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T1  - Identifying Birds' Collision Risk with Wind Turbines Using a Multidimensional Utilization Distribution Method 
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UR  - http://hdl.handle.net/10138/317205 
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A1  - Khosravifard, Sam; Skidmore, Andrew K.; Naimi, Babak; Venus, Valentijn; Munoz, Antonio R.; Toxopeus, Albertus G. 
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Y1  - 2020 
LA  - eng 
AB  - Renewable energy plays a key role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, the expansion of wind farms has raised concerns about risks for bird collisions. We tested different methods used to understand whether birds' flight occurs over wind turbines and found kernel density estimators outperform other methods. Previous studies using kernel utilization distribution (KUD) have considered only the 2 horizontal dimensions (2D). However, if altitude is ignored, an unrealistic depiction of the ... 
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KW  - 3D kernel; animal tracking; collision; Griffon vulture; Gyps fulvus; kernel density estimator; space use; Spain; utilization distribution; wind turbine; KERNEL DENSITY ESTIMATORS; HOME-RANGE; SPACE USE; MOVEMENT DATA; GYPS-FULVUS; BEHAVIOR; MORTALITY; VULTURES; FARMS; POPULATION; 1171 Geosciences 
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