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T1  - Predictors of reading skills at the first and second grade : The role of orthography 
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UR  - http://hdl.handle.net/10138/336716 
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A1  - Holopainen, Leena; Koch, Arno; Hakkarainen, Airi; Kofler, Doris 
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Y1  - 2020 
LA  - eng 
AB  - We investigated the predictive power of cognitive skills and background variables of 769 first and second grade children learning to read two orthographically different languages Finnish and German in three countries Finland, Germany and Italy. Main results from stepwise regression models showed that in all countries word reading at first grade was best predicted by letter-sound-connection, as found in other transparent orthographies. In Italy and Finland also phoneme blending, a demanding phone... 
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KW  - CHILDREN; DIFFICULTIES; ENGLISH; GROWTH; KINDERGARTEN; PHONEME AWARENESS; PHONOLOGICAL AWARENESS; RAN; RISK; Reading disabilities; TRANSPARENT; fluency; phonics; 516 Educational sciences 
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