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T1  - The effect of beta-carotene on the mortality of male smokers is modified by smoking and by vitamins C and E : evidence against a uniform effect of nutrient 
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UR  - http://hdl.handle.net/10138/314771 
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A1  - Hemilä, Harri 
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Y1  - 2020 
LA  - eng 
AB  - A previous analysis of the Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene (ATBC) Study on male smokers found that beta-carotene supplementation increased the risk of pneumonia 4-fold in those who started smoking at the age of >= 21 years and smoked >= 21 cigarettes/d (a subgroup of 7 % of the study population). The present study hypothesised that beta-carotene increases mortality in the same subgroup. The ATBC Study (1985-1993) recruited 29 133 Finnish male smokers (>= 5 cigarettes/d) aged 50-69 years. Cox regr... 
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KW  - Antioxidants; Cohort studies; Dietary supplements; Effect modifiers; Oxidative stress; Population characteristics; Randomised controlled trials; all rac-α-tocopheryl acetate; Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene; β-carotene; risk ratio; COMMON COLD INCIDENCE; ANTIOXIDANT NUTRIENTS; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; OXIDATION-PRODUCTS; BASE-LINE CHARACTERISTICS; LUNG-CANCER; CLEAVAGE PRODUCTS; RETINOL EFFICACY TRIAL; CIGARETTE-SMOKE; BREAKDOWN PRODUCTS; 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health; 3143 Nutrition 
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