125 cyanipes Sommerf. 123 acuminata (Ach.) Vain. (v. Delessertii Del. 01 Arn.) 18, 87 Despreauxii Bory 124 — f. foliata Arn. 87, 88 cligitata 'Q glabrata Del. 34 — f. prisca Vain. 87 — c monstrosa Ach. 33 acuminata Norrl. 86 divulsa Del. 5 S alcicornis var. cryptochlora fascicularis Del. 00 Th. Fr. 117 33 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica II; Index. 514 — var. firma Nyl. 117 — b microphyllina Fr. 79 alpestris (L.) Rabenh. 15, 25 — f. spumosa Norrl. (vel Zopf) 25, 26 alpicola (Flor.) Vain. 18, 82 — var. foliosa (Sommerf.) Vain. 84 — - var. — f. macrophylla (Schaer.) Vain. 84 var. — f. minor Vain. 84 — var. — f. Mougeotii (Del.) Vain. 84 — var. Karelica Vain. 84 amaurocraea (Flk.) Schaer. 16, 42, 44, 45 — f. celotea Ach. 43 — f. craspedia (Ach.) Schaer. 43, 44 — - f. destricta Nyl. 44 — f. furcatiformis (Nyl.) Vain. 43, 44 — f. oxyceras (Ach.) Oliv. 43 - f. oxyclada Vain. 44 — f. tenuisecta Vain. 43 aphylla (Nyl.) Vain. 99 apoda Nyl. 26 *bacillaris Nyl. 15, 29, 30, 31 — var. clavata (Ach.) Vain. 31 — var. trachypoda Nyl. 30 *bacilliformis (Nyl.) Vain. 20, 121, 123 — f. scyphifera Norrl. 121, 122, 124 bellidiflora (Ach.) Schaer. 16, 39 — f. alpina Hepp 36 — var. coccocephala (Ach.) Vain. 40 — var. diminuta Vain. 41 — var. Hookeri (Tuck.) Nyl. 40 — var. ochropallida Flot. 41 -— var. praefoliosa Nyl. 41 — var. ramulosa Vain. 41 — f. subuliformis (Wallr.) Rabenh. 40 — f. tubaeformis (Wallr.) Flot. 40 Beaumontii (Tuck.) Vain. 51 botrytes (Hag.) Willd. 20, 119 caespiticia (Pers.) Floerk. 17, 70, 81 cariosa (Ach.) Spreng. 18, 77, 78, 79, 80 — f. corticata Vain. 79, 81 — f. cribrosa (Wallr.) Vain. 78 — f. integrior Nyl. 79 — f. pruniformis Norm. 78, 81 — - var. sobolifera (Del.) 80 — f. squamulosa (Möll. Arg.) Vain. 79 carneola Fr. 20, 120, 124 —- var. bacilliformis Nyl. 121 — *C1. cyanipes Th. Fr. 123 —- f. phyllocephala Oliv. 121 *G1. Caroliniana (Schwein.) Tuck. 27 cenotea (Ach.) Schaer. 17, 67, 71 — var. crossota (Ach.) Nyl. 72 — var. exaltata Nyl. 73, 74 - fi viminalis Schaer. 73 ceranoides infundibulifera simpliciuscula Schaer. 57 — prolifera dilacerata Schaer. 58 cerasphora Vain. 19, 87, 99 — f. hypophylla (Nyl.) Vain. 100 — f. pterophora Vain. 100 — f. stricta (Nyl.) Vain. 100 cerina Nagel 38 cervicornis 79 — *G1. verticillata Nyl. 102 — var. symphycarpodes 81 — fi verticillata fia dilatata 1. phyllocephala Flot. 102 chlorophaea (Floerk.)Spreng. 19, 105 — var. pachyphyllina (Wallr.) Vain. 106 — var. — f. centralis (Flot.) 106 —-var. — f. costata (Floerk.) 106 Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 515 — var.—f. pterygota (Floerk.) 106 — f. leucosperma Vain. 60 cladomorpha a sobolifera Nyl. 102 — f. parvula Vain. 60 coccifera (L.) Zopf 16, 35 — f. schistopoda Vain. 58 — f. alpina (Hepp) Vain. 36 — f. subtrachynella Vain. 66 — var. asotea Ach. 36 — var. virgata (Ach.) Vain. 59 — var. — modif. cornuco- cristatella Tuck. 41 pioides (Gray) Vain. 36 *cyanipes (Sommerf.) — var. ochrocarpia Floerk. 37 Vain. 20, 123, 124 — var. phyllocoma Floerk. 36 — f. campestris Vain. 124 — var. pleurota Schaer. 37 — f. connectens Vain. 124 — var. stemmatina Ach. f. Despreauxii (Bory) Th. 35, 36, 38 Fr. 124 — var. — modif. coronata Del .36 — f. simplex Wallr. 124 — var. — modif. extensa Ach. 35 decorticata (Floerk.) Spreng. coccinea var. extensa Hoffm. 30 18, 82, 85 condensata Zopf 24 deformis Hoffm. 16, 38 *coniocraea Sandst. — f. cornuta Torssell 39 107, 112, 113, 114 modif. extensa (Hoffm.) — ft phyllotoca Floerk. 95 Vain. 39 cornucopioides f. decorata var. ochrocarpia Torssell 39 Vain. 37 — ft pallescens Krempelh. 39 — f. extensa Vain. 36 degenerans(Floerk.) Spreng. 19,95 — *— f. foliolifera Nyl. 36 — f. aphylla Nyl. 99 — var. foliolifera Nyl. 36 - - f. cladomorpha (Ach.) Vain . 97 cornuta (L.) Schaer. 19, 94 — f. dilacerata Schaer. 07 — f. obtrusa Kullh. 95 — f. euphorea (Ach.) Floerk. 0 7 — f. ochrocarpa Nyl. 05 f. fuscescens Nyl. 62 — f. phyllotoca (Floerk.) Arm 95 — a glabra scyphosa tubae- *cornutoradiata 107 formis dilacerata Schaer. 97 crenulata d pallescens Laur. 39 - - f. haplotea 64 crispata (Ach.) Flot. 17, 56, 66 — f. hypophylla Nyl. 100 — var. cetrariaeformis (Del.) — var. lepidota Nyl. 98 Vain. 60, 62 — f. phyllophora (Ehrh.) Flot. 97 — *C1. subfuscata Vain. 61 — f. pleolepidea 65 — var. dilacerata (Schaer.) — f. polypaea (Ach.) Vain. 97 Malbr. 58, 50 — var. stricta Nyl. 100 — var. divulsa (Del.) Arn. 58 f. subfurcata Nyl. 61 — var. elegans (Del.) Vain. 50 *trachyna 63 — *furcatiformis Nyl. 43 *— f. trachynella Nyl. 60 — var. gracilescens (Ra Delessertii (Nyl.) Vain. 17, 60, 61 benh.) Vain. 60, 61, 62 — f. subchordalis Vain. 63 — var. infundibulifera — f. tenuior Vain. 63 (Schaer.) Vain. 57 delicata (Ehrh.) Floerk. 17, 69 f. Kairamoi 60 — f. quercina (Pers.) Vain. 70 516 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica II; Index. — f. rugulosa Vain. 70 — var. subsquamosa Nyl. 68 denticollis H of f m. 65 Despreauxii (Bory) Tuck. 124 digital a Schaer. 15, 33 -— var. albinea Vain. 34 — var. ceruchoides Vain. 34 — var. glabrata Del. 34 — var. monstrosa (Ach.) Vain. 33 — var. — modif. phyllo- phora Anzi 34 dilatata Lloffm. 89 ecmocyna (Ach.) Nyl. 92 *elongata (Jacq.) Hoffm. 19, 91, 92 — f. ecmocyna (Ach.) Vain. 93, 94 — f. laontera (Del.) Vain. 93 endiviaefolia Fr. 117 extensa 39 fimbriata (L.) Fr. 19, 106, 107, 109, 114 -— f. anablastematica Wallr. 109 — var. apolepta (Ach.) Vain. 108, 112, 114 — var. — *f. coniocraea (Floerk.) Vain. 108 -— var. — *f. — *f. cerato- des (Floerk.) Vain. 108, 113 — var. — *f. — *f. phyllo- strota Floerk. 108, 113 — var.-—*f. — *f. truncata (Floerk.) Vain. 108, 113 — var. — *ochrochlora (Floerk.) Vain. 108, 113 — *C1. ochrochlora Floerk. 113 -— *coniocraea (Floerk.) 112 -— f. cornutoradiata Coem. 107, 109, 111 — f. -— *nemoxyna (Ach.) Coem. 108, 110, 111 — f.— *— *f. fibula Ach. 108, 111 — f. — * — *f. phyllo cephala Arn. 108, 111 — f. — *radiata (Schreb.) Coem. 107, 109 — f.— *subulata (L.)Vain. 108, 110 — f. — * — *f. capreolata (Floerk.) Flot. 108, 110 — f. — * -— *f. furcellata (Hoffm.) Vain. 108, 110 — *minor Hag. Ill — *nemoxyna Cromb. 110 — *P (vel f.) prolifera Vain. [vel (Retz.) Mass.] 107, 109 — f. (vel e) pycnotheliza Vain. 26, 71, 95, 108, 113 — f. simplex (Weis) Flot. 107, 109 — f.—- *major (Hag.) Vain. 107, 109, 112 -— f.— *minor (Hag.) Vain. 107, 111, 112 firma Nyl. (vel Arn.) 20, 117 Floerkeana (Fr.) Sommerf. 15, 29, 31, 32 -— var. aurea Vain. 31 — var. carcata (Ach.) Nyl. 30 — var. chloroides (Floerk.) Vain. 29 — var. intermedia Hepp 29, 30, 31 — var. scyphellifera Vain. 30 — f. squamosissima Th. Fr. 30 — f. trachypoda Nyl. 30 —- f. vulgaris Th. Fr. 29 foliacea (Huds.) Schaer. 20, 115, 116, 117 — var. alcicornis (Lightf.) Schaer. 3, 116, 117 — var. convoluta (Lam.) Vain. 117 — var. firma (Nyl.) Vain. 117 foliata Vain. 8 frondescens Nyl. 38 fungiformis Schrad. 6 Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 517 furcata (Huds.) Schrad. 16, 48, 50, 51, 52 -— var. conspersa Vain. 53 — f. corymbosa (Ach.) Nyl. 50 — a crispata a 2 blastica *** heterodactyla glabra FTot. 58 -— a — a 2 — **poly- phylla Flot. 58 — f. foliolosa (Del.) Vain. 50 -— var. palamaea (Ach.) Nyl. 51, 52 — var. paradoxa Vain. 49, 52 — var. pinnata (Floerk.) Vain. 50 — var. racemosa (Floffm.) Floerk. 49, 51 •— var. — f. furcatosubulata (Hoffm.) Vain. 50 — var. — f. rigidula Mass. 53 — var. rigidula Mass. 53 — var. scabriuscula (Del.) Goem. 50 — var. — f. surrecta Floerk. 53 — var. subcrispata Nyl. 52 — var. — f. Finkii Vain. 52 -— var. — f. subascypha 52 — var. — f. subtestacea 52 — f. subulata FToerk. 51 — var. syrtica Ohlert 53 — f. truncata Floerk. 50 — A turgida c squamulosa Rabenh. 76 furcellata Hoffm. 110 glauca Floerk. 17, 54, 73, 74 glaucina Goem. 79, 81 gracilescens (Floerk.) Vain. 19, 98 — var. cerasphora Lynge 99 — f. nudior Vain. 9 gracilis (L.) Willd. 18, 89 — var. chordalis (Floerk.) Schaer. 90, 91 — var. — f. aspera FToerk. 91 — var. — f. leucochlora Floerk. 91 91 — var. — f. platydactyla (Wallr.) Vain. — var. — f. pleurocarpa Sandst. 90 -— *G1. cornuta f. ochrocarpa Nyl. 95 — *C1. sobolifera Nyl. 102 — *G1. verticillata a evoluta Th. Fr. 101 — var. dilatata (Hoffm.) Vain. 89, 92 — var. — f. dilacerata Floerk. 90 — var. —• f. mesotheta (Wallr.) Vain. 90 — var. — f. subprolifera Vain. 90 — Y] elongata Vain. 92 — f. exoncera (Ach.) Nyl. 92 — var. gracillima (Norrl.) Vain. 43, 91, 92 — var. — f. subgracillima Vain. — y hybrida Tuck. — f. laontera Del. — fi macroceras b. elongata Floerk. Hookeri Tuck. *Hungarica (Arn.) Vain. 18, 78, 79, 80, 81, 88 — f. symphycarpodes (Nyl.) Vain. 81 impexa Harm. 23, 24 *Krempelhuberi Vain. 20, 102 — var. subcervicornis Vain. 103 laxiuscula Sandst. -— *G1. condensata Sandst. — *G1. portentosa (Duf.) Sandst. — *C1. — f. erinacea Sandst. 23 — *C1. spumosa (Floerk.) Sandst. 25 lepidota Nyl. 98, 99, 100 — *C1. stricta Nyl. 100 *macilenta (Hoffm.) Nyl. 15, 31, 32 92 89 93 92 40 23 25 25 518 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica II; Index. — - Y] aurea Vain. 31 — var. squamigera Vain. 33 — var. styracella (Ach.) Vain. 32 macrophylla Th. Fr. 82 macrophyllodes Nyl. 103 *major Zopf 112 miniata 3 *minor 107 mitis Sandst. 25 mitrula Tuck. 82 muricata var. euganea Mass. 56 •nemoxyna Zopf 107, 110 — f. phyllocephala 111 Norrlinii Vain. 18, 86, 87, 88 — f. prisca Vain. 87 *ochrochlora 107, 113, 114 — f. ceratodes Floerk. 113 - p phyllostrota Floerk. 113 — b truncata Floerk. 113 papillaria (Ehrh.) Hoffm. 15, 26, 27 — f. molariformis (Hoffm.) Schaer. 28 — f. papillosa Fr. 28 pityrea (Floerk.) Fr. 19, 51, 92, 114, 115 — var. Zwackhi f. esorediata Vain. 115 pityrodes Nyl. 78 *pleurota (Floerk.) Vain. 16, 37, 38, 120 — f. albida Vain. 38 — var. cerina (Nagel) Th. Fr. 38 — modif. decorata Vain. 37 — var. frondescens (Nyl.) Vain. 38 polybotrya Nyl. 117 polycarpoides Nyl. 81 pungens Ach. 54 pycnoclada f. exalbescens 24 pycnotheliza Nyl. 113 pyxidata (L.) Fr. 19, 103, 106 — P alpicola Flot. 82 — *centralis Flot. 106 — £ chlorophaea Floerk. 105 —• C — b capreolata Floerk. 110 — *C1. cariosa var. pruni- formis Norm. 78 — *G1. verticillata Hoffm. 100 P costata Floerk. 106 — var. neglecta (Floerk.) Mass. 104, 105 — var. (vel y) Pocillum (Ach.) Flot. 104, 106 — y—*a pachythallina Vain. 106 —- s pterygota Floerk. 106 — f. symphycarpa Th. Fr. 84 racemosa Hoffm. 49 rangiferina (L.) Web. 15, 21 -— d alpestris b spumosa Floerk. 25 — y tenuis Floerk. 24 rangiformis Hoffm. 16, 54 — var. euganea (Mass.) Arn. 55, 56 — var. foliosa Floerk. 55 — f. gracilescens Rabenh. 61 —- var. muricata (Del.) Arn. 56 —- var. — b Euganea Arn. 56 -— var. pungens (Ach.) Vain. 55 reticulata 47 Santensis Tuck. 69 sobolescens Nyl. 80 sobolifera Nyl. 102, 117 squamosa (Scop.) Hoffm. 17, 59, 63, 71 — P asperella d multibra- chiata Floerk. 65 — f. denticollis (Hoffm.) Floerk. 65, 66, 68 — *fascicularis (Del.) Nyl. 66 — f. interveniens Nyl. 64 —- f. macrophylla D (phyllo- coma) Rabenh. 68 — f. mucronata Vain. 67 —- f. multibrachiata Floerk. 65, 66 — f. muricella (Del.) Vain. 65 Acta Societatis pro Fauna et FTora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 519 — f. phyllocoma Rabenh. 68 — f. phyllopoda Vain. 68 — f. pityrea Arn. 67 f. polychonia Floerk. 67 -— f. pseudocrispata Sandst. 65 — f. squamosissima Floerk. 65, 68 — f. subtrachynella 66, 67 — f. turfacea (Arn.) Vain. 66, 67, 68 strepsilis (Ach.) Vain. 20, 117 — f. coralloidea Vain. 118 — f. glabrata Vain. 118 — f. sorediata Sandst. 118 stricta Nyl. 100 subcariosa Nyl. 18, 80, 81, 82, 88, 117 subcervicornis Zopf 103 subcrispata (Nyl.) Vain. 52 *subfurcata f. interveniens Nyl. 65 subsquamosa (Nyl.) Vain. 68, 69 subverticillata Nyl. 100 — *C1. sobolifera Nyl. 102 sylvatica (L.) Rabenh. 15, 22, 23, 24, 25 — *C1. tenuis Sandst. 24 — f. condensata Goem. 25 — f. dilatescens Vain. 23 — - f. erinacea Desmaz. 23 f. laxiuscula Del. 23, 24, 25 — f. portentosa (Duf.) Del. 24, 25 — f. pumila (Ach.) Rabenh. 23 — f. spumosa Floerk. 23 - var. sylvestris Oed. 22 — f. tenuior Floerk. 23 symphycarpa Fr. 84 — var. Karelica Vain. 84 — var. squamulosa Mull. Arg. 79 symphycarpodes Nyl. 81 tenuis Harm. 24 trachyna f. turfacea Arn. 67 trachypoda Nyl. 30 76 16, 46 47 47 47 47 47 47 71 82 turgida (Ehrh.) Hoffm. 17, 75 —- f. corniculata Sommerf. 76 — f. scyphifera Vain. 76 — f. squamulosa (Rabenh.) Theobald uncialis (L.) Web. — f. dicraea Ach. f. integerrima Vain, f. obtusata Ach. f. rimulosa Vain. — - f. subobtusata Arn. — - f. turgescens Del. uncinata Hoffm. ventricosa jj macrophylla Schaer. verticillata Hoffm. 20, 100, 102, 103 — f. apoticta (Ach.) Vain. 102 — f. cervicornis (Ach.) Floerk. 101, 102, 103 - f. evoluta Th. Fr. 101 — fi Krempelhuberi Vain. 102 — f. phyllocephala Flot. 102 — e subcervicornis Vain. 103 Zopfii Vain. 16, 44 Cladonieae Vain. 1 Glausae Vain. 17, 76 Gocciferae Del. 15, 28 Cystococcus cladoniae Chod. 15 glomeratus Waren irregularis Chod. 15 Diplotomma betulinum Arn. 273 calcareum Krempelh. 294 Weisii Mass. 29 Eubacidia (Zahlbr.) Vain., sect. 14, 6, 149 Eubaeomyces 4 Eubilimbia (Th. Fr.) Vain. sect. 227, 230 Foliosae (Bagl. et Carest.) Vain. 20, 115 Geoglosseae 3 520 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica II; Index. Geoglossum 3 Gloeocapsa pachydermatica Kiitz. 12 Glossodium 3 Gomphillus Nyl. 3 Gymnopus Vain., sect. 4, 6 Haematomma elatinum (Ach.) Koerb. 218 Helopodium (Ach.) Vain. 17, 77 Helvellaceae 3 Heterodea Madagascarea Nyl. 3 Heterothecium Flot. 268 pezizoideum Flot. 269 — ft disciformis Flot. 271 Icmadophila 3 Lecanactis 143 Lecania Lecanora Bouteillei Desmaz. 268 cerinella Floerk. 190 fuscolutea Nyl. 275 Swartzii 28 vitellina var. aurella 197 Lecanoreae 3 Lecidea abbrevians Norrl. et Nyl. 202, 207 acclinis Flot. (vel Nyl.) 266 acerina Zwackh (vel Nyl.) 174, 178 acervulata Nyl. 133, 134 affinis Schaer. (vel Zwackh) 154, 159 — var. chlorocheila 160 aglaea 318 albescens Vain. 191 albidolivens Nyl. 260 alpicola Hepp 318, 322 •— f. gerontoides Nyl. 324 amphibia Fr. (vel Nyl.) 299, 300, 306 anomala ö atrosanguinea Schaer. (vel Hepp) 156, 167 anapera Vain. 304 apopetraea Nyl. 292 applanata Chev. 33 arceutina Nyl. 165« 179, 181 — f. (vel *) hemipolia Nyl. 194, 105 — *L. inundata Nyl. 186 arctica ft sphaeralis Schaer. 140 arenicola Leight. 223 aromatica Ach. 13 arthoniza Nyl. 268 asserculorum Ach. 214 assimilata 143 atroalba Fr. (vel Flot., vel Nyl.) 310, 325, 328 — n ambigua Naeg. 310, 311 — y amphibia Hepp 285 — var. applanata Fr. 332, 335 — var. chlorospora Nyl. 332 — ft concreta Ach. 290 — var. fuscoatra Flot. 310 — var. — b. dendritica Flot. 310 — ft grandis Flot. 325 — var. lavata Fr, 297, 299 — var. oxydata Fr. 307 — f. rorida 328 — e subconcentrica Fr. 295 — ft vera Naeg. 287 atroalbescens Nyl. 317 atroalbicans Nyl. 338 -— f. cinerascens Vain. 330 — f. fallax Vain. 339 — f. infuscata Vain. 339 — f. recedens Vain. 340 atrobrunnea Nyl. 285 atrobrunneola Nyl. 285 atrocaesia Nyl. 287 atrogrisea Del. 176 atrolivida Vain. 261 atrorufa b squarrosa Ach. 130 atrosanguinea Stizenb. 154 — y alpina Th. Fr. 163 — var. brachytera f. incru- stata Vain. 161 Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 521 — var. irrorata Vain. 164 — f. cinerascens Nyl. 231 — var. muscorum Vain. 162, 163 *cervicolor 327 — var. separabilis Vain. 158 chionophila 0 — f. subincompta Vain. 155 — var. decolorata Vain. 321 atrovirens fi alpicola Wah- — *L. chionophiloides Vain. 317 lenb. 283, 322 - *L. Inarensis Vain. 319 — d Lecanora Floerk. 282 *chionophiloides Vain. 318 — fi L. gerontiea Ach. 282 - f. anoicheia Vain. 318 austerula Nyl. 134, 162 — f. subnegans Vain. 318 (L.) Bacidia Vain., subgen. 146 chlorococca Stizenb. 249, 251 bacillifera Nyl. 160, 205, 207 chlorotica Nyl. 191, 194 -— f. (vel *L.) abbrevians — *L. intermedia Nyl. 193 Nyl. 207, 209 cinereovirens Schaer. 132 — var. affinis Zwackh 159 circumspeeta Hedl. 205 — f. circumspeeta Norrl. et citrinella Ach. 221, 223 Nyl. 205 — var. alpina Norrl. 224 — f. decolorascens Nyl. 202 — f. arenicola Nyl. 223 — var. (vel *) herbarum Nyl. 168 — var. ecrustacea Nyl. 223 -—- f. melanotica Nyl. 156 -— var. subecrustacea Nyl. 225 — var. muscorum Nyl. 162 coerulea Krempelh. 196, 202, 203 — var. — f. alpina Nyl. 164 colludens Nyl. 332, 333, 334 — f. spermogonifera Nyl. 202 concreta Vain. 290 — f. subincompta Nyl. 155, 156 -— f. confervoides Vain. 292 — *L. — f. curtula (Th. — f. geminata Vain. 291 Fr.) Vain. 150 confervoides DC. 339 -— *-— f. epihypna Nyl. 157 — fi areolata Schaer. 310, 311 — f. subpallens Nyl. 202 -— y atroalba a. macrospora badioatra Floerk. 325 Hepp 291 — f. agglomerata Vain. 328 — fi concreta Schaer. 298, 335 — f. atroalba Vain. 328 — rj dendritica Schaer. 310 — *L. cervicolor Nyl. 327 — y glaucescens Naeg. 328 — *L. Copelandi Vain. 329 — d polycarpa Hepp 338 — *L. — f. hypoleuca Vain. 330 conglomerata Ach. 145 — f. rivularis Vain. 326 conglomerascens Nyl. 145, 146 — var. subinnata Vain. 327 coniopsoidea Hue 308 — f. tracheia Vain. 327 Copelandi Stizenb. 329, 331 — f. vulgaris Vain. 326 *coralloidea Vain. 272 Beckhausii Hepp 308 crustulata var. holomelaena betulina Nyl. 273 Flot. 213 (L.) Bilimbia Vain., subgen. 227 cumulata Sommerf. 143 caeruleonigricans Schaer. 136 decinerascens Nyl. 334 calcaria a Weisii Schaer. 294 dispora Naeg. 292 Candida Ach. 138 distincta Stizenb. 310, 313 caudata Nyl. 230 — f. subecrustacea Brenn. 311 522 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica II; Index. dolera Nyl. 172 — var. lecanorina Nyl. 282 dolosa Fr. 245 — y pulverulenta Schaer. 283 dryina Dub., Friesiana Sti — e (vel f.) sphaerica Schaer. zenb. 197 283, 319 Dufourii Ach. 139, 140 — f. subcinerascens Nyl. 282 effigurata Vain. 319 glebosa Ach. 137 effusa Hepp 179 globosa Clem. 240 egenula Nyl. 190 goniophila Floerk. 156, 268 elaeochroma 215 grandis Vain. 286 endoleuca Nyl. 174, 178 — f. epichlora Vain. 288 — f. brachysporella Vain. 175 — f. petraeiza Vain. 287 var. intermissa (Nyl.) 156 granulans Vain. 265 — f. subacerina Nyl. 174 grossa Nyl. 143 epixanthoides Nyl. 238 haematomela Nyl. 217 erythrophaea f. tenebricosa Hegetschweileri Hepp 156, 215 Nyl. 172 hemipolia Nyl. 195, 196 eupetraea Nyl. 288 hemipolioides Nyl. 261 eupetraeoides Nyl. 336, 338 herbarum Nyl. 168 excentrica f. concentrica Nyl. 295 Hochstetteri Vain. 332 fecunda Nyl. 273 — f. caesiocinerascens Vain. 333 flavovirescens var. alpina — var. colludens Vain. 333 Schaer. 224 — var. dispersella Vain. 334 — a citrinella Schaer. 221 — f. incrassata Vain. 334 — var. grisea (Th. Fr.) 225 holomelaena 210, 213 — a vulgaris Schaer. 221 — var. vermifera Nyl. 205 fraterculans Nyl. 257 hyperborea Vain. 331 Friesii Ach. 196 hypnophila Ach. 244, 247 funerea Sommerf. 230 —- f. crustifera Vain. 245 fuscoatra 310 — *L. decedens Vain. 246 fuscolutea Ach. 275 hypopta 150 fuscorubella Nyl. 150 igniarii Nyl. 209 fusispora Nyl. 134 ignobilis f. asynna Vain. 337 geminata Flot. 290, 291 — f. subroridula Vain. 337 — f. epitoma Vain. 292 imbricata Mont. 132 —- f. irrigua Flot. 292 incompta Borr. 156, 166 — *L. phalerospora Vain. 292 incusa Fr. 325 — f. Montagnei Nyl. 292 infernula Nyl. 334 geographica (L.) Ach. 280 inornata Nyl. 166 — ft atrovirens Schaer. 282 intermissa Nyl. 178 — rj conglomerata Schaer. interspersula Nyl. 250 283, 319 inundata Nyl. 148, 185, 187 — a contigua Schaer. 282 — f. carneoluteola Nyl. 192 — f. cyanodes Nyl. 282 Kuopioensis Vain. 219 — var. cyclopica Nyl. 282 Larbalestieri Gromb. 170 Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 523 lavata Nyl. 297 — *L. reducta Nyl. 313 leptolepis Bagl. et Carest. 285 — f. atrobrunneola Nyl. 285 leptomera Sommerf. 214 leucobaea Nyl. 218 leucococcoides Nyl. 240, 241 leucorhypara Nyl. 263 lignaria Ach. 247, 253 lobulata Sommerf. 141 lugubris Sommerf. 230 luteola Ach. 181, 202 - var. (vel y L.) arceutina Ach. 179, 180, 186 d chlorotica Ach. 185, 191, 192 var. coerulea Nyl. 196, 197 var. endoleuca Nyl. 179 var. fuscella Nyl. 179 — var. fuscescens E. Nyl. 179 -— var. fuscopurpurascens Harm. 183 var. intermedia Nyl. 193 — var. inundata Nyl. 185 fi L. acerina (Pers.) Ach. 150 ö L. fuscorubella Ach. 150 **L. holomelaena Nyl. 210 y porriginosa Ach. 184 (L.) luteolae Nyl., stirps 146 meiobola Nyl. 264 melaena Nyl. 253 — 1*. catillarioides Vain. 254 — f. endocyanea Vain. 254 microbola Ach. 240 milliaria Fr. 247 — c lignaria Fr. 247, 253 — *L. trisepta Nyl. 256 — var. rudeta F>. 253 var. saxigena Leight. 257 — var. triseptata Nyl. 257 — var. turfosa Fr. 253 mixta Sommerf. 215 Montagnei FTot. 286, 290, 292 muscicola Sommerf. 269 muscorum Ach. 162, 163, 164 —- var. alpina Nyl. 163 — var. quercicola Nyl. 205, 207 Naegelii Hepp 242 — f. cyanomela Nyl. 244 Norrlini La my 196 norvegica Sommerf. 130 obscurata Schaer. 297 — var. amphibia Vain. 299, 301 — var. fuscocinerea Vain. 298 - var. —• f. orphnina Vain. 301 var. lavata Vain. 299 - var. microcarpa Vain. 264 — f. orphnina Vain. 301 —- var. roridula f. sublavata Vain. 301 ochrotopa Nyl. 299 Oederi Ach. 307 ophiospora Vain. 218 oreites Vain. 322 — f. soluta Vain. 323 oribata Nyl. 161 pallens Vain. 236 pantherina 231 paracarpa Nyl. 143 parapetraea Nyl. 286 — *atrocaesia Nyl. 287 parasema var. microcarpa b flocculosa Flot. 166 pelidna Ach. 210, 212 — f. compacta Vain. 212 — var. — f. asserculorum Vain. 214 — var. — f. saxicola Vain. 214 — var. conglomerata Flot. 145 — var. pelidniza Nyl. 213 pelidniza Nyl. 21 perfidiosa Nyl. 144 persimilis Nyl. 296 petraea Fr. (v. Nyl.) 286 — f. atrocaesia Nyl. 287, 288 — var. cinereobullata Vain. 288 — f. concreta Nyl. 297 —- f. ecrustacea Nyl. 302 —- f. epichlora Vain. 288 524 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica II; Index. — ft exeentrica Ach. 296 — var. ferrata Nyl. 299 — f. fuscescens Leight. 287 — var. fuscoatra Flot. 310 — p — C. grandis Floerk. 286 — p fuscocinerea Hepp 298 — var. irrigua Flot. 298 — L. amphibia 306 — y L. callistea Ach. 296 — *L. concentrica Nyl. 295 — *L. eupetraea Vain. 288 — y L. obscurata Ach. 297 — *L. Oederi Nyl. 307 — y pusilla Hepp 287 — f. subcontigua Nyl. 296, 298, 301 — 2 umbilicata Nyl. 294 — var. viridiatra Flot. 283 pezizoidea Ach. (vel Hepp) 162, 269 — var. coralloidea Nyl. 271 — var. disciformis Vain. 271 — var. muscicola Vain. 269 plicatilis Leight. 308 porphyrostrota Vain. 302 — f. lapillorum Vain. 303 postuma Nyl. 314 — *L. subreducta Vain. 315 — var. tetramera Vain. 316 postumans Nyl. 313 propinqua Nyl. 152 premnea Hook. 177 quercicola Nyl. 156, 205 ramulosa Th. Fr. 143 reducta Nyl. 31 Rittokensis Nyl. 324 rivulicola Vain. 237 roridula Nyl. 301 rubella Schaer. 181, 194 rubescens Vain. 308 — f. dispersa Vain. 309 sabuletorum Floerk. 244 — f. atrior Stizenb. 245 — var. decedens Stizenb. 246 -— f. fusispora Stizenb. 134 •— f. ludens Nyl. 246 — *L. meiobola Nyl. 264 — *L. montana Nyl. 143 — *L. sphaeroidiza Nyl. 246 — *L. triplicans f. substipi- tata Nyl. 264 — *L. — f. tylocarpa Nyl. 264 — var. milliaria Stizenb. 247 — var. — f. nigrata Nyl. 248 — 4 muricola Nyl. 265 — var. obscurata Stizenb. 262 — var. — f. microcarpa Stizenb. 264 -— var. simplicior Nyl. 258 — f. subsphaeroides Nyl. 246 — p syncomista Floerk. 141 — f. ternaria Nyl. 256 -— var. triplicans Nyl. 262 — f. trisepta Stizenb. 255 — f. venusta (Hepp) Stizenb. 240 sanguinaria (L.) 154 sanguineoatra var. Temple toni Vain. 143 saxigena Uloth 257 seducta Nyl. 336, 338 separabilis Nyl. 15 — var. subrufescens Nyl. 150 silacea Ach. 141 sororians Nyl. 209 sphaeralis Fr. 140 sphaeroides Sommerf. 234 — f. epixanthoides Stizenb. 238 — var. leucococca (Nyl.) Stizenb. 244, 257 -— *leucorhypara Stizenb. 263 — *L. melaena Nyl. 253 — *L. sabuletorum 3 mon tana 143 — *L. — f. simplicior Nyl. 140, 258 — *L. — 1 triplicans Nyl. 262 — *L. (vel f.) substipitata Stizenb. 283 Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 525 — b obscurata Sommerf. 262 — var. ternaria Vain. 256 — f. peralbata Nyl. 235 triseptatula Nyl. 257 — var. tylocarpa Stizenb. 264 turgida (Ach.) Schaer. 213 — var. vacillans Nyl. 243 tylocarpa Nyl. 264 -— f. versatilis Nyl. 240 umbilicata Ram. 294 spododes Nyl. 258 umbrina Ach. 210 squalens Nyl. 145, 146 — var. compacta Vain 212 squalescens Nyl. 139 — *L. bacillifera Nyl. 205 squalida Ach. 130 — *L. — f. 1 incompta Nyl. 154 stenospora Nyl. 200, 251 —- *L. — f. 2muscorum Nyl. 162 — var. fomentaria Nyl. 203 — *L. poliaena Nyl. 202 — f. planior Vain. 202 — var. psotina Vain. 212 — var. poliaena Nyl. 202 — var. turgida Vain. 213 -— var. subpallens Nyl. 202 — f. vermifera Nyl. 215 subalpicola Nyl. 319 vermifera Nyl. 156, 215 subaromatica Vain. 141 — var. quercicola Nyl. 205, 215 subfuscula Nyl. 240 — var. rectiuscula Nyl. 216 subincompta Nyl. 134, 154 vernalis var. montana Nyl. — f. Hegetschweileri 156 142, 143, 256 subinundata Nyl. 148 , 187, — var. trachona Nyl. 232 188, 189 verrucula (Norm.) 140 submilliaria 249 vesicularis Ach. 136 submodesta Vain. 315 violacea Crouan 260 subpostuma Nyl. 316 viridiatra Floerk. 283 subsphaeroides Nyl. 246 Lecideaceae Vain. 128 substipitata Nyl. 263 Lecideales Vain. 13 subtabacina Nyl. 140 Lepidoma( Link) Vain., sect.276,280 superficialis Schaer. 319 Lichen syncomista Nyl. 141 acerinus Pers. 152, 174 tabacina Nyl. 140, 141 alcicornis Lightf. 116 tarandina Nyl. 194 amylaceus Ach. 294 tenella Nyl. 190 aromaticus Turn. 133, 134 ternaria Nyl. 256, 257 atroalbus L. (vel Ach., , vel — var. triseptata Nyl. 257 Wulf.) 286, 325 (L.) Toninia Vain., subgen. 129 atrovirens L. 282 trachona Nyl. 232 Baeomyces Ehrh. 1 1 triplicans Nyl. 262 bellidiflorus Ach. 39 — *L. meiobola Nyl. 264 botrytes Hag. 119 — f. obscurata Vain 262 byssoides L. 6, 8 , 10 -— f. rhypara Vain. 263 caeruleonigricans Lightf. 136 — var. submuricola Vain. 264 calcarius L. (vel Weis) 294, 295 — *f. vernaliformis Vain. 263 eandidus Web. 138 trisepta Nyl. (vel Hepp) 255 cervicornis Ach. 102 — var. polytropoides Vain. 258 cinereofuscus Jacq. 0 526 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica II; Index. citrinellus Ach. 221 cocciferus L. 35 concentricus Dav. 295 convolutus Lam. 117 cornutus L. 48, 94 corticalis Rutstr. 181 deformis L. 38 delicatus Ehrh. 69 digitatus L. 33 elongatus Jacq. 92 endiviaefolius Dicks. 117 ericetorum Ach. 11 — ft fungiformis 6 — y parasiticus 8 fibula Ach. 111 fimbriatus L. 106 flavovirescens Dicks. 221 foliaceus Huds. 115 furcatus Huds. 48 fuscoluteus Dicks. 275 geographicus L. 280 gracilis L. 89 (Isidium) cereolus Ach 126 luteolus Schrad. 181, 182 muscorum Sw. 162 Oederi Web. 307 parechus Ach. 75 petraeus Wulf. 286, 295 porriginosus Turn. 184 pungens Ach. 54 , 55 pyxidatus L. 103 -—- a minor Hag. 111 radiatus Schreb. 109 rangiferinus L. 21 — alpestris L. 25 — ft sylvaticus L. 22 — sylvestris Oed. 22 rimosus Dicks. 294 rubellus Ehrh. 181 rufus Huds. 6 sabuletorum Schreb. 244 sphaeroides Dicks. 234 squalidus Schleich. 130 squamosus Scop. 63 subulatus L. 110 turgidus Ehrh. 75 uncialis L. 46 viridiater W^ulf. 283 Lopadium Koerb. 268 disciforme Kullh. 271 fecundum Th. Fr. 273 fuscoluteum Mudd 275 muscicolum Koerb. 269 pezizoideum Koerb. 269, 271 — *coralloidea Th. Fr. 272 — b disciforme Koerb. 271 — ft muscicolum Th. Fr. 269 sociale Hepp 273 Macropus Vain., sect. 18, 82 Megaphyllae Vain., sect. 17, 75 Micarea denigrata var. Nitschkeana Hedl. 258 ligniaria Hedl. 247 melaena Hedl. 253 —- f. catillarioides Hedl. 254 — f. endocyanea Vain. 254 Microphyllae Vain., sect. 16, 48 Mycobacidia 220 flavovirescens Rehm 221 herbarurn Rehm 169 Mycobilimbia Rehm 227 obscurata Rehm 262 Nesolechia 129 Nylandera tentaculata Hariot 255 Ochroleucae Fr., sect. 20, 119 Ochrophaeae Vain., sect. 16, 42 Ophiobolus Riess 220 Papillaria ventricosa Kickx 27 Parmelia aleuritica Nyl. 23 centrifuga 2 omphalodes var. panniformis 285 Patellaria Mull. Arg. 146 Arnoldiana Mull. Arg. 170 earneoalbida Mull. Arg. 236 Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 527 coccinea g polycephala B. tubaeformis Wallr. — f. subuliformis Wallr. furcata ft chnaumatica Wallr. fusca a furcata a chnauma- ticus Wallr. — h pyxidata y pachy- phyllina Wallr. — c symphycarpa +-f- m. cribrosum Wallr. — g turbinata B. tubaefor mis + + prolifer f. m. mesothetum Wallr. — g— ,B. —,+H ,d. m. platydactylum Wallr. laurocerasi Del. vesicularis Hoffm. Pezizeae Phloeopus Vain., sect. Physcia obscura Pilophoron (us) (Tuck.) Nyl. (vel Th. Fr.) 14, cereolus (Ach.) Nyl. 125, 126, fibula (Tuck.) Nyl. 126, robustum (Th. Fr.) Nyl. — *P. cereolus Th. Fr. Placopsis Podostelides (Wallr.) Vain., sect. Pragmopora flavovirescens Schröter Psora conglomerata Koerb. — var. squalens Arn. tabacina Ramy — ft tristis Th. Fr. Pycnothelia Ach. cladinoides Nyl. papillaria Duf. R(h)aphiospora Mass. arenicola Mudd atrosanguinea a biatorina Koerb. 178 40 40 53 73 106 90 91 175 136 128 4, 6 32 125 128 128 128 126 3 17, 77 221 145 145 141 140 , 26 27 27 220 223 140, 15 — ft lecideina Koerb. flavovirescens Mass. - f. alpina Arn. —- f. arenicola Arn. fusispora Koerb. grisea Arn. viridescens Mass. Rhexophiale Rhizocarpon (Ram.) alpicola Malme amphibium (Fr.) Th. Fr. 129, Th. Fr. 278, 285, 300, anaperum Vain. 278, applanaturn Th. Fr. — f. Hochstetteri Th. Fr. atroalbens (Nyl.) Vain, atroalbum Arn. badioatrurn (Floerk.) Th. Fr. 279, 325, — f. agglomerata Vain. — f. atroalba (FTot.) Malme — f. glaucescens (Naeg.)Vain. — *Jemtlandicum Malme - f. rivularis (Flot.) Th. Fr. 326, — f. subinnata Vain. -— f. tracheia Vain. — f. (vel fi) vulgaris (Koerb.) Vain. 326, 327, betulinum Hepp calcareum Th. Fr. (vel Jatta) 294, -— ft concentricum f. per- similis Blomb. et Forss. — a Weisii Th. Fr. Gatocarpon Th. Fr., sect, chionophiloides (Vain.) Lettau 279, 317, — f. anoicheila (Vain.) Lettau —- f. catolechioides Vain. —- f. orientalis Vain. - f. subnegans Vain. —- f. variegata Vain. 175 221 224 223 134 223 162 143 276 322 306 304 332 333 317 310 335 328 328 328 330 327 327 327 328 273 295 296 294 317 318 318 317 318 318 318 528 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica II; Index. chionophilum Th. Fr. 279, 318, 320, 322 — f. decolorata (Vain.) Zahlbr. 320, 321 — f. Fellmani Vain. 321 — f. gerontoides Th. Fr. 324 — f. ludibunda Th. Fr. 321 — f. primaria Vain. 321 — *Rh. chionophiloides f. anoicheilum Lett au 318 cinereonigrum Vain. 279, 332 cinereovirens (Mull. Arg.) Vain. 280, 336 -— f. asynna Vain. 337 — f. saepincola Vain. 337 — f. subroridula Vain. 337 concentricum (Dav.) Vain. (vel Beltr.) 278, 295, 296 — var. excentricum 294, 295, 296 — f. subconcentrica(Fr.)Vain. 295 coiicretum (Ach.) Elenk. 277, 290, 293 — f. epitoma Vain. 292 — f. geminata (Elot.) Vain. 291 -— f. irrigua (Flot.) Vain. 292 — f. irrorata Th. Fr. 291 — f. Montagnei (Flot.) Vain. 292 confervoides (DG.) Mass. 290, 292, 207, 300, 338 coniopsoideum (Hepp) Arn. 308 Copelandi (Koerb.) Th. Fr. 279, 329, 330, 331, 332 — f. hypoleuca Vain. 330 — f. pallidofuscescens Vain. 330 distinctum Th. Fr. 278, 290, 310, 335 — *Rh. Oederi Th. Fr. 307 -— var. subalbicans Nyl. 311 — var. subobscurata Nyl. 311 effiguratum Tb. Fr. 319 efflorescens Th. Fr. 273 endamyleum Th. Fr 288 *eupetraeum (Nyl.) Arn. 277, 288, 340 a Eurhizocarpon Stizenb. 280 excentricum Arn. 296 geminatum (Flot.) Koerb. 290, 291 — ft irriguum Flot. 292 geographicum (L.) DG. 277, 280, 284, 285 — f. atrovirens (L.) Schaer. 282, 283 — f. contigua Schaer. 282 — f. cyanodes (Nyl.) Vain. 282 — c dealbatum Bagl. et Garest. 283 — f. epichlorotica 281 — f. gerontica (Ach.) Th. Fr. 282, 283 — f. Lecanora (Floerk.) Vain. 282 — (j Lecanorinum Koerb. 282 — f. subcinerascens (Nyl.) Deichm. Branth 282 glaucescens Th. Fr. 328 grande (Floerk.) Arn. 277, 284, 285, 286, 293, 312 — f. apopetraeoides Vain. 288 — f. atrocaesia (Nyl.) Blomb. et Forss. 287 — f. cinereobullata (Vain.) Blomb. et Forss. 288 — f. Elfvingii Vain. 287 — f. epichlora Vain. 288 — f. eupetraea Th. Fr. 288 — f. fuscescens (Leight.) Vain. 287 — f. parapetraea (Nyl.) Vain. 287 — f. petraeiza (Nyl.) Vain. 287 — f. phalerosporum Elenk. 292 Hochstetteri (Koerb.) Vain. 280, 332, 335 — f. caesiocinerascens Vain. 333, 334 — f. colludens (Nyl.) Vain. 333, 334 Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 529 — f. dealbata (Nyl.) 335 — f. dispersella Vain. 334 -—- f. incrassata Vain. 334 — f. infernula (Nyl.) Vain. 334 hyalescens Vain. 278, 312, 313 — f. aeruginascens Vain. 312 hyperboreum Vain. 280, 330, 331 ignobilis Th. Fr. 336, 338 Inarense Vain. 280, 319 lapillorum Vain. 278, 303, 304 lavatum Arn. 299 Lepidoma (Link) Vain., sect. 280 leptolepis Anzi 277, 285, 306, 325 — f. atrobrunneola Nyl. 286 Massalongii Malme 334 Montagnei (Flot.) Koerb. 290, 292 obscuratum (Ach.) Mass. 278, 297, 300, 301, 306, 335 —- f. amphibola Vain. 299 — f. f errata A. L. Smith 299 — f. fuscocinerea (Krem pelh.) Arn. 296, 298 — f. lavata (Ach.) Th. Fr. 299 — f. — ferrana Britzelm. 299 -— *oxydatum Koerb. 299 — *Rh. roridulum Th. Fr. 305 — f. xylogena Th. Fr. 296, 300 Oederi (Web.) Koerb. 278, 307 oreites (Vain.) Zopf 279, 322 — f. gerontoides (Nyl.) Vain. 324 — f. soluta (Bagl. et Garest.) Vain. 323 *orphninum Vain. 278, 301 — f. derorata Vain. 301 -— f. ecrustacea (Nyl.) Th. Fr. 302 — f. sublavata Vain. 302 petraeum Mass. 295 — a majus a. fuscocinereum Krempelh. 298 — fi Oederi Koerb. 307 -— d subconcentricum Koerb. 295 — a vulgare 5 protothalli- num Koerb. 285 phaeolepis Vain. 278, 290 *pha!erospora Vain. 277, 290, 292 —• 1*. extenuata Vain. 293 plicatile (Leight.) A. L. Smith 278, 301, 308, 335 — var. Beckhausii (Hepp) Vain. 309 — var. cinereolivens Vain. 309 -— var. dispersa Vain. 309 polycarpum (Hepp) Th. Fr. 280, 338 — f. aspicilioides Vain. 339 —- f. cinerascens Vain. 339 — f. fallax Vain. 339 —• f. infuscata Vain. 339 — f. recedens Vain. 340 — f. rhododendri (Arn.) Vain. 340 porphyrostrotum Vain. 278, 302, 304 postumum (Nyl.) Th. Fr. 279, 314 reductum Th. Fr. 278, 313, 315 Rittokense (Hellb.) Th. Fr. 279, 324 *roridulum Th. Fr. 278, 301, 305 rubescens Th. Fr. 308 subconcentricum Koerb. 295 subcontiguum (Nyl.) 301 submodestum Vain. 279, 315 subpostumum (Nyl.) Arn. 279, 317 subreductum Vain. 279, 315 superficiale (Schaer.) Vain. 279, 319 tetramerum Vain. 279, 316, 317 umbilicatum (Ram.) Jatta 276, 277, 294 viridiatrum (FToerk.) Koerb. 277, 283 — var. Oportensis Vain. 284, 285 34 530 E. A. Vainio, Lichenographia Fennica II; Index. Ropalospora Mass. 232 — f. umbratilis Stizenb. 151 Scalidium herbarum (Hepp) Stizenb. 168 ophiosporum Hellb. 218 inundata Stizenb. 186 Scoliciosporum Mass. 149 — f. corticola Stizenb. 171, 172 atrosanguineum f. albescens lecideoides Stizenb. 215 (Hepp) Arn. 191 pezizoidea Stizenb. 162 compactum Koerb. 212 — var. ft alpina (Hepp) — a asserculorum Koerb. 214 Stizenb. 164 — ft saxicolum Koerb. 214 rubella Stizenb. 181 corticolum Arn. 214 — f. ochrocarpa Stizenb. 182 holomelaenum Mass. 210, 213 — f. porriginosa Stizenb. 184 lecideoides Hazsl. 215 umbrina Stizenb. 210 molle Mass. 166 — var. ft turgida Stizenb. 213 turgidum Koerb. 213 Siegertia umbrinum Arn. 212 Weisii Arn. 294 — f. turgidum Arn. 213 Skolekites vermiferum Arn. 215 citrinellus Norm. 221 Seutula 129 Sphyridium Flot. 3, 4, 221 Scyphophorus (a) byssoides Th. Fr. 6, 221 asotea ft cornucopioides Gray 36 carneum Flot. 8 bellidiflorus Ach. 39 fungiforme Flot. 6 Secoliga placophyllum Th. Fr. 4 acerina Stizenb. 178 Sporopodium Mont. 129, 268 arceutina Stizenb. 179 betulinum (Hepp) Vain. 269, 273 — var. ft albescens Stizenb. 191 •coralloideum (Nyl.) Vain. — f. intermedia (Hepp) 269, 271 Stizenb. 193 fecundum (Th. Fr.) Vain. — var. poliaena Stizenb. 202 269, 273 atrogrisea Stizenb. 176 fuscoluteum (Dicks.) Vain. atrosanguinea 269, 275 var. ft affinis Stizenb. 159 pezizoideum (Ach.) Vain. — f. Llegetschweileri Sti 269, 272 zenb. 156, 215 — var. disciformis (Flot.) — b incompta Stizenb. 166 Koerb. 271 — b — f. minor Stizenb. 168 — var. muscicola (Sommerf.) E Bacidia Stizenb. 146 Vain. 269, 271 Beckhausii Stizenb. 200 Stereocauliscum — f. minuscula Stizenb. 201 gomphillaceum Nyl. 251 flavovirescens Stizenb. 221 Stereocaulon — f. arenicola Stizenb. 223 cereolinum 126 Friesiana Stizenb. 196 — ft cereolus Th. Fr. 126 fuscorubella Stizenb. 150 cereolum Ach. 126 — var. phaea Stizenb. 150 condensatum *St. cereoli — var. ft propinqua Stizenb. 152 num Nyl. 126 Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 2. 531 34 28 136 137 137 136 fibula Tuck. 128 fungiforme Schaer. 6 Pilophoron Tuck., sect. 125 Stramineo-flavidae Vain., sect. 15, Subglaucescentes Vain., sect. 15, Thalloe(i)dima Mass. 128, 135 caeruleonigricans (Lightf.) Poetsch 135, 136, 139, 141 -— f. dehiscens Vain. — f. glebosa Nyl. — var. opuntioides (Vill.) Nyl. — var. subcandida Vain, candidum (Web.) Mass. 135, 137, 138 — var. hypomelaena Vain. 139 conglomeratum Mass. 131, 135, 145 cumulatum (Sommerf.) Vain. 136, 143, 144 mamillare 138 Nordlandicum Th. Fr. 139 rimulosum Th. Fr. 139 squalens Arn. 145 squalescens (Nyl.) Vain. 135, 139, 140, 258 subrimulosum Nyl. 139 syncomistum (Floerk.) Vain. 135, 141, 143 — f. diluta Norm. 142 tabacinum Jatta 140 toninianum Mass. 138 triste (Th. Fr.) Vain. 135, 140 — f. subaromatica Vain. 141 — f. subtabacina (Nyl.) Vain. 141 vesiculare Koerb. 136 Thallostelides Vain., sect. 18, 88 Thelenella corrosa (Koerb.) 166 Toninia (Mass.) Koerb. 128, 129 acervulata Krempelh. 133 aromatica (Turn.) Mass. 130, 133, 135, 161 caeruleonigricans Th. Fr. 136 Candida Th. Fr. 138, 139 caulescens Anzi 131 cinereovirens (Schaer.) Mass. 130, 131, 132 — fi verruculosa Th. Fr. 131 cumulata Th. Fr. 143 — f. paracarpa Nyl. 144 *Eutoninia Th. Fr. 129 fusispora (Hepp) Th. Fr. 130, 134, 135 imbricata Koerb. 132 lugubris Th. Fr. 230 squalida (Schleich.) Mass. 129, 130, 164 syncomista Th. Fr. 141 *Thalloedema Th. Fr. 135 tristis Th. Fr. 140 verruculosa (Th. Fr.) Vain. 129, 131, 145 Tromera 129 Tubercularia Web. 3 fungiformis Wigg. 6 Unciales (Del.) Vain., sect. 16, 42 Urophora, sect. 231 Verrucaria cinereoatra Hoffm. 325 dendritica Hoffm. 310 effusa Hoffm. 179 fuscorubella Hoffm. 150, 151 punctata var. atrosanguinea Hoffm. 156 trachona Ach. 232 Weitenwebera Opiz 227 Index II mense Januario a. 1934 impressus. TABULA 1. Fig. 1. Lecidea morbifera Vain. Lapponia Inarensis: Inari, leg. Vain. 1878. Vain. herb. No. 25352. Fig. 2. Lecidea sylvestris Vain. Helsingforsia: Kaisaniemi, ad cort. Sorbi, leg. Vain. 1874. Vain. herb. No. 23029. Fig. 3. Lecidea extenuata Vain. Aboa, Katarinan-laakso, leg. Räsä nen 1923. Vain. herb. No. 24767. Lichenographia Fennica IV. Tab. TABULA II Fig. 1. Lecidea superlata Vain. Ks. Kuusamo: Nuorunen, leg. Vain. 1877. Vain. herb. No. 24789. Fig. 2. Lecidea clavulifera Nyl. Ta. Koski: Laurila 1871, det. W. Nyl. (leg. Vain.?). Vain. herb. No. 25379. Lichenographia Fennica IV. Tab. II Z. I 1 i i i I mm. TABULA III Fig. 1. Lecidea submilvina Vain. Li.: Inari, leg. Vain. 1878. Vain. herb. No. 24084. Fig. 2. Lecidea furvella Nyl. Ok., Kianta: Selkäsaari, leg. Vain. Vain. herb. No. 25347. Lichenographia Fennica IV. Tab. III Z. i l mm. TABULA IV Fig. 1. Lecidea phaeopelidna Vain. Ok. Kianta, leg. Vain. 1877 Vain. herb. No. 23288. Fig. 2. Lecidea griseonigricans Vain. Kb. Nurmes: Kynsisaari, leg Vain. Vain. herb. No. 24771. Lichenographia Fennica IV. Tab. IV 2- I I I I I I mm.